WO2024248109A1 - 心筋細胞群、医薬組成物、心筋細胞群の製造方法、及び心筋球 - Google Patents
心筋細胞群、医薬組成物、心筋細胞群の製造方法、及び心筋球 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cardiomyocyte population, a pharmaceutical composition, a method for producing a cardiomyocyte population, and cardiospheres.
- hPSC-CM human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- Non-Patent Document 1 a test in which cardiomyocytes differentiated from human ES cells using activin A and BMP4 were transplanted into rats with induced myocardial infarction
- Non-Patent Document 2 a test in which cardiomyocytes differentiated from human iPS cells were transplanted into the infarcted heart of an immunodeficient mouse
- Non-Patent Documents 5, 6, 7, and 8 new problems have been reported, such as a limited engraftment rate of transplanted pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, and the induction of transplant-associated arrhythmias in the recipient's heart by transplanted pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
- a method of reducing arrhythmia using antiarrhythmic drugs see Non-Patent Document 9 has been disclosed, but these methods have problems such as burdening the recipient.
- hPSC-CMs in which genes such as ion channels have been deleted by genome editing technology (see Non-Patent Document 10) have also been reported, but using gene-edited cells as transplant cells is not preferable because gene editing may cause changes in unintended locations, which may cause undesirable mutations and lead to unpredictable effects, or the manufacturing process and quality control process may become complicated.
- the human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reported so far have not fully met all of the requirements for clinical application: (i) easy production of highly pure cardiomyocytes, (ii) safe transplantation into humans, (iii) regeneration of damaged parts of the recipient's heart by electrically integrating with the recipient's cardiomyocytes and engrafting for a long time while maintaining maturity, and (iv) low incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias that last for a certain period of time in the recipient. Furthermore, the structural and functional characteristics that human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes that meet the above conditions must have have not been elucidated based on their mechanism of action, etc.
- the current situation is that the only way to confirm and evaluate whether human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes obtained by various production methods meet the above conditions is to transplant the cardiomyocytes obtained by various production methods into the myocardial tissue of primates that are close to humans.
- the present invention aims to provide a group of cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells that can meet the conditions necessary for clinical application, cardiomyospheroids formed by spheroidizing the group of cardiomyocytes, a pharmaceutical composition containing the group of cardiomyocytes and/or the cardiomyospheroids as active ingredients, a method for producing the group of cardiomyocytes, and a method for producing the group of cardiomyocytes.
- a cardiomyocyte group comprising ventricular muscle cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells, the cardiomyocyte group having the following characteristics (1), (2), and (3): (1) Cardiac troponin T positive cells account for 90% or more of all live cells; (2) the spontaneous pulsation is 0-60 beats per minute, and (3) differentiation has commenced within 30 days. [2] The cardiomyocyte group described in [1], having a spontaneous pulsation of 0 to 50 beats per minute.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of the cardiomyocyte group described in [1] or [2] and cardiomyocyte spheroids formed by spheroidizing the cardiomyocyte group, and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutical composition described in [3] wherein the ratio of live cells to the total cells of the cardiomyocyte group is 80% or more.
- the pharmaceutical composition according to [3], wherein the ratio of cells constituting cardiomyocytes to all cells contained in the pharmaceutical composition is 60% or more.
- [7] (a) expanding human pluripotent stem cells; (b) culturing the expanded human pluripotent stem cells under conditions for differentiating them into cardiomyocytes to produce a cell population containing 60% or more cardiomyocytes; (c) removing human pluripotent stem cells and non-cardiomyocytes from the cell population;
- a method for producing cardiomyocytes comprising a step of suspending a group of cardiomyocytes according to [1] or [2] in a medium and then statically culturing the same in an incubator having microwells on the bottom surface.
- the present invention provides cardiomyocyte groups derived from human pluripotent stem cells, cardiomyospheroids formed by spheroidizing the cardiomyocyte groups, pharmaceutical compositions containing the cardiomyocyte groups and/or the cardiomyospheroids as active ingredients, methods for producing the cardiomyocyte groups, and methods for producing the cardiomyospheroids, all of which can meet the conditions necessary for clinical application.
- FIG. 1 shows the spontaneous beat rate (beat rate), maximum diastolic potential (MDP), and action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) obtained by electrophysiological analysis using the patch clamp method on the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared in Example 1(1).
- FIG. 1 shows the waveforms of action potentials obtained by analyzing the drug responsiveness of the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes prepared in Example 1(1) to isoproterenol, amiodarone, and ivabradine.
- 1 shows the spontaneous beat rate per minute of the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared in Example 1(1) as a result of analyzing the drug responsiveness to isoproterenol, amiodarone, and ivabradine.
- 1 shows the results of immunocytochemical analysis of the cardiomyocytes derived from human iPS cells prepared in Example 1(1).
- Example 1 shows the survival rate of cells contained in the cardiospheres produced in Example 2(1).
- Example 3 the results of measuring the sarcomere length of host cardiomyocytes and transplanted cardiomyocytes in cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiomyospheroids produced in Example 2(1) are shown.
- Example 2(2) the results of long-term culture of the cardiospheres produced in Example 2(1) and immunohistochemical staining are shown.
- Day 28 28 days after the start of culture; Day 56: 56 days after the start of culture; Day 84: 84 days after the start of culture.
- Example 2(2) dispersed cardiomyocyte groups derived from human iPS cells expressing modified luciferase (Dispersed hiPSC-CMs) and cardiomyospheric cells expressing modified luciferase (hiPSC-CSs) were transplanted into mature male NOG mice, and bioluminescence signals were detected in the transplanted mice.
- FIG. 2C is a graph showing the bioluminescence signals detected in FIG. 2D.
- Example 3 the results of measuring the trough level of cyclosporine in the peripheral blood of cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiospheres (corresponding to 2 x 107 cardiomyocytes) produced in Example 2 (1) are shown.
- the shaded area indicates the trough level of cyclosporine for suppressing acute rejection in heart transplantation.
- Example 3 the results of measuring the trough level of cyclosporine in the peripheral blood of cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiospheres (corresponding to 6 x 107 cardiomyocytes) produced in Example 2 (1) are shown.
- the shaded area indicates the trough level of cyclosporine for suppressing acute rejection in heart transplantation.
- Example 3 the left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) was measured by echocardiography in cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiospheres prepared in Example 2(1) or the vehicle before transplantation, 4 weeks after transplantation (4w post-transplantation), and 12 weeks after transplantation (12w post-transplantation).
- FS left ventricular fractional shortening
- Example 3 a Holter electrocardiogram of a cynomolgus monkey transplanted with the myocardial sphere prepared in Example 2(1) is shown, which showed transient ventricular tachycardia.
- Example 3 Holter electrocardiograms of cynomolgus monkeys implanted with the myocardial spheres prepared in Example 2(1) or the vehicle are shown.
- Example 3 the results of histological examination of cynomolgus monkeys implanted with the cardiomyospheroids prepared in Example 2(1) are shown. In Example 3, the results of histological examination of cynomolgus monkeys implanted with the cardiomyospheroids prepared in Example 2(1) are shown. In Example 3, echocardiograms are shown for cynomolgus monkeys implanted with the cardiospheres prepared in Example 2(1) or vehicle before implantation, 4 weeks after implantation (4w post-implantation), and 12 weeks after implantation (12w post-implantation). The scale bar indicates 5 cm.
- Example 3 the measured values of LVEF and FS are shown for cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiospheres (corresponding to 6 x 107 cardiomyocytes) prepared in Example 2(1) or vehicle before transplantation, 4 weeks after transplantation (4w post-transplantation), and 12 weeks after transplantation (12w post-transplantation).
- Example 3 Holter electrocardiograms of cynomolgus monkeys implanted with the myocardial spheres prepared in Example 2(1) or the vehicle are shown.
- the results of measuring the left ventricular shunt fraction (FS) by echocardiography in cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes or a vehicle in Experimental Example 3 are shown.
- hiPSC-CSs (purified): cardiomyocytes produced in Example 2(1); hiPSC-CSs (non-purified): cardiomyocytes produced from a group of unpurified human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
- cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured in serum of cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiospheres prepared in Example 2(1) or vehicle.
- Example 3 shows the duration of arrhythmia in individual cynomolgus monkeys that had transient arrhythmia after transplantation of the cardiomyospheroids produced in Example 2(1). *p ⁇ 0.05 versus pre-Tx; #p ⁇ 0.05 between vehicle and hiPSC-CSs.
- Example 3 the results of histological examination of the heart (A), lungs (B, F), liver (C, G), kidneys (D, H), and spleen (E, I) in cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with the cardiomyospheres produced in Example 2(1) are shown.
- the scale bars in A to D indicate 1 cm.
- the scale bar in E indicates 5 mm.
- the scale bar in I indicates 200 ⁇ m.
- a numerical range expressed using " ⁇ ” means that the range includes the numbers written before and after " ⁇ " as the lower and upper limits.
- the term “comprises” means that it may contain components other than the target component.
- the term “consists of” means that it does not contain components other than the target component.
- the term “consists essentially of” means that it does not contain components other than the target component in a form that exerts a special function (such as a form that completely loses the effect of the invention). In this specification, when “comprises,” it includes forms that "consist of” and forms that “consist essentially of.”
- the proteins, peptides, polynucleotides (DNA, RNA), vectors, cells, cell groups, and cardiomyosphers described herein may be isolated.
- isolated means in a natural state or separated from other components.
- isolated may be substantially free of other components.
- substantially free of other components means that the content of other components contained in the isolated component is negligible.
- the content of other components contained in the isolated component may be, for example, 10% by mass or less, 5% by mass or less, 4% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less, 2% by mass or less, 1% by mass or less, 0.5% by mass or less, or 0.1% by mass or less.
- proteins, peptides, polynucleotides DNA, RNA
- vectors, cells, cell groups, and cardiomyosphers described herein may be isolated proteins, isolated peptides, isolated polynucleotides (isolated DNA, isolated RNA), isolated vectors, isolated cells, isolated cell groups, and isolated cardiomyosphers, respectively.
- a first aspect of the present disclosure is a population of cardiomyocytes comprising ventricular muscle cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.
- the population of cardiomyocytes has the following characteristics (1), (2), and (3): (1) Cardiac troponin T positive cells account for 90% or more of all live cells. (2) Spontaneous heartbeat is 0 to 60 beats per minute. (3) Within 30 days after the initiation of differentiation.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment has the above characteristics (1), (2), and (3), and is therefore a cardiomyocyte group that can satisfy the following conditions (i) to (iv) required for clinical application.
- They are a group of highly pure cardiomyocytes that can be easily produced.
- It can be safely transplanted into humans.
- the cells can be electrically integrated with the myocardial cells of the recipient and can survive for a long time while maintaining their maturity, thereby regenerating damaged parts of the recipient's heart.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment preferably satisfies one or more of the above (i) to (iv), more preferably satisfies two or more, even more preferably satisfies three or more, and particularly preferably satisfies all four.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment satisfies the above conditions (i) to (iv), and can therefore be said to be a cardiomyocyte group suitable for clinical application.
- pluripotent stem cells are cells that have self-proliferation and pluripotency. Specific examples of pluripotent stem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), embryonic germ cells (EG cells), and germline stem cells (GS cells), as well as cells induced from these pluripotent stem cells with pluripotency. "Pluripotent stem cells” are not particularly limited as long as they are cells that have self-proliferation and pluripotency, and also include unknown cells that have properties equivalent to those of the ES cells and iPS cells exemplified above.
- Whether a cell is a pluripotent stem cell can be determined from the presence or absence of properties specific to pluripotent stem cells and the expression of various markers specific to pluripotent stem cells.
- properties specific to pluripotent stem cells include the ability to self-replicate and to differentiate into other types of cells with properties different from those of pluripotent stem cells.
- Other properties specific to pluripotent stem cells include the ability to form teratomas and chimeric mice.
- pluripotent stem cell markers are factors that are specifically expressed in pluripotent stem cells, and examples thereof include Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA1-60, TRA1-81, Lin28, Fbx15, SSEA-5, GDF3, KLF4, and CLDN6.
- the cell can be determined to be a pluripotent stem cell.
- the pluripotent stem cell markers may be used alone or in combination of two or more types.
- a cell expressing Oct3/4 may be determined to be a pluripotent stem cell.
- the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers in a cell can be confirmed using known methods such as RT-PCR and microarrays.
- the human pluripotent stem cells may be human ES cells, human iPS cells, human EG cells, or human GS cells, with human ES cells or human iPS cells being preferred, and human iPS cells being more preferred.
- Human iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells artificially generated from non-pluripotent cells such as adult somatic cells, and methods for producing human iPS cells are well known in the art. Specifically, human iPS cells are produced by introducing one or more reprogramming factors into any somatic cell such as fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells, epidermal cells, etc. Examples of reprogramming factors include Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, l-Myc, Klf4, Nanog, and LIN28.
- Pluripotent stem cells can be confirmed using the expression of genes and/or proteins specific to the stem cells as indicators, and these can be selected.
- Human iPS cells are provided by the Kyoto University iPS Cell Research Foundation (53, Shogoin Kawaramachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan). These human iPS cell lines may be used as human pluripotent stem cells.
- human iPS cell lines provided by the Kyoto University iPS Cell Research Foundation include the Ff-I01 strain, the Ff-I14 strain, the Ff-I01s01 strain, the Ff-I14s03 strain, the Ff-I14s04 strain, the QHJI-I14s04 strain, the Ff-MH09s01 strain, and the Ff-MH15s02 strain. Of these cells, the Ff-I14 strain, the Ff-I14s04 strain, and the QHJI-I14s04 strain are preferably used. All of the above iPS cells are HLA haplotype homozygous human iPS cells. For clinical applications, it is preferable to use a clinical grade cell line. Human iPS cells may be provided from a cell bank such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Commercially available human iPS cells may also be used.
- ATCC American Type Culture Collection
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment includes, among cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM) differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells, particularly mature ventricular myocytes.
- Cardiomyocytes refer to cells positive for at least one of sarcomeric ⁇ -actinin, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and troponin I type 1 (TNNI1)
- ventricular myocytes refer to cells positive for cardiac troponin T and/or myosin light chain 2v (MLC2v).
- Cardiomyocytes are typically myocardial cells that have the ability to beat spontaneously.
- Ventricular myocytes are a type of cardiomyocytes that can constitute ventricular muscle.
- Myocardial progenitor cells refer to precursor cells of the cardiomyocytes that are positive for at least one of Nkx2.5, GATA4, MEF2C, and MESP1.
- non-cardiomyocytes refers to cells that do not fall into the category of either cardiac myocytes or cardiac progenitor cells, and specific examples of such cells include smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
- the cardiomyocyte population of this embodiment satisfies all of the following criteria: (1) cardiac troponin T positive cells account for 90% or more of all live cells, (2) spontaneous pulsation is 0-60 beats per minute, and (3) differentiation has commenced within 30 days.
- the term "cell group” refers to a cell population consisting of two or more cells of the same or different types.
- the term "cardiomyocyte group” refers to a cell group containing cardiomyocytes, and may be composed only of cardiomyocytes, or may contain cells other than cardiomyocytes (e.g., non-cardiomyocytes, etc.). At least a portion of the cardiomyocytes contained in the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment are ventricular muscle cells.
