WO2024063152A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法、及びその前駆体、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法、及びその前駆体、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/80—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing one or more other elements
- C01G53/82—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, the precursor, and a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are widely used in various fields such as electronics, automobiles, and infrastructure.
- lithium ion secondary batteries are used as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) and have become an important core component.
- EVs electric vehicles
- the ternary layered material is a composite oxide of Li and a metal element such as Ni, Co, Mn, or Al (hereinafter referred to as lithium metal composite oxide).
- GFG greenhouse gas
- Patent Document 1 describes a method for producing a positive electrode active material using a metal hydroxide as a precursor. A process of manufacturing a positive electrode active material by reacting a metal hydroxide with a Li source is widely used. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 discloses that after melting a nickel source and dissolving nickel particles obtained by an atomization method in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution to obtain nickel sulfate, a hydroxide containing Ni is obtained by a crystallization method. A manufacturing method for obtaining a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery by a coprecipitation method using this hydroxide is described. Further, Patent Document 3 describes a method for producing a positive electrode active material from a nickel raw material containing metallic nickel.
- the positive electrode active material is produced by reacting synthesized transition metal hydroxide particles with a Li source through a coprecipitation reaction.
- a coprecipitation reaction an aqueous solution of nickel sulfate or the like is used as a raw material, but these are produced by dissolving highly purified nickel metal in an acid to avoid impurities.
- nickel sulfate is refined from nickel ore extracted from mines and undergoes processing such as acid dissolution, it has the problem of producing more GHG emissions than metal nickel.
- nickel sulfate is a hexahydrate, the mass % (content) of Ni is approximately 20 to 25% and the bulk specific gravity is small.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery that can contribute to reducing GHG emissions, and a lithium ion precursor having a stable crystal structure and good electrochemical properties.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- the present invention uses metallic nickel powder as a nickel source, which is a raw material that emits less GHG during production than conventional nickel sulfate.
- metallic nickel powder as a nickel source, the volume handled during transportation and the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material can be reduced, reducing the energy used for transportation and manufacturing, and eliminating the complexity of the manufacturing process. As a result, we focused on the fact that GHG emissions associated with the production of positive electrode active materials can be suppressed.
- the method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes a mixing step of mixing metallic nickel powder and a compound containing lithium, and after mixing, oxidizing the metallic nickel powder.
- the oxidation step is characterized in that the oxidation step produces a precursor having nickel oxide with an oxidation rate of 10% or more and 70% or less, which indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of Ni contained. shall be.
- the average particle size of the metal nickel powder is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the precursor is preferably subjected to the oxidation step to have a Li conversion rate of 10% or more.
- the oxidation step is preferably performed in an oxidizing atmosphere below the melting point of the lithium-containing compound.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed in the mixing step is 100% by mass, when the amount of the lithium compound required for producing the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is 100% by mass. is preferably 10% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less.
- the lithium-containing compound is lithium carbonate.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes firing the precursor produced by the method for producing a precursor for a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery at a temperature of 700°C or higher and 900°C or lower.
- the method is characterized by having a firing step of obtaining a positive electrode active material.
- the method for producing the positive electrode active material includes forming a mixed powder by mixing the precursor, a compound containing lithium, and at least one of a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel, and then performing the baking step. It is characterized by doing.
- the method includes a grinding process for grinding the mixed powder, and then a granulation process for granulating the ground mixed powder to form granulated powder, and the sintering process can be performed on the granulated powder.
- the method for producing the positive electrode active material includes a pulverizing step of pulverizing the mixed powder, and a granulating step of granulating the pulverized mixed powder to obtain granulated powder,
- the mixed amount of the lithium-containing compound is less than 100% by mass
- the remaining mixed amount of the lithium-containing compound is added after the granulation step to form a mixed granulated powder, and the It is characterized by a firing process.
- the pulverization step can include a coarse pulverization step and a fine pulverization step.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step and the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step are different compounds, and the melting point of the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step is different after the granulation step. It is preferable that the melting point is higher than the melting point of the compound containing lithium to be added.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is represented by the following compositional formula (1).
