WO2024034648A1 - 蓄電デバイス用セパレータ、その製造方法及び蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
蓄電デバイス用セパレータ、その製造方法及び蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/02—Diaphragms; Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/145—Liquid electrolytic capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/443—Particulate material
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
- H01M50/461—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes with adhesive layers between electrodes and separators
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/494—Tensile strength
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/035—Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
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- H01M50/42—Acrylic resins
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separator for a power storage device, a method for manufacturing the same, a power storage device, and the like.
- non-aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lithium ion batteries
- a microporous membrane is provided between positive and negative electrodes as a separator.
- Such a separator has the function of preventing direct contact between the positive and negative electrodes and allowing ions to pass through the electrolytic solution held in the microporous membrane.
- the separator has the property of quickly stopping the battery reaction in the event of abnormal heating (fuse property), and the property of maintaining its shape even at high temperatures to prevent dangerous situations where the positive electrode material and negative electrode material directly react.
- improved adhesion with electrodes is required from the viewpoint of equalizing charge/discharge current and suppressing lithium dendrites.
- coating patterns such as functional layer coating, lamination, and dots on microporous membranes have been investigated.
- Patent Document 1 has a description regarding dots as a coating pattern, but there is no description regarding voids inside the dots.
- a conventional separator for power storage devices comprising a microporous membrane as a base material and an adhesive layer formed in a dot-like pattern on the base material is preferable.
- a microporous membrane as a base material and an adhesive layer formed in a dot-like pattern on the base material. Due to their off-duty relationship, it was difficult to balance the two.
- the dry and wet electrode adhesion of the separator refer to the adhesion between the separator and the electrode in the absence and presence of an electrolytic solution, respectively.
- the present inventors have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by using a separator for an electricity storage device having the following configuration, and have completed the present invention. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- [Section 1] It has a porous base material and a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, The thermoplastic polymer-containing layer has a dot-like pattern structure, A separator for an electricity storage device, in which 50% or more of all dots have two or more voids within a plane of each dot.
- Adhesive strength D1 obtained by stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the positive electrode and pressing at 1 MPa, 100° C., 30 sec, and measured is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less
- the adhesive strength D2 obtained by stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the negative electrode and pressing at 1 MPa, 100° C., and 30 seconds is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less
- the separator for an electricity storage device according to any one of items 1 to 5.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is stacked on the positive electrode in the presence of an electrolytic solution, left for 12 hours, and then pressed at 0.5 MPa, 45° C., for 30 minutes.
- the separator for an electricity storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 6.
- the adhesive strength W3 obtained by stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the positive electrode in the presence of an electrolyte, leaving it for 12 hours, pressing at 1 MPa, 90° C., and 1 min, and measuring the adhesive strength W3 is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less.
- thermoplastic polymer constituting the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer has at least two glass transition temperatures, At least one of the glass transition temperatures exists in a region of 20° C. or lower, and At least one of the glass transition temperatures exists in a region of 30° C. or higher, The separator for an electricity storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 8.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer includes a copolymer containing a monomer unit of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer.
- [Section 11] forming a symmetrical layer structure with respect to the porous base material; The separator for an electricity storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 10.
- [Section 12] preparing a porous substrate; a step of applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of the porous substrate to form a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer; The contact angle of the slurry with respect to the applied surface of the thermoplastic polymer is 20° or more and 80° or less, After applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of the porous substrate, drying the slurry while applying a tension of 0.008 N/mm to 0.150 N/mm, A method for manufacturing a separator for a power storage device.
- a separator that improves ion permeability while maintaining good electrode adhesion in dry and wet conditions of the separator. Further, according to the present invention, a separator with excellent handling properties can be provided. Furthermore, a battery containing the separator of the present invention has excellent cycle characteristics and rate characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is an example showing the planar interior of one dot of a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer included in the separator for a power storage device of the present invention.
- FIG. 2a is a diagram showing a cross-sectional layer structure of a separator for an electricity storage device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2b is a diagram showing a cross-sectional layer structure of the separator for an electricity storage device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an example showing selected areas of the porous layer for performing the binarization process regarding the inorganic filler-containing layer (porous layer) in this embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is an example showing the viewing area U of the selected area in FIG. 3 regarding the inorganic filler-containing layer in this embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is an example showing an image after Gusian Blur processing regarding the inorganic filler-containing layer in this embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is an example showing the brightness histogram of the image in FIG. 5 and how to determine the threshold value when performing the binarization process regarding the inorganic filler-containing layer in this embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is an example showing an image after binarization processing regarding the inorganic filler-containing layer in this embodiment.
- this embodiment a mode for carrying out the present invention (hereinafter referred to as "this embodiment") will be described in detail.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and can be implemented with various modifications within the scope of the gist.
- the characteristic values described in this embodiment are values measured by the method described in the [Example] section or a method understood by a person skilled in the art to be equivalent thereto. intend.
- the upper limit value or lower limit value in a numerical range described in stages may be replaced with the upper limit value or lower limit value in a numerical range described in other stages.
- the upper limit or lower limit in a certain numerical range may be replaced with the values described in the Examples.
- step in the following description, not only an independent step but also a step that cannot be clearly distinguished from other steps can be included in the term as long as the function of the "step" is achieved.
- the separator for a power storage device (hereinafter also simply referred to as "separator”) has a porous base material (hereinafter also simply referred to as "base material”) and a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer,
- base material porous base material
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer has a dot-like pattern structure, This is a separator for a power storage device in which 50% or more of all dots have two or more voids within a plane of one dot.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer (Dot-like pattern of thermoplastic polymer-containing layer)
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer according to this embodiment has a dot-like pattern structure.
- thermoplastic polymer indicates that there are parts containing a thermoplastic polymer and parts not containing a thermoplastic polymer on the base material, and the parts containing the thermoplastic polymer are present in an island shape.
- the dot-like pattern structure indicates that dots are regularly arranged. Note that in the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, the portion containing the thermoplastic polymer may be independent.
- the dot-like pattern of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is optimized so that 50% or more of all dots have two or more voids (exposed parts) within the plane of one dot.
- it has a higher level of dry and wet adhesion (adhesion with the electrode) than before, while suppressing the impediment to the permeability of the electrolyte.
- a separator with improved wettability (in one embodiment, electrolyte pourability) of the electrolyte on the surface has been realized, and both adhesion and electrolyte pourability have been achieved.
- the ability of the separator to achieve both adhesion and liquid injection properties also contributes to improving the productivity of power storage devices that include the separator.
- having two or more voids within the plane of one dot means that there are parts containing a thermoplastic polymer and parts not containing a thermoplastic polymer on the base material, and parts containing a thermoplastic polymer exist on the base material. This refers to the presence of two or more portions that do not contain a thermoplastic polymer within the island-like interior.
- the coated surface of the thermoplastic polymer is exposed in the voids existing inside the plane of the dots according to this embodiment, and in a cross section perpendicular to the coated surface, the voids existing inside the plane of the dots are exposed. It is preferable that the difference between the height and the height of the portion (in one embodiment, the surface coated with the thermoplastic polymer) where the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is not present outside the plane of the dot is 100 nm or less.
- the "thermoplastic polymer coating surface” refers to the surface of the porous substrate on which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is formed. It is.
- thermoplastic polymer coating surface refers to This is the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer on which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is formed.
- the height of the void in the present disclosure is the length in the direction perpendicular to the surface on which the thermoplastic polymer is applied. Further, in one embodiment, in a height profile measured by a laser microscope with respect to a plane of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, the height of the void portion and a portion where the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer does not exist outside the plane of the dot (thermoplastic It is preferable that the difference in height from the polymer coating surface (on which the polymer is applied) is 100 nm or less. The difference in height between the height of the void inside the plane of the dots and the height of the part outside the plane of the dots where no thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is present (thermoplastic polymer coated surface) can be determined by the following method. calculate.
- thermoplastic polymer coating surface When the plane of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is observed from above using a confocal laser microscope (Olympus OLS5000 SA F), there are no voids existing inside the plane of the dots and no thermoplastic polymer-containing layer existing outside the plane of the dots. (thermoplastic polymer coating surface), and the height profile of each of the void portion and the thermoplastic polymer coating surface is measured and calculated.
- the length of the void (in one aspect, the diameter of the void) existing within the plane of the dot according to this embodiment is the length in the direction horizontal to the surface on which the thermoplastic polymer is applied, and is calculated by the following method.
- do One dot is photographed using a microscope (model: VHX-7000, manufactured by Keyence Corporation) so that the entire dot falls within one field of view.
- Select maximum area measurement as the measurement mode, and measure the area of each void existing within the plane of one dot. This measurement is performed on five randomly selected dots, the average value of the area of all the measured voids is taken, the void is approximately regarded as a circle, and the void is calculated by applying the following formula. Calculate the diameter.
- Length of the void ( ⁇ m) (average area of the void / pi) 0.5 ⁇ 2
- the diameter of the void according to the present embodiment is 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable.
- thermoplastic polymer particles are continuous within each dot. Note that ⁇ continuous> in the present disclosure means that there are places where particles are adjacent to each other and integrated.
- thermoplastic polymer particles are continuous, the force applied to the base material during peeling will be dispersed in the plane direction, making it difficult to peel off and improving adhesion. Preferred from this point of view.
- the separator for a power storage device includes a porous base material and an inorganic filler-containing layer formed on the surface of at least one of the porous base materials, a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer; This is a separator for power storage devices.
- the separator for a power storage device includes a porous base material and an inorganic filler-containing layer formed on both surfaces of the porous base material, a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer; This is a separator for power storage devices.
- the separator according to this embodiment may have an inorganic filler-containing layer on one or both surfaces of the porous base material, and if desired, a thermoplastic polymer on one or both surfaces of the inorganic filler-containing layer. It may have a containing layer. In one aspect, the separator according to this embodiment may have an inorganic filler-containing layer between the porous base material and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer. In the separator according to this embodiment, the inorganic filler-containing layer and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer are preferably present on at least one surface of the base material, and the inorganic filler-containing layer is preferably present on both surfaces of the porous base material.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is more preferable since cell heat generation can be prevented and deterioration of battery performance can be suppressed even when the separator is placed in a high temperature environment (for example, about 60° C.) for a long period of time (for example, about 6 weeks). It is more preferable for the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer to be on both surfaces of the base material, since this suppresses cell distortion and improves cycle performance.
- the separator for a power storage device forms a layer structure that is symmetrical with respect to the base material.
- This is a separator for power storage devices.
- symmetrical layer structure means that the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is on both surfaces of the porous substrate, or that the inorganic filler-containing layer and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer are on both surfaces of the porous substrate. This refers to the case where the structure, composition, or arrangement of the inorganic filler-containing layer and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer are the same on both sides of the base material.
- the arrangement of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer includes a dot-like pattern structure. It is preferable for the separator to form a symmetrical layered structure because it provides good adhesion balance on both sides with respect to the base material.
- the separator according to this embodiment may have an asymmetric layer structure on both sides with respect to the base material from the viewpoint of efficiently exhibiting the effects of this embodiment.
- the separator according to the present embodiment only needs to have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer having a dot-like pattern structure having a predetermined structure on at least one surface (single surface) of both surfaces of the base material.
- the presence or absence, structure, composition, or arrangement of the inorganic filler-containing layer and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer can be determined within a range that does not impair the effects of this embodiment.
- the thermoplastic polymer does not penetrate into the inorganic filler-containing layer.
- This is a separator for power storage devices.
- the thermoplastic polymer does not penetrate into the inorganic filler-containing layer.
- the thermoplastic polymer has not penetrated into the inorganic filler-containing layer means that the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer is larger than the pore diameter of the inorganic filler, and the thermoplastic polymer cannot penetrate into the inorganic filler-containing layer. This means that the thermoplastic polymer exists only on the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the layer structure of a cross section of a separator in which a porous base material 10 is used as the bottom surface, an inorganic filler-containing layer 11 is placed on top of the porous base material 10, and a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer 12 is placed on the inorganic filler-containing layer 11. It is.
- the inorganic filler-containing layer 11 and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer 12 are formed by laminating an inorganic filler 11a and a thermoplastic polymer 12a, respectively.
- Figures 2a and 2b show a configuration with one thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and a configuration with two thermoplastic polymer-containing layers, respectively.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer may be one layer or multiple layers.
- the state in which the thermoplastic polymer exists only on the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer is a state in which the thermoplastic polymers are laminated with the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer as a reference, as shown in FIG.
- thermoplastic polymer has not penetrated into the inorganic filler-containing layer
- each pore in the inorganic filler-containing layer has an area of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more.
- thermoplastic polymers in which the proportion T of pores in the range of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 to 0.05 ⁇ m 2 is 80% or more and which is included in the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer the one having a higher glass transition temperature (in one embodiment , glass transition temperature of 30°C or higher) is 0.10 ⁇ m or more and 0.80 ⁇ m or less
- the SD value shown in the following formula is the average particle diameter D of the thermoplastic polymer. This refers to cases where it is 20% or less of 50 .
- SD value (nm) (D 84 - D 16 )/2...
- D 50 the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 50 %
- D 16 the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 16%
- D 84 the particle size at which the cumulative frequency is 84% of that of the thermoplastic polymer
- D 50 , D 16 and D 84 are determined by the following method.
- the particle size distribution of the thermoplastic polymer can be measured using a laser particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- the particle size distribution of the thermoplastic polymer can be adjusted using the water or binder polymer particle size distribution as a baseline.
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 50% is D50
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 16% is D16
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 84% is D84. shall be.
- the area of the pores in the inorganic filler-containing layer and the ratio T of pores having an area in the range of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 to 0.05 ⁇ m 2 are determined by the method described in Examples below.
- the thermoplastic polymer in this embodiment preferably has swelling properties with respect to the electrolytic solution from the viewpoint of battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and from the viewpoint of wet electrode adhesion as described above.
- the degree of swelling of the thermoplastic polymer with respect to the electrolytic solution is preferably 1.5 to 20 times, in order to increase the permeability of ions, increase the bulk strength when in close contact with the electrode surface, and improve adhesion. It is more preferably 6 to 12 times, even more preferably 7 to 10 times.
- the swelling degree of the thermoplastic polymer in the electrolytic solution in this embodiment can be adjusted, for example, by changing the monomer components to be polymerized and the input ratio of each monomer.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer The material used for the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is vacuum-dried for 12 hours at a temperature below its melting point to completely remove the solvent, thereby obtaining a dried homogeneous diffusion layer material.
- About 0.5 g of the obtained dried product was weighed and defined as the weight before immersion (WA).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the separator when the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer provided as an adhesive layer has a dot-like pattern structure, the separator may have a plurality of voids of a certain size in the dots. can do.
- the number and proportion of voids within one dot of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer are determined by the contact angle of the adhesive coating liquid with the base material on which the adhesive layer is provided or the inorganic filler layer, and the contact angle of the adhesive coating liquid with the base material or inorganic filler layer on which the adhesive layer is provided. It can be adjusted by controlling the drying tension within an appropriate range in the drying process of coating on the layer.
- the lower limit of the number of voids within the plane of the dot is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more, even more preferably 4 or more, particularly preferably 5 or more.
- the upper limit of the number of voids within the plane of the dot is usually 10 or less from the viewpoint of improving adhesion to the electrode.
- ⁇ Number of voids (exposed parts) inside the plane of the dot> The number of exposed areas of the inorganic filler-containing layer or base material surface contained within the plane of each dot of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model: S-4800, manufactured by HITACHI). Measure. After osmium is deposited on the sample separator, it is observed under conditions of an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV and a magnification of 50 times. This observation was performed multiple times, and 100 dots were randomly selected from among the dots showing the entire image, and the number of voids (exposed parts) included in each dot was counted. Note that 100 dots randomly selected from the entire image of the dots taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be regarded as the total dots of the present disclosure, and the above method can be used to calculate the total dots. You can find the number.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the proportion of dots that have two or more voids within the plane of one dot is 50% or more and 100% or less of all dots, it is possible to improve the balance between the adhesive force with the electrode and the permeability of ions. It is preferably 70% or more and 100% or less, and even more preferably 90% or more and 100% or less.
- the proportion of dots having three or more voids within the plane of one dot is 40% or more and 100% or less of all dots, it is possible to improve the balance between the adhesive force with the electrode and the permeability of ions. It is preferably 50% or more and 100% or less, and even more preferably 70% or more and 100% or less.
- the proportion of dots that have four or more voids within the plane of one dot is 10% or more and 100% or less of all dots, it is possible to improve the balance between the adhesive force with the electrode and the permeability of ions. It is preferably 30% or more and 100% or less, and even more preferably 50% or more and 100% or less.
- the proportion of dots with five or more voids within the plane of one dot is 5% or more and 100% or less of all dots, it is possible to improve the balance between the adhesive force with the electrode and the permeability of ions. It is preferably 7% or more and 100% or less, and even more preferably 10% or more and 100% or less.
- ⁇ Percentage of dots with gaps at multiple locations The voids within the plane of the 100 randomly selected dots are counted, and the number of dots having voids at a plurality of locations (2 to 5 locations) or more is counted. The ratio of the number of dots having more than one void to 100 randomly selected dots is determined.
- the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer has a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on one or both surfaces thereof, and the thermoplastic polymer layer has a dot-like pattern structure, the thermoplastic polymer layer is present on the one side. If the number and proportion of voids inside the dots of the thermoplastic polymer layer satisfy the above-mentioned specific range, the predetermined effects of this embodiment can be obtained.
- injectability refers to the ease with which electrolyte permeates into electrodes and separators in the electrolyte injecting step in cell assembly of a power storage device using separators, and refers to the ease with which electrolyte permeates into electrodes and separators in the electrolyte injecting process, from the start of injecting to the completion of infiltration. It is expressed as the shortness of time required.
- the diameter of the dots in the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is determined to lower the resistance of the battery, facilitate gas release, increase safety by making it difficult to trap heat, achieve both adhesion and pourability, and meet the requirements explained above. From the viewpoint of increasing the penetration distance, it is preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 200 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less. .
- the distance between the dots of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is 50 ⁇ m or more and 3000 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient gap between the plurality of dots to ensure a permeation flow path for the electrolytic solution and also to improve air release. It is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 2500 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 150 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the distance between dots/dot diameter of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is preferably 0.3 to 5, and 0.3 to 5, from the viewpoint of achieving a good balance between adhesive strength with the electrode and electrolyte injection performance. It is more preferably 5 or more and 4 or less, even more preferably 0.7 or more and 3.8 or less, and particularly preferably 1 or more and 3.5 or less.
- the lower limit of the average dot height is set from the viewpoint of suppressing an increase in battery resistance and deterioration of rate characteristics, and from the viewpoint of suppressing the current distribution due to the uneven distance between the separator and the electrode interface. From the viewpoint of suppressing the cell temperature rise in the (heating) safety test due to non-uniformity of the It is. Further, the upper limit of the dot average height is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the dot average height of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the arrangement angle of the dots in the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is preferably less than 40° from the viewpoint of improving air release, and the lower limit of the arrangement angle is not limited, for example, 0°. That's all.
- the rate of change in the distance between the dots before and after the electrolytic solution permeates into the separator is preferably 0% or more and 20% or less, and 0% or more and 10% or less. It is more preferable.
- the rate of change in distance between dots before and after dipping the electrolytic solution into the separator is within the above numerical range, there is a tendency for an excellent balance between adhesiveness and pourability.
- the separator according to this embodiment may have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on one or both surfaces of the porous base material, and if desired, between the base material surface and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, or between the base material surface and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- An inorganic filler-containing layer may be provided on the surface of the base material on which the plastic polymer-containing layer is not formed.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer contains a thermoplastic polymer.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer should have a contact angle with the electrolytic solution of 0° or more and 20° or less, from the viewpoint of having excellent electrolyte injection properties, preventing air pockets from forming, and shortening the injection time.
- the angle is preferably 2° or more and 18° or less, and even more preferably 4° or more and 16° or less.
- the contact angle of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer with the electrolytic solution is preferably measured on a surface where the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is formed in a dot-like pattern.
- the contact angle of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer with the electrolyte is determined by, for example, the total coverage area of the thermoplastic polymer on the substrate surface, the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer, and the corona on the substrate surface in the process of forming the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer. It can be adjusted within the numerical range explained above by controlling treatment strength, drying rate, paint viscosity, paint pH, etc.
- thermoplastic polymer used in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, polyolefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and ⁇ -polyolefin; fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, and copolymers containing these; Diene polymers containing conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene as monomer units, or copolymers containing these and their hydrides; Acrylic polymers containing acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, etc.
- polyolefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and ⁇ -polyolefin
- fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, and copolymers containing these
- Diene polymers containing conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene as monomer units, or copolymers containing these and their hydrides
- thermoplastic polymer examples include resins having a melting point and/or glass transition temperature of 180° C. or higher, such as polyamide and polyester, and mixtures thereof.
- monomers having a hydroxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, an amide group, or a cyano group can also be used as monomers used when synthesizing the thermoplastic polymer.
- thermoplastic polymers diene-based polymers, acrylic-based polymers, and fluorine-based polymers are preferred because they have excellent adhesion to electrode active materials, strength, and flexibility.
- the diene polymer is, for example, a polymer containing a monomer unit formed by polymerizing a conjugated diene having two conjugated double bonds, such as butadiene and isoprene, although it is not particularly limited.
- Conjugated diene monomers are not particularly limited, but include, for example, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2 -Methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 4,5-diethyl-1,3-octadiene, 3-butyl-1,3-octadiene and the like. These may be polymerized alone or may be copolymerized.
- the proportion of monomer units formed by polymerizing a conjugated diene in the diene polymer is not particularly limited, but for example, it is 40% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more in the total diene polymer. be.
- the diene-based polymer is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, a homopolymer of a conjugated diene such as polybutadiene or polyisoprene, and a copolymer of a monomer copolymerizable with the conjugated diene.
- Copolymerizable monomers are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include (meth)acrylate monomers described below and the following monomers (hereinafter also referred to as "other monomers").
- other monomers include, but are not limited to, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compounds such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and fumaric acid; styrene , chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, t-butylstyrene, vinylbenzoic acid, methyl vinylbenzoate, vinylnaphthalene, chloromethylstyrene, hydroxymethylstyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, divinylbenzene; styrenic monomers such as ethylene, propylene, etc.
- unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and fumaric acid
- styrene chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, t-butylstyrene, vinylbenzoic acid, methyl vinylbenzoate,
- Olefins such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, and vinyl benzoate; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, and butyl vinyl ether; methyl vinyl Vinyl ketones such as ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, butyl vinyl ketone, hexyl vinyl ketone, and isopropenyl vinyl ketone; Heterocycle-containing vinyl compounds such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine, and vinyl imidazole; Acrylic acids such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate Ester and/or methacrylic acid ester compounds; hydroxyalkyl group-containing compounds such as ⁇ -hydroxyethyl acrylate and ⁇ -hydroxyethyl methacrylate; amide monomers such as acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, and acrylamide
- the acrylic polymer is not particularly limited, but is preferably a polymer containing monomer units obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomers.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer contains an acrylic polymer as the thermoplastic polymer, it preferably contains a copolymer containing a monomer unit of a (meth)acrylate monomer. It is preferable that the thermoplastic polymer of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer contains a copolymer containing a monomer unit of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer because the adhesive strength is improved when the separator has a low basis weight. .
- (meth)acrylic acid refers to “acrylic acid or methacrylic acid”
- (meth)acrylate refers to “acrylate or methacrylate.”
- Examples of (meth)acrylate monomers include, but are not limited to, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, t -Butyl (meth)acrylate, pentyl (meth)acrylate, hexyl (meth)acrylate, heptyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate , alkyl (meth)acrylates such as lauryl (meth)acrylate, n-tetradecyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate; hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybuty
- the proportion of monomer units obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomers is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 40% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 60% by mass or more of the total acrylic polymer.
- the acrylic polymer include homopolymers of (meth)acrylate monomers and copolymers of monomers copolymerizable with the homopolymers.
- copolymerizable monomers include the "other monomers" listed in the section of diene polymers, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- fluorine-based polymer examples include, but are not particularly limited to, homopolymers of vinylidene fluoride and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and copolymerizable monomers. Fluoropolymers are preferred from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- the proportion of monomer units formed by polymerizing vinylidene fluoride is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 40% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 60% by mass or more.
- Monomers copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride are not particularly limited, but include, for example, vinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluorochloroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, hexafluoroisobutylene, perfluoroacrylic acid, perfluoromethacrylic acid, Fluorine-containing ethylenically unsaturated compounds such as fluoroalkyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; fluorine-free ethylenically unsaturated compounds such as cyclohexyl vinyl ether and hydroxyethyl vinyl ether; fluorine-free diene compounds such as butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, etc. can be mentioned.
- fluorine-based polymers vinylidene fluoride homopolymers, vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers, and the like are preferred.
- a particularly preferred fluoropolymer is vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and its monomer composition is usually 30 to 90% by mass of vinylidene fluoride, 50 to 9% by mass of tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. It is 20 to 1% by mass.
- fluororesin particles may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- monomers having a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a sulfonic acid group, an amide group, or a cyano group can also be used as monomers used when synthesizing the thermoplastic polymer.
- the monomer having a hydroxyl group is not particularly limited, and examples include vinyl monomers such as pentenol.
- the monomer having a carboxyl group is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include unsaturated carboxylic acids having an ethylenic double bond such as (meth)acrylic acid and itaconic acid, and vinyl monomers such as pentenoic acid.
- the monomer having an amino group is not particularly limited, and examples include 2-aminoethyl methacrylate.
- Monomers having a sulfonic acid group are not particularly limited, but examples include vinylsulfonic acid, methylvinylsulfonic acid, (meth)alisulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, ethyl (meth)acrylate-2-sulfonate, and 2-acrylamide. -2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, and the like.
- the monomer having an amide group is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include acrylamide (AM), methacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, and the like.
- the monomer having a cyano group is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include acrylonitrile (AN), methacrylonitrile, ⁇ -chloroacrylonitrile, ⁇ -cyanoethyl acrylate, and the like.
- thermoplastic polymer used in this embodiment may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more types, but preferably contains two or more types of polymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer may be used together with a solvent, and the solvent may be one that can uniformly and stably disperse the thermoplastic polymer, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide. , water, ethanol, toluene, hot xylene, methylene chloride, hexane, etc., among which aqueous solvents are preferred.
- Thermoplastic polymers can also be used in latex form.
- thermoplastic polymer constituting the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer exhibits adhesion to the base material, suppresses blocking, and adhesive strength with the electrode of the separator, while also ensuring a distance between the electrode and the separator in an electricity storage device, and is capable of electrolytic From the viewpoint of shortening the injection time of the liquid, it has at least two glass transition temperatures, at least one of the glass transition temperatures exists in a region of 20°C or less, and at least one of the glass transition temperatures It is preferable to have thermal properties in the range of 30° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature is determined from a DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Note that in this specification, the glass transition temperature may be expressed as Tg.
- glass transition refers to a change in heat amount occurring on the endothermic side due to a change in the state of the polymer, which is a test piece, in DSC. Such a change in heat amount is observed in the DSC curve as a step-like change shape or a shape that is a combination of a step-like change and a peak.
- a “staircase change” refers to a portion of a DSC curve where the curve departs from the previous baseline and transitions to a new baseline. Note that shapes that are a combination of peaks and step-like changes are also included.
- the "inflection point” refers to the point where the gradient of the DSC curve in the step-like change portion is maximum. It can also be expressed as a point at which an upwardly convex curve changes to a downwardly convex curve in a step-like transition portion.
- Peak refers to the portion of a DSC curve from when the curve departs from the baseline until it returns to the baseline again.
- Baseline refers to a DSC curve in a temperature range where no transition or reaction occurs in the test piece.
- the glass transition temperatures of the thermoplastic polymer used is in the region of 20°C or lower, so that it has excellent adhesion to the porous base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer, and has excellent blocking properties. As a result, the adhesion between the separator and the electrode is excellent.
- the glass transition temperature is preferably -100°C or higher, more preferably -50°C or higher, still more preferably -40°C or higher, or particularly preferably -6°C or higher from the viewpoint of handling properties and anti-blocking properties. From the viewpoint of adhesion to the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer, the temperature is preferably 20°C or lower, more preferably 10°C or lower, or particularly preferably 0°C or lower.
- At least one of the glass transition temperatures of the thermoplastic polymer used is in the range of 30°C or higher and 150°C or lower, so that the adhesiveness and handling properties between the separator and the electrode are excellent, and furthermore, in the power storage device.
- the distance between the electrode surface and the separator base material surface can be maintained, and the electrolyte injection time can be shortened.
- the glass transition temperature is preferably 30°C or higher from the viewpoint of handling properties and blocking resistance, or more preferably 40°C or higher, or even more preferably 70°C or higher, or particularly preferably 85°C or higher, and 150°C or higher from the viewpoint of adhesive strength.
- the temperature is preferably 130°C or lower, more preferably 130°C or lower, or particularly preferably 120°C or lower.
- thermoplastic polymer having two glass transition temperatures can be achieved, for example, by a method of blending two or more types of thermoplastic polymers, but is not limited to this method.
- the glass transition temperature of the entire thermoplastic polymer can be controlled, and multiple functions can be imparted to the entire thermoplastic polymer.
- the glass transition temperature of the entire thermoplastic polymer can be controlled, and multiple functions can be imparted to the entire thermoplastic polymer.
- two or more types of polymers particularly one with a glass transition temperature in the region of 30°C or higher and one with a glass transition temperature in the region of 20°C or lower, blocking resistance and polyolefin microporosity can be improved. It is possible to achieve both good adhesion to the film.
- the mixing ratio of a polymer having a glass transition temperature of 30°C or higher and a polymer having a glass transition temperature of 20°C or lower is 0.1:99.9 to 99.9:
- the range is preferably 0.1, more preferably 5:95 to 95:5, even more preferably 50:50 to 95:5, even more preferably 60:40 to 90:10. be.
- viscoelasticity can also be controlled by combining a polymer with high viscosity and a polymer with high elasticity.
- the glass transition temperature, that is, Tg, of the thermoplastic polymer can be adjusted as appropriate by, for example, changing the monomer components used to produce the thermoplastic polymer and the input ratio of each monomer. That is, for each monomer used in the production of thermoplastic polymers, it can be roughly estimated from the Tg of the homopolymer (for example, described in the "Polymer Handbook" (A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION)) and the blending ratio of the monomers. Can be done.
- a copolymer containing a high proportion of monomers such as styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile can give a polymer with a Tg of about 100°C, and a polymer with a Tg of about -80°C can be obtained.
- a copolymer with a low Tg can be obtained by blending a high proportion of monomers such as butadiene to give a polymer and n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate to give a polymer with a Tg of about -50°C.
- the glass transition temperature of a thermoplastic polymer is determined by the following method. An appropriate amount of the thermoplastic polymer coating solution is placed on an aluminum plate and dried in a hot air dryer at 130°C for 30 minutes. Approximately 5 mg of the dried film is packed into an aluminum container for measurement, and a DSC curve and a DDSC curve are obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere using a DSC measuring device (DSC Q2000, manufactured by TA Instruments). The measurement conditions are as follows. (1st stage temperature increase program) Start at 40°C and increase temperature at a rate of 50°C per minute. After reaching 200°C, maintain for 5 minutes. (Second stage temperature reduction program) The temperature drops from 200°C at a rate of 20°C per minute.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 30°C or higher and 150°C or lower is present on the outermost surface side of the separator for power storage devices, and the interface between the polyolefin microporous membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is Preferably, a thermoplastic resin with a glass transition temperature below 20° C. is present on the side.
- the "outermost surface” refers to the surface of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that comes into contact with the electrode when the separator for an electricity storage device and the electrode are laminated.
- interface refers to the surface of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that is in contact with the microporous polyolefin membrane.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer the thermoplastic polymer having a glass transition temperature of 30°C or higher and 150°C or lower is present on the outermost surface side of the separator for power storage devices, resulting in superior adhesion to the microporous membrane. It tends to have excellent adhesion between the separator and the electrode.
- the presence of a thermoplastic polymer with a glass transition temperature of 20°C or less at the interface between the polyolefin microporous membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer tends to improve the adhesion and handling properties between the separator and the electrode.
- the separator includes such a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, the adhesion between the separator and the electrode and the handling properties tend to be further improved.
- the above structure consists of (a) a thermoplastic polymer comprising a particle thermoplastic polymer and a binder polymer that adheres the particle thermoplastic polymer to a microporous polyolefin membrane with the particle thermoplastic polymer exposed on the surface; , where the glass transition temperature of the granular thermoplastic polymer is in the range of 30°C or higher and 150°C or lower, and a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 20°C or lower is present at the interface between the polyolefin microporous membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- thermoplastic polymer has a laminated structure, and the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic polymer in the outermost layer when used as a separator is in the range of 30°C or higher and 150°C or lower; This can be achieved by the presence of a thermoplastic polymer having a glass transition temperature of 20° C. or lower at the interface between the polyolefin microporous membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- thermoplastic polymer may have a laminated structure of polymers having different Tg.
- thermoplastic polymer in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but may be configured, for example, in a granular shape. Having such a structure tends to improve the adhesion between the separator and the electrode and the handling of the separator.
- granular refers to the state in which individual thermoplastic polymers have a contour as measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and whether it is an elongated shape, a spherical shape, or a polygonal shape. etc. may be used.
- the particle size distribution and median diameter of the granular thermoplastic polymer can be measured using a laser particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). If desired, the particle size distribution of the particulate thermoplastic polymer can be adjusted using the particle size distribution of the water or binder polymer as a baseline.
- the particle size of the particulate thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 50% is defined as D50
- D50 of the particulate thermoplastic polymer is defined as D P.
- the average particle diameter D P of the granular thermoplastic polymer is such that it can maintain the distance between the plurality of electrodes via the separator while exhibiting adhesive force with the electrodes of the separator, and is suitable for pouring an electrolyte into a power storage device equipped with a separator.
- the thickness is preferably 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, more preferably 130 nm or more and 700 nm or less, even more preferably 320 nm or more and 590 nm or less, and most preferably 400 nm or more and 550 nm or less. preferable.
- the basis weight per one side of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is 0.03 g/m 2 or more and 0.50 g/m 2 or less, from the viewpoint of achieving both adhesive strength with the electrode and ion permeability. It is preferably 0.04 g/m 2 or more and 0.30 g/m 2 or less, most preferably 0.06 g/m 2 or more and 0.20 g/m 2 or less.
- the basis weight of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer can be adjusted by changing the polymer concentration of the coating liquid and the coating amount of the polymer solution. A range exceeding 0.06 g/m 2 is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing deformation of the cell shape due to expansion and contraction of the electrode and improving the cycle characteristics of the battery within a range that does not impede the effects of the present embodiment.
- the ratio of the coverage area per side of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer to the surface of the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer is set such that the adhesive strength of the separator with the electrodes is maintained and the resistance of the battery is lowered, and 3% or more, or 4% or more, or 5% or more, or 10% or more, or 15% or more, or 20% or more, or It is preferably 30% or more, and preferably 90% or less, or 80% or less, or 75% or less, or 70% or less, or 50% or less.
- the coverage area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer per side to the surface of the base material is particularly preferably 30% or more and 50% or less. If the coverage area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is smaller than the lower limit, the distance between the separator and the electrode interface becomes uneven, resulting in uneven current distribution, which tends to cause temperature rise in the (heating) safety test. Furthermore, if the coverage area of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is larger than the upper limit, the resistance of the battery will increase, leading to deterioration of rate characteristics.
- the coverage area ratio S of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer present on the surface of the base material is calculated from the following formula.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer Covered area of thermoplastic polymer-containing layer ⁇ Surface area of base material x 100
- the coverage area ratio (%) of the coating pattern of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer to the substrate surface is measured using a microscope (model: VHX-7000, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). After photographing the separator as a sample at 30 times magnification (coaxial epi-illumination), automatic area measurement is selected as the measurement mode, and the coverage area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer is measured.
- the coverage area ratio in each sample is determined by performing the above measurement three times and using the arithmetic average value thereof.
- the coverage area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer can be adjusted by changing the polymer concentration of the coating liquid, the coating amount of the polymer solution, the coating method, and coating conditions.
- the separator base material is generally formed from an insulating material having a porous structure, such as paper, polyolefin nonwoven fabric, or resin microporous membrane.
- separator base materials used in electricity storage devices such as non-aqueous secondary batteries, which include a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution formed by dissolving an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.
- a microporous polyolefin membrane is preferable because it has redox resistance and can construct a dense and uniform porous structure.
- the microporous polyolefin membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, a microporous membrane composed of a polyolefin resin composition containing polyolefin, and is a microporous membrane containing polyolefin resin as a main component. is preferred.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment has a polyolefin resin content that is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of shutdown performance when used as a separator for an electricity storage device, the mass fraction of all components constituting the microporous membrane is
- the microporous membrane is preferably made of a polyolefin resin composition in which polyolefin resin accounts for 50% or more and 100% or less.
- the proportion occupied by the polyolefin resin is more preferably 60% or more and 100% or less, and even more preferably 70% or more and 100% or less.
- the polyolefin resin is not particularly limited, but refers to a polyolefin resin used in ordinary extrusion, injection, inflation, blow molding, etc., and includes ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, and Homopolymers and copolymers such as 1-octene, multistage polymers, etc. can be used. Further, polyolefins selected from the group consisting of these homopolymers, copolymers, and multistage polymers can be used alone or in combination.
- polyolefin resins include, but are not particularly limited to, polyethylenes such as low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene, etc.
- polyethylenes such as low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene, etc.
- the separator of this embodiment is used as a battery separator, it is preferable to use polyethylene as the main component because it has a low melting point and high strength, and in particular, a resin mainly composed of high-density polyethylene is used. It is preferable to do so.
- microporous membrane made of a resin composition containing polypropylene and a polyolefin resin other than polypropylene.
- the steric structure of polypropylene is not limited, and may be any of isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, and atactic polypropylene.
- the ratio of polypropylene to the total polyolefin in the polyolefin resin composition is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of achieving both heat resistance and good shutdown function, it is preferably 1 to 35% by mass, more preferably 3 to 20% by mass. %, more preferably 4 to 10% by mass.
- the polyolefin resin other than polypropylene is not limited, and examples include homopolymers or copolymers of olefin hydrocarbons such as ethylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. Specific examples include polyethylene, polybutene, ethylene-propylene random copolymer, and the like.
- polyethylene such as low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, etc.
- polyethylene whose density measured according to JIS K 7112 is 0.93 g/cm 3 or more and 0.97 g/cm 3 or less.
- the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin resin constituting the microporous polyolefin membrane is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30,000 or more and 12 million or less, more preferably 50,000 or more and less than 2 million, still more preferably 100,000 or more and less than 1,200,000, and most preferably 100,000 or more and less than 1,200,000. Preferably it is 500,000 or more and less than 1,000,000. It is preferable that the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin resin is 30,000 or more, since the melt tension during melt molding becomes large, resulting in good moldability, and the entanglement of polymers tends to result in high strength.
- the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin resin is 12 million or less because it facilitates uniform melt-kneading and tends to have excellent sheet formability, particularly thickness stability. Furthermore, it is preferable that the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin resin is less than 1 million, since the pores tend to be easily blocked when the temperature rises and a good shutdown function can be obtained.
- a polyolefin with a viscosity average molecular weight of less than 1 million instead of using a polyolefin with a viscosity average molecular weight of less than 1 million, a mixture of a polyolefin with a viscosity average molecular weight of 2 million and a polyolefin with a viscosity average molecular weight of 270,000, the viscosity average molecular weight of which is less than 1 million. Mixtures may also be used.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment can contain any additives.
- additives are not particularly limited, and include, for example, polymers other than polyolefins; inorganic particles; phenol-based, phosphorus-based, sulfur-based antioxidants; metal soaps such as calcium stearate and zinc stearate; ultraviolet absorbers. agents; light stabilizers; antistatic agents; antifogging agents; colored pigments and the like.
- the total content of these additives is preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 10 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 5 parts by mass or less, based on 100 parts by mass of the polyolefin resin composition.
- the puncture strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane when converted to the basis weight (g/m 2 ) (hereinafter referred to as the basis weight-converted puncture strength) is 50 gf/(g/m 2 ). or more, or preferably 60 gf/(g/m 2 ) or more.
- a PO microporous membrane having a basis weight equivalent puncture strength of 50 gf/(g/m 2 ) or more or 60 gf/(g/m 2 ) or more tends to be difficult to break in an impact test of a power storage device. .
- the puncture strength converted to basis weight is more preferably 70 gf/(g/m 2 ) or more, and even more preferably 80 gf. /(g/m 2 ) or more.
- the puncture strength in terms of area weight is not limited, but for example, it should be 200 gf/(g/m 2 ) or less, 150 gf/(g/m 2 ) or less, or 140 gf/(g/m 2 ) or less. Can be done.
- the lower limit thereof is preferably 100 gf or more (preferably 0.98 N or more), more preferably 200 gf or more, and Preferably it is 300 gf or more.
- a puncture strength of 100 gf or more is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing breakage of the PO microporous membrane in an impact test.
- the upper limit of the puncture strength of the PO microporous membrane is preferably 1000 gf or less, more preferably 800 gf or less, and even more preferably 700 gf or less, from the viewpoint of stability during film formation.
- the puncture strength can be increased by increasing the shear force applied to the molded product during extrusion or by increasing the orientation of molecular chains by stretching, but as the strength increases, thermal stability deteriorates due to the increase in residual stress. controlled.
- the basis weight of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2.8 g/m 2 or more, more preferably 3.3 g/m 2 or more, and still more preferably 4.0 g/m 2 or more. , preferably 6.4 g/m 2 or less, more preferably 5.4 g/m 2 or less, further preferably 4.9 g/m 2 or less, particularly preferably 4.7 g/m 2 or less.
- the porosity of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20% or more, more preferably 35% or more, still more preferably 40% or more, and particularly preferably 45% or more. , preferably 80% or less, more preferably 60% or less, even more preferably 55% or less. It is preferable to have a porosity of 20% or more from the viewpoint of ensuring permeability of the separator. On the other hand, it is preferable to set it to 80% or less from the viewpoint of ensuring puncture strength. Note that the porosity can be adjusted by changing the stretching ratio, etc.
- the lower limit of the thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 4.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 5.5 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit thereof is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 16 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 12 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 9 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of improving mechanical strength. On the other hand, it is preferable to set the thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane to 30 ⁇ m or less because the volume occupied by the separator decreases, which tends to be advantageous in terms of increasing the capacity of the battery.
- the air permeability of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 sec/100 cm 3 or more, more preferably 20 sec/100 cm 3 or more, even more preferably 30 sec/100 cm 3 or more, and still more preferably 90 sec/100 cm 3 or more.
- the air permeability is 10 sec/100 cm 3 or more from the viewpoint of suppressing self-discharge of the electricity storage device.
- the upper limit of the average pore diameter of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is preferably 0.15 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less, and the lower limit is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more. Setting the average pore diameter to 0.15 ⁇ m or less is suitable when used as a separator for an electricity storage device from the viewpoint of suppressing self-discharge of the electricity storage device and suppressing a decrease in capacity.
- an adhesive coating liquid is applied to the surface of the base material on which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is provided or the inorganic filler-containing layer (in one embodiment, the surface coated with the thermoplastic polymer). This is preferable because the contact angle can be controlled within a predetermined range.
- the average pore diameter can be adjusted by changing the stretching ratio when producing the microporous polyolefin membrane.
- the short temperature which is an index of heat resistance of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment, is preferably 140°C or higher, more preferably 150°C or higher, and still more preferably 160°C or higher.
- the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably from 100,000 to 5,000,000, more preferably from 300,000 to 1,500,000, and even more preferably from 500,000 to 1,000,000. It is. It is preferable that the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin microporous membrane is 100,000 or more and 5,000,000 or less from the viewpoint of puncture strength, permeability, heat shrinkage, and shutdown function of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the method for manufacturing the polyolefin microporous membrane in this embodiment is not particularly limited, and any known manufacturing method can be employed.