- the cardiomyocyte group may contain, in addition to ventricular muscle cells, cardiomyocytes other than ventricular muscle cells (e.g., myocardial progenitor cells, atrial muscle cells, etc.).
- the cardiomyocyte group of the present invention can be produced from human pluripotent stem cells by the method described below.
- Cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT) is a protein that constitutes myofibrils in cardiac muscle and is known as a cardiac muscle cell marker. Cardiac troponin T positive cells can be said to be cardiac muscle cells.
- Human cardiac troponin T is a protein encoded by the TNNT2 gene (Gene ID: 7139).
- positive cells means that the target protein or gene is expressed in an amount that can be detected by a method known in the art. Protein detection can be performed using an immunological assay using an antibody, for example, ELISA, immunostaining, or flow cytometry.
- a reporter protein is expressed together with the protein, and the reporter protein is detected to detect the target protein.
- Gene detection can be performed using, for example, a nucleic acid amplification method and a nucleic acid detection method such as RT-PCR, microarray, and RNAseq.
- the expression of the target protein or gene can be determined by a general method. For example, when using flow cytometry, if the expression level of a target protein in a target cell is relatively high compared to the expression level in a control group in which expression of the protein is negative, the target cell can be determined to be positive for the target protein.
- negative means that the expression level of the target protein or gene is below the lower limit of detection by all or any of the above-mentioned known techniques.
- the lower limit of detection of the expression of the target protein or gene may vary depending on the technique, but can be determined by a general technique.
- the proportion of cardiac troponin T positive cells in the cardiomyocyte group is not particularly limited as long as it is 90% or more relative to the total number of live cells in the cardiomyocyte group.
- the proportion of cardiac troponin T positive cells in the cardiomyocyte group is preferably 90% or more relative to the total number of live cells in the cardiomyocyte group, more preferably 95% or more, even more preferably 96% or more, even more preferably 97% or more, even more preferably 98% or more, and particularly preferably 99% or more or 99.5% or more.
- the proportion of cardiac troponin T positive cells in the total number of live cells in the cardiomyocyte group may be 90 to 100%, 95 to 100%, 96 to 100%, 97 to 100%, 98 to 100%, 99 to 100%, or 99.5 to 100% relative to the total number of live cells in the cardiomyocyte group.
- the ratio of cardiac troponin T positive cells to all live cells in a cardiomyocyte group can be determined by measuring the number of cardiac troponin T positive cells by any of the above methods, detecting the number of all live cells by a commonly used method (e.g., gating of flow cytometry, etc.), and calculating the ratio.
- the number of cardiac troponin T positive cells can be confirmed preferably by flow cytometry analysis using an antibody against cardiac troponin T.
- a commercially available anti-cardiac troponin T antibody for flow cytometry analysis can be used.
- the ratio of cardiac troponin T positive cells to all live cells may be calculated by selecting live cells in a cardiomyocyte group by flow cytometry or the like, and measuring the number of cardiac troponin T positive cells in the selected live cell group.
- a live cell group may be selected by gating, and the ratio of cardiac troponin T positive cells in the live cell group may be obtained based on the expression level of cardiac troponin T.
- Live cells in the cardiomyocyte group can be selected, for example, by forward scattering, side scattering, or staining with a dye for determining viability (nucleic acid-binding dye, protein-binding dye, etc.).
- the spontaneous pulsation of the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment is 0 to 60 times/minute, preferably 0 to 50 times/minute, more preferably 0 to 45 times/minute, even more preferably 0 to 40 times/minute, and particularly preferably 0 to 35 times/minute.
- the spontaneous pulsation of the cardiomyocyte group may be 10 to 60 times/minute, 10 to 50 times/minute, 10 to 45 times/minute, 10 to 40 times/minute, or 10 to 35 times/minute.
- the spontaneous pulsation of the cardiomyocyte group may be 20 to 60 times/minute, 20 to 50 times/minute, 20 to 45 times/minute, 20 to 40 times/minute, or 20 to 35 times/minute.
- the spontaneous pulsation rate (the number of spontaneous pulsations per certain time) of the cardiomyocyte group can be measured by a known method.
- the spontaneous pulsation rate of the cardiomyocyte group may be measured by any method that can analyze the movement of cells. Examples of the measurement method include a method of acquiring an image such as a video of the cardiomyocyte group under a microscope and analyzing it using a motion vector, and a method of recording a potential pattern (spontaneous action potential) that changes with the pulsation of the cells.
- Specific examples include a method of measuring by recording the action potential duration (APD90) or spontaneous action potential at 90% repolarization of the cardiomyocyte group using a patch clamp amplifier, a method of measuring by a multi-electrode system, calcium imaging, impedance, etc. It is preferable to measure the spontaneous pulsation rate with a number of cells suitable for the above method, but it can also be a value obtained by performing measurements multiple times and statistically processing the results.
- a patch clamp amplifier is used to record the action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) and spontaneous action potentials of a group of cardiomyocytes.
- the composition of the intracellular solution for measuring the action potential includes potassium gluconate (130 mmol/L), KCl (10 mmol/L), NaCl (5 mmol/L), MgCl 2 (1 mmol/L), glycol ether diamine tetraacetic acid (EGTA: 0.1 mmol/L), magnesium-bound adenosine triphosphate (0.1 mmol/L), and (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES: 10 mmol/L).
- the composition of the extracellular solution includes NaCl (136.5 mmol/L), KCl (5.4 mmol/L), CaCl 2 (1.8 mmol/L), MgCl 2 (0.53 mmol/L), HEPES (85.5 mmol/L), and glucose (5.5 mmol/L).
- the cardiomyocyte population of this embodiment can be produced by (A) a step of inducing differentiation from pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes, and (B) a step of removing pluripotent stem cells and non-cardiomyocytes.
- the cardiomyocyte population of this embodiment is produced by completing the step (B) within 30 days from the start of the step (A).
- cells cultured for about 30 days after the start of differentiation induction from human pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes correspond to the fetal to neonatal stages in terms of human cardiomyocytes, and are smaller in size than human mature cardiomyocytes and have a low degree of maturity.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment has the above characteristics (1) and (2) and contains mature ventricular myocytes at a high purity, even if the culture period is within 30 days after the start of culture for differentiation induction into cardiomyocytes. Therefore, it is a cardiomyocyte group suitable for clinical application.
- the cryopreservation period is excluded from the period "within 30 days from the start of differentiation.” In other words, the period from the start of the freezing process of the cardiomyocyte group to the completion of the thawing process of the frozen cardiomyocyte group is excluded from the period "within 30 days from the start of differentiation.”
- the above-mentioned characteristic (2) of the cardiomyocyte group of the present embodiment represents the maturity of the cardiomyocytes, and "spontaneous pulsation of 0 to 60 times/min" indicates that the cardiomyocyte group contains many ventricular myocytes.
- the pulsation speed increases, so the above characteristic (2) also indicates that the content of these cells is low.
- the cardiomyocyte group of the present embodiment can also be specified by the property that the cardiomyocyte group contains many myosin light chain 2v (MLC2v)-positive cells, which are markers of ventricular myocytes.
- the ratio of MLC2v-positive cells is preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and particularly preferably 90% or more at the time when the cardiomyocyte group of the present embodiment is transplanted into the recipient myocardial tissue.
- cardiomyocyte groups When used in clinical applications, cardiomyocyte groups are usually cryopreserved and then thawed before use.
- a known cell cryopreservation solution can be used to cryopreserve cardiomyocyte groups.
- Various cell cryopreservation solutions are commercially available.
- STEM-CELLBANKER registered trademark
- GMP grade manufactured by Zenogen Pharma.
- Cryopreservation can be performed by suspending cardiomyocyte groups in a cell cryopreservation solution and freezing the cell suspension.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment may be responsive to antiarrhythmic drugs.
- antiarrhythmic drugs include adrenergic receptor agonists (such as isoproterenol), HCN channel blockers (such as ivabradine), and potassium channel blockers (such as amiodarone).
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment has all of the above characteristics (1) to (3), and therefore can be clinically applied as transplantable cardiomyocytes.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment has the characteristics (1) to (3), and therefore is a cardiomyocyte group containing highly pure cardiomyocytes, particularly mature ventricular myocytes, and as shown in the examples described below, it can regenerate damaged parts of the recipient's heart by electrically integrating with the recipient's cardiomyocytes and engrafting for a long time while maturing.
- a transplant cell group that has a low incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmia that lasts for a long time can be obtained in the recipient.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment is induced to differentiate from human pluripotent stem cells and highly purified, it can be safely transplanted into humans, and as described below, it can be produced easily and industrially. Therefore, the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment is a cardiomyocyte group that is highly useful as transplant cardiomyocytes.
- the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment can also be used for transplantation purposes as spheroidized cardiomyocyte spheres (sometimes simply referred to as "cardiomyocyte spheres" in this specification).
- the "spheroidized cardiomyocyte spheres" of the second aspect of the present disclosure are cell masses formed by aggregation of cells contained in the cardiomyocyte group, and can be formed by the method described below.
- the diameter of the cardiomyospheric sphere is not particularly limited as long as the cells near the center of the cardiomyospheric sphere do not undergo cell death or the cardiomyoctes near the center do not undergo significant blastogenesis compared to the cardiomyoctes in other locations, but may be 50 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- a more preferred range of the diameter of the cardiomyospheric sphere is 100 ⁇ m or more and 250 ⁇ m or less, and an even more preferred range is 150 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the cardiomyospheric sphere is preferably spherical, but may be any shape as long as it is an aggregate of cells and the survival rate of the cardiomyoctes in the cell aggregate is maintained. Therefore, the "diameter of the cardiomyospheric sphere" means any length from one end to the other of the cell aggregate passing through the center point. For example, if the cell aggregate is elliptical, the shortest length from one end to the other (minimum diameter) may be within the lower limit of the above range, and the longest length (maximum diameter) may be within the upper limit of the above range.
- the above-mentioned preferred range of the diameter of the myocardial spheres does not exclude the inclusion of myocardial spheres of other sizes, and it is sufficient that 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 80% or more of the total number of myocardial spheres in the group of myocardial spheres have a diameter within the above range.
- the diameter and distribution of the cardiomyospheric spheres can be measured by known methods. Examples of the measurement method include a method of measuring the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres from an image of the cardiomyospheric spheres using image analysis software, a method of measuring the diameter using a particle size distribution measurement device, etc.
- the cardiomyospheric spheres of this embodiment are aggregates of cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect described above, but do not necessarily have to be composed of cells only, and may be, for example, a microcarrier-like substance (e.g., extracellular matrix particles) suitable for transplantation in vivo in which cells are aggregated around the substance.
- the cardiomyospheric spheres of this embodiment are the active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition described below.
- the ratio of the cells constituting the cardiomyospheric spheres to the total cells contained in the pharmaceutical composition is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more.
- the method for measuring the number of cells contained in the cardiomyospheric spheres may be any method that can measure this.
- Examples of the measurement method include a method in which the relationship between the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres and the number of cells contained in the cardiomyospheric spheres is obtained in advance, and the relationship is calculated from the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres and the number of cardiomyospheric spheres contained in the pharmaceutical composition to be measured.
- the relationship between the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres and the number of cells contained in the cardiomyospheric spheres can be obtained, for example, by measuring the diameters of multiple cardiomyospheric spheres, dissolving the cardiomyospheric spheres into free cardiomyospheric cells, and counting the number of cardiomyospheric cells.
- the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres used to measure the number of cells in the cardiomyospheric spheres can be, for example, the maximum diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres.
- the cardiomyospheroids of this embodiment may be produced from the cardiomyospheroids according to the first aspect, and the cardiomyospheroids themselves do not need to be produced within 30 days after the start of differentiation. It is sufficient that the production of the cardiomyospheroids according to the first aspect for producing cardiomyospheroids is completed within 30 days after the start of differentiation.
- the inventors have found that when the cardiomyocytes of the present embodiment are formed, the survival rate of the cardiomyocytes constituting the cardiomyocytes is maintained at a high level. Therefore, by forming a group of cardiomyocytes into cardiomyocytes and recovering the cardiomyocytes, a group of cardiomyocytes with a high ratio of live cells can be obtained.
- the cardiomyocytes (group of cardiomyocytes) produced from the group of cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect contain mature cardiomyocytes with a high purity and a high ratio of live cells, so that when transplanted into a recipient, they are easily engrafted into the recipient's myocardial tissue and have a low incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias that continue for a certain period of time or more. Therefore, they are suitable for clinical applications.
- the third aspect of the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of the cardiomyocyte group according to the first aspect and the cardiomyospheroids according to the second aspect, and a pharma- ceutical composition comprising a pharma- ceutical carrier.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present embodiment contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the cardiomyocyte group and the cardiomyospheroids of the cardiomyocyte group as an active ingredient.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present embodiment preferably has a live cell ratio of 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, in the total cells contained in the pharmaceutical composition.
- the pharmaceutical composition When the pharmaceutical composition is stored or transported as a pharmaceutical composition, it is preferable to maintain the above live cell ratio throughout the storage period and/or transport time, and further it is preferable to maintain the above live cell ratio until just before the composition is actually administered to the recipient.
- the number of live cells can be measured by a known method. For example, live cells and dead cells may be distinguished by trypan blue staining, the number of live cells and the number of dead cells may be counted, and the live cell ratio may be calculated from the ratio of the number of live cells to the total number of cells.
- the cardiomyospheric cells contained in the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment preferably constitute 60% or more of the total cells contained in the pharmaceutical composition, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more.
- the ratio of cells constituting the cardiomyospheric cells is preferably maintained throughout the storage period and/or transport time, and further preferably until immediately before administration to a recipient.
- the cardiomyocyte population and cardiomyospheroids are cardiomyocyte population according to the first aspect and cardiomyospheroids according to the second aspect.
- compositions of this embodiment refers to a carrier that does not inhibit the physiological activity of an active ingredient and does not show substantial toxicity to the subject of administration.
- “Not substantially toxic” refers to a carrier that does not show toxicity to the subject of administration at a dose that is normally used.
- the pharma- ceutical acceptable carrier is a carrier that does not damage the cardiomyocyte group according to the first aspect and does not show substantial toxicity to the subject of administration.
- the pharma- ceutical acceptable carrier includes any known pharma- ceutical acceptable ingredient that is typically considered to be an inactive ingredient.
- the pharma- ceutical acceptable carrier is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include solvents, diluents, vehicles, excipients, flow enhancers, binders, granulating agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, wetting agents, lubricants, disintegrating agents, solubilizing agents, stabilizers, emulsifiers, fillers, and the like.
- the pharma- ceutical acceptable carrier may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- the pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier may be a buffer solution, such as saline, or a common buffering agent (e.g., phosphate, citric acid, and other organic acids).
- a buffer solution such as saline
- a common buffering agent e.g., phosphate, citric acid, and other organic acids.
- the pharmaceutical composition may contain other ingredients in addition to the above ingredients.
- the other ingredients are not particularly limited, and any ingredient commonly used in the pharmaceutical field may be used without any particular restriction.
- examples of the other ingredients include pharmaceutical additives other than those mentioned above.