- Li 1+a Ni b M (1-b) O 2+ ⁇ ...(1) M is a metal element other than Li and Ni, and a, b and ⁇ are ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.2, 0.6 ⁇ b ⁇ 1. 0, ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ 0.2).
- the precursor of the positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present invention has a metallic nickel powder and a compound containing lithium, and has an oxidation rate that indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of nickel contained. contains 10% or more and 70% or less of nickel oxide, and the nickel oxide has a crystallite diameter of 100 nm or less.
- the precursor of the positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present invention has a metallic nickel powder and a compound containing lithium, and has an oxidation rate that indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of nickel contained. contains 10% or more and 70% or less of nickel oxide, and further contains lithium metal oxide. Note that, hereinafter, "the oxidation rate indicating the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of nickel contained" will be simply referred to as "oxidation rate”.
- the energy used for transportation and production can be reduced, and the complexity of the production process can be eliminated.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery can provide a positive electrode active material with a stable crystal structure and good electrochemical properties.
- 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of precursors of positive electrode active materials for lithium ion secondary batteries in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- 1 is an XRD pattern of positive electrode active materials for lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between R value and oxidation rate.
- 1 is an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) mapping image of a particle cross section of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1.
- EPMA electron probe microanalyzer
- 3 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation image of a particle cross section of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 3.
- 3 is an SEM observation image of a particle cross section of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5.
- 1 is an SEM observation image of a particle cross section of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1.
- metallic nickel powder manufactured by, for example, an atomization method or a carbonyl method can be used.
- the atomization method and carbonyl method are preferable because they allow obtaining metallic nickel powder with a small amount of impurity elements.
- the atomization method is preferable for obtaining spherical powder.
- High purity raw materials are used for battery components in order to avoid battery short circuits.
- iron (Fe) is an impurity element that tends to cause short circuits
- the Fe content of the metallic nickel powder is preferably 100 ppm or less.
- high purity nickel More preferably it is 30 ppm or less, and still more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- high purity briquettes and cathodes of Class I are suitable. In this embodiment, high purity metallic nickel powder with few impurities is obtained without acid dissolving these briquettes and cathodes.
- the carbonyl method involves reacting nickel briquettes with carbon monoxide gas to obtain gaseous nickel carbonyl, and then thermally decomposing the nickel carbonyl under reduced pressure and low temperature to obtain metallic nickel powder.
- High purity metallic nickel powder can also be obtained by using the carbonyl method.
- the average particle size of the metallic nickel powder is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m. This particle size can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
- D50 shall be regarded as an average particle diameter.
- the average particle diameter D50 of the metal nickel powder is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter D50 of the metallic nickel powder is 20 ⁇ m or less, metal elements other than lithium and nickel diffuse to the center of the metallic nickel powder, and the composition within the positive electrode active material becomes almost uniform.
- the D50 of the metal nickel powder is 8 ⁇ m or less, the composition within the positive electrode active material becomes more uniform, which is preferable.
- the average particle diameter D50 of the metal nickel powder is greater than 20 ⁇ m, although there is no upper limit, for example, it may be more than 20 ⁇ m and not more than 100 ⁇ m, and the powder may be pulverized after the oxidation step described below.
- the particle size of the metallic nickel powder can be controlled by the injection pressure of water or gas in the atomization method, and can be controlled by the thermal decomposition conditions in the carbonyl method. Powder larger than 100 ⁇ m can be removed by sieve classification and returned to melting (recycling).
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material precursor using metallic nickel powder will be described below. As shown in the flowchart of FIG. 1, metal nickel powder and all or part of a compound containing lithium are mixed, and the mixed powder is subjected to an oxidation step. Note that all or part of the compound containing the metal element M other than lithium and nickel may be mixed before the oxidation step.
- the positive electrode active material of this embodiment is obtained by firing in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, but by introducing a precursor of metal nickel powder that has undergone an oxidation process, it has good crystallinity. A positive electrode active material can be manufactured.
- a compound containing lithium for example, lithium carbonate
- a compound containing lithium becomes an inclusion, which can prevent the metal nickel powder from sintering with each other during the oxidation process, and the powder state can be maintained even after the oxidation process, making it possible to obtain a powdered precursor.