- a method in which the polyolefin resin composition and the inorganic filler are melt-kneaded and formed into a sheet, and then the polyolefin and the inorganic filler are formed into a sheet by stretching, and then the polyolefin resin composition and the inorganic filler are made porous by extrusion at a ratio of Examples include a method of making the polyolefin resin composition porous by peeling off the interface thereof, and a method of making the polyolefin resin composition porous by dissolving the polyolefin resin composition and then immersing it in a poor solvent
- a method for manufacturing a microporous membrane a method will be described in which a polyolefin resin composition and a plasticizer are melt-kneaded, molded into a sheet shape, and then the plasticizer is extracted.
- a polyolefin resin composition and a plasticizer are melt-kneaded.
- a melt-kneading method for example, a polyolefin resin and other additives as necessary are put into a resin kneading device such as an extruder, a kneader, a laboplast mill, a kneading roll, or a Banbury mixer, and the resin components are heated and melted while being optionally added.
- a resin kneading device such as an extruder, a kneader, a laboplast mill, a kneading roll, or a Banbury mixer
- An example of this method is to introduce a plasticizer at a ratio of .
- the polyolefin resin, other additives, and plasticizers in a predetermined ratio using a Henschel mixer or the like before introducing them into the resin kneading device. More preferably, only a part of the plasticizer is added during preliminary kneading, and the remaining plasticizer is kneaded while being side-fed to the resin kneading device. By doing this, the dispersibility of the plasticizer is improved, and when the sheet-shaped molded product of the melt-kneaded mixture of the resin composition and plasticizer is stretched in a later step, it can be stretched at a high magnification without film rupture. can do.
- a nonvolatile solvent that can form a homogeneous solution at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polyolefin
- nonvolatile solvents include hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin and paraffin wax; esters such as dioctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate; and higher alcohols such as oleyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol.
- liquid paraffin has high compatibility with polyethylene and polypropylene, and even if the melt-kneaded material is stretched, interfacial separation between the polyolefin resin composition and the plasticizer is unlikely to occur, making uniform stretching easier. This is preferable because it is a trend.
- the ratio of the polyolefin resin composition to the plasticizer is not particularly limited as long as they can be uniformly melt-kneaded and molded into a sheet.
- the mass fraction of the plasticizer in a composition consisting of a polyolefin resin composition and a plasticizer is preferably 30 to 80% by mass, more preferably 40 to 70% by mass.
- melt tension during melt molding is unlikely to be insufficient, and moldability tends to improve.
- the mass fraction of the plasticizer is 30 mass% or more, even if the mixture of the polyolefin resin composition and the plasticizer is stretched at a high magnification, the polyolefin chains will not be cut, and a uniform and fine pore structure will be formed. The strength also increases easily.
- melt-kneaded product is formed into a sheet shape.
- a melt-kneaded product is extruded into a sheet-like form through a T-die, etc., and cooled to a temperature sufficiently lower than the crystallization temperature of the resin component by contacting with a heat conductor.
- An example of this method is to solidify the material.
- the heat conductor used for cooling and solidification metal, water, air, or the plasticizer itself can be used, but metal rolls are preferable because of their high heat conduction efficiency.
- the die lip interval when extruding into a sheet form from a T-die is preferably 400 ⁇ m or more and 3000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or more and 2500 ⁇ m or less.
- the die lip spacing is 400 ⁇ m or more, smearing and the like are reduced, and there is less influence on film quality such as streaks and defects, and film breakage etc. tend to be prevented in the subsequent stretching process.
- the die lip interval is 3000 ⁇ m or less, the cooling rate is fast and uneven cooling can be prevented, and the thickness stability of the sheet tends to be maintained.
- the sheet-like molded product it is preferable to stretch the sheet-like molded product thus obtained.
- the stretching treatment either uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching can be suitably used, but biaxial stretching is preferable from the viewpoint of the strength of the resulting microporous membrane.
- the stretching method include simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential biaxial stretching, multistage stretching, and multiple stretching. Stretching is preferred.
- simultaneous biaxial stretching herein refers to stretching in which stretching in the MD direction (machine direction of the microporous membrane) and stretching in the TD direction (direction that crosses the MD of the microporous membrane at an angle of 90°) is performed simultaneously.
- the stretching ratio in each direction may be different.
- Sequential biaxial stretching refers to a stretching method in which MD direction or TD direction stretching is performed independently, and when stretching is performed in MD direction or TD direction, the other direction is in an unrestricted state or a constant length. It is assumed that it is fixed at .
- the stretching ratio is preferably in the range of 20 times or more and 100 times or less in area magnification, and more preferably in the range of 25 times or more and 50 times or less.
- the stretching ratio in each axial direction is preferably in the range of 4 times or more and 10 times or less in the MD direction, 4 times or more and 10 times or less in the TD direction, 5 times or more and 8 times or less in the MD direction, and 5 times in the TD direction. More preferably, it is in a range of 8 times or less.
- the sheet-like molded body may be rolled.
- Rolling can be carried out, for example, by a pressing method using a double belt press machine or the like.
- Rolling can increase the orientation, especially in the surface layer portion.
- the rolling surface magnification is preferably greater than 1 time and not more than 3 times, more preferably greater than 1 time and not more than 2 times.
- the rolling ratio is greater than 1, the plane orientation tends to increase and the strength of the microporous membrane finally obtained tends to increase.
- it is preferable that the rolling magnification is 3 times or less because the difference in orientation between the surface layer portion and the center interior is small, and a uniform porous structure can be formed in the thickness direction of the film.
- the plasticizer is removed from the sheet-like molded body to form a microporous membrane.
- a method for removing the plasticizer for example, a method of immersing the sheet-like molded body in an extraction solvent to extract the plasticizer, and thoroughly drying the molded body is exemplified.
- the method for extracting the plasticizer may be either a batch method or a continuous method.
- the amount of plasticizer remaining in the microporous membrane is preferably less than 1% by mass.
- extraction solvent it is preferable to use one that is a poor solvent for the polyolefin resin composition, a good solvent for the plasticizer, and has a boiling point lower than the melting point of the polyolefin resin.
- extraction solvents include hydrocarbons such as n-hexane and cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane; and non-chlorinated solvents such as hydrofluoroether and hydrofluorocarbon.
- Examples include halogenated solvents; alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; and ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone. Note that these extraction solvents may be recovered and reused by operations such as distillation.
- heat treatment such as heat fixation or thermal relaxation can also be performed after the stretching process or after the formation of the microporous membrane.
- the microporous membrane may be subjected to post-treatments such as hydrophilization treatment using a surfactant or the like, or crosslinking treatment using ionizing radiation or the like.
- the separator for a power storage device may include an inorganic filler-containing layer containing an inorganic filler and a resin binder (in the present embodiment, the inorganic filler-containing layer may be referred to as a porous layer).
- the inorganic filler-containing layer may be located on at least a portion of the surface of the microporous polyolefin membrane, at least a portion of the surface of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, and/or between the microporous polyolefin membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- the inorganic filler-containing layer of this embodiment is located between the microporous polyolefin membrane and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- the separator of this embodiment may include an inorganic filler-containing layer on one or both sides of a microporous polyolefin membrane.
- the inorganic filler-containing layer of the present embodiment has pores with an area of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 to 0.05 ⁇ m 2 in contrast to the pores in the inorganic filler-containing layer having an area of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more. It is preferable that the ratio T is 80% or more. The lower limit of the ratio T is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more.
- the inorganic filler used in the inorganic filler-containing layer is not particularly limited, but one that has a melting point of 200°C or higher, has high electrical insulation, and is electrochemically stable within the range of use of lithium ion secondary batteries. preferable.
- inorganic filler materials include oxide ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, yttria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide; nitride ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride.
- oxide ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, yttria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide
- nitride ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride.
- Ceramics silicon carbide, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide oxide or boehmite, potassium titanate, talc, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, halloysite, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, seri
- Ceramics such as Cyto, mica, amesite, bentonite, asbestos, zeolite, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, diatomaceous earth, and silica sand; and glass fiber.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, boehmite, and barium sulfate is preferred from the viewpoint of stability within a lithium ion secondary battery.
- synthetic boehmite is preferable because it can reduce ionic impurities that adversely affect the characteristics of the electrochemical device.
- Examples of the shape of the inorganic filler include plate-like, scale-like, polyhedral, needle-like, columnar, granular, spherical, spindle-like, and block-like shapes, and inorganic fillers having the above-mentioned shapes can be used in combination. good.
- block shapes are preferred from the viewpoint of balance between permeability and heat resistance.
- the aspect ratio of the inorganic filler is preferably 1.0 or more and 5.0 or less, more preferably 1.1 or more and 3.0 or less.
- the aspect ratio of the inorganic filler is preferably 1.0 or more and 5.0 or less, more preferably 1.1 or more and 3.0 or less.
- the specific surface area of the inorganic filler is preferably 3.0 m 2 /g or more and 17 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 5.0 m 2 /g or more and 15 m 2 /g or less, still more preferably 6 m 2 /g or more. .5 m 2 /g or more and 13 m 2 /g or less. It is preferable that the specific surface area of the inorganic filler is 17 m 2 /g or less, from the viewpoint of suppressing the amount of water adsorption of the multilayer porous membrane and suppressing capacity deterioration when repeated cycles.
- the specific surface area of the inorganic filler is measured using the BET adsorption method.
- D F which is the average particle size D 50 of the inorganic filler particles
- D F is preferably 0.10 ⁇ m or more and 1.50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.20 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less, and further Preferably it is 0.30 ⁇ m or more and 0.70 ⁇ m or less.
- D 50 of 0.10 ⁇ m or more is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing inorganic filler from penetrating into the pores of the base material and increasing battery resistance, and suppressing capacity deterioration when repeated cycles;
- 50 is 1.50 ⁇ m or less, it becomes easier to form a thin inorganic filler-containing layer, which is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing battery capacity and suppressing deterioration of rate characteristics.
- D10 which is the particle size of the inorganic filler particles at which the cumulative frequency is 10%, is preferably 0.08 ⁇ m or more and 0.80 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.09 ⁇ m or more. It is 0.50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.10 ⁇ m or more and 0.35 ⁇ m or less. D10 of 0.08 ⁇ m or more is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing the amount of water adsorption of the multilayer porous membrane and suppressing capacity deterioration when repeated cycles, and D10 of 0.80 ⁇ m or less is preferable. This is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing deformation at temperatures exceeding the melting point of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the particle size distribution of the inorganic filler particle dispersion can be measured using a laser particle size distribution measuring device (Microtrac MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). If necessary, the particle size distribution of the inorganic filler particle dispersion or slurry coating liquid can be adjusted using the particle size distribution of water or the binder polymer as a baseline.
- the particle size at which the cumulative frequency is 50% is defined as D 50
- the D 50 of the inorganic filler particles is defined as DF .
- the ratio (D P /D F ) of D P , which is the D 50 of the thermoplastic polymer particles, to D F , which is the D 50 of the inorganic filler particles, is preferably 0.6 or more and 2 or less, and 0.78 or more and 2 or less. More preferably, 1 or more and 2 or less.
- D P /D F is within the above range, the shape of the dots can be controlled to achieve high adhesion, and clogging is less likely to occur by ensuring adequate voids, which is preferable.
- Methods for adjusting the particle size distribution of the inorganic filler as described above include, for example, pulverizing the inorganic filler using a ball mill, bead mill, jet mill, etc. to obtain a desired particle size distribution; Examples include a method in which the filler is prepared and then blended.
- the proportion of the inorganic filler in the inorganic filler-containing layer can be determined appropriately from the viewpoints of the adhesion of the inorganic filler, the permeability and heat resistance of the multilayer porous membrane, etc., but it is 50% by mass or more and less than 100% by mass. It is preferably 70% by mass or more and 99.99% by mass or less, still more preferably 80% by mass or more and 99.9% by mass or less, particularly preferably 90% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less.
- resin binder The type of resin binder is not particularly limited, but when using the separator for lithium ion secondary batteries including the multilayer porous membrane in this embodiment, it is insoluble in the electrolyte of the lithium ion secondary battery. It is preferable to use one that is electrochemically stable within the range of use of lithium ion secondary batteries.
- resin binders include the following 1) to 7).
- 1) Polyolefin For example, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubber, and modified products thereof; 2) Conjugated diene polymer: For example, styrene-butadiene copolymer and its hydride, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer and its hydride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and its hydride; 3) Acrylic polymer: For example, methacrylate-acrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymer, acrylonitrile-acrylate copolymer; 4) Polyvinyl alcohol resin: For example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate; 5) Fluorine-containing resin: For example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene
- 3) an acrylic polymer, 5) a fluororesin, and 7) a polyamide as a polymer are preferable.
- a polyamide wholly aromatic polyamides, particularly polymetaphenylene isophthalamide, are preferred from the viewpoint of durability.
- the above 2) conjugated diene polymer is preferable, and from the viewpoint of voltage resistance, the above 3) acrylic polymer and 5) fluororesin are preferable.
- the above 2) conjugated diene polymer is a polymer containing a conjugated diene compound as a monomer unit.
- conjugated diene compound examples include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, substituted linear Examples include conjugated pentadienes, substituted and side-chain conjugated hexadienes, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, 1,3-butadiene is particularly preferred.
- the above 3) acrylic polymer is a polymer containing a (meth)acrylic compound as a monomer unit.
- the above-mentioned (meth)acrylic compound refers to at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic acid ester.
- Examples of the (meth)acrylic acid ester used in the above 3) acrylic polymer include (meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters, such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, -Ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl amethacrylate; epoxy group-containing (meth)acrylic esters, such as glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate; these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Good too.
- 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) and butyl acrylate (BA) are particularly preferred.
- the acrylic polymer is preferably a polymer containing EHA or BA as a main structural unit.
- the main structural unit refers to a polymer portion corresponding to a monomer that accounts for 40 mol% or more of the total raw materials for forming the polymer.
- the above 2) conjugated diene polymer and 3) acrylic polymer may be obtained by also copolymerizing other monomers copolymerizable with them.
- copolymerizable monomers that can be used include, for example, unsaturated carboxylic acid alkyl esters, aromatic vinyl monomers, vinyl cyanide monomers, and unsaturated monomers containing hydroxyalkyl groups. , unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer, crotonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, etc., and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. good.
- unsaturated carboxylic acid alkyl ester monomers are particularly preferred.
- Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid alkyl ester monomer include dimethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate, dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dimethyl itaconate, monomethyl fumarate, and monoethyl fumarate. They may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the above 2) conjugated diene polymer may be obtained by copolymerizing the above (meth)acrylic compound as another monomer.
- the resin binder is preferably in the form of latex from the viewpoint of strong adhesion between multiple inorganic particles even at high temperatures exceeding room temperature and suppressing thermal shrinkage, and latex of acrylic polymer is preferable. It is more preferable that
- the average particle diameter of the resin binder is preferably 50 nm or more and 500 nm or less, more preferably 60 nm or more and 460 nm or less, and even more preferably 80 nm or more and 250 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the resin binder is 50 nm or more, when an inorganic filler-containing layer containing an inorganic filler and a resin binder is laminated on at least one side of the microporous polyolefin membrane, ion permeability is unlikely to decrease, resulting in high output. Characteristics are easy to obtain. In addition, even when the temperature rises quickly during abnormal heat generation, it exhibits smooth shutdown characteristics, making it easy to obtain high safety.
- the average particle size of the resin binder is 500 nm or less, good adhesion is exhibited, and when a multilayer porous film is formed, thermal shrinkage is good and safety tends to be excellent.
- the average particle size of the resin binder can be controlled by adjusting the polymerization time, polymerization temperature, raw material composition ratio, raw material input order, pH, etc.
- a dispersant such as a surfactant may be added to the inorganic filler coating liquid in order to stabilize dispersion or improve coatability.
- the dispersant adsorbs onto the surface of the inorganic filler particles in the slurry and stabilizes the inorganic filler particles by electrostatic repulsion, and includes, for example, polycarboxylate, sulfonate, polyoxyether, and the like.
- the amount of the dispersant added is preferably 0.2 parts by weight or more and 5.0 parts by weight or less, more preferably 0.3 parts by weight or more and 1.0 parts by weight or less in terms of solid content, per 100 parts by weight of the inorganic filler. is preferred.
- the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer per layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 4.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably , 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, which prevents deterioration of performance and safety due to the occurrence of micro short circuits due to the shrinkage stress of the base material during storage tests, and reduces the melting point of the microporous membrane.
- the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer is 4.0 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of increasing battery capacity, suppressing deterioration of rate characteristics, and suppressing the amount of moisture adsorbed by the multilayer porous membrane.
- the layer density in the inorganic filler-containing layer is preferably 1.10 g/(m 2 ⁇ m) or more and 3.00 g/(m 2 ⁇ m) or less, more preferably 1.20 g/(m 2 ⁇ m). ) or more and 2.90g/( m2 ⁇ m) or less, more preferably 1.40g/( m2 ⁇ m) or more and 2.70g/( m2 ⁇ m) or less, particularly preferably 1.50g/(m2 ⁇ m) or more ⁇ m) or more and 2.50 g/(m 2 ⁇ m) or less.
- the layer density in the inorganic filler-containing layer is 1.10 g/(m 2 ⁇ m) or more from the viewpoint of suppressing deformation at temperatures exceeding the melting point of the PO microporous membrane.
- the layer density in the inorganic filler-containing layer is 3.00 g/( m2 ⁇ m) or less from the viewpoint of maintaining the ion permeability of the inorganic filler-containing layer and suppressing capacity deterioration when repeated cycles. preferable.
- an inorganic filler-containing layer for example, a coating liquid containing an inorganic filler, a resin binder, and a solvent is applied to at least one side of a microporous membrane containing a polyolefin resin as a main component to form an inorganic filler-containing layer.
- a coating liquid containing an inorganic filler, a resin binder, and a solvent is applied to at least one side of a microporous membrane containing a polyolefin resin as a main component to form an inorganic filler-containing layer.
- the solvent for the coating solution containing the inorganic filler and the resin binder is preferably one that can uniformly and stably disperse the inorganic filler and the resin binder, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N, Examples include N-dimethylacetamide, water, ethanol, toluene, hot xylene, methylene chloride, hexane and the like.
- a coating solution containing an inorganic filler and a resin binder contains a dispersant such as a surfactant, a thickener, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, and an acid or alkali in order to stabilize dispersion and improve coating properties.
- a dispersant such as a surfactant, a thickener, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, and an acid or alkali in order to stabilize dispersion and improve coating properties.
- Various additives such as pH adjusters may be added. These additives should preferably be ones that can be removed when the solvent is removed, but if they are electrochemically stable within the usage range of lithium ion secondary batteries, do not inhibit battery reactions, and are stable up to about 200°C, they should be inorganic. It may remain in the filler-containing layer.
- the method of dispersing the inorganic filler and the resin binder in the solvent in the coating liquid is a method that can achieve the dispersion characteristics of the coating liquid necessary for the coating process.
- examples include ball mills, bead mills, planetary ball mills, vibrating ball mills, sand mills, colloid mills, attritors, roll mills, high-speed impeller dispersion, dispersers, homogenizers, high-speed impact mills, ultrasonic dispersion, and mechanical stirring using stirring blades.
- the method of applying the coating solution containing the inorganic filler and resin binder to the microporous membrane includes printing methods and spray coating methods.
- gravure coater method small diameter gravure etc.
- Coater method, reverse roll coater method, transfer roll coater method, kiss coater method, dip coater method, knife coater method, air doctor coater method, blade coater method, rod coater method, squeeze coater method, cast coater method, die coater method, screen Examples include printing methods and spray coating methods.
- the surface of the microporous membrane as a separator base material is subjected to a surface treatment prior to application of a coating liquid containing an inorganic filler and a resin binder, it will be easier to apply the coating liquid, and the inorganic filler will be contained after application. This is preferable because it improves the adhesion between the layer and the surface of the microporous membrane.
- the surface treatment method is not particularly limited as long as it does not significantly damage the porous structure of the microporous membrane, and examples include corona discharge treatment, mechanical roughening, solvent treatment, acid treatment, and ultraviolet oxidation. Laws etc.
- the method for removing the solvent from the coating film after applying the coating solution containing the inorganic filler and the resin binder to the microporous film includes a method of drying the porous membrane while fixing it at a temperature below its melting point, and a method of drying under reduced pressure at a low temperature.
- the binder polymer which is the binding component of the resin binder, exhibits binding strength with the microporous membrane or inorganic filler-containing layer (porous layer) that is the base material, and binding force between particulate binders, while improving the ion permeability of the separator. It is preferable to dry at normal pressure from the viewpoint of preventing inhibition of . From the viewpoint of controlling the shrinkage stress in the MD direction of the microporous membrane and the multilayer porous membrane, it is preferable to adjust the drying temperature, winding tension, etc. as appropriate.
- the contact angle of the electrolyte is preferably 0° or more and 20° or less, from the viewpoints of excellent electrolyte injection properties, less air accumulation, and short injection time. , more preferably 2° or more and 18° or less, and even more preferably 4° or more and 16° or less. It is more preferable that the contact angle of the electrolyte is measured on the surface of the separator in which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is formed in a dot-like pattern.
- the lower limit of the total thickness of the separator for an electricity storage device according to the present embodiment is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 6 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 7 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 17 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 14 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable that the total thickness of the separator for an electricity storage device be 5 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of ensuring the strength and safety of the separator for an electricity storage device. On the other hand, it is preferable that the total thickness of the separator for an electricity storage device be 20 ⁇ m or less, in order to lower the resistance of the battery and to obtain good charge/discharge characteristics.
- the total thickness of the separator for an electricity storage device is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 6 ⁇ m or more and 17 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 7 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 7 ⁇ m or more and 14 ⁇ m or less.
- the total thickness of the separator for an electricity storage device is determined by the following method. The thickness of the separator is measured at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) using a micro thickness meter “KBM (trademark)” manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.
- the lower limit of the basis weight of the separator for an electricity storage device according to the present embodiment is preferably 5.0 g/m 2 or more, more preferably 7.5 g/m 2 or more, even more preferably 9.7 g/m 2 or more;
- the upper limit is preferably 13.5 g/m 2 or less, more preferably 11.2 g/m 2 or less, even more preferably 9.9 g/m 2 or less.