- pharmaceutical additives include, but are not limited to, preservatives (e.g., antioxidants), chelating agents, flavoring agents, sweeteners, thickeners, buffers, colorants, etc.
- the dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition is not particularly limited, and may be a dosage form generally used as a pharmaceutical preparation.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment is usually a parenteral preparation, and may be in a dosage form suitable for the specific example of the administration method shown below, such as an injection, a myocardial sheet, etc.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment may be optionally frozen for storage and transportation. When the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment is frozen, the cells may be thawed before use, and further diluted with a sterile carrier corresponding to the target cell type before use.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment is sealed, for example, in a vial for administration to a patient, but may also be sealed, for example, in a syringe, depending on the administration method.
- an immunosuppressant that is generally used itself may be administered to the patient who has received the administration.
- the immunosuppressant may be appropriately selected according to the patient, and may be, for example, a drug that acts on immunophilin (cyclosporine, tacrolimus hydrate, etc.).
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment may be combined with these immunosuppressants.
- the administration route of the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment is usually preferably parenteral administration.
- the administration route for parenteral administration may be any method known per se for administering cells to a patient, for example, as long as it is a method that can administer cells to the patient's heart in a minimally invasive manner. Specifically, as a local administration to the heart (particularly the ventricle and myocardial tissue), administration to the ventricular myocardial tissue from the epicardial side using a transplant needle or the like, or administration from the endocardial side or pericardial cavity using a catheter or the like is preferred.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount of the cardiomyocyte group according to the first aspect and/or the cardiomyocyte sphere according to the second aspect.
- therapeutically effective amount means an amount of a drug effective for treating or preventing a target disease.
- the therapeutically effective amount of the cardiomyocyte group and/or the cardiomyocyte sphere can be an amount effective for cardiac repair of a recipient.
- the therapeutically effective amount may be appropriately determined depending on the symptoms, weight, age, and sex of a patient, the dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition, and the administration method.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be administered in a single dose of the cardiomyocyte group and/or the cardiomyocyte sphere, with the number of cardiomyocytes being 10 5 to 10 10 , preferably 10 7 to 10 9 .
- the pharmaceutical composition may be administered once or multiple times. For example, after administering the pharmaceutical composition to a patient, the patient's cardiac function and the engraftment of transplanted cardiomyocytes may be monitored, and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered again if necessary.
- the subject of administration of the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment is a human.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be used to treat heart diseases such as heart failure.
- Heart failure is a disease in which the function of the heart is reduced. Examples of causes of heart failure include myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital disease, etc.
- the heart failure to be treated may be caused by any of these causes.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment can be suitably applied to the treatment of heart failure caused by damage to myocardial tissue due to the above-mentioned causes.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment By administering the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment (transplantation of cardiomyocyte groups and/or cardiomyospheric cells) to a subject suffering from heart failure, the damaged myocardial tissue can be regenerated and the function of the heart can be improved.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment has the following functions: (1) the transplanted contractile cardiomyocytes are engrafted on the damaged myocardium, directly enhancing the contractile force of the damaged site of the recipient heart, and/or (2) the function of releasing paracrine factors having angiogenic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic effects, etc.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a cardiomyocyte group.
- the method for producing a cardiomyocyte group of this aspect comprises the following steps (a) to (c) in this order: (a) expanding human pluripotent stem cells; (b) culturing the expanded human pluripotent stem cells under conditions for differentiating them into cardiomyocytes, to produce a cell population containing cardiomyocytes at a sufficient ratio, specifically 60% or more, to result in 90% or more cTnT positive cells after step (c); and (c) removing the human pluripotent stem cells and non-cardiomyocytes from the cell population.
- ⁇ Step (a)> The expansion culture of human pluripotent stem cells can be carried out by known methods. For example, the methods described in Thomson et al., Science (1998) 282 (5391): 1145-7, Hovatta et al., EE, Ludwig et al., Nat Methods (2006) 3: 637-46, Kennedy et al., Blood (2007) 109: 2679-87 et al., Nat Methods (2011) 8: 424-9, Wang et al., Stem Cell Res. (2013) 11 (3): 1103-16, and International Publication No. 2018/181342 can be used.
- the medium may be prepared using a medium that is typically used for culturing mammalian cells as the basal medium.
- basal media include BME medium, BGJb medium, CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium, IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle MEM medium, ⁇ MEM medium, DMEM medium, F-12 medium, DMEM/F12 medium, IMDM/F12 medium, Ham's medium, RPMI 1640 medium, and Fischer's medium, as well as mixtures thereof.
- a commercially available basal medium for stem cell culture may be used.
- basal media include StemFit AS103C medium (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.), StemFit (registered trademark) AK medium (e.g., StemFit AK03N, StemFit AK02N) (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.), Essential 8 medium (Life Technologies, Inc.), mTeSR1 medium (STEMCELL Technologies, Inc.), and TeSR2 medium (STEMCELL Technologies, Inc.).
- hESF-GRO medium StemCells, Inc.
- TeSRTM-E6 STEMCELL Technologies
- hESF-GRO medium Nipro Corporation
- HESF-DIF medium Nipro Corporation
- CSTI-7 Cell Science Institute Co., Ltd.
- Essential 6 medium Life Technologies
- the medium is preferably a chemically defined medium (CDM) whose components are chemically defined, and more preferably a serum-free medium.
- CDM chemically defined medium
- serum-free medium means a medium that does not contain unconditioned serum or unpurified serum.
- Media containing purified blood-derived components and/or purified animal tissue-derived components (e.g., growth factors such as bFGF) are also included in serum-free media.
- the serum-free medium may contain a serum substitute.
- serum substitutes include serum albumin, transferrin, fatty acids, collagen precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 3'-thiol glycerol.
- Commercially available serum substitutes may be used. Examples of commercially available serum substitutes include, but are not limited to, Knockout TM Serum Replacement (Life Technologies), Chemically-defined Lipid Concentrated (Life Technologies), GlutamaxTM (Life Technologies), B27 (Life Technologies), and N2 (Life Technologies).
- the medium may contain some or all of the essential amino acids other than L-tryptophan (L-leucine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-histidine, L-methionine, and L-valine).
- L-leucine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-histidine, L-methionine, and L-valine L-leucine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-histidine, L-methionine, and L-valine.
- the medium may contain some or all of the non-essential amino acids (L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, glycine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, L-serine, L-tyrosine, L-proline).
- non-essential amino acids L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, glycine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, L-serine, L-tyrosine, L-proline).
- the medium may also contain natural amino acids such as L-cystine.
- the medium may further contain medium additives.
- medium additives include, but are not limited to, ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase) inhibitors such as Y-27632, antibiotics such as penicillin-streptomycin, vitamins, L-ascorbic acid, L-magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, sodium pyruvate, 2-aminoethanol, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, HEPES, insulin, progesterone, sodium selenate, putrescine, etc. It is preferable that the additives are contained within a concentration range known per se.
- the medium may contain fatty acids.
- fatty acids include, but are not limited to, oleic acid, linoleic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, palmitoleic acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, margaric acid, cusenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachidic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, nervonic acid, cerotic acid, montanic acid, and melissic acid.
- the medium may be a basal medium containing L-ascorbic acid, selenium, transferrin, insulin, FGF2, and TGF ⁇ 1, to which L-tryptophan or an L-tryptophan derivative has been added.
- the pH of the medium is preferably about 6.0 to about 8.5, and more preferably about 7.0 to about 7.5.
- the medium is preferably sterilized by filtration sterilization using a membrane filter or the like.
- Human pluripotent stem cells can be cultured by known methods. Human pluripotent stem cells may be cultured using feeder cells such as fibroblasts, or may be cultured in a feeder cell-free environment.
- the incubator used for cell culture is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of culturing cells, but examples include flasks, flasks for tissue culture, dishes, Petri dishes, dishes for tissue culture, multi-dishes, microplates, microwell plates, multi-plates, multi-well plates, microslides, chamber slides, petri dishes, tubes, trays, culture bags, and roller bottles.
- the culture vessel used for culturing cells may be cell-adhesive or cell-non-adhesive.
- the cell-adhesive culture vessel may be coated with any cell-supporting substrate or an artificial substance that mimics the function thereof, such as Matrigel (Niwa A, et al. PLoS One.6(7):e22261,2011), gelatin, collagen, elastin, or other fibrous protein; hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or other glycosaminoglycan; proteoglycan; fibronectin; vitronectin; laminin, for the purpose of improving adhesion of the surface of the culture vessel to cells.
- the culture is preferably performed by adhesion culture using a culture vessel coated with the above-mentioned cell support substrate.
- the culture temperature is about 30 to 40° C., preferably about 37° C.
- the CO2 concentration is about 1 to 10%, preferably about 2 to 5%.
- the oxygen concentration is usually 1 to 40%, but is appropriately selected depending on the culture conditions, etc.
- the method of inducing differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes may be any method that can obtain the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment.
- the differentiation induction method for example, (i) a method of activating Wnt/catenin signaling in human pluripotent stem cells to obtain a first cell population (culture in a first differentiation medium), (ii) a method of inhibiting Wnt/ ⁇ -catenin signaling in the first cell population to obtain a second cell population containing cardiomyocyte precursor cells (culture in a second differentiation medium), etc. are used.
- the cardiomyocyte precursor cells can be further cultured for 1 to 5 days in a medium such as RPMI medium, DMEM medium, or StemPro-34 to obtain a cardiomyocyte group containing mature ventricular muscle cells.
- a medium such as RPMI medium, DMEM medium, or StemPro-34 to obtain a cardiomyocyte group containing mature ventricular muscle cells.
- the activation of the Wnt/catenin signal is carried out by contacting the human pluripotent stem cells with a Wnt signal agonist, activin A, BMP4, bFGF, or the like.
- the Wnt signal agonist may be an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ (GSK-3 ⁇ ), or the like.
- the inhibitor of GSK-3 ⁇ may be at least one selected from the group consisting of low molecular weight chemical compounds, such as CHIR-99021, TWS119, SB216763, SB415286, and CHIR-98014. These compounds and their concentrations may be selected as concentrations at which cardiomyocytes having the characteristics of the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment are cultured.
- the expanded human pluripotent stem cells are cultured for 1 to 6 days in the first differentiation medium.
- the first differentiation medium may be replaced with a second differentiation medium.
- the second differentiation medium contains a Wnt signal antagonist, VEGF, and the like.
- the Wnt signal antagonist may be any one that generates the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment, and examples thereof include IWP-2, IWP-3, IWP-4, IWR-1, PNU-74654, XAV939, KY02111, and the like.
- the type and concentration of these agents can be selected as concentrations at which cardiomyocytes having the characteristics of the cardiomyocyte group of this embodiment are cultured.
- the cells are cultured in the second differentiation medium for 1 to 7 days.
- the culture periods in the above steps (i) and (ii) are adjusted to be within 30 days, including a further 1 to 5 day culture period in a medium such as RPMI medium, DMEM medium, or StemPro-34 medium, etc., to obtain a group of cardiomyocytes including mature ventricular myocytes, and a culture period in the step (c) described below.
- the culture vessels, culture conditions, etc. used in this step can be the same as those described in the expansion culture step of human pluripotent stem cells.
- the differentiation induction into cardiomyocytes in this embodiment is preferably performed by the method described in Toyama S. et al., Stem Cell Reports. 2017; 9: 1406-1414.
- a four-layer culture plate commercially available from Thermo Tifer Scientific or the like is preferably used as the culture vessel, and StemFit AS301 medium or StemFit AS501 medium (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) is preferably used as the culture medium.
- the proportion of cardiomyocytes in the cell population obtained by this step may be a proportion sufficient to ensure that the proportion of cTnT positive cells is 90% or more after step (c). Specifically, when purifying the cells by culturing for about 4 days in step (c) described below, it is preferable that the proportion of cardiomyocytes is 60% or more at the end of step (b). If the purification of cardiomyocytes is carried out over a longer period in step (c), the proportion may be lower.
- the proportion of cardiomyocytes can be calculated, for example, by measuring the proportion of cells positive for a cardiomyocyte marker such as cardiac troponin T by flow cytometry analysis.
- Step (c)> The method for removing human pluripotent stem cells and non-cardiomyocytes from the cell group after step (b) can be performed by a known method.
- a known method for example, the methods described in International Publication No. 2018/074457, Tanosaki S. et al., iScience. 2020;23:101535, and Tanosaki S. et al., STAR Protoc. 2022;3:101360, Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74, and Tohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37, etc. can be used.
- one example of such a method is to induce cell death in the remaining undifferentiated cells and non-cardiomyocytes by culturing the cell population obtained in step (b) in a medium containing at least one inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, a fatty acid utilization inhibitor, and a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor.
- fatty acid synthesis inhibitor one that inhibits fatty acid synthesis by targeting at least one factor selected from the group consisting of ATP citrate lyase, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase is preferred, and one that inhibits fatty acid synthesis by targeting at least one factor selected from the group consisting of ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthase is preferred.
- fatty acid synthesis inhibitors that target fatty acid synthase and inhibit fatty acid synthesis include orlistat, C75, flavonoids, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), etc., with orlistat and C75 being preferred, and orlistat being more preferred.
- Examples of fatty acid synthesis inhibitors that inhibit fatty acid synthesis by targeting ATP citrate lyase include LY294002 and SB204990.
- Examples of fatty acid synthesis inhibitors that target acetyl-CoA carboxylase and inhibit fatty acid synthesis include soraphen A, TOFA, A769662, metformin, AICAR, etc., with TOFA and A769662 being preferred.
- fatty acid utilization inhibitor one that targets carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and inhibits fatty acid utilization is preferred.
- fatty acid decomposition inhibitors that target carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and inhibit fatty acid decomposition include etomoxir, perhexiline, ranolazine, etc., with etomoxir and perhexiline being preferred.
- the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor is preferably one which inhibits cholesterol synthesis by targeting at least one factor selected from the group consisting of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, HMG-CoA synthase, and HMG-CoA reductase, and more preferably one which inhibits cholesterol synthesis by targeting HMG-CoA reductase.
- Examples of cholesterol synthesis inhibitors which inhibit cholesterol synthesis by targeting HMG-CoA reductase include pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, cerivastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin and the like, with pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin being preferred, and simvastatin being more preferred.
- orlistat it is preferable to use one or more selected from the group consisting of orlistat, C75, LY294002, SB204990, etomoxir, perhexiline, and simvastatin, and salts thereof, and it is more preferable to use orlistat.
- the concentrations of the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, fatty acid utilization inhibitor, and cholesterol synthesis inhibitor in the medium can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the inhibitor.
- the concentration of the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor or fatty acid utilization inhibitor is 0.1 to 500 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor may be 0.01 to 50 ⁇ M.
- the medium used in this step can be prepared by adding at least one selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, a fatty acid utilization inhibitor, and a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor to the above-mentioned basal medium.
- the medium may contain at least one compound selected from the group consisting of glucose, glutamine, and methionine. By including glucose, glutamine, and/or methionine, it is expected that cell growth will be improved.
- the cell culture in step (c) can be carried out under conditions generally used for cell culture.
- the culture temperature can be about 30 to 40°C, preferably about 37°C.
