CN1048182C - 脂肪乳药物载体的制备方法 - Google Patents
脂肪乳药物载体的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1048182C CN1048182C CN88107466A CN88107466A CN1048182C CN 1048182 C CN1048182 C CN 1048182C CN 88107466 A CN88107466 A CN 88107466A CN 88107466 A CN88107466 A CN 88107466A CN 1048182 C CN1048182 C CN 1048182C
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种药物载体。该药物载体具有作为脂肪乳剂之形态,含有药物且平均粒径在200nm以下。所说的脂肪乳剂由构成核的物质和构成表层的物质组成。构成核的物质为纯脂质、衍生脂质或药物本身,或者是它们的混合物。构成表层的物质为复合脂质、衍生脂质或药物本身,或者是它们的混合物。本发明的药物载体改善了药物往病灶去的移动性。抑制了往细网内皮系的吸入,维持了药物的血中浓度,确保了保存时的稳定性。
Description
本发明涉及一种改良的药物载体,它可改善其中所含的药物从血液中或适用部位向病变组织的移动性。
为改善所含药物从血液中或用药部位向病变组织的移动性的药物载体之研究,至今已进行了多种。例如,有一种使得用磷脂质调制的核糖微粒包含药物而进行利用的方法(Drug Carriers in Biologyand Medicines(1979),由G.Gregoriadis编辑,Academic Press出版)
但是在上述方法中存在着下列缺陷,①用双层脂质来包含的核糖微粒,存在着很多保存时稳定性方面的问题,②投药至血液中时几乎都被肝脏及脾脏等网状内皮系统(RES)发达的组织所吸收,因而很难分布到其他的细胞和组织中。这可被认为是由于:核糖微粒因磷脂质二分子膜而具有使内外的水层隔开的构造,所以对于种种外力是不稳定的,因凝聚而造成的粒径之增大也已被作为保存时的缺点而为公众所知。
通过几年来的研究,已经有了一种把各种药物溶解于脂肪乳剂而加以应用的技术,所说的脂肪乳剂由大豆油和蛋黄卵磷脂组成,其粒径为0.2μm,长期以来它一直被作为高能输液在临床上用于营养补充(最新医学。40,1806~1813(1980))。该物质具有其内部不含有水层、与核糖微粒相比能极其稳定地保存这样一种特征。
然而,该物质具有迅速地被上述肝脏等的网内皮系统吸收的性质。这种代谢迅速的现象,即使作为高能输液也是可取的,但是作为适合上述目的药物载体却存在着药物往其他组织分配降低的问题,因而,这未必是可取的。
作为解决上述问题点的手段,人们已知的有这样一种技术,即把由纯脂质(含有甾醇。本说明书中也同样)、复合脂质以及载脂蛋白所组成的血清脂蛋白作为药物载体加以应用(特开昭60-163824号公报)。但是,由于该物质是因脂蛋白的生理方面的特异识别能而把药物导入细胞,因而会通过受体迅速地朝组织方面移动,所以从血中的消失就比较快,因此,朝受体活性低的组织方面的移动就未必是充分的,此外,由于脂蛋白作为构成成分是不可缺少的,故还存在着制造成本高这样一种工业技术上的缺点。
通常,投入的药物会根据该药物分子所持的固有性质在生体内作移动分布。然后到达作用部位而发挥药效。此时,药物最好仅在需要发挥药效的部位集中,但一般药物总是分布在全身,因而也会移动到不必要的部位。有时,这就成为副作用的原因。于是就产生了改善药物之体内动态的重要性及必要性。
本发明者鉴于上述各问题对新的药物载体进行了探索,最后,终于成功地完成了本发明,这种新的药物载体为:(1)对药物的药理作用本身不产生影响,(2)药物可能有选择地朝病灶组织内有效地移动,(3)降低了被网状内皮系统的吸收,(4)维持了药物的血中浓度,(5)能减少必要的药物投入量。
本发明的要点为以下各点。
(1)药物载体是由构成核的脂溶性物质以及将其表面覆盖的脂溶性物质这两者构成的脂肪乳剂,而不象核糖微粒那样呈现在内部持有水层的状态。
(2)在药物载体中,药物应以分散、溶解、形成混合微胶粒,或者以与脂质化学结合的状态存在。
(3)粒径应在5nm以上200nm以下的范围内。
以下,将对此进行详细的描述。
本发明的药物载体具有作为稳定的脂肪乳剂的形态。其粒径为5nm以上200nm以下的范围对于避免网状内皮系统的吸收是较为有利的。通过该超微细化,与具有0.2μm左右直径的脂肪乳剂相比较,它能够维持更高的血中浓度。
此外,以100nm以下为更理想。这是因为它容易从血管通透性高的部位漏出至血管外。
血管中存在着各种被称为管孔系统(pore systems,据说存在着直径为9nm以下的小管孔系统与直径为25~70nm的大管孔系统,且也了解到它含有新生血管,在种种病变部位其通透性进一步增强)的部位或其它的细胞间隙,人们已知在以炎症、肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化为主的各种病变部位,血管通透过性增加,在这种部位,本发明的药物载体有很多通过血管选择性地漏出,移动到病变组织内。与此同时,被包含在该药物载体内的药物也移动到病灶内。从而,药物就容易地且选择性地移入病变部位,所以病变部位的药物浓度变高,能使其效果增大。另外,为了适应本发明药物载体,药物是与脂质同时投入的,因而改善了药物的缓释性及药物的淋巴趋向性。本发明的药物载体还具有对于吞噬细胞的被吞噬性。