- Setting the basis weight to 5.0 g/m 2 or more is preferable from the viewpoint of ensuring strength and safety.
- setting the basis weight to 13.5 g/m 2 or less is preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining good charge/discharge characteristics because it lowers the resistance of the battery.
- the lower limit of the air permeability of the separator for an electricity storage device is preferably 10 sec/100 cm 3 or more, more preferably 20 sec/100 cm 3 or more, still more preferably 30 sec/100 cm 3 or more, and most preferably 50 sec/100 cm 3 or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 200 sec/100 cm 3 or less, more preferably 180 sec/100 cm 3 or less, even more preferably 150 sec/100 cm 3 or less, and most preferably 120 sec/100 cm 3 or less. Setting the air permeability to 10 sec/100 cm 3 or more according to this embodiment is useful for suppressing the occurrence of micro short circuits and deterioration of performance and safety during storage tests and for improving the performance and safety of electricity storage devices when producing separators for electricity storage devices.
- the air permeability of the separator for a power storage device according to the present embodiment can be adjusted by changing the stretching temperature and stretching ratio, the area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer, the form of existence, etc. when producing the microporous polyolefin membrane.
- the lower limit of the puncture strength of the separator for a power storage device according to the present embodiment is preferably 200 gf or more, more preferably 300 gf or more, still more preferably 400 gf or more, and particularly preferably 450 gf or more.
- a puncture strength of 200 gf or more is used from the viewpoint of suppressing membrane rupture due to fallen active material etc. when the separator is wound together with the electrode, and from the viewpoint of suppressing short circuit due to expansion and contraction of the electrode during charging and discharging. It is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the impact resistance of.
- the upper limit of the puncture strength of the separator for an electricity storage device according to the present embodiment is preferably 800 gf or less, more preferably 700 gf or less, and even more preferably 600 gf or less, from the viewpoint of reducing width shrinkage due to orientation relaxation during heating. be.
- the heat shrinkage rate of TD at 150°C for 1 hour is preferably -3% or more and 10% or less, more preferably -1% or more and 8% or less, More preferably, it is 0% or more and 5% or less.
- the thermal contraction rate of the TD is -3% or more, negative contraction (expansion) will lead to twisting of the separator, thereby suppressing the risk of short circuit between electrodes and deterioration of performance and safety.
- the thermal shrinkage rate of the TD is 10% or less, deterioration in performance and safety due to occurrence of slight short circuits during storage tests is suppressed.
- the heat shrinkage rate of the separator according to the present embodiment can be adjusted by appropriately combining the stretching operation and heat treatment of the base material.
- the heat shrinkage rate of MD is also preferably -3% to 10% or less, more preferably -1% to 8%, and even more preferably 0% to 5%.
- longitudinal direction (MD) refers to the machine direction of continuous molding of the microporous membrane
- transverse direction (TD) refers to the direction that crosses the MD of the microporous membrane at an angle of 90°.
- the separator for a power storage device has a shutdown temperature, which is an indicator of the safety of the power storage device, preferably at 160°C or lower, more preferably at 155°C or lower, and even more preferably at 150°C or lower, Most preferably the temperature is 145°C or lower.
- the short-circuit temperature which is an index of heat resistance
- the short-circuit temperature is preferably 140°C or higher, more preferably 150°C or higher, and still more preferably 160°C or higher.
- the separator according to the present embodiment preferably has an asymmetric multilayer structure with respect to the base material, and more preferably has at least one surface of the base material ( There is a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on one or both surfaces), and an inorganic filler-containing layer containing an inorganic filler and a resin binder is formed between at least one surface of the base material and the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer. It has a multilayer structure.
- the method for manufacturing a separator for a power storage device includes the steps of preparing a porous base material; a step of applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of the porous substrate to form a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer; The contact angle of the slurry to the applied surface of the thermoplastic polymer is 20° or more and 80° or less, After applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of the porous substrate, drying the slurry while applying a tension of 0.008 N/mm or more and 0.150 N/mm or less, This is a method for manufacturing a separator for a power storage device.
- the method for manufacturing a separator for a power storage device includes a step of preparing a porous base material; forming an inorganic filler-containing layer on at least one surface of the porous base material; a step of applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer to form a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer,
- the contact angle of the slurry to the applied surface of the thermoplastic polymer is 20° or more and 80° or less
- drying the slurry while applying a tension of 0.008 N/mm or more and 0.150 N/mm or less This is a method for manufacturing a separator for a power storage device.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment includes a step of preparing a porous base material.
- the process of preparing the porous base material includes, for example, forming a microporous membrane using the above-described base material manufacturing method, and surface treatment of the base material described below.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment may include a step of forming an inorganic filler-containing layer on at least one surface of the porous base material.
- the step of forming the inorganic filler-containing layer for example, the method described in the above-mentioned method for forming an inorganic filler-containing layer can be carried out.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment includes a step of applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer to at least one surface of a porous substrate to form a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer.
- the method for applying the slurry is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a method of applying a slurry containing a thermoplastic polymer and a solvent (in one embodiment, a coating liquid containing a thermoplastic polymer) to a microporous polyolefin membrane.
- the method of applying the coating liquid containing the thermoplastic polymer to the microporous membrane is a method that can achieve the required layer thickness and application area.
- gravure coater method small diameter gravure coater method, reverse roll coater method, transfer roll coater method, kiss coater method, dip coater method, knife coater method, air doctor coater method, blade coater method, rod coater method, squeeze coater method, cast Examples include coater method, die coater method, screen printing method, spray coating method, spray coater coating method, inkjet coating, and the like.
- the gravure coater method or the spray coating method is preferred from the viewpoint of having a high degree of freedom in the coating shape of the thermoplastic polymer and easily obtaining a preferred area ratio. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of adjusting the dot-like pattern of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer as described above, gravure coater method, inkjet coating, and coating methods that allow easy adjustment of printing plates are preferred.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution When coating a thermoplastic polymer on a polyolefin microporous membrane, if the thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution penetrates into the microporous membrane, the adhesive resin will fill the surface and inside of the pores, resulting in ion permeability. will decrease. Therefore, as the solvent for the thermoplastic polymer-containing coating liquid, a poor solvent for the thermoplastic polymer is preferable.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution When a poor solvent for a thermoplastic polymer is used as a solvent for a thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution, the coating solution does not penetrate into the microporous membrane, and the adhesive polymer mainly exists on the surface of the microporous membrane. Therefore, it is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in permeability.
- Water is preferred as such a medium.
- the medium that can be used in combination with water is not particularly limited, but examples include ethanol, methanol, and the like.
- an antifoaming agent for example, KM-73 from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., SK-14 from Nissin Chemical Co., Ltd.
- an antifoaming agent for example, KM-73 from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., SK-14 from Nissin Chemical Co., Ltd.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing coating liquid also simply referred to as paint
- thermoplastic polymer is coated using the thermoplastic polymer, poor solvent, etc. described above. Optimization is preferred.
- the coating viscosity is within the range of 10 mPa ⁇ s or more and 100 mPa ⁇ s or less, It is more preferably in the range of 15 mPa ⁇ s or more and 80 mPa ⁇ s or less, even more preferably 20 mPa ⁇ s or more and 70 mPa ⁇ s or less, and particularly preferably 40 mPa ⁇ s or more and 60 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- the paint viscosity is within the range described above, moderate thickening suppresses leveling, provides a rough structure of the thermoplastic polymer particles on the dot surface, and improves the wettability of the electrolyte on the dot surface (in one embodiment, the electrolyte There is a tendency for the liquid injection properties to improve.
- the surface tension is 10 mN/m or more and 70 mN/m or less, and 20 mN/m It is more preferably 60 mN/m or more, even more preferably 25 mN/m or more and 50 mN/m or less, and particularly preferably 40 mN/m or more and 50 mN/m or less.
- the coating amount per side is preferably 0.03 g/m 2 or more and 0.50 g/m 2 or less. , more preferably 0.04 g/m 2 or more and 0.30 g/m 2 or less, most preferably 0.06 g/m 2 or more and 0.20 g/m 2 or less.
- the coating layer thickness of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less. is more preferable, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 4.0 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the paint pH should be in the range of 5 to 7.9. It is preferably within the range of 5.5 to 7.7, and more preferably within the range of 5.5 to 7.7.
- a paint pH within the range explained above can suppress the close packing of thermoplastic polymer particles during the drying process by appropriately suppressing electrostatic repulsion and reducing dispersion stability. This improves the wettability of the electrolytic solution to the dot surface due to the uneven structure formed by the thermoplastic polymer particles.
- the porous base material used as the separator base material is surface-treated prior to application of the thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution, it becomes easier to apply the coating solution, and the porous base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer and the thermoplastic (Adhesiveness) Adhesiveness to polymers is improved, which is preferable.
- the surface treatment method is not particularly limited as long as it does not significantly damage the porous structure of the porous base material, and examples include corona discharge treatment, plasma treatment, mechanical roughening, solvent treatment, and acid treatment. Examples include treatment methods, ultraviolet oxidation methods, and the like.
- the corona treatment strength of the surface of the base material is preferably in the range of 1 W/(m 2 /min) to 40 W/(m 2 /min), and 3 W/(m 2 /min) to 32 W/(m 2 /min). 2 /min) or less, and even more preferably 5W/(m 2 /min) or more and 25W/(m 2 /min) or less.
- corona treatment strength within the above range, hydrophilic groups are introduced into the surface of the base material, which tends to improve the affinity with the electrolyte and improve the wettability of the electrolyte to the dot surface. Furthermore, it is also preferable to perform corona discharge treatment after the dot-like pattern of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is formed by coating.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution there is no particular limitation on the method for removing the solvent from the coating film after applying the thermoplastic polymer-containing coating solution, as long as it does not adversely affect the porous substrate.
- methods of drying at a temperature below the melting point of the porous substrate while fixing it methods of drying under reduced pressure at low temperatures, methods of immersing in a poor solvent for the adhesive polymer to coagulate the adhesive polymer and simultaneously extracting the solvent. Examples include methods.
- An adhesive coating liquid (in one embodiment, a coating containing a thermoplastic polymer) on at least one surface (in one embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer coating surface) of the porous substrate on which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is provided or the inorganic filler-containing layer. It is preferable to control the contact angle of the liquid to 20° or more and 80° or less because the number and proportion of voids inside the dot plane can be controlled as described above, and repellency and pinholes can be prevented.
- the contact angle of the adhesive coating liquid to at least one surface of the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer (in one embodiment, the surface coated with the thermoplastic polymer) is preferably 20° or more and 80° or less, more preferably 30°.
- the angle is controlled within the range of 40° or more and 70° or less, and more preferably 40° or more and 70° or less, the number and ratio of voids within the dot plane can be controlled as described above.
- the contact angle of the adhesive coating liquid to the surface of the base material on which the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is provided or the inorganic filler-containing layer (in one embodiment, the surface on which the thermoplastic polymer is applied) is, for example, in the process of forming the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer, It can be adjusted within the above-mentioned numerical range by controlling the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer, the pore size of the substrate surface, the corona treatment strength of the substrate surface, the drying rate, the paint viscosity, the paint surface tension, the paint pH, etc.
- ⁇ Measurement of the contact angle between the surface of the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer and the adhesive coating liquid Using a contact angle meter (CA-V) (model name) manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., apply each slurry to the clean base material surface (surface treatment may be performed as necessary) or the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer. (In one embodiment, 2 ⁇ L of a coating liquid, such as an adhesive coating liquid) is dropped, and the contact angle is measured after 40 seconds have elapsed.
- CA-V contact angle meter
- the slurry is dried while applying a tension of 0.008 N/mm to 0.150 N/mm. It has a process of The tension during drying is preferably 0.008 N/mm or more and 0.150 N/mm or less, more preferably 0.010 N/mm or more and 0.100 N/mm or less, and still more preferably 0.015 N/mm or more and 0.000 N/mm or less.
- the number and proportion of voids within the dot plane can be controlled as described above.
- the contact angle of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer with the base material or inorganic filler-containing layer or the contact angle of the separator with the electrolytic solution is determined as above. From the viewpoint of adjusting the numerical value within the explained numerical range, it is preferable that the drying rate be within the range of 0.03 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or more and 4.0 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or less, and 0.03 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or more and 4.0 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or less.
- the range is 0.05 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or more and 3.5 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or less, and 0.08 g/(m 2 ⁇ s) or more and 3.0 g/(m 2 ⁇ s). ) It is more preferable to keep it within the following range.
- a moderate drying rate suppresses leveling, brings about an uneven structure of the thermoplastic polymer particles on the dot surface, and tends to improve the wettability of the electrolytic solution to the dot surface.
- the laminate according to this embodiment is a stack of separators and electrodes.
- the separator of this embodiment can be used as a laminate by adhering to an electrode.
- the laminate according to the present embodiment has excellent handling properties during winding and rate characteristics of a power storage device, and is also excellent in adhesion between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the polyolefin microporous membrane and ion permeability. Therefore, the application of the laminate is not particularly limited, but can be suitably used, for example, in batteries such as non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, capacitors, electricity storage devices such as capacitors, and the like.
- the method for manufacturing a laminate using the separator of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but for example, it can be manufactured by stacking the separator of this embodiment and an electrode, and heating and/or pressing as necessary. . Heating and/or pressing can be performed when stacking the electrode and separator. Moreover, it can also be manufactured by heating and/or pressing a wound body obtained by stacking an electrode and a separator and then winding them in a circular or flat spiral shape.
- the laminate can also be produced by laminating a positive electrode-separator-negative electrode-separator or negative electrode-separator-positive electrode-separator in the order of a flat plate, and heating and/or pressing as necessary.
- the side of the separator having the above-described inorganic filler-containing layer and the positive electrode are arranged so as to face each other with respect to the base material of the separator. It is preferable that
- the separator of this embodiment is prepared as a vertically elongated separator with a width of 10 to 500 mm (preferably 80 to 500 mm) and a length of 200 to 4000 m (preferably 1000 to 4000 m), and the separator is used as a positive electrode.
- -Separator-negative electrode-separator or negative electrode-separator-positive electrode-separator can be stacked in this order and heated and/or pressed as necessary.
- the heating temperature is preferably 40 to 120°C.
- the heating time is preferably 5 seconds to 30 minutes.
- the pressure during pressing is preferably 1 to 30 MPa.
- the pressing time is preferably 5 seconds to 30 minutes. Further, the order of heating and pressing may be such that heating is performed first, then pressing is performed, pressing is performed first and then heating is performed, or pressing and heating are performed simultaneously. Among these, it is preferable to perform pressing and heating at the same time.
- the separator according to this embodiment can be used for separators in batteries, capacitors, capacitors, etc., and for separating substances.
- a separator for an electricity storage device it is possible to provide adhesion to electrodes and excellent battery performance.
- the electricity storage device is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the electricity storage device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator for an electricity storage device according to this embodiment, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the separator of this embodiment there are no limitations on the positive electrode, negative electrode, and non-aqueous electrolyte, and known ones can be used.
- the positive electrode material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include lithium-containing composite oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , spinel-type LiMnO 4 , and olivine-type LiFePO 4 .
- the negative electrode material is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, carbon materials such as graphite, non-graphitizable carbonaceous material, easily graphitizable carbonaceous material, and composite carbon materials; silicon, tin, metallic lithium, various alloy materials, and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited, but an electrolyte in which an electrolyte is dissolved in an organic solvent can be used.
- the organic solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- the electrolyte include lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , and LiPF 6 .
- the method for manufacturing an electricity storage device using the separator of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but when the electricity storage device is a secondary battery, for example, the separator of this embodiment is made in a width of 10 to 500 mm (preferably 80 to 500 mm), A vertically elongated separator with a length of 200 to 4000 m (preferably 1000 to 4000 m) is prepared, and the separators are stacked in the order of positive electrode - separator - negative electrode - separator, or negative electrode - separator - positive electrode - separator, and then formed into a circular or flat shape. It can be manufactured by spirally winding to obtain a wound body, storing the wound body in a battery can, and further injecting an electrolytic solution.
- the above-mentioned laminate may be formed by heating and/or pressing the wound body.
- the above-mentioned laminate may be wound in a circular or flat spiral shape as a wound body.
- the power storage device may be a positive electrode-separator-negative electrode-separator, or a negative electrode-separator-positive electrode-separator stacked in the order of a flat plate, or the above-mentioned laminate is laminated with a bag-shaped film, and an electrolytic solution is injected. It can also be manufactured through a step and, if necessary, a step of heating and/or pressing. The heating and/or pressing step described above can be performed before and/or after the step of injecting the electrolyte.
- the separator has the above-described structure with respect to the base material from the viewpoint of efficiently exhibiting the effects of the present embodiment. It is preferable that the side having the inorganic filler-containing layer be arranged so as to face the positive electrode.
- the separator according to the present embodiment has an adhesive strength D1 of 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or more, which is measured after stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the positive electrode and pressing at 1 MPa, 100° C., and 30 seconds. m or less, and
- the adhesive strength D2 measured after stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer with the negative electrode and pressing at 1 MPa, 100°C, and 30 seconds is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, improving the cycle characteristics of the battery. This has the effect of suppressing battery resistance, improving the handling of the cell manufacturing process and the ability to pour electrolyte into the cell, and reducing the cell thickness after pressing to achieve high capacity.
- D1 is designed to improve battery cycle characteristics, suppress battery resistance, improve handling of the cell fabrication process and injection of electrolyte into the cell, and reduce cell thickness through pressing to achieve higher capacity. , preferably 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, more preferably 0.5 N/m or more and 10 N/m or less, particularly preferably 1 N/m or more and 3 N/m or less.
- D2 is aimed at improving battery cycle characteristics, suppressing battery resistance, improving handling of the cell manufacturing process and injection of electrolyte into the cell, and achieving higher capacity by reducing cell thickness through pressing.
- the ratio of D1 and D2 should be 0.1 or more. It is preferably 15 or less, more preferably 0.5 or more and 10 or less, and even more preferably 1.5 or more and 7 or less.
- the adhesive strength D1 and D2 of the separator can be measured by the following method.
- a separator for a power storage device is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- positive electrode for example, (manufactured by Enertech, positive electrode material: LiCoO 2 , conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 36 mg/cm 2 on both sides, thickness of Al current collector: 15 ⁇ m), as a negative electrode, for example (Manufactured by Enertech, negative electrode material: graphite, conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 20 mg/cm 2 on both sides, Cu current collector thickness: 10 ⁇ m, negative electrode thickness after pressing: 140 ⁇ m) can be used. .
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or the negative electrode are stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate.
- the laminate is pressed under the following conditions. Press pressure: 1MPa Temperature: 100°C Pressing time: 30 seconds After pressing, the laminate was peeled off at a peeling rate of 50 mm/min by gripping and pulling the separator with the electrode fixed using force gauges ZP5N and MX2-500N (product name) manufactured by Imada Co., Ltd. A 90° peel test is performed at 10 minutes to measure the peel strength.
- the peel strength with the positive electrode is D1
- the peel strength with the negative electrode is D2.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is D1
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is D1.
- the strength be D2.
- separators that have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that serves as an adhesive layer on only one side of the polyolefin base material the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode is D1, and D2 is the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode.
- D1 or D2 The peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is stacked on the positive electrode in the presence of an electrolytic solution, left for 12 hours, and then pressed at 0.5 MPa, 45° C., for 30 minutes, and then the adhesion obtained is measured.
- the strength W1 is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less
- the adhesive strength W2 when pressed at 0.5 MPa, 45° C., 30 minutes is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less. Therefore, cell distortion is suppressed and excellent cycle characteristics are achieved.
- W1 is preferably 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, more preferably 0.3 N/m or more and 10 N/m or less, and particularly preferably It is 0.5 N/m or more and 3 N/m or less.
- W2 is preferably 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, more preferably 0.15 N/m or more and 10 N/m or less, and particularly preferably It is 0.2 N/m or more and 2 N/m or less.
- the ratio of W1 and W2 is preferably 0.1 or more and 15 or less, more preferably 0.5 or more and 10 or less, even more preferably 1.5 or more and 7 or less, and particularly preferably 2 or more and 4.5.
- the adhesive strengths W1 and W2 of the separators can be measured by the following method.
- a separator for a power storage device is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- positive electrode for example, (manufactured by Enertech, positive electrode material: LiCoO 2 , conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 36 mg/cm 2 on both sides, thickness of Al current collector: 15 ⁇ m), as a negative electrode, for example (Manufactured by Enertech, negative electrode material: graphite, conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 20 mg/cm 2 on both sides, Cu current collector thickness: 10 ⁇ m, negative electrode thickness after pressing: 140 ⁇ m) can be used. .
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or the negative electrode are stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is W1
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is W1.
- the strength be W2.
- separators that have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that serves as an adhesive layer on only one side of the polyolefin base material the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- W1 be the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode
- W2 be the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode.
- the separator according to the present embodiment has an adhesive strength W3 obtained by stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the positive electrode in the presence of an electrolytic solution, leaving it for 12 hours, and then pressing at 1 MPa, 90° C., and 1 min. is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, and Because the adhesive strength W4 when pressed at 1 MPa, 90° C., 1 min after stacking the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer with the negative electrode in the presence of an electrolytic solution for 12 hours is 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, Cell distortion is suppressed and excellent cycle characteristics are achieved.
- W3 is preferably 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, more preferably 0.3 N/m or more and 10 N/m or less, and particularly preferably It is 0.5 N/m or more and 4 N/m or less.
- W4 is preferably 0.1 N/m or more and 20 N/m or less, more preferably 0.5 N/m or more and 10 N/m or less, and particularly preferably It is 1 N/m or more and 3 N/m or less.
- W3 and W4 is preferably 0.1 or more and 15 or less, more preferably 0.2 or more and 10 or less, further preferably 0.3 or more and 5 or less, particularly preferably 2 or more and 4.5 or less.
- the adhesive strengths W3 and W4 of the separators can be measured by the following method.