- the CO2 concentration can be about 1 to 10%, preferably about 2 to 5%.
- the oxygen concentration is usually 1 to 40%, but is appropriately selected depending on the culture conditions, etc.
- the culture time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 24 hours or more, more preferably 48 hours or more, and a specific example is 1 to 5 days. If necessary, the cells may be subcultured.
- human pluripotent stem cells and non-cardiomyocytes can be removed from the cell population obtained in step (b).
- the cells can be further cultured using a medium that does not contain glucose, glutamine, and glutamic acid in the composition of a medium used in normal cell culture, but contains lactic acid, thereby selectively proliferating cardiomyocytes and inducing cell death in non-cardiomyocytes. By culturing in such a medium, cardiomyocytes can be further highly purified.
- the feature "(3) within 30 days from the start of differentiation” means that the period from the start of culture in a cardiomyocyte differentiation-inducing medium (a medium containing a substance that induces differentiation into cardiomyocytes; for example, the first differentiation medium) in the above step (b) to the end of step (c) is within 30 days.
- a cardiomyocyte differentiation-inducing medium a medium containing a substance that induces differentiation into cardiomyocytes; for example, the first differentiation medium
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment may include, after the above steps (a) to (c), a step (selection step) of selecting a group of cardiomyocytes having the above characteristics (1), (2), and (3).
- the selection step can be performed by the method described in the above section (Group of cardiomyocytes). Specifically, for example, it can be carried out as follows. Among the cell groups obtained in step (c), a cell group that has been differentiated within 30 days since the start of differentiation (start of step (b)) is selected (d1). Next, a cardiomyocyte group in which cardiac troponin T positive cells account for 90% or more of all living cells is selected.
- a flow cytometry analysis of the cell group obtained in step (c) is performed using an antibody against cardiac troponin T, and a cell group in which the ratio of troponin T positive cells to all living cells is 90% or more is selected (d2).
- a cardiomyocyte group with a spontaneous pulsation of 0 to 60 times/min is selected.
- a patch clamp amplifier is used to record the action potential duration (APD90) and spontaneous action potential at 90% repolarization of the cardiomyocyte group, and a cell group with a spontaneous pulsation rate of 0 to 60 times/min is selected (d3).
- the order of the steps (d1) to (d3) is not limited to the above-mentioned order, and the order may be changed arbitrarily.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment may include a step of freezing the cardiomyocyte population after the above steps (a) to (c), and optionally after the selection step.
- the cardiomyocyte group obtained by the above-mentioned method is preferably removed from the culture plate by a method known per se, washed as necessary, and then suspended in a cell cryopreservation solution that is usually used for cryopreservation of cells.
- a cell cryopreservation solution is STEM-CELLBANKER (registered trademark) GMP grade (Zenogen Pharma).
- the concentration of the cardiomyocyte group in the cell suspension to be cryopreserved may be any concentration at which cell death does not occur due to freezing and thawing, specifically, any concentration at which the viable cell rate after freezing and thawing is 50% or more of the viable cell rate before freezing.
- the concentration of the cardiomyocyte group in the cell suspension is, specifically, for example, 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 8 cells/mL, preferably 1 x 10 6 to 1 x 10 7 cells/mL.
- a container for freezing a vial or bag used for freezing cells, etc. can be used. Freezing and cryopreservation can be performed by known methods.
- a method is used in which the cardiomyocyte group is frozen in a freezer at -60°C to -80°C, and then transferred to a container filled with liquid nitrogen or a deep freezer at -150°C or less for long-term storage. It is also preferable to freeze the cells while controlling the temperature using a programmable freezer, for example, by cooling to -40 to 60°C at a rate of 1 to 10°C/min, waiting at -40 to -60°C for 10 to 1 hour, cooling to -80°C at a rate of 1 to 10°C/min, and cooling at -80°C for several days.
- the frozen cardiomyocytes can be thawed by a known method. For example, the frozen cells can be removed from a liquid nitrogen storage container or a deep freezer, and thawed in a water bath at 37°C.
- a fifth aspect of the present disclosure is a method for producing cardiomyocytes.
- the method of the fifth aspect includes a step of statically culturing the cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect in a culture medium in a culture vessel having a microwell on the bottom surface.
- the cardiomyocytes according to the second aspect can be produced by the production method according to the fifth aspect.
- cardiomyospheres can be carried out by suspending the cardiomyosocyte group according to the first embodiment in a medium and statically culturing them in a culture vessel having a microwell on the bottom surface.
- the cardiomyosocyte group according to the first embodiment used here does not form spheroids.
- a cardiomyosocyte group produced by the production method according to the fourth embodiment can be used as the cardiomyosocyte group according to the first embodiment.
- the medium may be the basal medium described above. It is preferable to use a serum-free medium. It is preferable that the medium contains at least one selected from the group consisting of insulin (0.1 to 10 mg/L), transferrin (0.1 to 10 ⁇ g/L), selenium (0.1 to 10 ⁇ g/L), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml), epidermal growth factor (1 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml), platelet-derived growth factor (1 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M).
- insulin 0.1 to 10 mg/L
- transferrin 0.1 to 10 ⁇ g/L
- selenium 0.1 to 10 ⁇ g/L
- basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF; 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml
- epidermal growth factor (1 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml
- Culture vessels having microwells on the bottom surface may be commercially available as spheroid-forming culture vessels. Microwells are wells with openings on the order of micrometers (e.g., 100 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably 100 to 800 ⁇ m, more preferably 200 to 500 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 300 to 500 ⁇ m). Culture vessels with low adhesive culture surfaces are preferred. Culture vessels coated with a biological material adhesion inhibitor such as Prevelex (registered trademark) (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) may be used. A specific example of a culture vessel is a 6-well plate coated with Prevelex (Elplasia RB 500 400 NA 6, manufactured by Corning).
- Prevelex registered trademark
- cardiomyospheroids may be performed by referring to methods described in known literature (e.g., International Publication No. 2009/017524; Kawaguchi S. et al., JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2021;6:239-254; Tabei R. et al., The Journal of heart and lung transplantation: the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2019;38:203-214).
- a sixth aspect of the present disclosure is a method for treating heart failure, comprising administering at least one selected from the group consisting of the cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect and the cardiomyosphers according to the second aspect to a subject in need of treatment for heart failure.
- the administered cardiomyocyte population and/or cardiomyospheroids may be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition according to the third aspect.
- the cardiomyocyte group and/or cardiomyospheroids can be administered to a subject, for example, by injecting them directly into the myocardial tissue.
- Any instrument can be used for administration as long as it can inject the cardiomyocyte group and/or cardiomyospheroids into the transplant target tissue, and for example, the instruments described in International Publication No. 2020-013125 can be used.
- An injection needle with a gauge of 24 to 30 can be used.
- a catheter or the like can also be used.
- the cardiomyocyte group and/or cardiomyospheroids can be administered in a "therapeutically effective amount" to a patient in need of treatment for heart failure.
- the therapeutically effective amount may be determined appropriately, for example, depending on the degree of damage to the myocardial tissue in the patient.
- the amount of cardiomyocyte group and/or cardiomyospheroids administered at one time may be 10 5 to 10 10 cardiomyocytes, preferably 10 7 to 10 9 cardiomyocytes.
- the amount of cells administered is counted as the number of cardiomyocytes that have become cardiomyospheroids.
- the subject of the treatment method of this embodiment is a human.
- Heart failure is a disease that presents a state of impaired cardiac function. Examples of causes of heart failure include myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital disease, etc.
- the subject of heart failure may be caused by any of these.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment can be suitably applied to the treatment of heart failure caused by damage to myocardial tissue due to the above-mentioned causes. By administering the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment (transplantation of cardiomyocytes and/or cardiomyospheric cells) to a subject suffering from heart failure, the damaged myocardial tissue can be regenerated and the cardiac function can be improved.
- the pharmaceutical composition of this embodiment has the following functions: (1) transplanted contractile cardiomyocytes take root in the damaged myocardium, directly enhancing the contractile force of the damaged site of the recipient heart, and/or (2) release paracrine factors that have angiogenic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic effects, etc.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure is the use of at least one selected from the group consisting of cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect and cardiomyosphers according to the second aspect in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of heart failure.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure is at least one selected from the group consisting of the cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect and the cardiomyospheres according to the second aspect for use in treating heart failure.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure is the use of at least one selected from the group consisting of cardiomyocytes according to the first aspect and cardiospheres according to the second aspect in the treatment of heart failure.
- Example 1 Production and analysis of human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (1) Preparation of purified human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes Human iPS cells (FfI14s04 line) (provided by the Kyoto University Foundation for iPS Cell Research) were maintained on an iMatrix511 (Nippi Corporation) coated culture plate using StemFit AS103C media (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.). Differentiation into cardiomyocytes was performed on a four-layer culture plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using StemFit AS301 medium (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) as described in Tohyama S. et al., Stem Cell Reports. 2017;9:1406-1414.
- the remaining human iPS cells in the cell group obtained after differentiation induction were removed using orlistat, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, according to the method described in Tanosaki S. et al., iScience. 2020;23:101535, and Tanosaki S. et al., STAR Protoc. 2022;3:101360.
- cardiomyocytes were purified using StemFit AS501 (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) according to the method described in Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74., and Tohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37.
- the purified cardiomyocyte group was cryopreserved using STEM-CELLBANKER (registered trademark) GMP grade (manufactured by Zenogen Pharma).
- the culture for differentiation induction was carried out for 7 to 15 days, while the culture for removal of remaining human iPS cells was carried out for 5 to 10 days.
- the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) positivity rate of the cardiomyocyte group prepared in (1) after thawing was 99.8% ( Figure 1A(b)).
- the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) positivity rate of the cell group before the above purification was 81.0% (FIG. 1A(a)).
- the thawed cardiomyocyte group was electrophysiologically analyzed by the patch clamp method according to the method described in Ichimura H. et al., Sci Rep. 2020;10:11883. Specifically, the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group cryopreserved in (1) was thawed, and the thawed cardiomyocyte group was cultured for 4 days. To examine the spontaneous beating rate, the action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) and spontaneous action potential were recorded using a patch clamp amplifier (Axopatch 200B, Molecular Devices).
- Action potentials were measured using intracellular solution (potassium gluconate (130 mmol/L), KCl (10 mmol/L), NaCl (5 mmol/L), MgCl2 (1 mmol/L), EGTA (0.1 mmol/L), magnesium-bound adenosine triphosphate (0.1 mmol/L), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (10 mmol/L)) and extracellular solution (NaCl (136.5 mmol/L), KCl (5.4 mmol/L), CaCl2 (1.8 mmol/L), MgCl2 (0.53 mmol/L), HEPES (85.5 mmol/L), and glucose (5.5 mmol/L).
- FIGS. 1B and 1C The results of 65 analyses (for 65 cells) are shown in Figures 1B and 1C.
- the cells contained in the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared in (1) showed a ventricular-like action potential pattern after freezing and thawing.
- Beat rate the spontaneous beat rate was 34 ⁇ 13 beats/min.
- MDP maximum diastolic potential
- the action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) was 465 ⁇ 25 ms.
- the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared and cryopreserved in (1) was thawed and cultured for about one week in MEM ⁇ (Thermo Fisher, cat. 4061029) containing 2.5% FBS (MERC) and sodium pyruvate (MERCK, cat. S8636). After completion of the culture, the cells were cultured at 37 ° C. for 1 hour in HBSS (Thermo Fisher, cat. 14025092) containing probenecid (AAT Bioquest, cat. 20062) and 5 mM Cal520AA (AAT Bioquest, cat. 21131) using a culture vessel coated with Pluronic (registered trademark) F-127 (AAT Bioquest, cat. 20053).
- the adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (MERCK, cat. I6504) was added to the culture medium containing the cultured cell groups at 0.01 nM, 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, or 1 ⁇ M, and calcium transients were measured using FDSS/ ⁇ CELL (Hamamatsu Photonics).
- the HCN channel blocker ivabradine (MERCK, cat. SML02c81) was added to the culture medium containing the cultured cell groups at 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, or 1 ⁇ M, and calcium transients were measured in the same manner.
- amiodarone (MERCK, cat A8423), a potassium channel blocker, was added to the medium containing the cultured cell groups at concentrations of 0.1 ⁇ M, 0.3 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 3 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M, and calcium transients were measured in the same manner.
- the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared and frozen in (1) was thawed according to the method described in Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74 and Tohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37.
- the thawed cardiomyocyte group was immunostained using anti-actinin antibody, anti-vimentin antibody, and anti-DAPI antibody by a commonly used method. The results are shown in FIG. 1F(a). Most of the cells contained in the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group prepared in (1) were actinin positive and vimentin negative.
- Example 2 Preparation and analysis of cardiomyospheric cells (1) Preparation of cardiomyocytes from human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes The human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes cryopreserved in Example 1 (1) were suspended in StemFit AS301 medium and seeded on a 6-well plate (Elplasia RB 500 400 NA 6, Corning) coated with Prevelex (registered trademark) (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Co., Ltd.) in the same manner as described in Kawaguchi S. et al., JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2021;6:239-254, or Tabei R. et al., The Journal of heart and lung transplantation: the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.
- Prevelex registered trademark
- the size of the cardiomyospheric spheres contained in the obtained cardiomyospheric spheres was measured using a particle size distribution analyzer (manufactured by Beckman Coulter). As a result, the diameter of the cardiomyospheric spheres contained in the cardiomyospheric spheres was about 150 ⁇ m on average.
- a part of the cardiomyospheric spheres was treated in a 3:1 solution of trypsin/EDTA and Accumax at 37°C for 10 to 15 minutes immediately after harvesting from the culture plate and 4 hours after harvesting from the culture plate, thereby decomposing the cardiomyospheric spheres into single cells and staining with trypan blue.
- FIG. 2A The survival rate of cells contained in each cardiomyospheric cell by this analysis is shown in FIG. 2A.
- "253G4" shows the result of preparing cardiomyospheric cells by the method described in this Example from a group of cardiomyospheric cells differentiated, purified, and frozen from 253G4 (provided by Kyoto University), a human iPS cell line for research, by the method described in Example 1 (1).
- the number of cardiomyospheric cells with a diameter of 50 ⁇ m or more under a certain field of view of the solution containing the collected cardiomyospheric cells was counted, and the number of cardiomyospheric cells constituting the cardiomyospheric cell line (number of cardiomyospheric cells) was calculated.
- the ratio of the number of cardiosphere cells to the total number of cells was calculated by the following formula and was found to be 74-86%.
- Percentage of cardiomyocyte count (%) (number of cardiomyocytes)/[(number of cardiomyocytes)+(number of non-cardiomyocytes)] ⁇ 100
- OCT compound Tissue-Tek OCT Compound, Sakura Corporation
- FIG. 2C Sections were immunohistochemically analyzed using anti-DAPI antibody, primary antibody against human specific cardiac troponin I (cTnI, ab52862; Abcam), and biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories). These results are shown in FIG. 2C. As shown in A, D, and G of FIG. 2C, CytoRed solution and the like were observed to permeate through the center of the cardiomyocytes from the external culture medium, indicating that the cardiomyocytes in the cardiomyocytes can receive nutrients directly from the external culture medium. In addition, as shown in B, E, and H of FIG. 2C, the cardiomyocytes maintained the purity of cardiomyocytes even after 12 weeks of culture.