- the metal nickel powder is caked after the oxidation step, it may be crushed.
- lithium metal oxide lithium nickel oxide
- a precursor containing lithium metal oxide can be obtained. When this precursor is used, a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity can be obtained.
- metallic nickel powder is used as the nickel raw material, an acid dissolution step and a coprecipitation step are not necessary. It is estimated that the amount of CO 2 emitted during the production of metallic nickel is approximately 30% lower than that of nickel sulfate, and by using nickel metal powder, the amount of CO 2 emissions produced during the production of precursors and positive electrode active materials can be reduced. can do. Furthermore, since metallic nickel powder is used as the nickel raw material, the volume handled during transportation and the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material can be reduced compared to compounds such as nickel sulfate and nickel hydroxide.
- the volume handled during transportation and the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material is about 1/20 compared to nickel sulfate and about 1/3 compared to nickel hydroxide, reducing fuel consumption during transportation. It is possible to save space during manufacturing, improve production efficiency by reducing driving force, and save energy. These things lead to a reduction in GHG emissions, and a positive electrode active material can be produced while suppressing GHG.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed with the metal nickel powder before the oxidation step may be a single lithium compound or a mixture of multiple types of lithium compounds. Furthermore, even when using a mixture of a plurality of types of lithium compounds, the mass ratio of lithium in the lithium-containing compound may fall within the following range.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound to be mixed with the metallic nickel powder should be 10% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, when the amount of the lithium-containing compound necessary for manufacturing the desired positive electrode active material is 100% by mass. preferable. This is because sintering can be suppressed by the presence of a compound containing lithium. By mixing 10% or more of the metal nickel powder with the metal nickel powder, prevention of sintering between the metal nickel powders in the oxidation process can be easily controlled.
- the amount of the compound containing lithium to be mixed is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less. This is because the amount of oxidation treatment in the oxidation step is reduced, the energy consumed in the oxidation treatment can be reduced, and costs and GHG emissions can be reduced. Furthermore, when a pulverization step is performed during production of the positive electrode active material described below, the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step is preferably 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 25% by mass or less. When the amount of the lithium compound to be mixed is reduced, the voids within the secondary particles of the positive electrode active material are reduced.
- lithium metal oxide lithium nickel oxide
- the particle strength of the positive electrode active material becomes high and the charge/discharge cycle characteristics become good.
- metallic nickel becomes lithium metal oxide
- its volume expands approximately three times, and the stress generated due to this volume change causes cracks in the precursor.
- the crushing step is not performed, the cracks become diffusion paths for the elements, making it easier for each element to diffuse uniformly.
- the cracks make it easier to crush.
- the compound containing lithium lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, etc. can be used. Further, it is preferable that the melting point is higher than the thermal oxidation temperature in the oxidation step. When the melting point of the lithium-containing compound is higher than the thermal oxidation temperature, sintering of the metal nickel powders in the oxidation process can be prevented. Therefore, the lithium-containing compound used in this manufacturing method is preferably lithium carbonate.
- the melting point of lithium carbonate is as high as 724°C, making it possible to increase the thermal oxidation temperature to 720°C. This is because it is solid even at an oxidation treatment temperature of 720° C., functions as an inclusion, can prevent contact between metal nickel powders and sintering, and can shorten the oxidation process.
- lithium hydroxide may be used as the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step described below. This is because lithium hydroxide has a lower melting point of 462° C. than lithium carbonate and melts at a low temperature, so it is thought that the reaction with the precursor is likely to occur. In this way, the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step and the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step are different compounds, and the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step has a higher melting point. In some cases, one may choose one with a high value.
- the average particle size of the lithium-containing compound is preferably from 100 nm to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the metallic nickel powder and the lithium-containing compound are mixed using a V-type mixer, stirring mixer, attritor, media mill, etc. To mix uniformly, it is preferable to be able to break down the agglomerates of each raw material powder.
- the mixing method may be either a dry method in which only the raw material powders are mixed, or a wet method in which a liquid is used as a dispersion medium.