- a separator for a power storage device is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend is cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- positive electrode for example, (manufactured by Enertech, positive electrode material: LiCoO 2 , conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 36 mg/cm 2 on both sides, thickness of Al current collector: 15 ⁇ m), as a negative electrode, for example (Manufactured by Enertech, negative electrode material: graphite, conductive aid: acetylene black, L/W: 20 mg/cm 2 on both sides, Cu current collector thickness: 10 ⁇ m, negative electrode thickness after pressing: 140 ⁇ m) can be used. .
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or the negative electrode are stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is W3
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is W3.
- the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the negative electrode side is W3, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the negative electrode side is W4.
- the values are the same on both sides of the separator to be measured, that value is taken as the measured value, and if they are different, the larger value is taken as the measured value, and is taken as W3 or W4.
- the power storage device has an adhesive force of 0.1 when the adhesive force between the power storage device separator according to the present embodiment and the positive electrode is Ad1, and the adhesive force between the power storage device separator according to the present embodiment and the negative electrode is Ad2. It is preferable that ⁇ Ad1/Ad2 ⁇ 15, and Ad1/Ad2 is more preferably 0.5 or more and 10 or less, and even more preferably 1.5 or more and 7 or less. When Ad1/Ad2 is within the above numerical range, the adhesion balance between the positive and negative electrodes within the battery is good, and the effect of preventing cell distortion for improving cycle characteristics can be realized.
- the adhesive strengths Ad1 and Ad2 of the separators can be measured by the following method. Take out the separator and electrode laminate from the electricity storage device (either before or after the rate characteristic evaluation or cycle characteristic evaluation test), and shape the laminated parts of the positive electrode and separator and the negative electrode and separator into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the electrodes were fixed using force gauges ZP5N and MX2-500N (product name) manufactured by Imada Co., Ltd., and the laminated body was peeled off at a peeling rate of 50 mm/min for 90 minutes by gripping and pulling the separator. °Perform a peel test and measure the peel strength.
- Ad1 The peel strength with the positive electrode
- Ad2 Ad2 (N/m).
- Adhesive strengths Ad1 and Ad2 may be the ratio of the adhesive strength of the separator and electrode laminate itself taken out from inside the battery, and after isolating, washing, and drying the separator taken out from the electricity storage device, W1 and W2 are The results measured by a similar method may satisfy the above range.
- the electricity storage device of this embodiment can be manufactured by a method similar to the method of manufacturing batteries used in rate characteristic tests, cycle characteristic tests, etc. described in Examples described later.
- the measured values of the various parameters described above are values measured according to the measurement methods in Examples described later.
- ⁇ Volume average particle diameter D 50 of thermoplastic polymer particles and inorganic filler particles> The particle size distribution and median diameter of the inorganic filler particles or thermoplastic polymer particles are determined using a laser particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.), including the inorganic filler particle dispersion or thermoplastic polymer particles.
- the particle size distribution of the slurry coating liquid was measured. If necessary, the particle size distribution of the inorganic filler particle dispersion liquid or slurry coating liquid was adjusted using the particle size distribution of water or the binder polymer as a baseline.
- the particle size at which the cumulative frequency was 50% was defined as D50
- the D50 of the inorganic filler particles was defined as DF
- the D50 of the thermoplastic polymer particles was defined as DP .
- ⁇ Basic weight of microporous polyolefin membrane and fabric weight per side of thermoplastic polymer-containing layer A 10 cm x 10 cm square sample was cut from the polyolefin porous base material or the polyolefin porous base material and the inorganic filler-containing layer, and the weight was measured using an electronic balance AEL-200 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. By multiplying the obtained weight by 100, the basis weight (g/m 2 ) of the membrane per 1 m 2 was calculated.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was formed on a polyolefin porous base material and an inorganic filler-containing layer, and the weight was measured using an electronic balance AEL-200. did.
- basis weight (g/m 2 ) of the separator per 1 m 2 was calculated.
- the basis weight per side of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was calculated from the difference in basis weight between the polyolefin porous substrate or the polyolefin porous substrate and inorganic filler-containing layer and the separator.
- the basis weight per side of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is determined by peeling off the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer from the surface of a 10 cm x 10 cm square sample and using a thermogravimetric differential thermal analyzer (NEXTA STA 200RV, manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd.). It may be calculated from the weight reduction rate.
- NEXTA STA 200RV thermogravimetric differential thermal analyzer
- Air permeability of polyolefin microporous membrane and separator (sec/100cm 3 )> Based on JIS P-8117, the air permeability of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the separator was measured using a Gurley air permeability meter G-B2 (trademark) manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd. as the air permeability.
- Total thickness of polyolefin microporous membrane and separator The total thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the separator was measured at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) using a micro thickness meter “KBM (trademark)” manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.
- ⁇ Thickness of inorganic filler-containing layer> The cross section of the separator sample was processed using BIB (broad ion beam). The cross-sectional processing was performed using IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation under processing conditions such as argon beam type, accelerating voltage of 3 kV, and beam current of 25 to 35 ⁇ A. During processing, in order to suppress thermal damage, the samples were allowed to cool until just before processing, if necessary. Specifically, the sample was left in a cooling device at ⁇ 40° C. all day and night. This resulted in a smooth separator cross section. The thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer was measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model: S-4800, manufactured by HITACHI).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a sample was deposited with osmium, observed under conditions of an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV and a magnification of 5000 times, and the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer was measured at 5 observation points, and the arithmetic average value was calculated. This is the thickness of the filler-containing layer.
- Heat shrinkage rate (%) ⁇ (100 - length of sample after heating)/100 ⁇ x 100
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer After putting it in a bottle and soaking it for 72 hours, the sample was taken out, and immediately after wiping it with towel paper, its mass was measured, and the mass was determined as the weight after soaking (WB).
- ⁇ Dot diameter> The dot diameter of the coating pattern was measured using a microscope (model: VHX-7000, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). A sample separator was photographed at 100 times magnification (coaxial epi-illumination), the diameters of multiple (5 points) dots were measured in measurement mode, and the average value thereof was calculated as the dot diameter.
- ⁇ Number of voids (exposed parts) inside the plane of the dot> The number of exposed areas of the inorganic filler-containing layer or base material surface contained within the plane of each dot of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model: S-4800, manufactured by HITACHI). It was measured using After osmium was deposited on the sample separator, it was observed under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV and a magnification of 50 times. This observation was performed multiple times, and 100 dots were randomly selected from among the dots that showed the entire image, and the number of voids (exposed parts) included in each dot was counted.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- ⁇ Percentage of dots with gaps at multiple locations> The voids within the plane of the 100 randomly selected dots were counted, and the number of dots having voids at multiple locations (2 to 5 locations) or more was counted. The ratio of the number of dots having more than one void to 100 randomly selected dots was determined.
- thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 50 % is D50
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 16% is D 16
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 84% is D 84 .
- D 50 , D 16 and D 84 of the thermoplastic polymer were determined by the following methods.
- the particle size distribution of the thermoplastic polymer can be measured using a laser particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- the particle size distribution of the thermoplastic polymer can be adjusted using the water or binder polymer particle size distribution as a baseline.
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 50% is D50
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 16% is D16
- the particle size of the thermoplastic polymer at which the cumulative frequency is 84% is D84. And so.
- ⁇ Pore diameter ratio T and pore area of inorganic filler-containing layer The area of the pores and the ratio T of pores having an area in the range of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 to 0.05 ⁇ m 2 are determined by the following method.
- the ratio T of the number of holes having a size of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more to 0.05 ⁇ m 2 to the total number of holes is calculated by the following method using image processing software “Fiji” (Fuji Is Just ImageJ). In the calculation, reference will be made to FIGS. 3 to 7 to show specific examples of the binarization processing method.
- a desired region inorganic filler-containing layer
- the desired region in the height direction of the figure (vertical direction of the figure), if the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, as shown in FIG. A region up to 0.2 ⁇ m thick from the interface with the inorganic filler-containing layer side and a region up to 0.2 ⁇ m thick from the outermost surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer are excluded, and the remainder is selected. If the outermost surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer is not shown in the diagram, the region up to 0.2 ⁇ m from the top of the diagram is excluded.
- the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer is less than 1.0 ⁇ m, 10% of the thickness from the interface and the outermost surface are excluded, and the remaining 80% is selected as the remainder. Then, in the horizontal direction of the figure, the entire image is selected.
- the contrast of the cross-sectional SEM image is flattened. Specifically, open “Process” ⁇ “Enhance Contrast”, enter 0.3% in “Saturated pixels”, check (check) "Equalize histogram”, and click "OK”. By performing this processing, the contrast of the image is emphasized, bright areas (edges of inorganic filler particles) are converted to brighter areas, and dark areas (holes) are converted to darker areas.
- threshold values are set using FIG. Specifically, select “Analysis” ⁇ “Histgram” and create a graph showing the number (vertical axis) for each luminance (horizontal axis) from 0 to 255 gradations and "List” as shown in the figure. use At this time, as shown in FIG. 6, the number E of the peaks of the largest mountain in the center of the histogram is read from "List". In the direction from the top of the mountain to the brightness 0 side (the left side of the mountain), the brightness F corresponding to the minimum value that is 20% or less of E and the closest to the mountain is read from the list, and the brightness F is used as the threshold value.
- FIG. 7 is obtained in which the hole in the image of FIG. 5 is filled in black.
- the number of holes having a size of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more and 0.05 ⁇ m 2 or less is calculated, and the ratio of the number of holes having a size of 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more and 0.05 ⁇ m 2 or less to the total number of holes X is calculated.
- calculate the number of holes in two 10 ⁇ m fields of view from the three images taken and the ratio of the number of holes that is 0.001 ⁇ m or more and 0.05 ⁇ m or less to the total number of holes X, and calculate their average value. is the number of holes S, and the ratio T of the number of holes that is 0.001 ⁇ m 2 or more and 0.05 ⁇ m 2 or less with respect to the total number of holes X.
- the coverage area ratio of the coating pattern of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer to the surface of the base material or the inorganic filler-containing layer was measured using a microscope (model: VHX-7000, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). After photographing the sample separator at 30 times magnification (coaxial epi-illumination), automatic area measurement was selected as the measurement mode, and the coverage area ratio of the thermoplastic polymer was measured. The coverage area ratio in each sample was determined by performing the above measurement three times and using the arithmetic average value.
- the cross section of the separator sample was processed using BIB (broad ion beam).
- the cross-sectional processing was performed using IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation under processing conditions such as argon beam type, accelerating voltage of 3 kV, and beam current of 25 to 35 ⁇ A.
- IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation under processing conditions such as argon beam type, accelerating voltage of 3 kV, and beam current of 25 to 35 ⁇ A.
- the multilayer porous membrane coated with dots of a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was cooled until just before processing, if necessary. Specifically, the multilayer porous membrane was left in a cooling device at ⁇ 40° C. all day and night. This resulted in a smooth separator cross section.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer The height of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model: S-4800, manufactured by HITACHI). Osmium was deposited on the sample, and it was observed at an accelerating voltage of 1.0 kV and a magnification of 5,000 times. The maximum thickness of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was measured at 5 observation points, and the average value was calculated as the average height. . In addition, in the case of a dot-like pattern, the dot average height is calculated by the same method as above, with the distance from the base material surface to the dot apex taken as the maximum dot thickness along the thickness direction of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer. .
- the cross section of the separator sample was processed using BIB (broad ion beam).
- the cross-sectional processing was performed using IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation under processing conditions such as argon beam type, accelerating voltage of 3 kV, and beam current of 25 to 35 ⁇ A.
- the samples were allowed to cool until just before processing, if necessary. Specifically, the sample was left in a cooling device at ⁇ 40° C. all day and night. This resulted in a smooth separator cross section.
- the height of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model: S-4800, manufactured by HITACHI). Osmium was deposited on the sample, and it was observed at an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV and a magnification of 5000 times. The thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer were measured at 5 observation points, and the arithmetic average value was calculated for each. was calculated. The thickness of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer is determined from the total thickness of the separator obtained by measuring at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2 ° C.) using a micro thickness meter "KBM (trademark)" manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd. It was calculated by subtracting the thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane calculated by the method described above and the thickness of the inorganic filler-containing layer.
- KBM micro thickness meter
- CA-V contact angle meter
- ⁇ Preparation of positive and negative electrodes for rate characteristic and cycle characteristic tests> 90.4% by mass of nickel, manganese, and cobalt composite oxide (NMC) (Ni:Mn:Co 1:1:1 (element ratio), density 4.70 g/cm 3 ) as a positive electrode active material, and a conductive additive.
- NMC nickel, manganese, and cobalt composite oxide
- KS6 graphite powder
- AB acetylene black powder
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the positive electrode was formed by compression molding using a roll press machine. Created.
- the amount of positive electrode active material applied at this time was 109 g/m 2 .
- Graphite powder A (density 2.23 g/cm 3 , number average particle diameter 12.7 ⁇ m) was used as the negative electrode active material at 87.6% by mass, and graphite powder B (density 2.27 g/cm 3 , number average particle diameter 6.5% by mass) was used as the negative electrode active material.
- the separator or base material was cut into a 24 mm diameter circle, and the positive electrode and negative electrode for measuring rate characteristics and cycle characteristics were each cut into a 16 mm diameter circle.
- the negative electrode, the separator or base material, and the positive electrode were stacked in this order so that the active material surfaces of the positive electrode and negative electrode faced each other, and the mixture was housed in a stainless steel container with a lid.
- the container and the lid were insulated, and the container was in contact with the copper foil serving as the negative electrode, and the lid was in contact with the aluminum foil serving as the positive electrode.
- a simple battery power storage device was assembled by injecting 0.4 mL of a non-aqueous electrolyte for measuring rate characteristics and cycle characteristics into this container and sealing the container.
- ⁇ Adhesion to electrode 1 (adhesion strength D1 and D2)>
- the separators for power storage devices obtained in each Example and Comparative Example were cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend was cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or the negative electrode were stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate, and then the laminate was pressed under the following conditions. .
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is D1
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is D1.
- the strength was set to D2.
- separators that have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that serves as an adhesive layer on only one side of the polyolefin base material the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as D1
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as D2.
- ⁇ Adhesion to electrode 2 (adhesion strength W1 and W2)>
- the separators for power storage devices obtained in each Example and Comparative Example were cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend was cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or negative electrode are stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate, and then a rectangular aluminum having a width of 60 mm and a length of 120 mm is formed.
- the aluminum pouch containing the laminate was pressed under the following conditions.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is W1
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is W1.
- the strength was set to W2.
- separators that have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that serves as an adhesive layer on only one side of the polyolefin base material the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as W1 and W2, respectively.
- W1 and W2 The peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as W1 and W2, respectively.
- ⁇ Adhesion to electrode 3 (adhesion strength W3 and W4)>
- the separators for power storage devices obtained in each Example and Comparative Example were cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 20 mm and a length of 70 mm.
- Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode as an adherend was cut into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer of the separator and the positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material of the positive electrode or negative electrode are stacked so as to face each other to obtain a laminate, and then a rectangular aluminum having a width of 60 mm and a length of 120 mm is formed.
- the aluminum pouch containing the laminate was pressed under the following conditions.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the inorganic filler-containing layer side and the positive electrode is W3
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer on the polyolefin base side and the negative electrode is W3.
- the strength was set to W4.
- separators that have a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer that serves as an adhesive layer on only one side of the polyolefin base material the peel strength of the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and both the positive and negative electrodes is measured, and the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer layer and the positive electrode is measured.
- the peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as W3 and W4, respectively.
- W3 or W4 The peel strength between the thermoplastic polymer-containing layer and the negative electrode was defined as W3 and W4, respectively.
- ⁇ Adhesion strength between separator and electrode in electricity storage device> Take out the separator and electrode laminate from the electricity storage device (either before or after the rate characteristic evaluation or cycle characteristic evaluation test), and shape the laminated parts of the positive electrode and separator and the negative electrode and separator into a rectangular shape with a width of 15 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the electrodes were fixed using force gauges ZP5N and MX2-500N (product name) manufactured by Imada Co., Ltd., and the laminated body was peeled off at a peeling rate of 50 mm/min for 90 minutes by gripping and pulling the separator. ° A peel test was conducted to measure the peel strength.
- Ad1 and Ad2 may be the ratio of the adhesive strength of the separator and electrode laminate itself taken out from inside the battery, and after isolating, washing, and drying the separator taken out from the electricity storage device, W1 and W2 are The results measured by a similar method may satisfy the above range.
- the discharge capacity when the battery was discharged to a battery voltage of 3.0 V at a current value of 6 mA was defined as 1C discharge capacity (mAh).
- the discharge capacity when the battery was discharged to a battery voltage of 3.0 V at a current value of 12 mA (approximately 2.0 C) was defined as 2C discharge capacity (mAh).
- the ratio of the 2C discharge capacity to the 1C discharge capacity was calculated, and this value was taken as the rate characteristic.
- Rate characteristics (%) (2C discharge capacity/1C discharge capacity) x 100 Evaluation criteria A (good): Rate characteristics are over 85% B (fair): Rate characteristics are over 80% and 85% or less C (poor): Rate characteristics are 80% or less
- High rate characteristics (%) (5C discharge capacity/initial battery capacity) x 100 Evaluation criteria A (good): High rate characteristics are more than 50% B (fair): High rate characteristics are more than 30% and less than 50% C (poor): High rate characteristics are less than 30%
- thermoplastic polymer ⁇ Preparation of thermoplastic polymer A1> Into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a reflux condenser, a dropping tank, and a thermometer, 70.4 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water, 0.5 parts by mass of "Aqualon KH1025", and "Adecaria Soap SR1025" were initially charged. 0.5 parts by mass was added, and the internal temperature of the reaction vessel was raised to 95°C. Thereafter, while maintaining the internal temperature of the container at 95° C., 7.5 parts by mass of ammonium persulfate (2% aqueous solution) (denoted as “APS (aq)” in the table, the same applies hereinafter) was added.
- APS (aq) ammonium persulfate
- an emulsion was prepared.
- the obtained emulsion was dropped into the reaction vessel from the dropping tank. Dripping started 5 minutes after adding the aqueous ammonium persulfate solution to the reaction vessel, and the entire amount of the emulsion was added dropwise over 150 minutes.
- the internal temperature of the container was maintained at 80°C.
- the stirring bar placed in the reaction vessel was constantly stirred using a magnetic stirrer.
- thermoplastic polymer A1 The glass transition temperature (Tg) and volume average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the thermoplastic polymer contained in the obtained thermoplastic polymer A1 were evaluated by the above method. The results obtained are shown in the table below.
- thermoplastic polymers A2 to A7 were obtained in the same manner as thermoplastic polymer A1, except that the composition of the emulsion was changed as shown in the table below, and their physical properties were evaluated. The results obtained are shown in the table below.
- Example 1> Manufacture of polyolefin microporous membrane B1 Mv is 700,000, 47 parts by mass of homopolymer high density polyethylene, Mv is 300,000, 46 parts by mass of homopolymer high density polyethylene, and 7 parts by mass of homopolymer polypropylene, Mv is 700,000. and dry blended using a tumbler blender. 1 part by mass of tetrakis-[methylene-(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane as an antioxidant was added to 99 parts by mass of the obtained polyolefin mixture, and the mixture was again blended in a tumbler blender. A mixture was obtained by dry blending.
- liquid paraffin (kinematic viscosity 7.59 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 m 2 /s at 37.78° C.) was injected into the extruder cylinder using a plunger pump.
- the operating conditions of the feeder and pump were adjusted so that the proportion of liquid paraffin in the entire extruded mixture was 68 parts by mass, that is, the polymer concentration was 32 parts by mass.
- a sheet-like molded product was obtained by molding (casting) the product in contact with a cooling roll and cooling and solidifying it.
- This sheet was stretched using a simultaneous biaxial stretching machine at a ratio and temperature that satisfied the physical properties of B1 listed in Table 1, then immersed in methylene chloride, extracted and removed liquid paraffin, dried, and then transferred to a tenter stretching machine.
- the film was stretched under conditions of temperature and magnification that satisfied the physical properties of B1 listed in Table 1. Thereafter, this stretched sheet was relaxed by about 10% in the width direction and heat treated to obtain a microporous polyolefin membrane B1.
- microporous polyolefin membrane B1 the physical properties (fabric weight per side of the membrane, porosity, air permeability, thickness, etc.) were measured by the above method as necessary.
- Polyolefin microporous membranes B2 to B11 were obtained in the same manner as B1, except that the manufacturing conditions were changed as appropriate so as to satisfy the physical properties shown in Table 1 (membrane basis weight, porosity, air permeability, thickness, etc.) .
- Table 1 membrane basis weight, porosity, air permeability, thickness, etc.
- the obtained microporous polyolefin membranes B2 to B11 were evaluated by the above method. The results obtained are also shown in Table 1.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on polyolefin microporous membrane Inorganic filler-containing layers (first layer and second layer in the table) were formed on both sides of the microporous polyolefin membrane B1 under the conditions of the dot-like pattern, coverage area ratio, and basis weight per side shown in the table. Thereafter, dots of thermoplastic polymers A1 and A2 mixed as a coating liquid in the ratio shown in the table are applied on both surfaces of the inorganic filler-containing layer by gravure printing, and the tension shown in the table is applied in the MD direction. The water in the coating solution was removed by drying at 40° C.
- thermoplastic polymer-containing layer was formed on one or both sides of the polyolefin microporous membrane in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conditions such as the thermoplastic polymer type, dot-like pattern, coverage area ratio, and basis weight were changed.
- a separator for a power storage device having an inorganic filler-containing layer was obtained. The obtained separator was evaluated by the above method. The results obtained are also shown in the table. The distance between dots of the obtained separator was 100 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and the average height of the dots was 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m.
- Examples 32 and 33 are separators having an inorganic filler-containing layer on one side (hereinafter referred to as one side) of a microporous polyolefin membrane.
- a microporous polyolefin membrane had an inorganic filler layer on one side, a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the surface of the inorganic filler-containing layer, and a microporous polyolefin membrane on the other side.
- This embodiment has a surface of .
- Example 33 has an inorganic filler layer on one side of the microporous polyolefin membrane, and a thermoplastic polymer-containing layer on the other side of the microporous polyolefin membrane.