- the transplanted mice were anesthetized 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation, and Akalumine n-Hydrochloride (Fujifilm Corporation, 20 nmol/g body weight) was administered intraperitoneally. 10 minutes after administration, images were taken using an imaging system (NEWTON7.0 FT500, Vilber) at 20 cm x 20 cm and exposure time of 1 minute, and images were analyzed using Kuant software. These results are shown in Figures 2D and 2E. As is clear from Figures 2D and 2E, it was confirmed that the transplanted cardiomyospheric spheres survived more effectively in the animal's heart than the transplanted cardiomyocytes.
- Example 3 Cardiosphere transplantation into cynomolgus monkeys (1) Induction of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in cynomolgus monkeys Based on Japanese domestic regulations and guidelines, all experimental procedures were reviewed by the Animal Experiment Committee and finally approved by the President of Shinshu University (No. 300023), Keio University (No. A2022-180), and Ina Research (No. 18088). Two weeks before cardiac sphere transplantation, myocardial infarction was induced in a total of 10 cynomolgus monkeys (also known as macaca fascicularis), four males and six females, by the following method. Surgery was performed as described in Ichimura H. et al., Sci Rep.
- cynomolgus monkeys were anesthetized with intramuscular injection of ketamine and xylazine, intubated with a tracheal tube (diameter 3.5 mm), and artificially ventilated with 2% isoflurane.
- Buprenorphine was routinely administered subcutaneously to reduce postoperative pain. Blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored during surgery. Phenylephrine was administered intravenously to maintain adequate blood pressure.
- a 4-0 silk suture was passed through the myocardium of the central left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and through the polyethylene tube.
- a silicone tube was placed over the polyethylene tube and tied off with a suture.
- 1 mg/kg lidocaine and 200 U/kg heparin were administered intravenously. The same amount of heparin was then administered every hour until reperfusion. After 180 minutes of mid-LAD occlusion, the tube was removed and the heart was allowed to reperfuse.
- Example 2(1) Preparation and transportation of myocardial spheres for transplantation
- the myocardial spheres produced in Example 2(1) were collected on the day of transplantation, diluted with physiological saline, packaged in Eppendorf tubes, and transported to a transplantation facility under an environment of 4° C. Immediately after arriving at the transplantation facility, they were transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys by the method described below.
- 10 cynomolgus monkeys (four males and six females) were similarly induced with myocardial infarction, and divided into two groups.
- One group was transplanted with the cardiomyospheric spheroids (equivalent to 6 x 107 cardiomyocytes) described in (2) above, and the other group was transplanted with a vehicle.
- the specific transplantation method is as follows. On the 14th day after induction of myocardial infarction (MI), a second sternotomy was performed on the animals to expose the heart.
- the cardiac spheres (2) above suspended in saline or the saline vehicle were injected 5 to 6 times at 100 ⁇ L each using a 27-gauge needle, and administered intramyocardially to the infarcted and border areas.
- Immunosuppression was achieved by intravenous injection of methylprednisolone and abatacept (Bristol Myers Squibb) and subcutaneous injection of cyclosporine (Novartis International AG).
- Methylprednisolone (Bristol Myers Squibb) was administered at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg for 3 days starting 1 day before transplantation. Thereafter, 2 mg/kg of methylprednisolone (Bristol Myers Squibb) was administered once a day. Abatacept (Bristol Myers Squibb) was administered at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg every two weeks starting one day before transplantation. The daily dose of cyclosporine (Novartis International AG) was 5-10 mg/kg, and the dose was adjusted based on the peripheral blood trough level from the fifth day of transplantation until the end of the experiment.
- cyclosporine Novartis International AG
- Computed tomography was performed 2 days before transplantation, 28 days after transplantation, and 84 days after transplantation.
- the CT method used was described in Shiba Y. et al., Nature. 2016;538:388-391. Specifically, anesthetized animals were intubated and mechanically ventilated with 2% isoflurane. The heart was imaged with an R_mCT AX (Rigaku Corporation) while a radiocontrast agent (Iopamidol) was injected at 8 ml/min. The systolic and ventilatory cycles were automatically synchronized.
- LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume
- LVESV left ventricular end-systolic volume
- LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
- BNP brain natriuretic peptide
- cTnT cardiac troponin T
- Sections were analyzed immunohistochemically using a primary antibody against human-specific cardiac troponin I (cTnI, ab52862; Abcam) and a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories).
- cTnI human-specific cardiac troponin I
- Abcam Ab52862
- biotin-conjugated secondary antibody Vector Laboratories
- HRP-conjugated streptavidin ABC kit Vector Laboratories
- DAB substrate kit Vector Laboratories
- the sections were treated with anti-myosin light chain 2A primary antibody (MLC-2A; S58-205, Becton, Dickinso) in the same manner as above. n and Company), anti-myosin light chain 2V primary antibody (MLC-2V; ab92721, manufactured by Abcam), anti- ⁇ - Actinin primary antibody (ab137346, manufactured by Abcam), anti-vimentin primary antibody (Merck & Co.), anti-connexin 43 primary antibody (Cx43, ab11370; manufactured by Abcam), anti-N-cadelin primary antibody (Thermo Fisher Sc) Antibody (clone: CH-I, manufactured by Abcam), anti-cTnT primary antibody (clone: 13-11), anti-CD45 primary antibody (clone: 2B11&PD), anti-Ki67 primary antibody (ab16667, manufactured by Abcam), anti-pan-cadherin primary antibody (clone: CH- 19) and were analyzed immunohistochemically using anti-lycopersic
- the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen were also harvested and fixed in 4% PFA. Unless macroscopic abnormal findings were detected, several sections were randomly selected and immunostained with antibodies against HE and human-specific cTnI to detect ectopic cardiomyocyte engraftment. The stained sections were imaged using a NanoZoomer 2.0-RS (Hamamatsu Photonics) or a BZ-X700 microscope (KEYENCE).
- Echocardiograms, computed tomography (CT), BNP levels, graft area, and outcomes were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post-hoc comparisons between time points with Tukey's multiple comparison test, and unpaired t-test analysis for group comparisons at each time point.
- cTnT rates were analyzed by ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey's multiple comparison test. All summarized data are presented as mean ⁇ standard error of the mean. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software) with a significance threshold of P ⁇ 0.05.
- the cardiomyocytes of the transplanted animals also showed a streaky pattern similar to that of the host cardiomyocytes, with comparable cTnT expression and sarcomere length (FIG. 2B), indicating that they had matured in the myocardial tissue of the transplanted animals at approximately the same level as the host cardiomyocytes by 12 weeks after transplantation.
- the transplanted cardiomyocytes were well vascularized ( Figures 4A(J), 4A(M)) and abundantly expressed connexin43 and cadherin ( Figures 4A(H), (I), (K), (L)). These results indicated that the transplanted cardiomyocytes survived at a maturity close to that of the host cardiomyocytes.
- Example 3 (3) the left ventricular shunt fraction (FS) was measured by echocardiographic analysis before transplantation, 4 weeks after transplantation, and 12 weeks after transplantation for animals that received human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (equivalent to 2 x 107 cardiomyocytes) and the vehicle.
- the results are shown in Figure 3A.
- the contractile function was significantly improved 4 weeks after transplantation in the animals that received cardiomyocyte transplants.
- the echocardiograms of the animals that received cardiomyocyte transplants equivalent to 6 x 107 cardiomyocytes before transplantation, 4 weeks after transplantation, and 12 weeks after transplantation are shown in Figure 5A, and the LVEF measurement value is shown in Figure 5B.
- cardiomyocyte-transplanted animals showed a higher fractional shortening than the vehicle-transplanted animals, and this advantage continued until 12 weeks after transplantation.
- a test was also conducted in which cardiomyocytes were prepared using a group of human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes that had only been subjected to cardiomyocyte differentiation and not the purification process in the process of Example 1 (1), and transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys in the same manner as in Example 3 (3).
- the left ventricular shunt fraction (FS) was measured by echocardiographic analysis before transplantation, 4 weeks after transplantation, and 12 weeks after transplantation for the non-purified cardiomyocyte-transplanted animals and the vehicle-transplanted animals. The results are shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5D together with the results for the animals transplanted with cardiomyocytes produced from purified human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
- the contractile function was significantly improved 4 weeks after transplantation in the animals transplanted with cardiomyocytes produced from purified human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CSs (purified)) compared with the animals transplanted with cardiomyocytes produced from unpurified human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CSs (non-purified)).
- CT scan Computed tomography
- LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
- Example 3 animals that received human iPS cell-derived cardiomyospheric implants and vehicle-implanted animals were recorded by Holter electrocardiogram before implantation, on days 4, 7, and 14 after implantation, and every other week thereafter. Vehicle recipients showed no substantial ventricular arrhythmias (Fig. 3C(a) and 3C(c)). Four of the five animals that received human iPS cell-derived cardiomyospheric implants also showed no or almost no ventricular arrhythmias during the experimental period (Fig. 3C(b) and 3C(d)). One of the implanted animals (ID: C067 in Fig.
- the transient ventricular arrhythmias that occurred in some of the animals that received human iPS cell-derived cardiomyosphers in Example 3 were much shorter in duration and less frequent than in previous studies (Shiba Y. et al., Nature. 2016;538:388-391).
- the short duration and low frequency of arrhythmias may be explained by differences in the transplanted human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Specifically, the difference in iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes is thought to be a combination of the high purity and maturity of the cardiomyocytes in the cardiomyocyte group produced in Example 1, or the high ratio of live cells in the cardiomyocyte group transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys in Example 3.
- the present inventors have performed a method of directly transplanting human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CM) into the myocardium as performed in Example 3.
- PSC-CM pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- This method involves potential risks associated with needle injection, such as tissue damage, bleeding, thrombosis, and cardiac edema
- the transplanted PSC-CM has been shown to contract in synchronization with the adjacent recipient's cardiomyocytes, and is referred to as cardiac regeneration therapy.
- the cardiomyosphers produced in Example 2 have several advantages and can be an ideal active ingredient for cardiac regeneration therapy. First, the preparation of cardiomyosphers is easy, and it is only necessary to seed a group of cardiomyocytes dispersed in a specific culture plate and allow them to naturally form cell aggregates.
- Example 3 The post-transplant arrhythmia observed in Example 3 showed similar characteristics to those in a previous study (Shiba Y, et al., Nature. 2016;538:388-391, cardiomyocyte purity was 63%), i.e., delayed onset, non-lethal, and transient occurrence; however, in Example 3, the duration of arrhythmia was much shorter and the frequency was lower than in the previous study ( Figure 5F). The low frequency of post-transplant arrhythmia may be explained by the different origin of the transplanted cardiomyocytes. In the previous study, CM was derived from allogeneic monkeys, whereas in Example 3, CM was derived from xenogeneic human.
- Example 3 From these points, it was shown for the first time that in order to achieve a low frequency and onset time of ventricular arrhythmia after transplantation in Example 3, it is necessary to satisfy at least two conditions: the purity of the cardiomyocytes of the cardiospheres transplanted in Example 3 is 99.8% and the spontaneous beat rate is 34 ⁇ 13 beats/min.
- the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes produced in Example 1 took a maximum of 25 days for the differentiation process and purification process combined, which is different from the production of cardiomyocytes matured by long-term culture.
- the human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocyte group produced in Example 1 showed properties such as cardiac troponin T positive cells at 90% or more ( Figure 1A (b)) and spontaneous pulsation of 0 to 60 beats per minute ( Figure 1C).
- the cardiomyocyte spheres produced in Example 2 were produced using cardiomyocyte groups within 30 days (excluding the frozen storage period) from the start of differentiation in Example 1.
- Cardiomyocyte groups with these characteristics are thought to be able to regenerate the damaged parts of the recipient heart by electrically integrating with the recipient cardiomyocytes and engrafting for a long time while maintaining their maturity ( Figures 2B, 3A, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B). Furthermore, among the transplanted animals, some did not show ventricular arrhythmia, and the arrhythmias that did occur in some were overwhelmingly less frequent than in existing tests, were transient, and were manageable (Figures 3C, 5C, and 5D). Based on these properties, the cardiomyocyte group produced in Example 1 and the cardiomyospheric cells produced in Example 2 can be used as cell preparations suitable for clinical applications.