本发明的特征在于把超微粒子化的脂质用作药物载体。通过该超微粒子化,不但产生了上述效果,还一举解决了抑制被网状内皮系统组织吸收等上述问题。于是就可获得使药物的血中浓度得以持续的效果。
本发明所涉及的药物载体与应用了作为现有技术的、由大豆油与蛋黄卵磷脂组成的高能输液的物质相比,其特征为,相对核(例如纯脂质)使用从比率上说是多量的表层(例如复合脂质),从而实现超微粒子化。
为了在本发明的药物载体上实现超微粒子化,其表层(例如复合脂质)的含量比率以15%以上、70%以下为较理想。这是因为通过超微粒化而产生药物载体的核的表面积增大,作为表层对核进行覆盖并实现稳定化从而有必要使复合脂质的量增加的缘故。使用的复合脂质不满15%时,直径0.2μm以上的粒子混入就不可避免,使用的复合脂质超过70%时,核糖微粒的混入也避免不了。通过这种组成就可获得稳定的超微粒化乳剂,该物质能作为极其优异的药物载体进行利用,此事通过本发明首次变得明朗了。
即,本发明的药物载体可以被认为具有由构成核的物质与构成表层的物质组成的脂肪乳剂的形态,①构成脂肪乳剂之核的物质为纯脂质、衍生脂质、或者是药物本身、或这些物质的混合物,药物载体中这些物质的含有比率为30~85%。②构成脂肪乳剂之表层的物质为复合脂质、衍生脂质、或者是药物本身、或这些物质的混合物,药物载体中这些物质的含有比率为15~70%,通过同时具有上述①和②的性质就可获得含有平均粒径在200nm以下的药物的药物载体。
在本发明中,为了不使所适用的药物容易地从药物载体游离出来,其含有形态就要求是在药物载体中分散、溶解、与药物载体的构成组分形成混合微胶粒,或者是与药物载体的构成组分作化学结合。
作为本发明的药物载体中所使用的脂质可列举来自天然动植矿物的纯脂质、衍生脂质以及复合脂质或者是这些物质的混合物。例如从蛋黄、大豆、棉花、菜籽、玉米、芝麻、花生、红花、牛、猪、羊等组织而来的纯脂质、衍生脂质或复合脂质,也可以是用纯合成方式制成的纯脂质、衍生脂质或复合脂质的任何一种。
作为纯脂质的可列举如精制大豆油、棉籽油、菜籽油、芝麻油、玉米油、花生油、藏红花油、甘油三酸脂、三亚麻油、三棕榈酸、三硬脂精、三内豆蔻、三花生四烯等中性脂质。此外还可列举胆甾醇油酸酯、胆甾醇亚麻酸酯(リノレ-ト)、胆甾醇肉豆蔻酸酯(ミリステ-ト)、胆甾醇棕榈酸酯(パルミテ-ト)、胆甾醇花生酸酯(アラキデ-ト)等的胆甾醇衍生物。这是由于血管内皮等存在着各种脂肪酶,因而中性脂质比较容易分解,然而胆甾醇衍生物却不容易受到这些酶所导致的分解,因此体内的稳定性就进一步增加。
作为衍生脂质的可列举如胆甾醇和硬脂酸、棕榈酸、甘油三油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸等脂肪酸或其衍生物、三十碳六烯等。这些也可以作为乳化辅助剂的目的进行使用。另外还可举出阿松(アゾン)等油状化合物。
作为复合脂质的可以列举如来自蛋黄、大豆、牛、猪等组织的磷脂质或以纯合成方式得到的磷脂质及其糖脂质。作为磷脂质的可列举磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇等。例如可列举蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱、大豆磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈(ジパルシトイル)磷脂酰胆碱、甘油二肉豆蔻(ジミリストアル)磷酯酰胆碱、二硬脂(ジステアロイル)磷脂酰胆碱、二油(ジオレオイル)磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈(ジパルトイル)磷脂酰胆肌醇等。也可使用它们的加氢产物。其中作为理想的代表例可列举蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱等。作为糖脂质的可列举脑苷类等。也可列举甾醇(ステリル)葡糖苷类,例如β-谷甾醇(シトステリル)-β-D-葡糖苷等。另外,为了赋与药物载体表面以表面电荷,还可使用具有硬脂酰胺、双十六烷基磷酸酯、磷脂(ホスフアチジソ)酸等带电荷的脂质。
作为能适应本发明之药物的,只要是医药上所允许的物质均可,并没有特别的限定。即使是不溶于水或难溶于水的药物也可以使用。在本发明中,药物易与载体形成复合体。
在水溶性药物中,通过使之与载体的构成成分(例如脂质)进行化学结合而使用,就能够使之形成本发明的药物载体。
即使是因在生物体内不稳定而至今不能投入的药物,也可以通过使用本发明的药物载体来容易地进行投药。被本发明的药物载体所包含的药物存在于脂质的油滴中,因而是以与周围的环境隔绝的状态存在的,所以能抑制酶的或非酶的分解。
作为能适应本发明药物载体的药物,正如上面所述的不受特别的限制。可以列举如抗炎症剂、镇痛剂、抗变态反应剂、抗生物质、化学治疗剂、抗癌剂、抗病毒剂、抗动脉硬化剂、抗脂血症剂、抗溃疡剂、免疫调节剂、疫苗类、游离基清除剂、支气管扩张剂、催眠剂、安定药、局部麻醉剂、诊断药等。作为这些例子的可列举如环胞苷、氟尿嘧啶、C丝裂霉素、自力霉素C法尼基酸酰胺、自力霉素C法尼基醋酸酰胺、氟已嘧啶呋氟尿嘧啶内豆蔻酸酯、亚德里利霉素、道诺霉素、阿克拉比量(アクラルビシン)、迈克拉比量(マクラルビシン)、长春花碱、长春新碱、阿糖胞嘧啶脂肪酸酯、氯苯二氯乙烷、雌二醇氮芥等抗癌剂、或二氯黄烷等抗病毒剂、类甾醇剂〔例如地塞米松三棕榈酸酯、氢化可的松三棕榈酸酯、脱氢皮质甾醇三棕榈酸酯、地塞米松硬脂酰酸酯、二甲基脱氢皮质甾醇、对氟米松制剂、肤轻松、贝克他麦他重(ベクタメタゾン)、二乙基甲醇酸酯、氢可的松脂肪酸酯、醛甾酮(ステロン)、螺旋内酯甾酮等〕、以及非类甾醇剂(例如希洛芬、氟灭酸、苯酮苯丙酸、非那西汀、安替比林、氨基比林、苯丁氮酮醋酸酯、联苯(ビフエニリル)二乙基酮酸衍生物、消炎痛、消炎痛乙氧基羧基甲酯、消炎痛硬脂酰脂、金硫代苯果酸十六烷酯、二氯非纳(フエナク)、乙酰水杨酸及其衍物物等)。