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Abstract
Description
なお、セパレータのDry及びWetでの電極接着性とは、それぞれ電解液の非存在下及び存在下でのセパレータと電極の接着性のことを指す。
すなわち、本発明は、以下のとおりである。
[項1]
多孔質基材と
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有し、
前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット状のパターン構造をとり、
1つのドットの平面内部に2箇所以上の空隙を有するドットが、全ドットの50%以上である、蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項2]
多孔質基材と
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
前記無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項3]
多孔質基材と
前記多孔質基材の両面の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
前記無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項4]
前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層に含まれる熱可塑性ポリマーの平均粒子径D50をDP、前記無機フィラー含有層に含まれる無機フィラーの平均粒子径D50をDFとした時、0.6≦DP/DF≦2である、
項1~3の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項5]
前記熱可塑性ポリマーが無機フィラー含有層内部に浸透していない、
項1~4の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項6]
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて1MPa、100℃、30secでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度D1が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて1MPa、100℃、30secでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度D2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
項1~5の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項7]
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて12hr放置した後、0.5MPa、45℃、30minでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度W1が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、0.5MPa、45℃、30minでプレスした時の接着強度W2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
項1~6の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項8]
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて12hr放置した後、1MPa、90℃、1minでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度W3が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、1MPa、90℃、1minでプレスした時の接着強度W4が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
項1~7の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項9]
前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を構成する熱可塑性ポリマーが少なくとも二つのガラス転移温度を有し、
前記ガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは20℃以下の領域に存在し、かつ、
前記ガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは30℃以上の領域に存在する、
項1~8の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項10]
前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体の単量体単位を含む共重合体を含む、
項1~9の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項11]
前記多孔質基材を基準として対称な層構成を形成する、
項1~10の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[項12]
多孔質基材を準備する工程と、
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布して、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を形成する工程とを有し、
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面に対する前記スラリーの接触角が20°以上80°以下であり、
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布した後、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下の張力をかけながらスラリーを乾燥する工程とを有する、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法。
[項13]
正極と、負極と、項1~11の何れか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、非水電解液とを含む蓄電デバイス。
[項14]
蓄電デバイス用セパレータと正極の接着力をAd1、蓄電デバイス用セパレータと負極の接着力をAd2としたときに、0.1≦Ad1/Ad2≦15である、
項13に記載の蓄電デバイス。
また、本発明によれば、ハンドリング性に優れたセパレータを提供することができる。
さらに、本発明のセパレータを含む電池は、サイクル特性及びレート特性に優れる。
また、本実施形態で記載する特性値は、特記がない限り、[実施例]の項において記載する方法又はこれと同等であることが当業者に理解される方法で測定される値であることを意図する。
本実施形態に係る蓄電デバイス用セパレータ(以下、単に「セパレータ」ともいう。)は、多孔質基材(以下、単に「基材」ともいう。)と
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有し、
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット状のパターン構造をとり、
1つのドットの平面内部に2箇所以上の空隙を有するドットが、全ドットの50%以上である、蓄電デバイス用セパレータである。
本実施形態に係る熱可塑性ポリマー含有層は、ドット状のパターン構造をとる。
なお、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層は、熱可塑性ポリマーを含む部分が独立してよい。
また、セパレータによる接着性と注液性の両立は、セパレータを備える蓄電デバイスの生産性の向上にも寄与する。
なお、1つのドットの平面内部に2箇所以上の空隙を有するとは、基材上に、熱可塑性ポリマーを含む部分と熱可塑性ポリマーを含まない部分とが存在し、熱可塑性ポリマーを含む部分が島状に存在する内部に、熱可塑性ポリマーを含まない部分が2箇所以上存在することをいう。
また、一態様において、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層平面に対するレーザー顕微鏡により測定される高さプロファイルにおいて、前記空隙部の高さと、ドットの平面外部に存在する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が存在しない部分(熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)の高さとの差が、100nm以下となることが好ましい。
なお、ドットの平面内部に存在する空隙部の高さ及びドットの平面外部に存在する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が存在しない部分(熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)の高さの差は、以下の方法で算出する。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層平面を共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(オリンパス製OLS5000 SA F)で上面観察したときに、ドットの平面内部に存在する空隙部とドットの平面外部に存在する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が存在しない部分(熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)とを含むように領域を選択して、空隙部及び熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面それぞれの高さプロファイル計測を行い、算出する。
1つのドットの全体が1視野に入るようにして、マイクロスコープ(型式:VHX-7000、キーエンス社製)で1つのドットを撮影する。計測モードの最大面積測定を選択して、1つのドットの平面内部に存在する空隙部について、それぞれの面積を測定する。この測定をランダムに選んだドット5つに対して行い、測定された全ての空隙部の面積の平均値をとって空隙部を近似的に円とみなして、下式に当てはめることで空隙部の直径を算出する。
空隙部の長さ(μm)=(空隙部の面積の平均値/円周率)0.5×2・・・式
また、本実施形態に係る空隙部の直径は、1μm以上100μm以下であることが好ましい。
各ドットの平面内部に2箇所以上の空隙があることで、電極との接着性とイオン透過性のバランスに優れたセパレータとなる。
各ドット内部においては熱可塑性ポリマー粒子同士が連続していることが好ましい。
なお、本開示での<連続>は、粒子同士が隣接して一体化している箇所があることをいう。
熱可塑性ポリマー粒子同士を連続させることで、バインダー粒子間の結着性が向上して、電極と接着させた時のアンカー効果が高まるため、接着性向上の観点で好ましい。また、電極がセパレータから剥離しようとする力がかかっても、熱可塑性ポリマー粒子同士が連続していれば、剥離時に基材にかかる力が面方向に分散するため剥がれにくくなり、接着性向上の観点で好ましい。
多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータである。
多孔質基材の両面の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータである。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、一態様において、多孔質基材と熱可塑性ポリマー含有層との間に、無機フィラー含有層を有してよい。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、無機フィラー含有層及び熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が少なくとも一方の基材表面上に存在するのが好ましく、無機フィラー含有層が多孔質基材の両面の表面上にあると、セパレータが高温環境(例えば、60℃程度)に長期間(例えば、6週間程度)置かれた際にもセル発熱を防いで電池性能の低下を抑制できるため、より好ましい。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が基材の両面の表面上にあると、セルの歪みを抑制して、サイクル性能が向上するため、より好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータである。
ここで、「対称な層構成」とは、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が多孔質基材の両面の表面上にあるか、又は、無機フィラー含有層及び熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が多孔質基材の両面の表面上にあり、かつ、無機フィラー含有層及び熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を構成する構造・組成又は配置が、基材の両面それぞれで同一の場合を指す。熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の配置は、ドット状のパターン構造を含む。
セパレータが対称な層構成を形成する場合、基材を基準とした両面での接着バランスが良いため、好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータである。
本実施形態に係るセパレータにおいて、熱可塑性ポリマーが無機フィラー含有層内部に浸透していない場合、電池抵抗の観点で好ましい。
ここで、「熱可塑性ポリマーが無機フィラー含有層内部に浸透していない」とは、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径が無機フィラーの孔径よりも大きく、熱可塑性ポリマーが無機フィラー含有層に浸入できず、無機フィラー含有層の表面にのみ熱可塑性ポリマーが存在することをいう。
図2は、多孔質基材10を底面として、その上に無機フィラー含有層11、無機フィラー含有層11の上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層12が配置されているセパレータ断面の層構成を示した図である。無機フィラー含有層11及び熱可塑性ポリマー含有層12は、それぞれ無機フィラー11a及び熱可塑性ポリマー12aが積層することにより形成される。
図2a及び図2bは、それぞれ、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が1層の構成、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が2層の構成を示している。もちろん、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層は、1層又は多層であってもよい。
無機フィラー含有層の表面にのみ熱可塑性ポリマーが存在する状態とは、図2に示すとおり、無機フィラー含有層の表面を基準として、熱可塑性ポリマーが積層されている状態である。
SD値(nm)=(D84-D16)/2・・・式
累積頻度が50%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD50、累積頻度が16%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD16、累積頻度が熱可塑性ポリマーの84%となる粒径をD84とする。
D50、D16及びD84は、以下の方法により求められる。
熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布及びメジアン径については、レーザー式粒度分布測定装置(日機装(株)製マイクロトラックMT3300EX)を用いて、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布を測定できる。必要に応じて、ベースラインとして水又はバインダー高分子の粒径分布を用いて、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布を調整できる。累積頻度が50%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD50、累積頻度が16%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD16及び累積頻度が84%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD84とする。
なお、無機フィラー含有層中の孔の面積及び面積が0.001μm2~0.05μm2の範囲にある孔の割合Tは、後述の実施例に記載の方法により求められる。
本実施形態における熱可塑性ポリマーは、サイクル特性等の電池特性の観点、及び上記で説明されたWetでの電極接着性の観点から、電解液に対する膨潤性を有することが好ましい。
イオンの透過性を高め、かつ電極表面と密着した状態におけるバルク強度を高め、接着性を良くすることから、熱可塑性ポリマーの電解液に対する膨潤度は、1.5倍~20倍が好ましく、2倍~15倍がより好ましく、6倍~12倍がさらに好ましく、7~10倍が特に好ましい。
本実施形態における熱可塑性ポリマーの電解液に対する膨潤度は、例えば、重合するモノマー成分及び各モノマーの投入比を変更することにより調整することができる。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層に使用した材料を融点以下の温度で12時間真空乾燥し、溶媒を完全に除去することで均一拡散層材料の乾燥物を得る。得られた乾燥物のうち約0.5gの質量を秤量し、浸漬前質量(WA)とした。この乾燥物を、25℃の1mol/LのLiPF6と1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=1:2(体積比)の電解液15gと共に50mLのバイアル瓶に入れ、72時間浸漬した後、サンプルを取り出し、タオルペーパーで拭き取った直後に質量を測定し、浸漬後質量(WB)とする。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の電解液膨潤度は、以下の式より算出する。
膨潤度(倍)=WB/WA
なお、上記の式において、均一拡散層の材料が上記電解液に膨潤も溶解もしない場合、膨潤度は1倍となる。
また、ドットの平面内部の空隙の存在によって接着層の膨潤がドット内部で均一化され、セパレータの目詰まりを抑制することで、電池のサイクル性能が向上する。
ドットの平面内部の空隙の数の下限は2箇所以上が好ましく、3箇所以上がより好ましく、4箇所以上が更に好ましく、5箇所以上が特に好ましい。ドットの平面内部に上記特定の数以上の空隙を有すると、電池の抵抗が低くなる、ガス抜けしやすくする、注液性を良くする、熱が籠りにくく安全性を高めるといった効果がある。また、ドットの平面内部の空隙の数の上限としては、電極との接着性を良くする観点から、通常、10箇所以下である。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の各ドットの平面内部に含まれる無機フィラー含有層又は基材表面が露出した箇所の個数は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:S-4800、HITACHI社製)を用いて測定する。サンプルであるセパレータをオスミウム蒸着した後、加速電圧1.0kV、50倍の条件にて観察する。本観察を複数回行い、全体像が写ったドットのうち、ランダムに100個を選定し、各ドットに含まれる空隙(露出部)の数を数える。
なお、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて全体像を撮影したドットからランダムに選定される100個のドットを本開示の全ドットとみなすことが可能であり、上記方法により「全ドット」の数を求めることができる。
上記ランダムに選定した100個のドットの平面内部の空隙をカウントして、複数箇所(2~5箇所)以上の空隙を有するドットの個数を数える。ランダムに選定した100個のドットに対する複数箇所以上の空隙を有するドットの個数の割合を求める。
なお、基材又は無機フィラー含有層が、その片面又はそれらの両面の表面上に、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有し、熱可塑性ポリマー層がドット状のパターン構造をとる場合、前記片面に存在する、熱可塑性ポリマー層のドット内部の空隙の数及び割合が前記特定の範囲を満たしていれば、本実施形態の所定の効果が得られる。
さらに、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層のドット平均高さは、好ましくは0.1μm以上10μm以下、より好ましくは0.3μm以上4μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.4μm以上3μm以下である。
本実施形態に係る熱可塑性ポリマー含有層は、熱可塑性ポリマーを含む。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層は、電解液の注液性に優れ、かつエア溜まりができ難く、注液時間が短いという観点から、電解液との接触角が、0°以上20°以下であることが好ましく、2°以上18°以下であることがより好ましく、4°以上16°以下であることが更に好ましい。熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の電解液との接触角は、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット状のパターンで形成された面において測定されることが好ましい。
本実施形態で使用される熱可塑性ポリマーは、特に限定されないが、例えば、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレン、α-ポリオレフィン等のポリオレフィン樹脂;ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等の含フッ素樹脂とこれらを含むコポリマー;ブタジエン、イソプレンなどの共役ジエンをモノマー単位として含むジエン系ポリマー又はこれらを含むコポリマー及びその水素化物;アクリル酸エステル、メタアクリル酸エステルなどをモノマー単位として含むアクリル系ポリマー又はこれらを含むコポリマー及びその水素化物;エチレンプロピレンラバー、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル等のゴム類;エチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース等のセルロース誘導体;ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリアミド、ポリエステル等の融点及び/又はガラス転移温度が180℃以上の樹脂及びこれらの混合物等が挙げられる。また、熱可塑性ポリマーを合成する際に使用するモノマーとして、ヒドロキシル基やスルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、アミド基、シアノ基を有するモノマーを用いることもできる。
ジエン系ポリマーは、特に限定されないが、例えば、ブタジエン、イソプレンなどの共役の二重結合を2つ有する共役ジエンを重合してなるモノマー単位を含むポリマーである。共役ジエンモノマーとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、1,3-ブタジエン、イソプレン、2,3-ジメチル-1,3-ブタジエン、2-フェニル-1,3-ブタジエン、1,3-ペンタジエン、2-メチル-1,3-ペンタジエン、1,3-ヘキサジエン、4,5-ジエチル-1,3-オクタジエン、3-ブチル-1,3-オクタジエンなどが挙げられる。これらは単独で重合しても共重合してもよい。
アクリル系ポリマーは、特に限定されないが、好ましくは(メタ)アクリレートモノマーを重合してなるモノマー単位を含むポリマーである。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が、熱可塑性ポリマーとしてアクリル系ポリマーを含む場合、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体の単量体単位を含む共重合体を含むのが好ましい。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の熱可塑性ポリマーが、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体の単量体単位を含む共重合体を含むと、セパレータが低目付の場合での接着力が向上するので、好ましい。
共重合可能なモノマーとしては、上記ジエン系ポリマーの項目で列挙した「その他のモノマー」が挙げられ、これらを1種あるいは2種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
フッ素系ポリマーとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、フッ化ビニリデンのホモポリマー、これと共重合可能なモノマーとのコポリマーが挙げられる。フッ素系ポリマーは、電気化学的安定性の観点から好ましい。
フッ化ビニリデンと共重合可能なモノマーとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、フッ化ビニル、テトラフルオロエチレン、トリフルオロクロロエチレン、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、ヘキサフルオロイソブチレン、パーフルオロアクリル酸、パーフルオロメタクリル酸、アクリル酸又はメタクリル酸のフルオロアルキルエステル等のフッ素含有エチレン性不飽和化合物;シクロヘキシルビニルエーテル、ヒドロキシエチルビニルエーテル等のフッ素非含有エチレン性不飽和化合物;ブタジエン、イソプレン、クロロプレン等のフッ素非含有ジエン化合物等を挙げることができる。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を構成する熱可塑性ポリマーは、基材への密着性とブロッキング抑制及びセパレータの電極との接着力を発現しつつ、蓄電デバイスにおいて電極とセパレータ間の距離を確保でき、かつ電解液の注液時間を短くするという観点から、少なくとも二つのガラス転移温度を有し、ガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは20℃以下の領域に存在し、かつガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは30℃以上150℃以下の領域に存在するという熱特性を有することが好ましい。
1/Tg=W1/Tg1+W2/Tg2+・・・+Wi/Tgi+・・・Wn/Tgn (1)
{式(1)中において、Tg(K)は、コポリマーのTg、Tgi(K)は、各モノマーiのホモポリマーのTg、Wiは、各モノマーの質量分率を各々示す。}
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗工液を、アルミ皿に適量取り、130℃の熱風乾燥機で30分間乾燥する。乾燥後の乾燥皮膜約5mgを測定用アルミ容器に詰め、DSC測定装置(TA Instruments社製、DSC Q2000)にて窒素雰囲気下におけるDSC曲線及びDDSC曲線を得る。測定条件は下記のとおりとする。
(1段目昇温プログラム)
40℃スタート、毎分50℃の割合で昇温。200℃に到達後5分間維持。
(2段目降温プログラム)
200℃から毎分20℃の割合で降温。-50℃に到達後5分間維持。
(3段目昇温プログラム)
-50℃から毎分20℃の割合で200℃まで昇温。この3段目の昇温時にDSC及びDDSCのデータを取得。
JIS―K7121に記載の方法に従って、ベースライン(得られたDSC曲線におけるベースラインを高温側に延長した直線)と、変曲点(上に凸の曲線が下に凸の曲線に変わる点)における接線との交点をガラス転移温度(Tg)とする。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層において、蓄電デバイス用セパレータの最表面側に、30℃以上150℃以下のガラス転移温度を有する熱可塑性樹脂が存在し、かつ、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜と熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の界面側に、20℃以下のガラス転移温度を有する熱可塑性樹脂が存在することが好ましい。なお、「最表面」とは、蓄電デバイス用セパレータと電極とを積層したときに、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層のうち電極と接する面をいう。また、「界面」とは、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層のうちポリオレフィン微多孔膜と接している面をいう。
本実施形態における熱可塑性ポリマーの構造は、特に限定されないが、例えば、粒状に構成されることができる。このような構造を有することにより、セパレータと電極との接着性及びセパレータのハンドリング性により優れる傾向にある。ここで、粒状とは、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)の測定にて、個々の熱可塑性ポリマーが輪郭を持った状態のことを指し、細長形状であっても、球状であっても、多角形状等であってもよい。
本実施形態に係るセパレータにおいて、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の片面当たりの目付は、電極との接着力とイオンの透過性を両立する観点から、0.03g/m2以上0.50g/m2以下であることが好ましく、0.04g/m2以上0.30g/m2以下であることがより好ましく、最も好ましくは、0.06g/m2以上0.20g/m2以下である。熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の目付は、塗工する液のポリマー濃度やポリマー溶液の塗布量を変更することにより調整することができる。本実施形態の効果を妨げない範囲で、電極の膨張収縮に伴うセル形状の変形を抑制して電池のサイクル特性を良好にする観点では、0.06g/m2を超える範囲が好ましい。
本実施形態において、基材又は無機フィラー含有層表面に対する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の片面当たりの被覆面積割合は、セパレータの電極との接着力を維持しつつ、電池の抵抗を低くするため、かつ、セパレータを備える蓄電デバイスへの電解液の注液時間を短くするという観点から、3%以上、又は4%以上、又は5%以上、又は10%以上、又は15%以上、又は20%以上、又は30%以上が好ましく、90%以下、又は80%以下、又は75%以下、又は70%以下、又は50%以下であることが好ましい。
本実施形態の効果を効率よく発揮するという観点から、基材表面に対する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の片面当たりの被覆面積割合は、30%以上50%以下が特に好ましい。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の被覆面積割合が下限より小さいと、セパレータと電極界面の距離が不均一化することにより電流分布が不均一化するので、(加熱)安全性試験において温度上昇しやすくなる。また、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の被覆面積が上限より大きいと、電池の抵抗が上昇し、レート特性の悪化につながる。
基材表面に存在する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の被覆面積割合Sは、以下の式から算出される。
S(%)=熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の被覆面積÷基材の表面積×100
基材表面に対する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の塗工パターンの被覆面積割合(%)は、マイクロスコープ(型式:VHX-7000、キーエンス社製)を用いて測定する。サンプルであるセパレータを30倍(同軸落射)で撮影した後、計測モードの自動面積計測を選択して、熱可塑性ポリマーの被覆面積割合を測定する。各サンプルにおける被覆面積割合は、上記測定を3回行い、その相加平均値とする。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の被覆面積割合は、塗工する液のポリマー濃度やポリマー溶液の塗布量及び塗工方法、塗工条件を変更することにより調整することができる。
セパレータには絶縁性とイオン透過性が必要なため、セパレータ基材は、一般的には、多孔質構造を有する絶縁材料である紙、ポリオレフィン製不織布又は樹脂製微多孔膜などから形成される。特に、リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な正極及び負極と、非水系溶媒に電解質を溶解して成る非水系電解液とを備える非水系二次電池などの蓄電デバイスに使用されるセパレータ基材としては、酸化還元耐性を持ち、緻密で均一な多孔質構造を構築できるポリオレフィン微多孔膜が好ましい。
本実施形態におけるポリオレフィン微多孔膜としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、ポリオレフィンを含有するポリオレフィン樹脂組成物から構成される微多孔膜が挙げられ、ポリオレフィン樹脂を主成分とする微多孔膜であることが好ましい。本実施形態におけるポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、ポリオレフィン樹脂の含有量は特に限定されないが、蓄電デバイス用セパレータとして用いた場合のシャットダウン性能などの点から、微多孔膜を構成する全成分の質量分率の50%以上100%以下をポリオレフィン樹脂が占めるポリオレフィン樹脂組成物からなる微多孔膜であることが好ましい。ポリオレフィン樹脂が占める割合は60%以上100%以下がより好ましく、70%以上100%以下であることが更に好ましい。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜(一態様において、PO微多孔膜)の目付(g/m2)に換算されたときの突刺強度(以下、目付換算突刺強度という。)は、50gf/(g/m2)以上、又は60gf/(g/m2)以上であることが好ましい。50gf/(g/m2)以上、又は60gf/(g/m2)以上の目付換算突刺強度を有するPO微多孔膜は、蓄電デバイスの衝撃試験においてPO微多孔膜が破断し難い傾向にある。PO微多孔膜の強度を維持しながら蓄電デバイスの安全性、例えば耐衝撃性を向上させるという観点から、目付換算突刺強度は、より好ましくは70gf/(g/m2)以上、更に好ましくは80gf/(g/m2)以上である。目付換算突刺強度は、限定されるものではないが、例えば、200gf/(g/m2)以下、又は150gf/(g/m2)以下、又は140gf/(g/m2)以下であることができる。