- the present invention provides cardiomyocyte groups and cardiomyospheroids derived from human pluripotent stem cells that can meet the conditions necessary for clinical application, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the cardiomyocyte groups and/or cardiomyospheroids as active ingredients, methods for producing the cardiomyocyte groups, and methods for producing the cardiomyospheroids.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2023年5月30日に、日本に出願された特願2023-088954号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
損傷したレシピエントの心臓におけるレシピエント心筋細胞と移植された心筋細胞との電気的な統合については、ヒトES細胞由来の心筋細胞をモルモットの損傷心臓に移植した試験で確認されている(例えば、非特許文献3、4、特許文献4を参照)。
しかしながら、これらの試験により得られた知見は、使用された試験動物モデルが生理的に適切な動物モデルでないことからも、本技術の臨床応用を鑑みるに、そのレシピエント心臓における生着、電気的統合、及び傷害を受けた心臓への治療効果のいずれにおいても、臨床規模の心筋細胞の移植を、安全、かつ心筋再生を実現するように行えるかどうかを確認できるものではなかった。
移植関連不整脈を抑制するためには、例えば、抗不整脈薬によって不整脈を軽減する方法(非特許文献9を参照)等が開示されているが、それらの方法はレシピエントには負担となる等の問題がある。また、イオンチャネル等の遺伝子をゲノム編集技術により欠損させたhPSC―CM等(非特許文献10を参照)も報告されているが、遺伝子を編集した細胞を移植細胞とすることは、遺伝子編集により意図しない場所に変更を加える可能性があり、望ましくない変異を引き起こして予測できない影響をもたらす可能性があったり、製造工程や品質管理工程が複雑似なる等の理由で好ましくない。
[1]ヒト多能性幹細胞から分化した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群であって、以下の(1)、(2)及び(3)の特徴を有する心筋細胞群:
(1)心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞が全生細胞中の90%以上である、
(2)自発拍動が0~60回/分である、及び
(3)分化を開始してから30日以内である。
[2]自発拍動が0~50回/分である、[1]に記載の心筋細胞群。
[3][1]又は[2]に記載の心筋細胞群、及び前記心筋細胞群をスフェロイド化させた心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、並びに薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物。
[4]前記心筋細胞群の全細胞中の生細胞の比率が80%以上である、[3]に記載の医薬組成物。
[5]前記医薬組成物中に含まれる全細胞中の心筋球を構成する細胞の比率が60%以上である、[3]に記載の医薬組成物。
[6]心不全の治療に使用される、[3]~[5]のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
[7](a)ヒト多能性幹細胞を拡大培養する工程と、
(b)前記拡大培養されたヒト多能性幹細胞を心筋細胞へ分化する条件下で培養し、心筋細胞を60%以上含む細胞群を製造する工程と、
(c)前記細胞群からヒト多能性幹細胞及び非心筋細胞を除去する工程と、
を含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の心筋細胞群の製造方法。
[8][1]又は[2]に記載の心筋細胞群をスフェロイド化させた心筋球。
[9]前記心筋球の直径が50~300μmである、[8]に記載の心筋球。
[10][1]又は[2]に記載の心筋細胞群を培地に懸濁した後、底面に微細ウェルを有する培養器で静置培養する工程を含む、心筋球の製造方法。
特定細胞の比率(%)=特定細胞の細胞数/細胞集団中の全細胞数×100
本開示の第1の態様は、ヒト多能性幹細胞から分化した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群である。前記心筋細胞群は、以下の(1)、(2)及び(3)の特徴を有する。
(1)心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞が全生細胞中の90%以上である。
(2)自発拍動が0~60回/分である。
(3)分化を開始してから30日以内である。
(i)高純度の心筋細胞群であり、且つ簡便に製造できること。
(ii)ヒトに安全に移植できること。
(iii)移植先の心筋細胞と電気的に統合し、成熟度を保ったまま長く生着することによりレシピエントの心臓の障害部分を再生できること。
(iv)レシピエントにおいて一定時間継続する重篤な心室性不整脈の発現頻度が低いこと。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、上記(i)~(iv)の条件を満たすことにより、臨床応用可能な心筋細胞群であるといえる。
「多能性幹細胞」は、自己増殖能及び多分化能を有する細胞である。多能性幹細胞の具体例としては、胚性幹細胞(Embryonic Stem Cells:ES細胞)、人工多能性幹細胞(Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells:iPS細胞)、胚性生殖幹細胞(Embryonic germ cell:EG細胞)、及び生殖幹細胞(Germline Stem:GS細胞)、並びにこれらの多能性幹細胞から誘導された分化多能性を有する細胞を含み得る。「多能性幹細胞」は、自己増殖能及び分化多能性を有する細胞であれば特に限定されず、上記例示したES細胞やiPS細胞と同等の性質を有する未知の細胞も包含する。
「ヒトiPS細胞」は、例えば、成人の体細胞等の非多能性細胞から人工的に生成された多能性幹細胞であり、ヒトiPS細胞を製造する方法は当該技術分野で周知である。具体的には、繊維芽細胞、造血系細胞、表皮細胞等の任意の体細胞に対して、1つ又は複数の初期化因子を導入することにより製造される。初期化因子としては、例えば、Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc、l-Myc、Klf4、Nanog、及びLIN28等が挙げられる。多能性幹細胞であることは、上述の当該幹細胞に特異的な遺伝子及び/又はタンパク質の発現等を指標として確認することができ、これらを選別することができる。
ヒトiPS細胞は、公益財団法人京都大学iPS細胞研究財団(日本国京都府京都市左京区聖護院川原町53番地)から複数種類の細胞株が提供されている。ヒト多能性幹細胞として、それらのヒトiPS細胞株を用いてもよい。公益財団法人京都大学iPS細胞研究財団から提供されるヒトiPS細胞株の具体例としては、Ff-I01株、Ff-I14株、Ff-I01s01株、Ff-I14s03株、Ff-I14s04株、QHJI-I14s04株、Ff-MH09s01株、Ff-MH15s02株等が挙げられる。これらの細胞のうち、Ff-I14株、Ff-I14s04株、QHJI-I14s04株が好ましく用いられる。上記のiPS細胞は、全てHLAハプロタイプホモ接合体ヒトiPS細胞である。臨床応用のためには、臨床グレードの細胞株を用いることか好ましい。ヒトiPS細胞は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)等の細胞バンクから提供されるものであってもよい。ヒトiPS細胞は、市販のものを用いてもよい。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、ヒト多能性幹細胞から分化した心筋細胞(hPSC-CM)のうち、特に成熟した心室筋細胞を含む。心筋細胞は、サルコメアα-アクチニン(Sarcomeric α-actinin)、心筋トロポニンT(cTnT)、トロポニンIタイプ1(TNNI1)の内の少なくとも1つが陽性の細胞を意味し、心室筋細胞は、心筋トロポニンT、及び/又はミオシン軽鎖2v(MLC2v)陽性細胞をいう。また、心筋細胞は、典型的には自己拍動能を有する心筋の細胞である。心室筋細胞は、心筋細胞の1種であり、心室筋を構成し得る心筋細胞である。また、「心筋前駆細胞」とは、前記心筋細胞の前駆細胞であって、Nkx2.5、GATA4、MEF2C及びMESP1の内の少なくとも1つが陽性の細胞を意味する。本明細書中の「非心筋細胞」とは、心筋細胞及び心筋前駆細胞のどちらにも該当しない細胞を意味し、具体的な細胞としては、例えば、平滑筋細胞、内皮細胞等が挙げられる。
心筋トロポニンT(cardiac muscle troponin T:cTnT)は、心筋の筋原線維を構成するタンパク質であり、心筋細胞マーカーとして知られている。心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞は、心筋細胞であるといえる。ヒト心筋トロポニンTはTNNT2遺伝子(Gene ID: 7139)にコードされるタンパク質である。本明細書中で「陽性細胞」とは、対象タンパク質又は遺伝子が当該分野で公知の手法による検出可能量で発現していることを意味する。タンパク質の検出は、抗体を用いた免疫学的アッセイ、例えば、ELISA、免疫染色、フローサイトメトリーを利用して行うことができる。また、細胞内に発現し、細胞表面には現れないタンパク質(例えば転写因子又はそのサブユニット等)の場合は、当該タンパク質とともにレポータータンパク質を発現させ、当該レポータータンパク質を検出することによって対象とするタンパク質を検出できる。遺伝子の検出は、例えば、RT-PCR、マイクロアレイ、RNAseq等の核酸増幅方法及び核酸検出方法等を利用して行うことができる。対象タンパク質又は遺伝子の発現は、一般的な手法で判断することができる。例えば、フローサイトメトリーを利用する場合には、対象細胞における対象タンパク質の発現量が、前記タンパク質の発現が陰性である対照群での発現量と比較して、相対的に高い場合に、前記対象細胞は前記対象タンパク質が陽性であると判断できる。
本明細書において、「陰性」とは、対象タンパク質又は遺伝子の発現量が、上記のような公知手法の全てあるいはいずれかによる検出下限値未満であることを意味する。対象タンパク質又は遺伝子の発現の検出下限値は、各手法により異なり得るが、一般的な手法で判断できる。
心筋細胞群中の全生細胞における心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞の割合は、上記の方法のいずれかで、心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞の数を測定し、全生細胞の数を一般的に用いられる方法(例えば、フローサイトメトリーのゲーティング等)により検出して、その比を算出して求めることができる。心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞数は、好ましくは心筋トロポニンTに対する抗体を用いたフローサイトメトリー解析により確認することができる。フローサイトメトリー解析用の抗心筋トロポニンT抗体は、市販のものを用いることができる。例えば、心筋細胞群中の生細胞を、フローサイトメトリー等により選別し、選別された生細胞群において、心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞数を測定することにより、全生細胞中の心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞の比率を算出してもよい。例えば、心筋細胞群のフローサイトメトリー解析により得られたデータにおいて、生細胞群をゲーティングにより選択し、当該生細胞群において、心筋トロポニンTの発現量に基づき、心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞の比率を取得してもよい。心筋細胞群における生細胞の選択は、例えば、前方散乱、側方散乱、生死判定用色素(核酸結合色素、タンパク質結合色素等)による染色等を用いることができる。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群の自発拍動は、0~60回/分であり、0~50回/分であることが好ましく、0~45回/分であることがより好ましく、0~40回/分であることがさらに好ましく、0~35回/分であることが特に好ましい。心筋細胞群の自発拍動は、10~60回/分であってもよく、10~50回/分であってもよく、10~45回/分であってもよく、10~40回/分であってもよく、10~35回/分であってもよい。心筋細胞群の自発拍動は、20~60回/分であってもよく、20~50回/分であってもよく、20~45回/分であってもよく、20~40回/分であってもよく、20~35回/分であってもよい。
具体的には、パッチクランプ増幅器を用いて、心筋細胞群の90%再分極時の活動電位持続時間(APD90)及び自発活動電位を記録する方法が挙げられる。活動電位を測定するための細胞内溶液の組成としては、グルコン酸カリウム(130mmol/L)、KCl(10mmol/L)、NaCl(5mmol/L)、MgCl2(1mmol/L)、グリコールエーテルジアミン四酢酸(EGTA:0.1mmol/L)、マグネシウム結合アデノシン三リン酸(0.1mmol/L)、及び(4-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-1-ピペラジンエタンスルホン酸(HEPES:10mmol/L)が挙げられる。細胞外溶液の組成としては、NaCl(136.5mmol/L)、KCl(5.4mmol/L)、CaCl2(1.8mmol/L)、MgCl2(0.53mmol/L)、HEPES(85.5mmol/L)、及びグルコース(5.5mmol/L)が挙げられる。
「分化の開始」とは、心筋細胞への分化誘導用培地(心筋細胞への分化を惹起する物質を含有する培地)で、ヒト多能性幹細胞の培養を開始した時点をいう。「分化を開始してから30日以内」とは、心筋細胞への分化誘導用培地で、ヒト多能性幹細胞の培養を開始した時点から、30日以内であることをいう。
後述するように、本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、(A)多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞への分化誘導工程、及び(B)多能性幹細胞及び非心筋細胞の除去工程により、製造することができる。本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、前記(A)の工程の開始から30日以内に、前記(B)の工程を完了しているものである。
従来、ヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞への分化誘導を開始してから30日程度の培養期間の細胞は、ヒトの心筋細胞で言えば胎児期から新生児期に相当し、大きさがヒトの成熟した心筋細胞よりも小さく、成熟度が低い。一方で、長期間、例えば分化誘導開始してから40日以上培養を継続すると、心筋細胞としての成熟度は増すことが知られている(Dhahri W. et al., (2022) Circulation, 145, 1412-1426.)。しかしながら、長期間の培養はコストがかかり、実用化に不向きであること、長期間の培養では非心筋細胞が増えやすいこと、あるいは細胞の接着力が低下すること等の問題があり、臨床応用には不向きである。本実施態様の心筋細胞群は、心筋細胞への分化誘導の培養を開始してから30日以内の培養期間であっても、上記(1)及び(2)の特徴を有し、成熟した心室筋細胞を高純度に含む。したがって、臨床応用に適した心筋細胞群である。後述する心筋細胞群の製造方法のように、心筋細胞への分化を開始してから純化完了するまでの培養日数を30日以内として、ある程度成熟した高純度の心筋細胞を作製する方法は臨床応用には非常に有利な方法である。
上述した本実施形態の心筋細胞群の特徴(2)は心筋細胞の成熟度を表しているもので、「自発拍動が0~60回/分である」ことは、その心筋細胞群に心室筋細胞が多く含まれていることを示すものである。また、心筋細胞群にペースメーカー細胞及び/又は心房筋細胞が含まれていると拍動速度が速くなるため、上記特徴(2)は、これらの細胞の含有率が低いことを示すものでもある。本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、特徴(2)の代わりに、あるいは特徴(2)に加えて、例えば、心室筋細胞のマーカーであるミオシン軽鎖2v(MLC2v)陽性細胞が、心筋細胞群中に多く含まれるという性質でも特定することができる。MLC2v陽性細胞比率は、本実施形態の心筋細胞群がレシピエント心筋組織に移植される時点で70%以上が好ましく、80%以上がさらに好ましく、90%以上が特に好ましい。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、(1)~(3)の特徴を有することから、高純度に心筋細胞、特に成熟した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群であり、後述の実施例で示すように、移植先の心筋細胞と電気的に統合し、成熟しながら長く生着することによりレシピエントの心臓の障害部分を再生することができる。さらに、後述の実施例で示すように、本実施形態の心筋細胞群から、レシピエントに、持続時間が長い重篤な心室性不整脈の発現頻度が低い移植用細胞群を得ることができる。また、本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、ヒト多能性幹細胞から分化誘導され、高度に純化精製されているため、ヒトに安全に移植することができ、さらに後述するように、簡便に、工業的にも優位に製造することができる。
したがって、本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、移植用心筋細胞としての有用性が高い心筋細胞群である。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群は、これをスフェロイド化した心筋球(本明細書中ではこれを単に「心筋球」と称することがある。)として移植細胞用途で用いることもできる。本開示の第2の態様である「スフェロイド化した心筋球」とは、上記心筋細胞群に含まれる細胞同士が凝集して細胞塊となったものであり、後述の方法により形成することができる。