也可以使用脱拉尼拉斯特(トラニテスト)、甲哌噻庚酮、卓苄酞嗪等抗变态反应剂。作为抗生物质以及化学治疗剂的可列举如无色霉素类、红霉素、美地霉素、二性霉素、萘啶酮酸、灰黄霉素、二甲胺四环素等。作为前列腺素试剂的例子可以使用PGE1、PGA1、PGA1烷酯、PGE1烷酯、PGE1衍生物、PGI2衍生物、PGD2衍生物等。也可列举苯海拉明、甲苯乙胺、氯苯氧铵、氯苯吡胺、异丙嗪、敏克静、赛庚啶、洛沙替啶(ロキサチジン)乙酸酯等的抗组胺剂。此外,还可列举盐酸利多卡因、苯佐卡因、二羟蒽醌、可卡因、丁卡因、皮珀罗卡因、霉皮拉卡因(メピラカイン)等以及它们的衍生物的局部麻醉剂。可以列举肝障害改善剂(例如马洛特酸(マロチケ-ト)、甘草酸、乙酰甘草酸乙酯、甘草酸甲酯等)和抗溃疡剂(例如金合欢醇、香叶醇、金合欢乙酸香叶醇酯、泰普莱农(テプレノン)、普拉诺脱尔(プラウノト-ル)、素发康(ソフアルコン)等)。又可列举中枢神经作用药(例如苯巴比妥、安眠酮、海洛因、安定、去氨安定、环丙二氮、安其敏、解痉素、甲苯丙胺、丙眯嗪、氯丙脒嗪、阿米替林、抗组胺药、三甲双酮、苯琥胺、氯噻氮、苯喹酰胺、樟脑、双吗啉胺、毒鼠碱、氯丙嗪、异丙嗪、丙氯拉嗪、甲奎吩嗪、三氟丙嗪、甲氧异丁嗪、镇吐药等以及它们的衍生物。还可列举脑血管扩张剂(例如肉桂苯哌等)。作为支气管扩张剂的可以列举丁胺丙茶碱及其他茶碱衍生物、甲基麻黄素等。还可列举抗胆碱剂(例如苄托品、加拉巴尔豆碱、阿托品、莨菪胺等)、副交感神经阻断剂(例如抗胆碱药硷、哌吡二氮、依托君(エトシドリン)等)、钙拮抗剂(例如硫氮酮、硝苯吡啶、戊脉安等)、α-阻断剂(例如二优长因、苯氧基优长因等)、镇咳剂(例如诺司咳平、右甲吗南、咳必清、苯丙哌等)、前立腺肥大治疗剂(例如抑胃分泌素、异乙诺酮等)、青光眼治疗药(例如毛果芸香碱等)、平滑肌作用药(例如金雀花碱、罂粟碱等)、抗脂血症治疗药(例如安妥明降脂乙酯、辛贝特(シムフイブレ-ト)、丙丁酚等)。此外,还可列举如氨基酸、维生素类、克寇二氮卓(ジラゼツプ)、癸烯醌(ユビテカレノン)、黄酮哌酯、环司包林(スポリン)、流行性感冒等的疫苗、二苯硫、二苯甲基嘧胺、异戊酰乙酰酚酞、盐酸哌苯甲醇、甲氧异氮柠檬烯等。
抗氧化剂(例如生育酚、黄酮衍生物、没食子酸衍生物、咖啡衍生物、棉子酚(コシポ-ル)、芝麻酚(セザモ-ル)、羟基脂肪酸类、莰烯、桉树脑、劳氏玛瑙(ロスマノ-ル)、丁香油酚、甜菜内酯(フイロズルシン)类、儿茶酸(カテキン)类、木聚糖类缘体、P-香豆素酸、甾醇(ステロ-ル)类、萜烯类、溴酚等)也可作为本药物载体的构成要素之一而形成本发明的药物载体。
另外、愈疮奥和精油性生药(例如杏仁油、茴香油、百里香油、松节油、按叶油、棕榈油、罂粟油、山茶油、日本薄荷油、丁香油、薄荷油、南欧丹参油以及其他香辛用生药成分等)也可用作本药物载体的构成要素之一而形成本发明的药物载体。
作为诊断药的可以列举如在放射性同位元素中被标识了的化合物、作为放射性医药品及碘素系X线造影剂的碘化罂粟油脂肪酸酯等。
作为能适合本发明药物载体的药物,正如上所述的那样不受特别的限制,但从作为药物载体所具有的性质特征来判断时,一般所希望的是那些与炎症、肿瘤、血管或免疫淋巴系有关的药物。
本发明药物载体中的药物浓度,根据该药物的生物学活性可在药物载体中的含量比率不超过85%的范围内进行适当的增减。另外,使用了本发明药物载体的制剂中的本发明药物载体之浓度可根据需要进行适当地增减,比较任意。
本发明的药物载体及使用该载体的制剂在制造上,可以应用过去一直使用着的各种乳剂制造法。例如可以使用通过曼通高林(マントン-ガウリン)型匀浆器、微型流化器和超声波匀浆器等对含有药物的全部成分进行充分的细微化而形成的方法、用表面活性剂(例如胆汁酸)、水溶性溶剂(例如乙醇、聚乙二醇)等作可溶化处理后通过透析和硅胶过滤来除去表面活性剂和水溶性溶剂等使之形成的方法进行制造。这时可加入作为乳化辅助剂的脂肪酸或它的衍生物。此外,也可预先在不含有用上述方法制造的直径在200nm以上的粒子的脂肪乳剂中添加药物来获得。
本发明药物载体的形状和粒径可通过电子显微镜、光散射方式的粒径分析装置、隔膜过滤器等的过滤容易地进行确认。作为本发明药物载体的制剂之任意成分可以列举一般注射剂中所使用的添加剂及辅助物质。例如可例举氧化防止剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、等张化剂、缓冲剂。这些添加剂、辅助物质等的要求用量及最佳用量可以根据其目的进行变化。
用上述方法获得的本发明的药物载体可根据需要进行灭菌(例如过滤灭菌和高压蒸气灭菌)。然后与氮气一起封入小玻璃容器中。另外,必要时可进行冷冻干燥。经过冷冻干燥的本发明药物载体通过添加适当的溶液可得到复元。
本发明的药物载体一般是投药到静脉内的,但必要时也可投药到动脉内、肌肉内以及皮下组织内。
此外,本发明的药物载体还可作为眼滴剂、鼻滴剂、口服剂或坐剂等进行使用。此时,可把医药上所允许的基剂、赋形剂等添加剂作为任意成分来列举。
通过本发明,可使药物的利用价值获得显著提高。本发明药物载体的效果克服了过去存在的问题,特别可集中体现在以下几点:①改善了药物向病灶的移动性、②抑制了被细网内皮系的吸收、③能维持所包含的药物在血中的浓度、④能确保保存时的稳定性、⑤降低制造成本。这些效果,是通过本发明首次形成的。
本发明药物载体的构成成分由于是以至今一直在医疗现场作为医疗用的医疗上所允许的脂质为主的,因此其特征是可十分安全地进行使用。