また、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径が上記範囲内にある場合、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を設ける基材又は無機フィラー含有層の表面(一態様において、熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)に対する接着塗工液の接触角を本願所定の範囲に制御できるため、好適である。平均孔径は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を製造する際の延伸倍率の変更等により調節可能である。
本実施形態におけるポリオレフィン微多孔膜を製造する方法は、特に限定されず、公知の製造方法を採用することができる。例えば、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物と可塑剤とを溶融混練してシート状に成形後、場合により延伸した後、可塑剤を抽出することにより多孔化させる方法、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を溶融混練して高ドロー比で押出した後、熱処理と延伸によってポリオレフィン結晶界面を剥離させることにより多孔化させる方法、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物と無機充填材とを溶融混練してシート上に成形後、延伸によってポリオレフィンと無機充填材との界面を剥離させることにより多孔化させる方法、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を溶解後、ポリオレフィンに対する貧溶媒に浸漬させポリオレフィンを凝固させると同時に溶剤を除去することにより多孔化させる方法等が挙げられる。
以下、微多孔膜を製造する方法の一例として、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物と可塑剤とを溶融混練してシート状に成形後、可塑剤を抽出する方法について説明する。
また、本実施形態に係る蓄電デバイス用セパレータは、無機フィラーと樹脂製バインダーを含む無機フィラー含有層(本実施形態では、無機フィラー含有層を多孔層と称する場合がある)を備えていてもよい。無機フィラー含有層の位置は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜表面の少なくとも一部、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層表面の少なくとも一部、及び/又はポリオレフィン微多孔膜と熱可塑性ポリマー含有層との間が挙げられる。一態様において、本実施形態の無機フィラー含有層の位置は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜と熱可塑性ポリマー含有層との間にある。本実施形態のセパレータは、無機フィラー含有層をポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に備えていてもよい。
無機フィラー含有層に使用する無機フィラーとしては、特に限定されないが、200℃以上の融点をもち、電気絶縁性が高く、かつリチウムイオン二次電池の使用範囲で電気化学的に安定であるものが好ましい。
無機フィラー粒子のD50であるDFに対する上記熱可塑性ポリマー粒子のD50であるDPの比(DP/DF)は、0.6以上2以下が好ましく、0.78以上2以下がより好ましく、1以上2以下が更に好ましい。上記範囲内にDP/DFがある場合、ドットの形状が制御されて高接着を実現でき、程よい空隙を確保することで目詰まりが起きづらくなるため、好ましい。
樹脂製バインダーの種類としては、特に限定されないが、本実施形態における多層多孔膜を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータを使用する場合には、リチウムイオン二次電池の電解液に対して不溶であり、かつリチウムイオン二次電池の使用範囲で電気化学的に安定なものを用いることが好ましい。
1)ポリオレフィン:例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンプロピレンラバー、及びこれらの変性体;
2)共役ジエン系重合体:例えば、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体及びその水素化物、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン共重合体及びその水素化物、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン共重合体及びその水素化物;
3)アクリル系重合体:例えば、メタクリル酸エステル-アクリル酸エステル共重合体、スチレン-アクリル酸エステル共重合体、アクリロニトリル-アクリル酸エステル共重合体;
4)ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂:例えば、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル;
5)含フッ素樹脂:例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体;
6)セルロース誘導体:例えば、エチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース;
7)融点及び/又はガラス転移温度が180℃以上の樹脂あるいは融点を有しないが分解温度が200℃以上のポリマー:例えば、ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリアミド、ポリエステル。
無機フィラー含有層の厚みは、1層当たり、0.1μm以上4.0μm以下が好ましく、より好ましくは0.2μm以上3.0μm以下、更に好ましくは0.5μm以上2.0μm以下、特に好ましくは、1.0μm以上1.5μm以下である。無機フィラー含有層の厚みが0.1μm以上であることは、保存試験中に基材の収縮応力に抗えず微短絡などが発生することによる性能や安全性の悪化を防ぎ、微多孔膜の融点を超えた温度における変形を抑制する観点で好ましい。無機フィラー含有層の厚みが4.0μm以下であることは、電池容量の増大及びレート特性悪化の抑制、多層多孔膜の水分吸着量の抑制の観点で好ましい。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、電解液の注液性に優れ、かつエア溜まりができ難く、注液時間が短いという観点から、電解液の接触角が0°以上20°以下であることが好ましく、2°以上18°以下であることがより好ましく、4°以上16°以下であるとさらに好ましい。電解液の接触角は、セパレータ中の熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット状のパターンで形成された面において測定されることがより好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータの総厚みは、以下の方法により求められる。
東洋精機株式会社製の微小測厚器「KBM(商標)」を用いて、室温(23±2℃)でセパレータの厚みを測定する。
本実施形態に係るセパレータの熱収縮率の調整は、基材の延伸操作と熱処理とを適宜組み合わせることにより行うことができる。TDの熱収縮率を抑制すると同時に、MDの熱収縮率もまた、好ましくは-3%~10%以下、より好ましくは-1%以上8%以下、更に好ましくは0%以上5%以下である。
本開示では、長手方向(MD)とは微多孔膜連続成形の機械方向を意味し、幅方向(TD)とは微多孔膜のMDを90°の角度で横切る方向を意味する。
本実施形態に係る蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法は、多孔質基材を準備する工程と、
多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布して、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を形成する工程とを有し、
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面に対するスラリーの接触角が20°以上80°以下であり、
多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布した後、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下の張力をかけながらスラリーを乾燥する工程とを有する、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法である。
また、本実施形態の蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法は、一態様において、多孔質基材を準備する工程と、
多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を形成する工程と、
無機フィラー含有層の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布して、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を形成する工程とを有し、
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面に対するスラリーの接触角が20°以上80°以下であり、
多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布した後、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下の張力をかけながらスラリーを乾燥する工程とを有する、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法である。
本実施形態の製造方法は、多孔質基材を準備する工程を有する。多孔質基材を準備する工程としては、例えば、上述の基材の製造方法での微多孔膜の製膜及び、後述の基材の表面処理等が含まれる。
本実施形態の製造方法は、多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を形成する工程を有してもよい。無機フィラー含有層を形成する工程としては、例えば、上述の無機フィラー含有層の形成方法に記載の方法を実施することができる。
本実施形態の製造方法は、多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布して、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を形成する工程を有する。スラリーを塗布する方法は、特に限定されず、例えば熱可塑性ポリマーと、溶媒とを含有するスラリー(一態様において、熱可塑性ポリマー含有塗布液)をポリオレフィン微多孔膜に塗布する方法が挙げられる。
基材又は無機フィラー含有層の少なくとも一方の表面(一態様において、熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)に対する接着塗工液の接触角を、好ましくは、20°以上80°以下、より好ましくは、30°以上75°以下、さらに好ましくは、40°以上70°以下の範囲内に制御すると、ドット平面内部の空隙の数や割合を上記のとおりに制御することができる。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を設ける基材又は無機フィラー含有層の表面(一態様において、熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面)に対する接着塗工液の接触角は、例えば、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の形成プロセスにおいて、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径、基材表面の孔径、基材表面のコロナ処理強度、乾燥速度、塗料粘度、塗料表面張力及び塗料pH等の制御により上記で説明された数値範囲内に調整できる。
協和界面科学社製接触角計(CA-V)(型式名)を用いて、清浄な基材表面(必要に応じて表面処理を行っていても良い)又は無機フィラー含有層の表面に各スラリー(一態様において、塗工液であって、例えば、接着塗工液)を2μL滴下し、40秒経過後に接触角を測定する。
本実施形態の製造方法は、多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布した後、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下の張力をかけながらスラリーを乾燥する工程を有する。
乾燥時張力を、好ましくは、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下、より好ましくは、0.010N/mm以上0.100N/mm以下、さらに好ましくは、0.015N/mm以上0.080N/mm以下、特に好ましくは、0.020N/mm以上0.050N/mm以下の範囲内に制御すると、ドット平面内部の空隙の数や割合を上記のとおりに制御することができる。
本実施形態に係る積層体は、セパレータと電極とを積層したものである。本実施形態のセパレータは、電極と接着することにより積層体として用いることができる。本実施形態に係る積層体は、巻回時のハンドリング性及び蓄電デバイスのレート特性が優れ、さらには、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とポリオレフィン微多孔膜との接着性及びイオン透過性にも優れる。そのため、積層体の用途としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、非水電解液二次電池等の電池やコンデンサー、キャパシタ等の蓄電デバイス等に好適に使用できる。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、電池、コンデンサー、キャパシタ等におけるセパレータや物質の分離に用いることができる。特に、蓄電デバイス用セパレータとして用いた場合に、電極への密着性と優れた電池性能を付与することが可能である。以下、蓄電デバイスが非水電解液二次電池である場合についての好適な態様について説明する。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて1MPa、100℃、30secでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度D2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であるため、電池のサイクル特性の向上、電池抵抗の抑制、セル作製工程のハンドリング性及びセルへの電解液の注液性の向上、プレス後のセル厚みを低減して高容量化を実現する効果を有する。
D1は、電池のサイクル特性の向上、電池抵抗の抑制、セル作製工程のハンドリング性及びセルへの電解液の注液性の向上、プレスでセル厚みを低減して高容量化を実現する観点で、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.5N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは1N/m以上3N/m以下である。
D2は、電池のサイクル特性の向上、電池抵抗の抑制、セル作製工程のハンドリング性及びセルへの電解液の注液性の向上、プレスでセル厚みを低減して高容量化を実現する観点で、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.3N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは0.5N/m以上2N/m以下である。
Dry接着での正極/負極比率バランスの調整(両極の接着バランス)、セル作製の工程性の向上及び高容量化を達成するため、D1とD2の比(D1/D2)は、0.1以上15以下が好ましく、0.5以上10以下がより好ましく、1.5以上7以下がさらに好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取る。
被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取る。正極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、正極材料:LiCoO2、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について36mg/cm2、Al集電体の厚み:15μm)、負極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、負極材料:グラファイト、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について20mg/cm2、Cu集電体の厚み:10μm、プレス後の負極の厚み:140μm)を使用できる。
そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得る。その積層体を、以下の条件でプレスする。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:100℃
プレス時間:30秒
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定する。
正極との剥離強度をD1、負極との剥離強度をD2とする。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をD1、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をD2とする。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極との剥離強度をD1、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と負極との剥離強度をD2とする。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、D1又はD2とする。
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、0.5MPa、45℃、30minでプレスした時の接着強度W2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であるため、セルの歪みが抑制され、優れたサイクル特性を実現する。
W1は、電池のサイクル特性の向上及び電池抵抗を抑制する観点から、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.3N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは0.5N/m以上3N/m以下である。
W2は、電池のサイクル特性の向上及び電池抵抗を抑制する観点から、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.15N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは0.2N/m以上2N/m以下である。
Wet接着での正極/負極比率の調整(両極の接着バランス)、サイクル特性向上のためのセルの歪み防止、セル作製工程のハンドリング性と抵抗のバランスを良くするため、W1とW2の比(W1/W2)は、0.1以上15以下が好ましく、0.5以上10以下がより好ましく、1.5以上7以下がさらに好ましく、2以上4.5が特に好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取る。被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取る。
正極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、正極材料:LiCoO2、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について36mg/cm2、Al集電体の厚み:15μm)、負極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、負極材料:グラファイト、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について20mg/cm2、Cu集電体の厚み:10μm、プレス後の負極の厚み:140μm)を使用できる。
そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得る。そして、積層体を幅60mm及び長さ120mmの長方形状のアルミニウム製のパウチに入れて25℃の1mol/LのLiPF6と1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=1:2(体積比)の電解液を0.4mL加えて、25℃で12hr静置した後、積層体が入ったアルミニウム製のパウチを、以下の条件でプレスする。
プレス圧:0.5MPa
温度:45℃
プレス時間:30分
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定する。
正極との剥離強度をW1、負極との剥離強度をW2とする。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をW1、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をW2とする。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極との剥離強度をW1、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と負極との剥離強度をW2とする。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、W1又はW2とする。
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、1MPa、90℃、1minでプレスした時の接着強度W4が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であるため、セルの歪みが抑制され、優れたサイクル特性を実現する。
W3は、電池のサイクル特性の向上及び電池抵抗を抑制する観点から、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.3N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは0.5N/m以上4N/m以下である。
W4は、電池のサイクル特性の向上及び電池抵抗を抑制する観点から、好ましくは、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下、より好ましくは、0.5N/m以上10N/m以下、特に好ましくは1N/m以上3N/m以下である。
Wet接着での正極/負極比率の調整(両極の接着バランス)サイクル特性向上のためのセルの歪み防止、低温低圧でプレスする工程において、セル作製工程のハンドリングと抵抗のバランスを良くするため、W3とW4の比(W3/W4)は、0.1以上15以下が好ましく、0.2以上10以下がより好ましく、0.3以上5以下がさらに好ましく、2以上4.5以下が特に好ましい。
蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取る。被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取る。
正極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、正極材料:LiCoO2、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について36mg/cm2、Al集電体の厚み:15μm)、負極としては、例えば、(enertech社製、負極材料:グラファイト、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について20mg/cm2、Cu集電体の厚み:10μm、プレス後の負極の厚み:140μm)を使用できる。
そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得る。そして、積層体を幅60mm及び長さ120mmの長方形状のアルミニウム製のパウチに入れて25℃の1mol/LのLiPF6と1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=1:2(体積比)の電解液を0.4mL加えて、25℃で12hr静置した後、積層体が入ったアルミニウム製のパウチを、以下の条件でプレスする。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:90℃
プレス時間:1分
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定する。
正極との剥離強度をW3、負極との剥離強度をW4とする。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をW3、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をW4とする。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極との剥離強度をW3、熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極側との剥離強度をW4とする。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、W3又はW4とする。
蓄電デバイス(レート特性評価やサイクル特性評価試験前でも試験後でも良い)からセパレータと電極の積層体を取り出し、正極とセパレータ、及び負極とセパレータの積層部分を、幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取り、その積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定する。
正極との剥離強度をAd1(N/m)、負極との剥離強度をAd2(N/m)とする。
接着強度Ad1及びAd2は電池内部から取り出した、セパレータと電極の積層体そのものの接着力の比であってもよく、蓄電デバイスから取り出したセパレータを単離、洗浄、乾燥したのち、W1及びW2と同様の方法で測定した結果が上記の範囲を満たすものでも良い。
本実施形態の蓄電デバイスは、後述の実施例に記載のレート特性試験やサイクル特性試験等で使用した電池を作製する方法と同様の方法により、製造することができる。
<粘度平均分子量(以下、「Mv」ともいう)>
ASRM-D4020に基づき、デカリン溶剤における135℃での極限粘度[η]を求め、ポリエチレンのMvは次式により算出した。
[η]=0.00068×Mv0.67
また、ポリプロピレンのMvは次式より算出した。
[η]=1.10×10-4Mv0.80
無機フィラー粒子又は熱可塑性ポリマー粒子の粒径分布及びメジアン径については、レーザー式粒度分布測定装置(日機装(株)製マイクロトラックMT3300EX)を用いて、無機フィラー粒子分散液又は熱可塑性ポリマー粒子を含むスラリー塗工液の粒径分布を測定した。必要に応じて、ベースラインとして水又はバインダー高分子の粒径分布を用いて、無機フィラー粒子分散液又はスラリー塗工液の粒径分布を調整した。累積頻度が50%となる粒径をD50とし、無機フィラー粒子のD50をDF、熱可塑性ポリマー粒子のD50をDPとした。
10cm×10cm角の試料をポリオレフィン多孔質基材又は、ポリオレフィン多孔質基材及び無機フィラー含有層から切り取り、(株)島津製作所製の電子天秤AEL-200を用いて重量を測定した。得られた重量を100倍することで1m2当りの膜の目付(g/m2)を算出した。
10cm×10cm角の試料を、ポリオレフィン多孔質基材又は、ポリオレフィン多孔質基材及び無機フィラー含有層に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が形成されたセパレータから切り取り、電子天秤AEL-200を用いて重量を測定した。得られた重量を100倍することで1m2当りのセパレータの目付(g/m2)を算出した。
ポリオレフィン多孔質基材又は、ポリオレフィン多孔質基材及び無機フィラー含有層と、セパレータとの目付の差から、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の片面当たり目付を算出した。
あるいは、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の片面当たり目付は、10cm×10cm角の試料表面から熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を剥がし取り、熱重量示差熱分析装置(株式会社日立ハイテクサイエンス社製、NEXTA STA 200RV)による重量減少率から算出してもよい。
10cm×10cm角の試料をポリオレフィン微多孔膜から切り取り、その体積(cm3)と質量(g)を求め、膜密度を0.95(g/cm3)として次式を用いて計算した。
気孔率=(体積-質量/膜密度)/体積×100
JIS P-8117に準拠し、東洋精器(株)製のガーレー式透気度計G-B2(商標)により測定したポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びセパレータの透気抵抗度を透気度とした。
カトーテック製のハンディー圧縮試験器KES-G5(商標)を用いて、開口部の直径11.3mmの試料ホルダーでポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びセパレータを固定した。次に固定されたポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びセパレータの中央部を、針先端の曲率半径0.5mm、突刺速度2mm/secで、25℃雰囲気下にて突刺試験を行うことにより、最大突刺荷重として突刺強度(gf)を得た。また、突刺強度と目付から目付換算突刺強度も算出することができる。
東洋精機株式会社製の微小測厚器「KBM(商標)」を用いて、室温(23±2℃)でポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びセパレータの総厚みを測定した。
サンプルであるセパレータをBIB(ブロードイオンビーム)により断面加工を行った。断面加工は、加工条件として、日立ハイテク社製IM4000を用いて、ビーム種アルゴン、加速電圧3kV、ビーム電流25~35μAで行った。加工の際、熱ダメージを抑制するために、必要に応じて、サンプルを加工の直前まで冷却させた。具体的には、-40℃の冷却装置にサンプルを一昼夜放置した。これにより、平滑なセパレータの断面が得られた。
無機フィラー含有層の厚みは、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:S-4800、HITACHI社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルをオスミウム蒸着し、加速電圧1.0kV、5000倍の条件にて観察し、5点の観察箇所について無機フィラー含有層の厚みを測定して相加平均値を算出したものをセパレータが有する無機フィラー含有層の厚みとした。
サンプルとしてセパレータをMDに100mm、TDに100mmに切り取り、150℃のオーブン中に1時間静置した。このとき、温風が直接サンプルに当たらないように、サンプルを2枚の紙に挟んだ。サンプルをオーブンから取り出して冷却した後、長さ(mm)を測定し、下式にて熱収縮率を算出した。測定はMD、TDで行い、TDの方を熱収縮率として表示した。
熱収縮率(%)={(100-加熱後のサンプルの長さ)/100}×100
熱可塑性ポリマー粒子を融点以下の温度で12時間真空乾燥し、溶媒を完全に除去することで熱可塑性ポリマー粒子の乾燥物を得た。得られた乾燥物のうち約0.5gの質量を秤量し、浸漬前質量(WA)とした。この乾燥物を、25℃の1mol/LのLiPF6と1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=1:2(体積比)の電解液15gと共に50mLのバイアル瓶に入れ、72時間浸漬した後、サンプルを取り出し、タオルペーパーで拭き取った直後に質量を測定し、浸漬後質量(WB)とした。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の電解液膨潤度は、以下の式より算出した。
膨潤度(倍)=WB/WA
なお、上記の式において、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の材料が上記電解液に膨潤も溶解もしない場合、膨潤度は1倍となる。
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗工液(不揮発分=30%)を、アルミ皿に適量取り、130℃の熱風乾燥機で30分間乾燥した。乾燥後の乾燥皮膜約5mgを測定用アルミ容器に詰め、DSC測定装置(TA Instruments社製、DSC Q2000)にて窒素雰囲気下におけるDSC曲線及びDDSC曲線を得た。測定条件は下記のとおりとした。
(1段目昇温プログラム)
40℃スタート、毎分50℃の割合で昇温。200℃に到達後5分間維持。
(2段目降温プログラム)
200℃から毎分20℃の割合で降温。-50℃に到達後5分間維持。
(3段目昇温プログラム)
-50℃から毎分20℃の割合で200℃まで昇温。この3段目の昇温時にDSC及びDDSCのデータを取得。
JIS―K7121に記載の方法に従って、ベースライン(得られたDSC曲線におけるベースラインを高温側に延長した直線)と、変曲点(上に凸の曲線が下に凸の曲線に変わる点)における接線との交点をガラス転移温度(Tg)とした。
塗工パターンのドット直径は、マイクロスコープ(型式:VHX-7000、キーエンス社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルであるセパレータを100倍(同軸落射)で撮影し、複数(5点)のドットについて計測モードで各直径を測定し、それらの平均値をドット直径として算出した。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の各ドットの平面内部に含まれる無機フィラー含有層又は基材表面が露出した箇所の個数は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:S-4800、HITACHI社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルであるセパレータをオスミウム蒸着した後、加速電圧1.0kV、50倍の条件にて観察した。本観察を複数回行い、全体像が写ったドットのうち、ランダムに100個を選定し、各ドットに含まれる空隙(露出部)の数を数えた。
上記ランダムに選定した100個のドットの平面内部の空隙をカウントして、複数箇所(2~5箇所)以上の空隙を有するドットの個数を数えた。ランダムに選定した100個のドットに対する複数箇所以上の空隙を有するドットの個数の割合を求めた。
SD値(nm)=(D84-D16)/2・・・式
累積頻度が50%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD50、累積頻度が16%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD16、累積頻度が84%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD84とする。