- the oxidation step is preferably thermally oxidized in an oxidizing atmosphere because the time required for the oxidation treatment is short.
- the temperature is preferably about 450 to 720°C, preferably 450 to 700°C. This is because by setting the temperature to 450 to 700°C, it is easier to obtain a precursor with a desired oxidation rate.
- the heat treatment time for the oxidation treatment is preferably 0.5 to 20 hours, preferably 3 to 15 hours, and more preferably 5 to 10 hours. This is because the oxidation reaction is completed by performing the oxidation treatment for 5 to 10 hours, making it easier to stably obtain a precursor with a desired oxidation rate.
- the oxidation rate in the oxidation step is preferably 10% or more and 70% or less.
- the oxidation rate is 10% or more, it is possible to prevent the metal nickel powder from sintering with each other in the firing process to obtain the positive electrode active material later.
- the oxidation rate is 10% or more, the valence of nickel increases, so it can be expected that the reaction to form a lithium metal composite oxide will be accelerated during firing of the positive electrode active material.
- the oxidation rate is 70% or less, a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity can be obtained.
- the preferred oxidation rate is 40-70%, more preferably 49-68%. This is because by setting the content to 49% or more, the valence of nickel becomes higher and the reaction to form a lithium metal composite oxide during firing is further promoted. On the other hand, by setting the content to 68% or less, the formation of a layered structure in the firing process is promoted more than in the case of metal nickel powder that has been excessively oxidized.
- lithium metal oxide (representing lithium nickel oxide, hereinafter not described together) through the oxidation step. If lithium metal oxide is generated, the reaction between the lithium source and the metal source such as nickel will be promoted in the firing process to obtain the positive electrode active material later, and the formation of crystals with a layered structure will be promoted, resulting in good crystallinity. A positive electrode active material can be obtained.
- the precursor after the oxidation step is in the state of a crude precursor having nickel oxide with an oxidation rate of 10% or more and 70% or less, and this coarse precursor with a diameter of more than 20 ⁇ m is pulverized to form a precursor with a diameter of 20 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable to do so. Therefore, when a metallic nickel powder having an average particle size D50 of more than 20 ⁇ m is used, a pulverization step is required when producing the positive electrode active material.
- the pulverization step may be performed.
- the oxidation rate can be determined by the following method.
- the oxidation rate of the precursor indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of nickel contained, and it is determined by the mass M Ni of the metallic nickel powder input into the oxidation treatment, the inclusion components (compounds containing lithium, Alternatively, it was calculated using formula (4) based on the mass M i of the compound containing the metal element M and the mass M p of the precursor (oxidized powder) after the oxidation treatment. Note that M p -(M Ni +M i ) is the amount of increase in mass of the metal nickel powder due to the oxidation treatment, and (M p -(M Ni +M i ))/M Ni is the mass increase rate.
- Oxidation rate (M p ⁇ (M Ni + M i ))/M Ni /0.298 ⁇ 100 (4)
- the crystallite diameter of nickel oxide contained in the precursor is preferably 100 nm or less.
- the lower limit can be, for example, 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more.
- a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity can be produced. This is believed to be because the crystallite size of nickel oxide in the precursor is as fine as 100 nm or less, which promotes the formation of a layered structure in the firing process for obtaining the positive electrode active material.
- the crystallite diameter is 5 nm or more, a positive electrode active material with an appropriate primary particle diameter can be obtained.
- the precursor of the positive electrode active material preferably contains lithium metal oxide. This is because the inclusion of the lithium metal oxide promotes the reaction between the lithium source and the metal source such as nickel in the firing step for obtaining the positive electrode active material, thereby promoting the formation of a layered structure.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment is characterized by using the above-mentioned precursor of the positive electrode active material. This is shown in the flowcharts of FIGS. 2 to 6. As shown in FIG. 2, a positive electrode active material may be produced by firing a precursor, or as shown in FIG. A positive electrode active material may be manufactured by mixing the mixture with a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel and then firing the mixture. Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, a pulverization process or a granulation process may be added. Further, FIG. 5 includes a step of adding the remaining amount of the compound containing lithium. In FIG. 6, there is a coarse pulverization process and a fine pulverization process. Each embodiment is described below and explained in detail in conjunction with the examples.