以下举出与本发明的药物载体之制造有关的实施例从而对本发明进行更详细的说明,但必须明白,本发明并不受这些实施例的限制。实施例1
在27mg甘油三酸酯中加入38mg蛋黄卵磷脂以及10mg愈疮奥(抗炎症剂),然后往里加入10ml生理盐水,使用探头型超声波匀浆器(超音波洗净器、索尼发(ソニフアイア-),型号185),在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。生成的含有愈疮奥的药物载体为青色透明的。通过光散射粒径测定装置得到的该物质的平均粒径为26.4nm。另外,通过电子显微镜进行形态观察,发现了这是一种均匀的球形超微粒。没有发现象核糖微粒那样的脂质双分子膜。此外,使之百分之百通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,获知其中不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例2
投入2.5mg蛋黄卵磷脂和10mg愈疮奥,往里加入10ml生理盐水,然后用探头型超声波匀浆器(超音波洗净器,索尼发,型号185),在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。用光散射粒径测定装置对所生成的含有愈疮奥的药物载体进行测定后得到的平均粒径为48.4nm。另外,使之百分之百通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例3
在100mg甘油三酸酯中加入100mg蛋黄卵磷脂以及4mg使脂肪酸与地塞米松(抗炎症剂)进行化学结合而得到的化合物(地塞米松棕榈酸酯),然后往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,接着用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的含有地塞米松棕榈酸酯的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置对该物质进行测定后得到的平均粒径为29.9nm。
另外,使其全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例4
在80mg甘油三酸酯中加入20mg胆甾醇亚麻酸酯(リノレ-ト)、100mg蛋黄卵磷酯以及4mg地塞米松棕榈酸酯,然后再往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml并采用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的含有地塞米松棕榈酸酯的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质的平均粒径为30.6nm。另外,使之全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,从而获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例5
加入100mg胆甾醇亚麻酸酯、100mg蛋黄卵磷脂以及4mg地塞米松棕榈酸酯,再加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,接着用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)一边加温至60℃一边进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的含有地塞米松棕榈酸酯的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质之平均粒径为27nm。另外,使之全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,故获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例6
在100mg甘油三酸酯中加入100mg蛋黄卵磷脂以及10mg苯海拉明(抗组胺剂),然后往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发型号185)在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的含有苯海拉明的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质之平均粒径为31.6nm。另外,使之全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例7
在100mg甘油三酸酯中加入100毫克蛋黄卵磷脂,然后往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)在冰冷条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质之平均粒径为47.2nm。此外,使之全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,可得知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。
在以上所获得的药物载体中加入500μg使脂肪酸与长春花碱(抗癌剂)进行化学结合而获得的化合物(长春花碱棕榈酸酯),然后平稳地进行6小时的混合,搅拌后便使药物吸附到药物载体内。于是获得了含有药物的药物载体。