熱可塑性ポリマーのD50、D16及びD84は、以下の方法により求めた。
熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布及びメジアン径については、レーザー式粒度分布測定装置(日機装(株)製マイクロトラックMT3300EX)を用いて、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布を測定できる。必要に応じて、ベースラインとして水又はバインダー高分子の粒径分布を用いて、熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径分布を調整できる。累積頻度が50%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD50、累積頻度が16%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD16及び累積頻度が84%となる熱可塑性ポリマーの粒径をD84とした。
孔の面積及び面積が0.001μm2~0.05μm2の範囲にある孔の割合Tは、以下の方法により求められる。
全孔数に対して0.001μm2以上~0.05μm2である孔の個数の割合Tは、画像処理ソフト「Fiji」(Fuji Is Just ImageJ)を用いて以下の方法で算出する。算出する上で、二値化処理法の具体例を示すため、図3~7を参照する。
そして、得られた孔数Xと視野面積Uμm2に対して、10μm2視野での孔数を算出する。
さらに、0.001μm2以上0.05μm2以下である孔の個数を算出し、全孔数Xに対する0.001μm2以上0.05μm2以下である孔数の割合を算出する。
上記方法にて、撮影した3つの画像から10μm2視野での孔数、及び全孔数Xに対する0.001μm2以上0.05μm2以下である孔数の割合をそれぞれ算出し、それらの平均値を、孔数S、及び全孔数Xに対する0.001μm2以上0.05μm2以下である孔数の割合Tとする。
基材又は無機フィラー含有層表面に対する熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の塗工パターンの被覆面積割合は、マイクロスコープ(型式:VHX-7000、キーエンス社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルであるセパレータを30倍(同軸落射)で撮影した後、計測モードの自動面積計測を選択して、熱可塑性ポリマーの被覆面積割合を測定した。各サンプルにおける被覆面積割合は、上記測定を3回行い、その相加平均値とした。
サンプルであるセパレータをBIB(ブロードイオンビーム)により断面加工を行った。断面加工は、加工条件として、日立ハイテク社製IM4000を用いて、ビーム種アルゴン、加速電圧3kV、ビーム電流25~35μAで行った。加工の際、熱ダメージを抑制するために、必要に応じて、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット塗工された多層多孔膜を加工の直前まで冷却させた。具体的には、-40℃の冷却装置に多層多孔膜を一昼夜放置した。これにより、平滑なセパレータの断面が得られた。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の高さは、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:S-4800、HITACHI社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルをオスミウム蒸着し、加速電圧1.0kV、5000倍の条件にて観察し、5点の観察箇所について熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の最大厚みを測定し、それらの平均値を平均高さとして算出した。なお、ドット状パターンの場合には、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の厚み方向に沿って、基材表面からドット頂点までの距離をドット最大厚みとして、上記と同様の方法によりドット平均高さを算出する。
サンプルであるセパレータをBIB(ブロードイオンビーム)により断面加工を行った。断面加工は、加工条件として、日立ハイテク社製IM4000を用いて、ビーム種アルゴン、加速電圧3kV、ビーム電流25~35μAで行った。加工の際、熱ダメージを抑制するために、必要に応じて、サンプルを加工の直前まで冷却させた。具体的には、-40℃の冷却装置にサンプルを一昼夜放置した。これにより、平滑なセパレータの断面が得られた。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の高さは、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:S-4800、HITACHI社製)を用いて測定した。サンプルをオスミウム蒸着し、加速電圧1.0kV、5000倍の条件にて観察し、5点の観察箇所についてポリオレフィン微多孔膜の厚みと無機フィラー含有層の厚みを測定し、それぞれについて相加平均値を算出した。
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層の厚みは、東洋精機株式会社製の微小測厚器「KBM(商標)」を用いて、室温(23±2℃)で測定して得られたセパレータの総厚みから、上述の方法で算出したポリオレフィン微多孔膜の厚みと無機フィラー含有層の厚みを差し引いて算出した。
協和界面科学社製接触角計(CA-V)(型式名)を用いて、清浄な基材表面(必要に応じて表面処理を行っていても良い)又は無機フィラー含有層の表面に各スラリー(塗工液)を2μL滴下し、40秒経過後に接触角を測定した。
・正極(enertech社製、正極材料:LiCoO2、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について36mg/cm2、Al集電体の厚み:15μm)
・負極(enertech社製、負極材料:グラファイト、導電助剤:アセチレンブラック、L/W:両側について20mg/cm2、Cu集電体の厚み:10μm、プレス後の負極の厚み:140μm)
1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=1:2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度1mol/Lとなるように溶解させることにより、電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてニッケル、マンガン、コバルト複合酸化物(NMC)(Ni:Mn:Co=1:1:1(元素比)、密度4.70g/cm3)を90.4質量%、導電助剤としてグラファイト粉末(KS6)(密度2.26g/cm3、数平均粒子径6.5μm)を1.6質量%、及びアセチレンブラック粉末(AB)(密度1.95g/cm3、数平均粒子径48nm)を3.8質量%、並びにバインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)(密度1.75g/cm3)を4.2質量%の比率で混合し、これらをN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)中に分散させてスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、正極集電体となる厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面にダイコーターを用いて塗布し、130℃において3分間乾燥した後、ロールプレス機を用いて圧縮成形することにより、正極を作製した。このときの正極活物質塗布量は109g/m2であった。
負極活物質としてグラファイト粉末A(密度2.23g/cm3、数平均粒子径12.7μm)を87.6質量%、及びグラファイト粉末B(密度2.27g/cm3、数平均粒子径6.5μm)を9.7質量%、並びにバインダーとしてカルボキシメチルセルロースのアンモニウム塩1.4質量%(固形分換算)(固形分濃度1.83質量%水溶液)、及びジエンゴム系ラテックス1.7質量%(固形分換算)(固形分濃度40質量%水溶液)を精製水中に分散させてスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを負極集電体となる厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面にダイコーターで塗布し、120℃において3分間乾燥した後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形することにより、負極を作製した。このときの負極活物質塗布量は5.2g/m2であった。
1wt%のビニレンカーボネートを含むエチレンカーボネート:エチルメチルカーボネート=1:2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度1.0mol/Lとなるように溶解させることにより、非水電解液を調製した。
セパレータ又は基材を24mmφの円形に、レート特性及びサイクル特性測定用の正極、及び負極をそれぞれ16mmφの円形に切り出した。正極と負極の活物質面とが対向するように、負極、セパレータ又は基材、正極の順に重ね、蓋付きステンレス金属製容器に収容した。容器と蓋とは絶縁されており、容器は負極の銅箔と、蓋は正極のアルミニウム箔と、それぞれ接していた。この容器内にレート特性及びサイクル特性測定用の非水電解液を0.4mL注入して密閉することにより、簡易電池(蓄電デバイス)を組み立てた。
各実施例及び比較例で得られた蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取った。
被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取った。そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得た後、その積層体を、以下の条件でプレスした。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:100℃
プレス時間:30秒
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定した。
正極との剥離強度をD1、負極との剥離強度をD2とした。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をD1、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をD2とした。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極との剥離強度をD1、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と負極との剥離強度をD2とした。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、D1又はD2とした。
各実施例及び比較例で得られた蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取った。被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取った。そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得た後、幅60mm及び長さ120mmの長方形状のアルミニウム製のパウチに入れて25℃の電解液を0.4mL加えて、25℃で12hr静置した後、積層体が入ったアルミニウム製のパウチを、以下の条件でプレスした。
プレス圧:0.5MPa
温度:45℃
プレス時間:30分
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定した。
正極との剥離強度をW1、負極との剥離強度をW2とした。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をW1、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をW2とした。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極との剥離強度をW1、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と負極との剥離強度をW2とした。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、W1又はW2とした。
各実施例及び比較例で得られた蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に切り取った。被着体としての正極又は負極をそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取った。そして、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、正極又は負極それぞれの正極活物質又は負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得た後、幅60mm及び長さ120mmの長方形状のアルミニウム製のパウチに入れて25℃の電解液を0.4mL加えて、25℃で12hr静置した後、積層体が入ったアルミニウム製のパウチを、以下の条件でプレスした。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:90℃
プレス時間:1分
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定した。
正極との剥離強度をW3、負極との剥離強度をW4とした。
ただし、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに無機フィラー含有層を有するセパレータについては、無機フィラー含有層側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極の剥離強度をW3、ポリオレフィン基材側の熱可塑性ポリマー層と負極の剥離強度をW4とした。
また、ポリオレフィン基材の片面のみに接着層となる熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有するセパレータについては、当該熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と正極及び負極の両方の剥離強度を測定し、熱可塑性ポリマー層と正極との剥離強度をW3、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と負極との剥離強度をW4とした。
その他のサンプルについては、測定するセパレータの両面で値が同じ場合はその値を、異なる場合は値の大きい方を測定値とし、W3又はW4とした。
蓄電デバイス(レート特性評価やサイクル特性評価試験前でも試験後でも良い)からセパレータと電極の積層体を取り出し、正極とセパレータ、及び負極とセパレータの積層部分を、幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取り、その積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、電極を固定し、セパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行い、剥離強度を測定した。
正極との剥離強度をAd1、負極との剥離強度をAd2とした。
接着強度Ad1及びAd2は電池内部から取り出した、セパレータと電極の積層体そのものの接着力の比であってもよく、蓄電デバイスから取り出したセパレータを単離、洗浄、乾燥したのち、W1及びW2と同様の方法で測定した結果が上記の範囲を満たすものでも良い。
各実施例及び比較例で得られた蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、被着体としての負極とをそれぞれ幅15mm及び長さ60mmの長方形状に切り取り、セパレータの熱可塑性ポリマー含有層と、負極活物質とが相対するように重ね合わせて積層体を得た後、その積層体を、以下の条件でプレスした。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:90℃
プレス時間:5秒
プレス後の積層体について、2枚のガラス板(松浪硝子社製、S1214、サイズ:76×26mm、厚み:1.2~1.5mm)で挟み込み、両側及び上部の計3か所をクリップ(コクヨ社製、JB34c、ダブルクリップ(中)、シルバー、口幅25mm)で固定し、電解液(キシダ化学社製、LBG-00307、エチレンカーボネート(EC):ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)=(2:3 volume/volume %))に浸漬した。セパレータ及び電極表面に電解液が浸透した部分を目視観察し、全面に浸透するまでに要した時間を注液完了時間として採用した。本手法により得られた注液完了時間として20min以下を達成するセパレータを用いた蓄電デバイスは、対向する正極、及び負極との界面の電解液浸透が良好となり、セル全体の注液性が改善する。
<評価基準>
A(良好):注液完了時間が、15min以下
B(可):注液完了時間が、15min超20min以下
C(不良):注液完了時間が、20min超
無機フィラー含有層を含む各実施例、及び比較例で得られた蓄電デバイス用セパレータを幅20mm及び長さ70mmの長方形状に2枚切り取り、各セパレータの表と裏が重なるようにセパレータを重ねて、以下の条件でプレスした。
プレス圧:1MPa
温度:50℃
プレス時間:1分
プレス後の積層体について、(株)イマダ製のフォースゲージZP5N及びMX2-500N(製品名)を用いて、一方のセパレータを固定し、他方のセパレータを把持して引っ張る方式によって剥離速度50mm/分にて90°剥離試験を行った。剥離面をマイクロスコープ(型式:VHX-7000、キーエンス社製)を用いて50倍(同軸落射)で撮影し、以下の基準で耐ブロッキング性を評価した。
<評価基準>
A(著しく良好):一方の面の無機フィラー含有層が他方の面に付着している箇所が0箇所
B(良好) :一方の面の無機フィラー含有層が他方の面に付着している箇所が1~2箇所
C(不良) :一方の面の無機フィラー含有層が他方の面に付着している箇所が3~5箇所
D(著しく不良):一方の面の無機フィラー含有層が他方の面に付着している箇所が5箇所以上
組み立てた簡易電池を、25℃において、電流値3mA(約0.5C)で電池電圧4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vを保持するようにして電流値を3mAから絞り始めるという方法により、電池作製後の最初の充電(初充電)を合計約6時間行った。その後、電流値3mAで電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した。次に、25℃において、電流値6mA(約1.0C)で電池電圧4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vを保持するようにして電流値を6mAから絞り始めるという方法により、合計約3時間充電を行った。その後、電流値6mAで電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した時の放電容量を1C放電容量(mAh)とした。次に、25℃において、電流値6mA(約1.0C)で電池電圧4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vを保持するようにして電流値を6mAから絞り始めるという方法により、合計約3時間充電を行った。その後、電流値12mA(約2.0C)で電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した時の放電容量を2C放電容量(mAh)とした。そして、1C放電容量に対する2C放電容量の割合を算出し、この値をレート特性とした。なお、温度25℃での簡易電池の充放電において電流値6mAが約1Cである。
レート特性(%)=(2C放電容量/1C放電容量)×100
評価基準
A(良好):レート特性が、85%超
B(可):レート特性が、80%超85%以下
C(不良):レート特性が、80%以下
組み立てた簡易電池を、25℃において、電流値3mA(約0.5C)で電池電圧4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vを保持するようにして電流値を3mAから絞り始めるという方法により、電池作製後の最初の充電(初充電)を合計約6時間行った。その後、電流値3mAで電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した。この時の放電容量を初期電池容量(mAh)とした。
次に、25℃において、電流値6mA(約1.0C)で電池電圧4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vを保持するようにして電流値を6mAから絞り始めるという方法により、合計約3時間充電を行った。その後、電流値30mAで電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した時の放電容量を5C放電容量(mAh)とした。
ハイレート特性(%)=(5C放電容量/初期電池容量)×100
評価基準
A(良好):ハイレート特性が、50%超
B(可):ハイレート特性が、30%超50%以下
C(不良):ハイレート特性が、30%以下
前記初充電後の電池を、1/3Cの電流値で電圧4.2Vまで定電流充電した後、4.2Vの定電圧充電を8時間行い、その後1/3Cの電流で3.0Vの終止電圧まで放電を行った。次に、1Cの電流値で電圧4.2Vまで定電流充電した後、60℃で6週間保管した。
上記前処理を行った電池を、温度25℃の条件下で、放電電流1Aで放電終止電圧3Vまで放電を行った後、充電電流1Aで充電終止電圧4.2Vまで充電を行うことを1サイクルとして、この操作を60サイクル繰返した。そして、初期容量(第1回目のサイクルにおける容量)に対する容量維持率を用いて、以下の基準でサイクル特性を評価した。
評価基準
A(著しく良好):90%以上100%以下の容量維持率
B(良好) :85%以上90%未満の容量維持率
C(不良) :80%以上85%未満の容量維持率
D(著しく不良):80%未満の容量維持率
上記<レート特性>の試験を行った電池を、温度45℃の条件下で、放電電流1Cで放電終止電圧3Vまで放電を行った後、充電電流1Cで充電終止電圧4.2Vまで充電を行った。これを1サイクルとして充放電を繰り返した。そして、初期容量(第1回目のサイクルにおける容量)に対する300サイクル後の容量保持率を用いて、以下の基準でサイクル特性を評価した。
A(良好):65%以上の容量維持率
B(可):60%以上65%未満の容量維持率
C(不良):60%未満の容量維持率
〈熱可塑性ポリマーA1の調製〉
撹拌機、還流冷却器、滴下槽、及び温度計を取り付けた反応容器に、初期仕込みとしてイオン交換水70.4質量部と、「アクアロンKH1025」0.5質量部と、「アデカリアソープSR1025」0.5質量部と、を投入し、反応容器内部温度を95℃に昇温した。その後、95℃の容器内部温度を保ったまま、過硫酸アンモニウム(2%水溶液)(表中「APS(aq)」と表記。以下同様。)を7.5質量部添加した。
下表に示すように乳化液の組成を変更したこと以外は、熱可塑性ポリマーA1と同様にして熱可塑性ポリマーA2~A7を得て、物性を評価した。得られた結果を下表に示す。
・乳化剤
KH1025:「アクアロンKH1025」登録商標、第一工業製薬株式会社製、25%水溶液
SR1025:「アデカリアソープSR1025」登録商標、株式会社ADEKA製、25%水溶液
NaSS:p-スチレンスルホン酸ナトリウム
APS(aq):過硫酸アンモニウム(2%水溶液)
MAA:メタクリル酸
AA:アクリル酸
MMA:メタクリル酸メチル
BA:アクリル酸n-ブチル
EHA:アクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル
CHMA:メタクリル酸シクロヘキシル
St:スチレン
AN:アクリロニトリル
HEMA:メタクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル
AM:アクリルアミド
GMA:メタクリル酸グリシジル
A-TMPT:トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート
AcSi:γ-メタクリロキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン
S1:「KM-73」、信越化学工業株式会社
S2:「SK-14」、日信化学工業株式会社
(ポリオレフィン微多孔膜B1の製造)
Mvが70万であり、ホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを47質量部と、Mvが30万であり、ホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを46質量部と、Mvが70万であるホモポリマーのポリプロピレン7質量部とを、タンブラーブレンダーを用いてドライブレンドした。得られたポリオレフィン混合物99質量部に酸化防止剤としてテトラキス-[メチレン-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを1質量部添加し、再度タンブラーブレンダーを用いてドライブレンドすることにより、混合物を得た。得られた混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で二軸押出機へフィーダーにより供給した。また、流動パラフィン(37.78℃における動粘度7.59×10-5m2/s)を押出機シリンダーにプランジャーポンプにより注入した。押し出される全混合物中に占める流動パラフィンの割合が68質量部となるように、すなわち、ポリマー濃度が32質量部となるように、フィーダー及びポンプの運転条件を調整した。
表1に示す物性(膜の目付、気孔率、透気度及び厚さなど)を満たすように適宜製造条件を変更したこと以外はB1と同様にして、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜B2~B11を得た。得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜B2~B11について、上記方法により、評価した。得られた結果も表1に示す。
表に示すドット状パターン、被覆面積割合、及び片面当たりの目付になる条件下、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜B1の両面に、無機フィラー含有層(表中、第1層及び第2層)を形成した。その後、無機フィラー含有層の両面の表面に、塗工液として表に記載の割合で混合した熱可塑性ポリマーA1及びA2をグラビア印刷でドット塗工し、MD方向に表に記載の張力がかかるように、駆動ロールの条件を調整しながら、40℃にて乾燥して塗工液の水を除去して、無機フィラー含有層の両面に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層をドット状パターンで有する蓄電デバイス用セパレータを得た。得られたセパレータについて、上記方法により、評価した。得られた結果も表5に示す。得られたセパレータのドット間距離は260μmであり、ドット平均高さは2μmであった。
表に示すとおり、熱可塑性ポリマー種、ドット状パターン、被覆面積割合及び目付などの条件を変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層及び無機フィラー含有層を有する蓄電デバイス用セパレータを得た。得られたセパレータについて、上記方法により、評価した。得られた結果も表に示す。得られたセパレータのドット間距離は100μmから500μmであり、ドットの平均高さは0.5~3μmであった。
なお、実施例32及び33については、無機フィラー含有層をポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面(以下、一方の面と称する)に有するセパレータである。
実施例32については、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の一方の面に無機フィラー層を有し、該無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を備えており、他方の面にはポリオレフィン微多孔膜の表面を備える態様である。実施例33については、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の一方の面に無機フィラー層を有し、他方の面にはポリオレフィン微多孔膜の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を備える態様である。
11 無機フィラー含有層
11a 無機フィラー
12 熱可塑性ポリマー含有層
12a 熱可塑性ポリマー
Claims (14)
- 多孔質基材と
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を有し、
前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層がドット状のパターン構造をとり、
1つのドットの平面内部に2箇所以上の空隙を有するドットが、全ドットの50%以上である、蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 多孔質基材と
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
前記無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 多孔質基材と
前記多孔質基材の両面の表面上に形成された無機フィラー含有層を有し、
前記無機フィラー含有層の表面上に熱可塑性ポリマー含有層とを備えた、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層に含まれる熱可塑性ポリマーの平均粒子径D50をDP、前記無機フィラー含有層に含まれる無機フィラーの平均粒子径D50をDFとした時、0.6≦DP/DF≦2である、
請求項2又は3に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 前記熱可塑性ポリマーが無機フィラー含有層内部に浸透していない、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて1MPa、100℃、30secでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度D1が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて1MPa、100℃、30secでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度D2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて12hr放置した後、0.5MPa、45℃、30minでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度W1が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、0.5MPa、45℃、30minでプレスした時の接着強度W2が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を正極と重ねて12hr放置した後、1MPa、90℃、1minでプレスした後に測定して得られる接着強度W3が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下であり、かつ、
電解液存在下で熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を負極と重ねて12hr放置した後、1MPa、90℃、1minでプレスした時の接着強度W4が、0.1N/m以上20N/m以下である、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を構成する熱可塑性ポリマーが少なくとも二つのガラス転移温度を有し、
前記ガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは20℃以下の領域に存在し、かつ、
前記ガラス転移温度のうち少なくとも一つは30℃以上の領域に存在する、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 前記熱可塑性ポリマー含有層が、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体の単量体単位を含む共重合体を含む、
請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 前記多孔質基材を基準として対称な層構成を形成する、
請求項1又は3に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。 - 多孔質基材を準備する工程と、
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布して、熱可塑性ポリマー含有層を形成する工程とを有し、
熱可塑性ポリマーの塗布面に対する前記スラリーの接触角が20°以上80°以下であり、
前記多孔質基材の少なくとも一方の表面に熱可塑性ポリマーを含有するスラリーを塗布した後、0.008N/mm以上0.150N/mm以下の張力をかけながらスラリーを乾燥する工程とを有する、
蓄電デバイス用セパレータの製造方法。 - 正極と、負極と、請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、非水電解液とを含む蓄電デバイス。
- 蓄電デバイス用セパレータと正極の接着力をAd1、蓄電デバイス用セパレータと負極の接着力をAd2とした時、0.1≦Ad1/Ad2≦15である、
請求項13に記載の蓄電デバイス。
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| JP2015099777A (ja) * | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社Samsung SDI Co.,Ltd. | リチウム電池用セパレータ、それを含むリチウム電池及び該リチウム電池の製造方法 |
| JP2015128059A (ja) * | 2013-11-27 | 2015-07-09 | 旭化成イーマテリアルズ株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス用セパレータ、蓄電デバイス、リチウムイオン二次電池及び共重合体 |
| JP2017027852A (ja) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-02-02 | 旭化成株式会社 | 蓄電素子用セパレータ |
| JP2017095698A (ja) * | 2015-11-11 | 2017-06-01 | 日東電工株式会社 | 粘着テープ |
| JP2018147578A (ja) * | 2017-03-01 | 2018-09-20 | 旭化成株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス用セパレータ |
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