- the above-mentioned precursor contains all of the metallic nickel powder necessary for producing the positive electrode active material and a compound containing lithium and a metallic element M other than nickel, as shown in FIG. 2, by firing the precursor, A positive electrode active material can be manufactured. The details of the firing will be described later.
- the mixing method may be either a dry method in which only the raw material powders are mixed, or a wet method in which a liquid is used as a dispersion medium.
- lithium hydroxide lithium carbonate, etc.
- Lithium carbonate is preferred because it has low hygroscopicity and is easy to handle.
- the pulverization step is omitted during production of the positive electrode active material, it is preferable to use lithium hydroxide. This is because the diffusion of the metal element M other than nickel into the interior of the metal nickel powder is promoted, and a positive electrode active material having a uniform composition can be manufactured.
- a step of pulverizing and mixing for the purpose of promoting the calcination reaction.
- a positive electrode active material having a high initial capacity and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- Grinding and mixing can be performed using an attritor, a media mill, or the like. Since the mixed powder can be pulverized into submicron size, it is preferable to use a media mill, and it is more preferable to use a bead mill.
- the D50 of the primary particles of the mixed powder after pulverization and mixing (pulverized mixed powder) is preferably 0.30 ⁇ m or less. The firing reaction is promoted and voids in the positive electrode active material are suppressed. As a result, the particle strength of the positive electrode active material becomes high, and the charge/discharge cycle characteristics become good.
- the pulverization process is divided into two stages with different pulverization conditions. Specifically, the pulverization is divided into two stages: the first stage is coarse pulverization and mixing to a size of less than 10 ⁇ m (coarse pulverization process), and the second stage is pulverization and mixing to a submicron size (fine pulverization process). It is preferable. Further, it is preferable to use a media mill in both the coarse pulverization step and the fine pulverization step, and it is preferable that the media size in the pulverization step is smaller than the media size in the coarse pulverization step. By pulverizing in two stages, it is possible to suppress the mixing of media components from the media mill, and it is possible to obtain a positive electrode active material having a desired composition with few impurities.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed is less than 100% of the amount of lithium compound required for manufacturing the desired positive electrode active material, in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material, It is preferable to add the remainder of the lithium-containing compound after the granulation step (post-addition). If a large amount of lithium-containing compounds are present in the granulated powder, it will result in a structure with many voids after firing, resulting in low particle strength of the positive electrode active material and deterioration of charge/discharge cycle characteristics. However, adding a lithium compound after granulation This makes it possible to reduce the amount of lithium-containing compounds in the granulated powder, resulting in a structure with fewer voids after firing. As a result, the particle strength of the positive electrode active material becomes high, resulting in good charge/discharge cycle characteristics.
- a firing step of firing the mixed powder or the pulverized mixed powder to obtain a layered structure positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery will be described.
- An electric furnace or a gas furnace is used for firing the raw material mixed powder or granulated powder, etc.
- the firing atmosphere preferably contains 20% or more oxygen by volume, and when the Ni content is 80 atomic % or more of all metal elements except Li, the oxygen concentration is preferably 90% or more.
- the calcination step may be performed at 700° C. to 900° C. to obtain a layered positive electrode active material.
- the calcination step may include a pre-calcination step in which the temperature is maintained at 450° C.
- the preferred calcination temperature and holding time are adjusted according to the composition blended during raw material mixing, and the calcination is performed so that the physical properties (specific surface area, etc.) of the target positive electrode active material after calcination are within a preferred range.
- the synthesized lithium metal composite oxide may be subjected to a washing process in which it is washed with deionized water or the like, and a drying process in which the washed lithium metal composite oxide is dried, etc., after the firing process, in order to remove impurities, etc. Also, it may be subjected to a crushing process in which the synthesized lithium metal composite oxide is crushed, and a classification process in which the lithium metal composite oxide is classified into a predetermined particle size, etc.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material of this embodiment will be explained.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but preferred compositions will be described below.