在以上所获得的药物载体中加入500μg使脂肪酸与5-氟尿嘧啶(抗癌剂)进行化学结合而获得的化合物(5-氟尿嘧啶棕榈酸酯),然后平稳地进行6小时的混合,搅拌后便使药物被吸附到药物载体内。于是就获得了含有药物的药物载体。
在以上所获得的药物载体中加入500μg使脂肪酸与阿糖胞嘧啶(抗癌剂)进行化学结合而获得的化合物(阿糖胞嘧啶块茎糖酸酯),然后稳静地进行6小时的混合,搅拌后使药物吸附到药物载体内。于是获得了含有药物的药物载体。实施例8
在80mg甘油三酸酯中加入20mg胆甾醇亚麻酸盐(リノレ-ト)以及100mg蛋黄卵磷酯并加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,采用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)在冰冷的条件件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散耐粒径测定装置测得的该物之平均粒径为119.1nm。图1显示了其分析结果。此外,全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,发现不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例9
在20mg精制大豆油中加入20mg蛋黄卵磷脂,然后再往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml,接着用探头型超声波匀浆器(超声波洗净器,索尼发,型号185)在冰冷的条件下进行60分钟的超声波处理。所生成的药物载体为青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质之平均粒径为16.1nm。此外,全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,获知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。
另外,与上述同样使用40mg精制大豆油制造了药物载体。所生成的药物载体略呈青白色且透明。用光散射粒径测定装置测得的该物质之平均粒径为37.7nm。此外,全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,得知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。实施例10
在10g大豆油中加入10g蛋黄卵磷脂,然后往里加入0.24M的甘油水溶液1升,并采用微型流化器进行乳化。所生成的药物载体全部通过0.2μm的过滤隔膜,得知不含有0.2μm以上的粒子。〔本发明药物载体的稳定性试验〕试验例1-1
把在实施例1中获得的试样与氮气一起封入容量为1ml的褐色小玻璃容器里,按照通常的方法在60℃的温度下进行4个星期的虐待试验。愈疮奥的残存率为98.3%以上。于是本发明的药物载体可被确认具有药物稳定性方面的效果。试验例1-2
把在上述实施例1、实施例3以及实施例4中获得的试样与氮气一起封入容量为1ml的褐色小玻璃容器中。然后通过高压蒸汽灭菌器对此进行高压蒸汽灭菌处理,此后用光散射粒径测定装置对试样的粒径进行测定,发现它们均与处理前没有特别的差别,也没有发现凝聚和粒径的增大。此外,在4℃的温度下对该物质保存6个月后,没有发现凝集等的变化。试验例1-3
根据通常的方法对上述试验例3中获得的试样进行冷冻干燥。然后,加入注射用蒸馏水进行搅拌,复元后再用光散射粒子测定装置对试样的粒径进行测定,得到其平均粒径为28.3nm,没有发现明显的凝聚和粒径的增大,而是处于均一的分散状态。〔本发明的有效性试验〕试验例2-1
把含有3H标记地塞米松棕榈酸酯(与实施例3同样地制备的)的本发明药物载体作为试样。作为对照试样的是使用已成为现有技术的直径为0.2μm的脂肪乳剂。该对照试样是在4mg3H标记地塞米松棕榈酸酯、100mg精制大豆油和12mg蛋黄卵磷脂中加入0.24M的甘油水溶液10ml后经乳化了的产物。
把试样以及对照试样通过静脉投药到大鼠,并对此大鼠的血中浓度之变化进行了探讨。
以地塞米松换算按0.05mg/kg的投药量把试样以及对照试样通过静脉内投药施入到SD系雄性大鼠(体重约210g)的尾静脉,并按地塞米松换算把此时的血浆中总放射能之变化显示在图2。对照试样在血浆中迅速消失了,但是试样从血浆之消失却很缓慢,分布相中的消失半衰期分别为10.5分钟以及5.5分钟。实验例2-2
把含有3H标记地塞米松棕榈酸酯(与实施例4同样地制备的)的本发明药物载体作为试样,并使用与试验例2-1所使用的相同的对照试样,对药物向因角叉菜胶(カラグニン)浮肿而产生的炎症部位之移动用试样及对照试样作了比较。
表1.向角叉菜胶炎症部位的药物移动
| 试 样 | 对照试样 | |
| 炎症脚(ng)(ng/g) | 475±175204±53 | 154±1764±8 |
| 对照脚(ng)(ng/g) | 164±1994±8 | 89±2452±14 |
| 浮肿部位(ng/g) | 538±142 | 94±42 |
| 血浆(ng/g) | 448±38 | 122±12 |
注:表中所示为(平均值±标准偏差)
在SD系的雄性大鼠(体重约195g)的一只脚的脚心通过皮下投药施入0.5%λ-角叉菜胶0.1ml,使之形成角叉菜胶浮肿。投入角叉菜胶2小时之后又在尾静脉内以地塞米松换算按0.5mg/kg的用量通过静脉内投药施入试样和对照试样。在静脉内投药后的60分钟内从腹部大动脉采血以得到血浆,与此同时把炎症脚和相反的脚(对照脚)在脚脖子关节处切断。在试样燃烧装置中作了处理之后分别测定其放射能。