また、本実施形態の心筋球は、後述の医薬組成物の有効成分となる。この場合、当該医薬組成物中に含まれる全細胞に対する心筋球を構成する細胞の比率が60%以上であることが好ましく、70%以上がより好ましく、80%以上がさらに好ましい。心筋球に含まれる細胞数の測定方法は、これを測定できる方法であればいかなる方法でもよい。測定方法としては、例えば、心筋球の直径とその心筋球に含まれる細胞数の関係をあらかじめ取得しておき、測定対象の医薬組成物に含まれる心筋球の直径と心筋球の数から算出する方法等が挙げられる。心筋球の直径とその心筋球に含まれる細胞数の関係は、例えば、複数の心筋球について、その直径を測定した後、心筋球を分解して遊離の心筋細胞とし、心筋細胞数を計数することにより、取得することができる。心筋球中の細胞数の測定に用いる心筋球の直径としては、例えば、心筋球の最大径を用いることができる。
本開示の第3の態様は、前記第1の態様に係る心筋細胞群及び前記第2の態様に係る心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種と、薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物である。本実施形態の医薬組成物は、前記心筋細胞群及び心筋細胞群がスフェロイド化した心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を有効成分として含有する。本実施形態の医薬組成物は、その医薬組成物に含まれる全細胞中の生細胞比率が60%以上であることが好ましく、70%以上であることがより好ましい。上記生細胞比率は、医薬組成物として保管又は輸送される場合はその保管期間及び/又は輸送時間を通して上記の生細胞比率を維持することが好ましく、さらに実際にレシピエントに投与される直前まで上記の生細胞比率を維持することが好ましい。生細胞数は公知の方法により測定することができる。例えば、トリパンブルー染色により生細胞と死細胞とを判別して生細胞数と死細胞数をそれぞれ計数し、生細胞数と全細胞数の比率から、生細胞比率を算出してもよい。
心筋細胞群及び心筋球は、第1の態様に係る心筋細胞群、及び第2の態様に係る心筋球である。
「薬学的に許容される担体」とは、有効成分の生理活性を阻害せず、且つ、その投与対象に対して実質的な毒性を示さない担体を意味する。「実質的な毒性を示さない」とは、その成分が通常使用される投与量において、投与対象に対して毒性を示さないことを意味する。本実施形態の医薬組成物においては、薬学的に許容される担体は、第1の態様にかかる心筋細胞群を損傷させず、且つその投与対象に対して実質的な毒性を示さない担体である。薬学的に許容される担体は、典型的には非活性成分とみなされる、公知のあらゆる薬学的に許容され得る成分を包含する。薬学的に許容される担体は、特に限定されないが、例えば、溶媒、希釈剤、ビヒクル、賦形剤、流動促進剤、結合剤、造粒剤、分散化剤、懸濁化剤、湿潤剤、滑沢剤、崩壊剤、可溶化剤、安定剤、乳化剤、充填剤等が挙げられる。薬学的に許容される担体は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
本発明の第4の態様は、心筋細胞群の製造方法である。本態様の心筋細胞群の製造方法は、以下の(a)~(c)の工程をこの順で含む。
(a)ヒト多能性幹細胞を拡大培養する工程、
(b)前記拡大培養されたヒト多能性幹細胞を心筋細胞へ分化する条件下で培養し、心筋細胞を、工程(c)の後にcTnT陽性細胞が90%以上となるのに十分な比率、具体的には60%以上含む細胞群を製造する工程、及び
(c)前記細胞群からヒト多能性幹細胞及び非心筋細胞を除去する工程。
ヒト多能性幹細胞の拡大培養は、公知の方法により行うことができる。例えば、Thomson et al., Science(1998)282(5391):1145-7 Hovatta et al., EE、Ludwig et al., Nat Methods (2006) 3:637-46、Kennedy et al., Blood (2007) 109:2679-87 et al., Nat Methods (2011) 8:424-9、Wang et al., Stem Cell Res. (2013) 11(3):1103-16、及び国際公開第2018/181342号に記載の方法等を用いることができる。
培養は、上記細胞支持用基質でコーティングされた培養容器を用いて、接着培養することが好ましい。
ヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞への分化誘導法は、本実施形態の心筋細胞群を得られる方法であればいかなる方法でもよい。分化誘導法としては、例えば、(i)ヒト多能性幹細胞においてWnt/カテニンシグナルを活性化して第1の細胞集団を得る(第1の分化培地における培養)、(ii)第1の細胞集団においてWnt/β-カテニンシグナルを阻害して心筋細胞前駆細胞を含む第2の細胞集団を得る(第2の分化培地における培養)方法等が用いられる。一般に、Wnt/β-カテニンシグナル阻害を終了した後、心筋細胞前駆細胞は、成熟した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群を得るために、RPMI培地、DMEM培地又はStemPro-34等の培地中でさらに1~5日培養され得る。これらの工程により、当該培地中で、全細胞(死細胞は除く)中の60%以上が心筋細胞に分化した細胞集団を得ることができる。
次に、前記第1の分化培地を、第2の分化培地に交換する。第2の分化培地は、Wntシグナルアンタゴニスト、VEGF等を含む。Wntシグナルアンタゴニストは、本実施形態の心筋細胞群が生成されるものであればいかなるものであってもよいが、例えば、IWP-2,IWP-3、IWP-4、IWR-1、PNU-74654、XAV939、KY02111等が挙げられる。これらの薬剤の種類及び濃度は、本実施形態の心筋細胞群の特徴を持つ心筋細胞が培養される濃度として選択することができる。第2の分化培地中で細胞は1~7日培養される。
上記工程(i)と(ii)の培養期間は、この後、成熟した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群を得るために、RPMI培地、DMEM培地又はStemPro-34等の培地中でさらに1~5日培養される期間、及び後述する工程(c)の培養期間も含めて30日以内となるように調整される。
本工程における培養容器、培養条件等は、ヒト多能性幹細胞を拡大培養工程に記載したものと同様のものを用いることができる。
本実施形態の心筋細胞群への分化誘導は、具体的には、Tohyama S. et al.,Stem Cell Reports.2017;9:1406-1414に記載の方法により行うことが好ましい。培養容器は、Thermo Tifer Scientific等から市販されている4層培養プレートが好ましく用いられ、培地としては、StemFit AS301培地、又はStemFit AS501培地(味の素株式会社製)を用いることが好ましい。
工程(b)後の細胞群からヒト多能性幹細胞及び非心筋細胞を除去する方法は、公知の方法により行うことができる。例えば、国際公開第2018/074457号、Tanosaki S. et al., iScience. 2020;23:101535、及びTanosaki S. et al., STAR Protoc. 2022;3:101360、Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74、及びTohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37等に記載の方法等を用いることができる。
具体的には、脂肪酸合成阻害剤、脂肪酸利用阻害剤、及びコレステロール合成阻害剤からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種を含有する培地で、工程(b)で得られた細胞群を培養することにより、残存していた未分化細胞及び非心筋細胞の細胞死を誘導する方法が挙げられる。
脂肪酸合成酵素を標的として脂肪酸合成を阻害する脂肪酸合成阻害剤として、オルリスタット(Orlistat)、C75、フラボノイズ、Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)等が挙げられ、オルリスタット、C75が好ましく、オルリスタットがより好ましい。
ATPクエン酸リアーゼを標的として脂肪酸合成を阻害する脂肪酸合成阻害剤として、LY294002及びSB204990が挙げられる。
アセチル-CoAカルボキシラーゼを標的として脂肪酸合成を阻害する脂肪酸合成阻害剤として、ソラフェンA(Soraphen A)、TOFA、A769662、メトホルミン(Metformin)、AICAR等が挙げられ、TOFA、A769662が好ましい。
カルニチンパルミトイルトランスフェラーゼ1を標的として、脂肪酸分解を阻害する脂肪酸分解阻害剤としては、エトモキシル(Etomoxir)、ペルヘキシリン(Perhexiline)、ラノラジン(Ranolazine)等が挙げられ、エトモキシル、ペルヘキシリンが好ましい。
HMG-CoAレダクターゼを標的としてコレステロール合成を阻害するコレステロール合成阻害剤として、プラバスタチン(Pravastatin)、シンバスタチン(Simvastatin)、フルバスタチン(Fluvastatin)、アトルバスタチン(Atorvastatin)、ピタバスタチン(Pitavastatin)、ロスバスタチン(Rosuvastatin)、セリバスタチン(Cerivastatin)、ロバスタチン(Lovastatin)、メバスタチン(Mevastatin)等が挙げられ、プラバスタチン、シンバスタチン、フルバスタチン、アトルバスタチン、ピタバスタチン、ロスバスタチンが好ましく、シンバスタチンがより好ましい。
コレステロール合成阻害剤の濃度としては、0.01~50μMが挙げられる。
なお、第1の態様の心筋細胞群における、「(3)分化を開始してから30日以内である」、との特徴は、上記工程(b)における心筋細胞分化誘導用培地(心筋細胞への分化を惹起する物質を含有する培地;例えば、第1の分化培地)での培養開始日を起算日とし、工程(c)の終了日までが30日以内であることを意味する。
(選択工程)
本実施形態の製造方法は、上記工程(a)~(c)の後、上記(1)、(2)、及び(3)の特徴を有する心筋細胞群を選択する工程(選択工程)を有してもよい。選択工程は、上記(心筋細胞群)の項で記載した方法により行うことができる。
具体的には、例えば、以下のように行うことができる。
工程(c)で得られた細胞群のうち、分化を開始(工程(b)を開始)してから30日以内である細胞群を選択する(d1)。次いで、心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞が全生細胞中の90%以上である心筋細胞群を選択する。例えば、心筋トロポニンTに対する抗体を用いて、工程(c)で得られた細胞群のフローサイトメトリー解析を行い、全生細胞中のトロポニンT陽性細胞の比率が90%以上である細胞群を選択する(d2)。次いで、前記で選択された細胞群について、自発拍動が0~60回/分である心筋細胞群を選択する。例えば、パッチクランプ増幅器を用いて、心筋細胞群の90%再分極時の活動電位持続時間(APD90)及び自発活動電位を記録し、自発拍動速度が0~60回/分である細胞群を選択する(d3)。このようにして、選択工程を行うことができる。前記(d1)~(d3)は、前述の順番に限定されず、任意に順番を変更してもよい。
本実施形態の製造方法は、上記工程(a)~(c)の後、及び任意に選択工程の後、心筋細胞群を凍結する工程を有してもよい。
上述の方法で得られた心筋細胞群は、好ましくは最終培地を除去した後、培養プレートからそれ自体公知の方法で剥離した後、必要に応じて洗浄後、通常細胞の凍結保存に用いられる細胞用凍結保存溶液に懸濁する。細胞用凍結保存溶液としては、一例として、STEM-CELLBANKER(登録商標)GMP grade(Zenogen Pharma社製)等が挙げられる。ここで、凍結保存される細胞懸濁液中の心筋細胞群の濃度は、凍結融解が原因で細胞死が起きない濃度、具体的には凍結融解した後の生細胞率が、凍結前の生細胞の50%以上となる濃度であればいずれのものでもよい。細胞懸濁液中の心筋細胞群の濃度は、具体的には、例えば、1×105個~1×108個/mL、好ましくは1×106個~1×107個/mLである。凍結用の容器としては、細胞等の凍結に用いられるバイアルや、バッグ等を用いることができる。
凍結及び凍結保存は、公知の方法で行うことができる。例えば、心筋細胞群を-60℃~-80℃のフリーザー内で凍結した後、液体窒素が充填された容器内か、あるいは-150℃以下のディープフリーザーに移して長期保存する方法等が用いられる。また、プログラムフリーザーを用いて、温度調整しながら細胞凍結することも好ましく、例えば、―40~60℃まで1~10℃/分の速度で冷却し、-40~-60℃で10~1時間待機した後、-80℃まで1~10℃/分の速度で冷却し、-80℃で数日冷却する方法等が挙げられる。
凍結された心筋細胞の融解処理は、公知の方法で行うことができる。例えば、凍結細胞を、液体窒素保存容器、またはディープフリーザーから取り出し、37℃の水浴中にて、融解処理を行うことができる。
本開示の第5の態様は、心筋球の製造方法である。第5の態様の方法は、第1の態様にかかる心筋細胞群を培養液に懸濁した状態で、底面に微細ウェルを有する培養器で静置培養する工程を含む。第2の態様にかかる心筋球は、第5の態様にかかる製造方法により、製造することができる。
本開示の第6の態様は、第1の態様に係る心筋細胞群及びは第2の態様に係る心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を、心不全の治療が必要な対象に投与することを含む、心不全の治療方法である。
本開示の他の態様は、心不全の治療のための医薬組成物の製造における、第1の態様にかかる心筋細胞群及び第2の態様にかかる心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の使用である。
本開示の他の態様は、心不全の治療に用いるための、第1の態様にかかる心筋細胞群及び第2の態様にかかる心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。
本開示の他の態様は、心不全の治療における第1の態様にかかる心筋細胞群及び第2の態様にかかる心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の使用である。
(1)純化されたヒトiPSC由来心筋細胞群の作製
ヒトiPS細胞(FfI14s04株)(公益財団法人京都大学iPS細胞研究財団より提供)は、iMatrix511(ニッピ株式会社製)コート培養プレートで、StemFit AS103Cメディア(味の素株式会社製)を使用して維持した。心筋細胞への分化誘導は、4層培養プレート(Thermo Fisher Scientific社製)上でStemFit AS301培地(味の素株式会社製)を用いて、Tohyama S. et al., Stem Cell Reports. 2017;9:1406-1414に記載の方法で実施した。分化誘導後、脂肪酸合成阻害剤であるオルリスタットを用いて、分化誘導後に得られた細胞群中の残存ヒトiPS細胞をTanosaki S. et al., iScience. 2020;23:101535、及びTanosaki S. et al., STAR Protoc. 2022;3:101360に記載の方法に従って除去した。次に、StemFit AS501(味の素株式会社製)を用いて、Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74.、及びTohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37に記載の方法に従って、心筋細胞を純化した。純化後の心筋細胞群は、STEM-CELLBANKER(登録商標) GMP grade (Zenogen Pharma社製)を用いて凍結保存した。分化誘導のための培養は、7~15日間行った。残存ヒトiPS細胞の除去のための培養は、5~10日間行った。
(1)で作製し凍結したヒトiPS細胞由来の心筋細胞群を、Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74、及びTohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37に記載の方法に従って解凍し、当該心筋細胞群を解析した。その結果を図1A~図1Fに示す。図1A(b)は、解凍後の心筋細胞群の心筋トロポニンT陽性率をフローサイトメトリーで解析した結果を示している。ゲーティングにより死細胞を除外し、生細胞中の心筋トロポニンT陽性率を求めた。(1)で作製した心筋細胞群は、解凍後の心筋トロポニンT(cTnT)陽性率が99.8%(図1A(b))であった。なお、上記純化を行う前の細胞群の心筋トロポニンT(cTnT)陽性率は、81.0%(図1A(a))であった。
(1)で作製し凍結保存したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群を解凍し、2.5%FBS(MERC社製)及びピルビン酸ナトリウム(MERCK社製、cat.S8636)を含有するMEMα(Thermo Fisher社製、cat.4061029)中で1週間程度培養した。培養終了後、プルロニック(登録商標)F-127(AAT Bioquest社製、cat.20053)でコーティングした培養容器を用いて、プロベネシド(AAT Bioquest社製、cat.20062)及び5mM Cal520AA (AAT Bioquest社製、cat. 21131)を含有するHBSS(Thermo Fisher社製、cat.14025092)にて、37℃で1時間培養した。
(1)で作製し凍結したヒトiPS細胞由来の心筋細胞群を、Tohyama S. et al., Cell Metab. 2016;23:663-74、及びTohyama S. et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:127-37に記載の方法に従って解凍した。解凍後の心筋細胞群を、通常行われる方法で、抗アクチニン抗体、抗ビメンチン抗体、及び抗DAPI抗体を用いて免疫染色した。この結果を図1F(a)に示す。(1)で作製したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群に含まれる細胞のほとんどはアクチニン陽性、ビメンチン陰性であった。
また、同じ細胞群について、抗MLC2v抗体、抗MLC2a抗体及び抗DAPI抗体を用いて免疫染色した結果を、図1F(b)及び1F(e)に示す。(1)で作製したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群の85%はMLC2v単独陽性の成熟心室筋細胞であったが、7%はMLC2a単独陽性の未熟心筋細胞又はMLC2v及びMLC2aともに陽性の細胞であった(図1F(b)、1F(e))。また、同様にしてコネキシン43とN-カドヘリンの発現を解析したところ、いずれも豊富に発現していた(図1F(c)及び1F(d))。
これらの所見を総合すると、(1)で作製したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群は、成体心筋細胞に近い成熟度を持つ、ほぼ純粋な心室筋細胞で構成されていることがわかった。
(1)ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群から心筋球の製造