- the positive electrode active material according to this embodiment is expressed by the following formula (1). Li 1+a Ni b M (1-b) O 2+ ⁇ ...(1) (However, in the above formula (1), M is a metal element other than Li and Ni, and a, b and ⁇ are ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.2, 0.6 ⁇ b ⁇ 1. 0, ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ 0.2).
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment has a composition in which the proportion of Ni in all metal elements other than Li is 60 atomic % or more, so that high energy density and high initial capacity can be realized. Note that the proportion of Ni in all metal elements other than Li can take an appropriate value in the range of 60 atomic % or more and 100 atomic % or less. Since the positive electrode active material contains such a high proportion of nickel, it is important that the oxidation reaction of oxidizing Ni 2+ to Ni 3+ is carried out efficiently.
- a more preferable specific composition of the positive electrode active material according to this embodiment is represented by formula (2).
- M1 represents at least one selected from Al and Mn
- X represents one or more metal elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Al and Mn
- the positive electrode active material represented by the formula (2) has a high Ni content, it can exhibit a higher initial capacity than LiCoO 2 or the like in a range up to around 4.3V.
- the content of Ni is high, the raw material cost is lower than that of LiCoO 2 and the like, and the raw material is easily available as a positive electrode active material.
- a is greater than or equal to -0.1 and less than or equal to 0.2.
- a may be greater than or equal to ⁇ 0.02 and less than or equal to 0.07.
- a is ⁇ 0.02 or more, a sufficient amount of lithium to contribute to charging and discharging is ensured, so that the initial capacity of the positive electrode active material can be increased. Further, if a is 0.07 or less, charge compensation due to a change in the valence of the metal element is sufficiently performed, so that both high initial capacity and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics can be achieved.
- the coefficient b of nickel is 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less.
- b is 0.70 or more, a sufficiently high charge/discharge capacity can be obtained compared to cases where other metal elements are used. Therefore, if b is within the above numerical range, a positive electrode active material exhibiting high charge/discharge capacity can be produced at a lower cost than LiCoO 2 or the like.
- b is preferably 0.80 or more and 0.95 or less, more preferably 0.85 or more and 0.95 or less.
- the larger b is 0.80 or more, the higher the initial capacity obtained.
- b is 0.95 or less, the smaller the value, the smaller the lattice distortion or crystal structure change due to the insertion and desorption of lithium ions, which leads to cation mixing that causes nickel to be mixed into lithium sites during firing, and a decrease in crystallinity. Since this becomes difficult to occur, deterioration of initial capacity and charge/discharge cycle characteristics is suppressed.
- the coefficient c of cobalt is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.20.
- effects such as stabilization of the crystal structure and suppression of cation mixing, in which nickel is mixed into lithium sites, can be obtained. Therefore, the charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be improved without significantly impairing the charge and discharge capacity.
- cobalt is in excess, the cost of raw materials will increase, resulting in an increase in the manufacturing cost of the positive electrode active material. If c is within the above numerical range, it is possible to achieve both high charge and discharge capacity and good charge and discharge cycle characteristics with good productivity.
- c may be 0.01 or more and 0.20 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.20 or less, or 0.04 or more and 0.20 or less. You can also use it as The larger c is 0.01 or more, the more effect of elemental substitution of cobalt can be obtained, and the charge-discharge cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the coefficient d of M1 is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.20.
- the element is substituted with at least one element (M1) selected from the group consisting of manganese and aluminum, the layered structure can be maintained more stably even if lithium is desorbed by charging.
- these elements (M1) are in excess, the proportion of other metal elements such as nickel becomes low, and the initial capacity of the positive electrode active material decreases.
- d is in the above numerical range, the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material can be kept stable, and high initial capacity, as well as good charge/discharge cycle characteristics, thermal stability, etc. can be obtained.
- Manganese is particularly preferred as the element represented by M1. Elemental substitution with manganese provides a higher initial capacity compared to elemental substitution with aluminum. Furthermore, during firing of the lithium composite compound, manganese also reacts with lithium carbonate as shown in the following formula (3). Such a reaction suppresses the coarsening of crystal grains and allows the oxidation reaction of nickel to proceed at high temperatures, so that a positive electrode active material exhibiting high charge/discharge capacity can be efficiently obtained.