在表1中,试样与对照试样相比较有大量的药物朝炎症部位(浮肿部分)移动,可看到往炎症部位的较强的集积性。在因炎症而产生的浮肿部位上可看到相当于对照试样的5.7倍的药物浓度。试验例2-3
表2是采用了与上述试验例2-2中所使用的相同的试样及对照试样对药物向大鼠胸膜炎雏型之胸水中的移动以及往主要组织的移动进行了比较和研究的记录。
在SD系雄性大鼠(体重300g)的胸腔内注入2%λ-角叉菜胶0.1ml。投入角叉菜胶2.5小时后以地塞米松换算按1.25mg/kg的投入量在尾静脉内通过静脉内投药施入试样以及对照试样。静脉内投药后30分钟内从腹部大动脉脱血,然后用生理盐水把胸水洗出来,使之为10ml,对其放射能进行了测定。同时也取出主要器脏,用试样燃烧装置进行处理后再对各器脏的放射能作了测定。
表2.朝炎症部位以及主要组织的移动
| 试 样 | 对照试样 | |
| 胸水 (μg)横隔膜(μg/g)脾脏 (μg/g)肝脏 (μg/g)心脏 (μg/g)肺 (μg/g)肾脏 (μg/g)血浆 (μg/ml) | 2.651.063.057.711.532.362.6610.07 | 0.680.6827.3417.841.531.931.372.37 |
注:表中所示为按地塞米松换算的平均值
在表2中可看到试样与对照试验相比较有更多量的药物移往炎症部位(胸水)、且发现往炎症部位有较强的集聚性。并发现胸水中有相当于对照试样的3.9倍的药物。在往主要器脏的分布方面,往肝脏以及脾脏这样的细网内皮系的发达组织的移动方面,该试样显示了极其低的值。试验例2-4
把与上述试验例2-2所使用的相同的试样和对照试样通过静脉内投药施入BALB/C系雄性老鼠(体重约25g),对30分钟后的血浆中以及肝脏中的未变化体浓度以及作为代谢物的地塞米松浓度进行了测定。按地塞米松换算的投药量为5mg/kg。
表3显示了通过薄层色谱法对未变化体(地塞米松棕榈酸酯,浓度以地塞米松换算来表示)和代谢物(地塞米松)进行定量分离后的各物的浓度。
使用试样时,血浆中的浓度较高,而向肝脏的分布却比较低。
使用本发明药物载体时很明显有如下效果,即它能维持药物在血中的浓度,且具有抑制朝细网内皮系的吸入。
表3.血浆中及肝脏中的未变化体与地塞米松的浓度
| 试样(μg/ml,g) | 对照试样(μg/ml,g) | |
| 血浆中的未变化体血浆中的地塞米松肝脏中的未变化体肝脏中的地塞米松肝脏/血浆浓度比(总量) | 36.3±2.24.6±0.5未被测定出24.0±1.20.6±0.0 | 7.7±1.65.2±0.9未被测定出41.0±1.33.0±0.5 |
注:表中所示为(平均值±标准偏差)试验2-5
就相同于试验例2-2中所使用的试样和对照试样以及磷酸地塞米松生理食盐水,以角叉菜胶浮肿的抑制作为指标,探讨了其药理效果。
在SD系雄性大鼠(体重160g)的一只脚的脚心经皮下投药施入λ-角叉菜胶(0.5%,0.1ml),30分钟之后从尾静脉向静脉内施入对照试样及磷酸地塞米松。对控制群投入了生理食盐水。在角叉菜胶投药前以及投药的5小时之后,采用通常的方法对脚的容积进行测定,从而求得浮肿抑制率。
图3显示了其剂量作用曲线(用地塞米松换算表示)。表4显示了50%浮肿抑制剂量(ED50)
该试样对于作为现有技术的对照试样所未能改善的这种炎症,也显然具有与其它二种试样相比约为2倍的抗炎症活性。即,本发明药物载体有着能增强药物效果的作用这一点已得到了确认。这很明显是由于使用了本发明的药物载体,药物能有效地朝病巢移动。
表4.50%浮肿抑制剂量
试验例2-6
| 试样对照试样磷酸地塞米松 | DE(mg/kg)0.0120.0310.032 |
就相同于试验例2-2所使用的试样和对照试样以及磷酸地塞米松生理食盐水溶液,以抑制角叉菜胶肉芽肿作为指标探讨了药理效果,另外也探讨了胸腺和肾上腺重量。
在SD系雄性大鼠(体重160g)的背部皮下,投入λ-角叉菜胶(2.0%,4.0ml),在5天以后的3天时间内,1天1次共计三次,从尾部静脉向静脉内投入上述各种试样。药物的投入量按地塞米松换算为一次0.05mg/kg。对控制群投入了生理盐水。8天以后取出肉芽肿、胸腺以及肾上腺并测定了其重量。
在表5中可看到,试样与对照试样以及磷酸地塞米松相比较,其抑制肉芽肿形成的作用明显地增强,另外胸腺和肾上腺的萎缩作用较少。即显示出试样的药理效果强、副作用少。
表5.肉芽肿、胸腺以及肾上腺重量
| 肉芽肿 | 胸腺 | 肾上腺 | |
| 控制 | 20.5±5.4g | 416.0±63.6mg | 55.2±9.6mg |
| 试档 | 10.9±1.4g | 205.0±57.2mg | 44.5±7.2mg |
| 对照试样 | 15.5±2.6g | 149.8±31.3mg | 39.6±2.7mg |
注:表中所示为(平均值±标准偏差)试验例2-7
进行了确认向肿瘤部位的移动性之试验。
把P388白血病细胞(106个)移植至CDF1系雄性老鼠(体重约25g)的右前脚趾部皮下。6天之后切除右前脚,再过5天后用于实验。通过这种处理可以得到往右上腕以及右腋窝淋巴节去的转移癌模型。作为试样是使用了用3H标记的胆甾醇亚麻酸酯制备的实施例8的本发明药物载体。作为对照试样是使用了在试验例2-1中也使用的、以前就为人们所知的、在由直径为0.2μm的精制大豆油和蛋黄卵磷脂所构成的脂肪乳剂中吸收了3H标记的胆甾醇亚麻酸酯的产物。把试样和对照试样注入尾静脉内,60分钟之后取出可看到肿瘤转移的右上腕以及右腋窝淋巴结。此外,作为非转移淋巴结,还同时取出左上腕及左腋窝淋巴结,并分别测定了它们的放射能浓度。