実施例1(1)で凍結保存したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群を、StemFit AS301培地に懸濁し、Kawaguchi S. et al., JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2021;6:239-254、又はTabei R. et al, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2019;38:203-214に記載の方法と同様に、Prevelex(登録商標)(日産化学株式会社製)コートした6ウェルプレート(Elplasia RB 500 400 NA 6、Corning社製)に播種し、2日間培養した。ここで培地の半分を2日ごとに交換しながら合計7日間培養した後、ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞球(心筋球:hiPSC-CSs)を採取した。
本解析による個々の心筋球中に含まれる細胞の生存率を図2Aに示す。図2A中、「253G4」は、実施例1(1)に記載の方法で研究用ヒトiPS細胞株である253G4(京都大学より提供)から分化、純化、及び凍結した心筋細胞群を、本実施例に記載の方法で心筋球作製したものの結果を示す。図2Aから明らかなように、回収直後(0h)及び4時間後(4h)のトリパンブルー染色による心筋球中の細胞は、253G4株由来とFfl14s04株由来のいずれも90%以上であり、Ffl14s04株由来のものは95.8±2.2%と判定された(N=3)。 また、回収された心筋球を含む溶液の一定視野下にある直径50μm以上の心筋球の個数をカウントし、心筋球を構成している心筋細胞数(心筋球細胞数)を算出した。同じ視野下の直径50μm以下の心筋球及びシングルセルの個数(非心筋球細胞数)をカウントして、これらの細胞数を算出した。全細胞数中の心筋球細胞数の比率を以下の式により算出したところ、74~86%であった。
心筋球細胞数の割合(%)=(心筋球細胞数)/[(心筋球細胞数)+(非心筋球細胞数)]×100
上記(1)で得られた心筋球をさらに同じ培地で長期間培養を行った。培養開始から28日後、56日後、又は84日後の心筋球を、CytoRed溶液(分子量=313.31、富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)を用いて1時間培養した。また、この心筋球をOCTコンパウンド(Tissue-Tek O.C.T.Compound、SAKURA社製)に包埋し、クライオスタット(CM3050S、Leica Microsystems社製)を用いて10μmの厚さの凍結切片とした。切片は、抗DAPI抗体、ヒト特異的心臓トロポニンI(cTnI、ab52862;Abcam社製)に対する一次抗体、及びビオチン結合二次抗体(Vector Laboratories社製)を用いて免疫組織学的に解析した。これらの結果を図2Cに示す。図2CのA、D及びGに示されるとおり、外部培養液からCytoRed溶液等が心筋球の中心部を通って浸透していることが観察され、心筋球中の心筋細胞が外部培養液から直接栄養を受けることができることが示された。また、図2CのB、E及びHに示されるように、心筋球は12週間の培養後も心筋細胞の純度を維持していた。
成熟雄NOGマウス(インビボサイエンス社製)を低用量のイソフランで麻酔し、齧歯類用人工呼吸器で人工呼吸した。第4肋間に左胸郭切開を行い、上記(1)と同様にして製造した改変型ルシフェラーゼ(Akaluc)発現ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球または改変型ルシフェラーゼ(Akaluc)発現ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞(1×106個)を60μLのPBSとともに心筋へ注入した。この移植マウスについて、移植後7日、14日、28日後に麻酔し、Akalumine n-Hydrochloride(富士フィルム株式会社製、20nmol/g体重)を腹腔内投与し、投与10分後にイメージングシステム(NEWTON7.0 FT500、Vilber社製)を用いて20cm×20cm、露光時間1分で撮影し、Kuantソフトウェアを用いて画像解析した。これらの結果を図2D及び2Eに示す。図2D及び2Eから明らかないように、心筋球を移植した方が、心筋細胞を移植したものより動物の心臓で効果的に生存することを確認した。
(1)カニクイザルにおける心臓の虚血再灌流傷害の誘発
日本の国内規制とガイドラインに基づき、すべての実験手順は動物実験委員会で検討され、最終的に信州大学学長(第300023号)、慶應義塾大学(A2022-180号)、及び伊奈リサーチ(第18088号)の承認を得た。心筋球移植の2週間前に、雄4頭、雌6頭の計10頭のカニクイザル(別名:macaca fascicularis)をについて、以下の方法により心筋梗塞を誘発した。手術は、Ichimura H. et al., Sci Rep. 2020;10:11883、又はKobayashi H. et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2320:295-3023に記載された方法で行った。具体的には、カニクイザルをケタミンとキシラジンの筋肉内注射で麻酔し、気管チューブ(直径3.5mm)を挿管し、2%イソフルランで人工呼吸した。術後疼痛軽減のため、ブプレノルフィンを定常的に皮下投与した。手術中は、血圧、酸素飽和度、及び心電図(ECG)をモニターした。適切な血圧を維持するためにフェニレフリンを静脈内投与した。胸骨正中切開後、4-0シルク縫合糸を左前下行(LAD)冠動脈中央部の心筋に通し、ポリエチレンチューブに通した。シリコンチューブをポリエチレンチューブの上に置き、縫合糸で縛った。虚血導入前に、1mg/kgのリドカインと200U/kgのヘパリンとを静脈内投与した。その後、再灌流まで1時間ごとに同量のヘパリンを投与した。LAD中間部閉塞の180分後、チューブを外して心臓を再灌流させた。
実施例2(1)により製造された心筋球について、移植当日に採取後生理食塩水で希釈し、エッペンドルフチューブに包装して4℃環境下で移植施設まで輸送した。移植施設到着後直ちに、下述の方法によりカニクイザルに移植した。
上述のように心筋梗塞を誘発した雄4頭、雌6頭のカニクイザルについて、雄雌比が同じになるように2群に分け、片方には上記(2)の心筋球(心筋細胞2×107相当)を移植し、もう1群には以下の方法でビヒクルを移植した。移植後12週目に安楽死させ、組織学的解析を行った。観察期間中は心機能及び不整脈をモニターした。さらに、同様に心筋梗塞を誘導した10匹(雄4頭、雌6頭)のカニクイザルについて、2群に分けた片方に上記(2)の心筋球(心筋細胞6×107個相当)を移植し、もう1群にビヒクルを移植した試験を行った。
(心筋梗塞モデルの確認)
一過性の心電図のST上昇、及び血清cTnT値の上昇により心筋梗塞の発症が確認された。
移植後0日目、28日目、及び84日目に、VIVID 7システム(GE Healthcare Biosciences社製)を用いて心エコー図検査を実施した。ケタミン及びキシラジンを筋肉内注射した後、心臓を傍胸骨空間からの短軸像で観察した。左室拡張末期寸法(LVEDD)及び左室収縮末期寸法(LVESD)をMモードで測定し、次式により左室内径短絡率(FS)を算出した。
FS(%)=100×[(LVEDD-LVESD)/LVEDD]
移植2日前、移植後28日目、及び84日目に、コンピュータ断層撮影(CT)を実施した。CT撮影の方法は、Shiba Y. et al., Nature. 2016;538:388-391に記載されている方法を用いた。具体的には、麻酔をかけた動物を挿管し、2%イソフルランで機械的に換気した。放射線造影剤(Iopamidol)を8ml/minで注入しながら、R_mCT AX(株式会社リガク社製)で心臓を撮像した。心収縮と換気の運動周期は自動的に同期させた。左室拡張末期容積(LVEDV)及び左室収縮末期容積(LVESV)は、Ziostation2ソフトウェア(Amin社製)を用いて測定した。左室駆出率(LVEF)は、以下の式により算出した。
LVEF(%)=100×[(LVEDV-LVESV)/LVESV]
ホルター心電図記録は、移植4日前、移植後4、7、14、28、42、56、70、及び83日目に実施した。電極は2リードの心前系に設置し、ホルターレコーダーに接続した。ECGシステムを保護するために動物にジャケットを着用させ、24時間のECGが記録された。心室頻拍は、心室速度が150bpmより速い早発性心室複合体が4回以上連続するものと定義した。持続性心室頻拍は、30秒以上持続する心室頻拍と定義した。すべての解析は、試験群について盲検化されたオペレーターによって行われた。
末梢血を採取し、血漿を分離してBrain natriuretic peptide(BNP)レベルを測定した。末梢血中の心筋トロポニンT(cTnT)レベルは、移植12日前(心筋梗塞誘発後48時間)及び移植10日前(心筋梗塞誘発後96時間)に測定された。全血を使用して、電気化学発光免疫測定法により、シクロスポリンのトラフレベルを測定した。
移植後84日目に、心筋球を移植した動物を安楽死させ、完全な剖検を行った。心臓を採取し、5mm厚の横切りにし、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定した。すべての切片をヘマトキシリン・エオシン(HE)及びピクロシリウス・レッド(PSR)でルーチンに染色し、瘢痕領域を決定した。瘢痕領域は、移植片が瘢痕内にある場合、すべての線維領域(PSR染色により赤色で示される)から移植片領域を差し引くことで算出した。
切片は、ヒト特異的心臓トロポニンI(cTnI、ab52862;Abcam社製)に対する一次抗体、及びビオチン結合二次抗体(Vector Laboratories社製)を用いて、免疫組織学的に分析した。発色検出には、HRP標識ストレプトアビジンABCキット(Vector Laboratories社製)に続き、DAB基質キット(Vector Laboratories社製)を使用した。
心エコー図、コンピュータ断層撮影(CT)、BNPレベル、グラフト面積及び転帰は、分散分析(ANOVA)により解析し、次いでTukeyの多重比較試験による時点間のポストホック比較、及び各時点でのグループ比較のための対応のないt検定分析により解析した。cTnTの割合は、ANOVAに続いて、ポストホックのTukeyの多重比較テストによって分析した。すべての要約されたデータは、平均±平均の標準誤差として表示される。すべての統計解析は、GraphPad Prism(GraphPad Software社製)を用いて行い、有意性の閾値はP<0.05とした。
(組織学的検査)
実施例3(3)でヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球(2×107個心筋細胞相当)の移植を受けた動物から移植後84日目(12週目)に採取した心臓をピクロシリウスレッド染色した。その結果、ビヒクル移植動物と心筋球移植動物との間で有意差はなかった(左心室総面積の9.12±1.74% vs 5.24±0.49%、p=0.15)。6×107個心筋細胞相当の心筋球を移植した動物と2×107個心筋細胞相当の心筋球を移植した動物との比較においても、瘢痕面積は両群間で差がなかった(図4B(a))。移植面積は、2×107個心筋細胞相当の心筋球を移植された動物と比べると、6×107個心筋細胞相当の心筋球を移植した動物では移植面積が13倍増加した(図4B(b)、4B(c))。この移植片は、瘢痕面積の11.0±1.6%を占める相当なサイズのものである。また、ヒト特異的心臓トロポニンI抗体により移植心筋細胞が同定されるが、移植を受けた5匹中4匹の動物の心臓では、本質的に移植片拒絶反応の兆候はなかった。また、移植動物の心筋細胞は、宿主心筋細胞と同様の筋状パターンを示し、cTnTの発現とサルコメア長も同等であったことから(図2B)、移植後12週目には宿主心筋細胞とほぼ同じレベルで移植動物の心筋組織中で成熟していることが明らかとなった。
実施例3(3)でヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球(2×107個心筋細胞相当)の移植を受けた動物及びビヒクルについて、移植前、移植後4週間後、及び12週間後の心エコー解析による左室内径短絡率(FS)の計測を行った。その結果を図3Aに示す。図3Aから明らかなように、心筋球の移植を受けた動物では移植後4週目に収縮機能が有意に改善された。また、6×107個心筋細胞相当の心筋球移植を受けた動物の移植前、移植の4週間後、12週間後の心エコー図を図5Aに示し、LVEF測定値を図5Bに示す。心エコー図では、心筋球移植動物ではビヒクル移植動物よりも高い分画短縮を示し、この利点は移植後12週まで持続した。一方、実施例1(1)の工程のうち、心筋細胞分化のみを行い純化工程を行っていないヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群を用いて心筋球を作製し、実施例3(3)と同様の方法でカニクイザルに移植する試験も行った。この非純化心筋球移植動物及びビヒクル移植動物について、移植前、移植後4週間後、及び12週間後の心エコー解析による左室内径短絡率(FS)の計測を行った。その結果を、純化したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群から製造した心筋球の移植動物における結果と共に、図5Dに示す。図5Dから明らかなように、純化したヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群から製造した心筋球の移植を受けた動物(hiPSC-CSs(純化))では、純化していないヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞群から製造した心筋球の移植を受けた動物(hiPSC-CSs(非純化))に比べ、移植後4週目に収縮機能が有意に改善された。
実施例3でヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球(6×107個心筋細胞相当)の移植を受けた動物及びビヒクル移植動物について、移植2日前、移植後28日目、及び移植後84日目にコンピュータ断層撮影(CT)を実施した。その結果から算出した左室駆出率(LVEF)を図5B(a)に示す。移植の4週間後及び12週間後において、心筋球移植動物の左室駆出率はビヒクル移植動物よりも有意に高かった。
実施例3(3)でヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球(2×107個心筋細胞相当(図5E-A及びB)、6×107個心筋細胞相当(図5E-C及びD))の移植を受けた動物及びビヒクル移植動物において、移植2日後、移植4日後に末梢血を採取し、心筋トロポニンT(cTnT)レベルを測定した。また、移植14日後に末梢血を採取して血清中の脳性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド(BNP)レベルを測定した。これらの結果を図5Eに示す。図5E-A、Cから明らかなように、ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球の移植を受けた動物もビヒクル移植動物も血清cTnT値が上昇しており、虚血状態であることが確認された(図5E-A及びC)。また、血清BNP値も、ビヒクル移植動物及びヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球の移植を受けた動物で同等であることが確認された。
実施例3でヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球の移植を受けた動物及びビヒクル移植動物で、移植前、移植後4日目、7日目、及び14日目、並びにその後隔週でホルター心電図により記録した。ビヒクルのレシピエントでは実質的な心室性不整脈は見られなかった(図3C(a)及び3C(c))。また、ヒトiPS細胞由来心筋球の移植を受けた動物5匹のうち4匹でも、実験期間中、心室性不整脈を全く、あるいはほとんど示さなかった(図3C(b)及び3C(d))。なお、移植を受けた動物のうち1匹(図5D中のID:C067)は、移植後2週間目まで一過性の心室性頻拍(1日の中で9分14秒間)を示した(図5D)が、その後、心室性不整脈は観察されなかった(図3B、3C(b)、3C(d))。
これらの点から、実施例3で移植後の心室性不整脈の頻度及び発現時間が低いことにおいて、実施例3で移植した心筋球の心筋細胞の純度が99.8%であること、及び自発拍動数が34±13回/分であることの少なくとも2つの条件を満たすことが必要であることが、はじめて示されたものである。また、実施例1で製造されたヒトiPS細胞由来心筋細胞は分化工程、純化工程合わせて最大25日間であり、長期間培養により成熟化させた心筋製造とは異なるものである。
Claims (10)
- ヒト多能性幹細胞から分化した心室筋細胞を含む心筋細胞群であって、以下の(1)、(2)及び(3)の特徴を有する心筋細胞群:
(1)心筋トロポニンT陽性細胞が全生細胞中の90%以上である、
(2)自発拍動が0~60回/分である、及び
(3)分化を開始してから30日以内である。 - 自発拍動が0~50回/分である、請求項1に記載の心筋細胞群。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の心筋細胞群、及び前記心筋細胞群をスフェロイド化させた心筋球からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、並びに薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物。
- 前記心筋細胞群の全細胞中の生細胞の比率が80%以上である、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物中に含まれる全細胞中の心筋球を構成する細胞の比率が60%以上である、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 心不全の治療に使用される、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- (a)ヒト多能性幹細胞を拡大培養する工程と、
(b)前記拡大培養されたヒト多能性幹細胞を心筋細胞へ分化する条件下で培養し、心筋細胞を60%以上含む細胞群を製造する工程と、
(c)前記細胞群からヒト多能性幹細胞及び非心筋細胞を除去する工程と、
を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の心筋細胞群の製造方法。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の心筋細胞群をスフェロイド化させた心筋球。
- 前記心筋球の直径が50~300μmである、請求項8に記載の心筋球。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の心筋細胞群を培地に懸濁した後、底面に微細ウェルを有する培養器で静置培養する工程を含む、心筋球の製造方法。
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