如表6所示,本发明药物载体是以2倍以上的高浓度移至肿瘤部位的。在对照试样中,如此的高浓度选择性移动未曾发现。
表6.往淋巴结移动肿瘤的移动
试验例2-8
| 试样 | 对照试样 | |
| 转移淋巴结 | 2.60±0.87 | 0.91±0.27 |
| 非转移淋巴结 | 1.04±0.27 | 0.86±0.39 |
为了确定以胆甾醇亚麻酸酯为核的本发明药物载体的体内稳定性,把实施例5中所获得的本发明药物载体作为试样,把实施例4中所获得的本发明药物载体作为比较用试样,分别通过静脉内投药施入大鼠。然后研究了血中的浓度变化。各种试样是使用了用3H标识地塞米松棕榈酸酯制作的产物。
图4按地塞米松换算显示了把试样和对照试样往SD系雄性大鼠(体重约250g)的尾静脉内投药(按地塞米松换算以0.05mg/kg的投入量)时的血浆中总放射能的变化。所用试样与比较试样相比在血浆中的消失为更缓慢。分布相中的消失半衰期分别为21.6以及11.5分。试验例2-9
把实施例3、实施例4以及实施例5中获得的试样以及试验例2-1中所用的对照试样分别与大鼠的血浆相混合,然后就其稳定性进行了研究。血浆中试样的浓度按地塞米松换算为23μg/ml。从表7可清楚地看到,90分钟37℃下经孵化后的未变化体(地塞米松棕榈酸酯)的残存量,即在血浆中的稳定性,与对照试样相比较,本发明的药物载体更为优越。
此外,还肯定了在本发明药物载体的核中,如使用胆甾醇亚麻酸酯,则其稳定性将随其含量增加而增加。
表7.血浆中的稳定性
试验例2-10
| 未变化体的残存率 | |
| 实施例3中获得的试样实施例4中获得的试样实施例5中获得的试样实施例2-1的对照试样 | 39.8%47.5%68.1%20.1% |
使用ddy系老鼠(体重约30g),在戊基巴比妥的麻醉下,把被测制剂滴入眼睛后测定了眼球中的药物浓度,并探讨了向眼球的移动性。
被测制剂有以下四种。
试样-(1):含有作为抗炎症药的愈疮奥的实施例1中所得到的本发明药物载体。
试样-(2):含有作为抗炎症药的愈疮奥的实施例2中所得到的本发明药物载体。
对照试样-(1):使由作为现有技术的、直径为0.2μm的大豆油和蛋黄卵磷脂所构成的脂肪乳剂吸收了愈疮奥后获得的物质。
对照试样-(2):使由作为现有技术的、直径为0.2μm的大豆油和蛋黄卵磷脂所构成的脂肪乳剂中混合溶解了作为愈疮奥水溶性衍生物的奥磺酸钛后获得的物质。
用量按愈疮奥换算为5μg/眼。滴眼后过一定时间取出眼球,用生理盐水快速敏捷地洗净后加以均相化,再通过高速液体色谱法对药物作定量分析。
眼球中药物浓度的变化如图5所示。很明显所用试样均比对照试样显示了更好的往眼球移动性,在使用本发明的药物载体时,药物朝眼球的移动性得到了改善。试验例2-11
把含有实施例1中得到的愈疮奥的药物载体作为试样,把愈疮奥的水溶性衍生物奥磺酸钠作为对照试样,滴入日本白色家兔(体重约3kg)的眼中,然后分析了药物往前房水中移动的情况。滴眼后的30分钟时,取出前房水从而对药物的浓度进行测定。其结果如表8所示。于是可看到,只有在使用了本发明的药物载体时才发现药物朝前房水中移动。
表8.滴眼后药物朝前房水中的移动
| 前房水中药物浓度(ng/ml) |
| 试样 3.47±3.31 |
| 对照试样 (未检测出) |
注:表中所示为(平均±标准偏差)试验例2-2
把含有实施例6所得到的作为抗组胺剂的苯海拉明的本发明药物载体作为试样,把盐酸苯海拉明生理食盐溶液作为对照试样,就对因组胺皮内投药而被诱发的血管透过性的亢进的抑制作用进行了探讨。
在S D系雄性大鼠(体重约300g)中通过静脉内投药施入试样或对照试样,过一定时间后再往静脉内施入伊凡斯蓝10mg,同时在腹部皮内注入盐酸组胺(1μg/50μl)。再过30分钟后,为了对皮内漏出的伊凡斯蓝进行定量因而把皮肤剥离。用3ml浓盐对皮肤施行可溶化,然后加入10%的氯化苄烷胺3ml、用5ml氯仿提取出伊凡斯蓝。接着通过氯仿层的620nm吸光度求出漏出在皮内的伊凡斯蓝。
图6显示了血管透过性抑制效果的时间变化(按苯海拉明换算的两种试样投入量为2mg/kg,投入后15分钟、30分钟和12分钟后往皮内注入组胺而获得)。试样在投入后的15分钟时已经显示了最大效果,其效果一直维持到2小时。另一方面,对照试样与所用试样相比,其抑制率较低,投药后的30分钟时显示了最大效果,然后就开始降低。在投药后的2小时时,所用试样显示了相当于对照试样3倍以上的血管透过性抑制效果。于是,所用试样不但显示出能增强药物效果,而且还显示出使药物作用持续的效果。
图7显示了试样投入后30分钟时获得的血管透过性的抑制效果的用量作用曲线。可以看出,所用试样与对照试样相比较具有更理想的血管透过性抑制效果。
图面的简单说明
图1显示了对实施例8中制造的本发明药物载体之粒径用光散射粒径测定装置测定后所得的结果。纵轴表示粒数,横轴表示粒径,它们是用对数刻度显示的。
图2表示了把试验例2-1中所研究的试样和对照试样通过静脉内投药施入大鼠时的血浆中总放射能的变化。纵轴表示根据放射能换算的地塞米松浓度(ng/ml),横轴表示了投药后经过的时间(小时)。有●记号的曲线表示所用试样,有○记号的曲线表示对照试样。
图3表示了把试验例2-2中所探讨的试样与对照试样投药于大鼠的静脉内时获得抗炎症活性(以角叉菜胶浮肿的抑制率为指标)的用量作用曲线。纵轴是用%表示的角叉菜胶浮肿的抑制率,横轴表示按地塞米松换算的药物投入量的对数刻度。有●记号的曲线表示所用试样,有△记号的曲线表示磷酸地塞米松,有○记号的曲线表示对照试样。
图4表示了把试验例2-8中所探讨的试样与比较用试样投药于大鼠的静脉内时血浆中总放射能的变化。纵轴表示根据放射能换算的地塞米松浓度(ng/ml),横轴表示投药后经过的时间(小时)。有▲记号的曲线表示所用试样,有●记号的曲线表示比较用试样。
图5表示把试验例2-10中所探讨的2种试样与2种对照试样滴入老鼠眼睛后药物朝眼球中的移动量。纵轴表示眼球中的药物浓度(ng/g,按愈疮奥换算),横轴表示滴眼后经过的时间(小时)。有▲记号的曲线表示试样-(1),有△记号的曲线表示试样-(2),有
记号的曲线表示对照试样-(1),有○记号的曲线表示对照试样(2)。
图6表示了把试验例2-11中所探讨的试样和对照试样投入于大鼠时的血管透过性抑制效果的时间推移。纵轴表示了用百分比表示的血管透过性的抑制率,横轴表示了试样投入后经过的时间(小时)。有●记号的曲线表示试样,有○记号的曲线表示对照试样。
图7表示了把试验例2-11中所探讨的试样和对照试样投药于大鼠时的血管透过性抑制效果的用量作用曲线。纵轴是用百分比表示的血管透过性的抑制率,横轴表示了用盐酸苯海拉明换算表示的药物投入量的对数刻度。有●记号的曲线表示所用试样,有○记号的曲线表示对照试样。
Claims (7)
1.避免被肝脏等具有发达的网状内皮系统摄取的脂肪乳形式的非经胃肠道药物载体的制备方法,该药物载体含有药物,平均粒径为5-<50nm,包含核和表层,其中
(1)构成核的物质是单纯脂质,在药物载体中的比例为30~85%,
(2)构成表层的物质是复合脂质,在药物载体中的比例为15~70%。
且同时具有(1)和(2)的性质,
该方法的特征在于:将上述包含在水中的物质按所述比例充分乳化直至所述药物载体具有所述平均粒径。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中构成核的物质是选自中性脂质、甾醇酯或其混合物的单纯脂质。
3.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中复合脂质为磷脂。
4.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中可加入选自脂肪酸和胆甾醇的衍生脂质作为乳化辅助物。
5.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中药物为抗炎和镇痛剂。
6.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中药物为抗癌剂。
7.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中药物为抗生素和化学治疗剂。
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| JP272770/87 | 1987-10-28 | ||
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| AU (1) | AU623342B2 (zh) |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100386085C (zh) * | 2003-12-17 | 2008-05-07 | 昆明紫健生物技术有限公司 | 一种防治肿瘤的脂肪乳输液及生产方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2211408B (en) | 1992-04-15 |
| IL88076A (en) | 1993-01-14 |
| IL88076A0 (en) | 1989-06-30 |
| ATE119031T1 (de) | 1995-03-15 |
| CH677605A5 (zh) | 1991-06-14 |
| IT8848502A0 (it) | 1988-10-27 |
| BE1001760A5 (fr) | 1990-02-27 |
| EP0315079A1 (en) | 1989-05-10 |
| DE3853191T2 (de) | 1995-10-19 |
| GB2211408A (en) | 1989-07-05 |
| AU2447288A (en) | 1989-05-04 |
| DE3853191D1 (de) | 1995-04-06 |
| NL193340C (nl) | 1999-07-02 |
| GB8825024D0 (en) | 1988-11-30 |
| IT1224596B (it) | 1990-10-04 |
| ES2012561A6 (es) | 1990-04-01 |
| CN1042080A (zh) | 1990-05-16 |
| NL193340B (nl) | 1999-03-01 |
| EP0315079B1 (en) | 1995-03-01 |
| FR2622442A1 (fr) | 1989-05-05 |
| AU623342B2 (en) | 1992-05-14 |
| CA1333993C (en) | 1995-01-17 |
| KR960013281B1 (ko) | 1996-10-02 |
| NL8802657A (nl) | 1989-05-16 |
| FR2622442B1 (fr) | 1993-10-22 |
| KR890006225A (ko) | 1989-06-12 |
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