- M' represents a metal element such as Ni, Co, or Mn.
- the coefficient d of M1 is preferably 0.02 or more, more preferably 0.04 or more.
- M1 is manganese, it becomes possible to proceed with the oxidation reaction of nickel at a higher temperature, and a positive electrode active material exhibiting a high initial capacity can be obtained more efficiently.
- the coefficient d of M1 is 0.18 or less. If the coefficient d of M1 is 0.18 or less, the initial capacity can be maintained high even if the elements are replaced.
- the coefficient e of X shall be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.1.
- X represents one or more metal elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Al and Mn, and is substituted with at least one element selected from the group consisting of magnesium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum and niobium. When present, various performances such as charge/discharge cycle characteristics can be improved while maintaining the activity of the positive electrode active material. On the other hand, if these elements (X) are in excess, the proportion of other metal elements such as nickel decreases, and the charge/discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material decreases. When e is within the above numerical range, it is possible to achieve both high initial capacity and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics.
- ⁇ in the above formulas (1) and (2) is set to be greater than or equal to ⁇ 0.2 and less than or equal to 0.2.
- the D50 of the primary particles of the pulverized mixed powder and the secondary particles of the fired powder of the positive electrode active material was measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
- the particle strength was measured using a micro compression tester "MCT-510" (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- the particle strength of five positive electrode active materials having a secondary particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m was measured, and the average value was taken as the particle strength.
- the oil absorption of the powder sample was measured in accordance with JIS K5101-13-1, and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) was used as the solvent. Weigh out 5.0 g of the powder sample and place it in a mound on a flat vat. Suck up NMP with a polydropper (2 mL capacity) and measure the mass. Next, NMP is added dropwise to the powder sample and kneaded with a spatula, and the dropping and kneading are continued until the entire powder sample becomes clay-like. When NMP became excessive, it was visible that the droplets were not absorbed by the powder sample and remained on the surface, and the amount of NMP that had been dropped up to this point was converted to oil absorption per 100 g of the powder sample.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in the X-ray powder diffraction measurement of the precursor and positive electrode active material was determined using an X-ray diffraction device "X'Pert PRO MPD" (manufactured by PANalytical) with a radiation source CuK ⁇ , a tube voltage of 45 kV, and a tube voltage of 45 kV. Measurement was carried out under the following conditions: current 40 mA, sampling interval 0.02°/step, divergence slit 0.5°, scattering slit 0.5°, light receiving slit 0.15mm, scanning range 15° ⁇ 2 ⁇ 80°.
- crystallite diameter K ⁇ / ⁇ cos ⁇ ...(5) K: shape factor (0.9), ⁇ : X-ray wavelength (0.154 nm), ⁇ : diffraction angle
- Li conversion rate The carbon content C i of the raw material mixed powder, which is a mixture of metallic nickel powder and lithium carbonate, and the carbon content Co of the precursor were measured, and from equation (8), it was determined that the amount of carbon decreased during the oxidation process, that is, the amount of lithium carbonate reacted with metallic nickel. The percentage was calculated.
- the reaction product is lithium metal oxide. It has been found that increasing the amount of lithium metal oxide increases the likelihood of cracks forming within the precursor. In this respect, the Li conversion rate can be used as an index of ease of crushing.
- the titration curve has two stages, the first stage equivalence point (x) represents the reaction of formula (10) and formula (11), and the second stage equivalence point (y) represents the reaction of formula (11). represent. Since the number of moles of Li 2 CO 3 in formula (10) is the same as the number of moles of HCl in formula (12), the amount of residual Li 2 CO 3 is the same as that between the first-stage equivalence point and the second-stage equivalence point. The interval (y ⁇ x) was defined as the titration amount.
- the amount of residual LiOH is the titration amount up to the first stage equivalence point, but since equation (11) is also included in the titration amount up to the first step, equation (11), that is, the amount of residual Li 2 CO 3 is The subtracted amount was defined as (2x-y).
- the amount of Li in the residual Li 2 CO 3 and residual LiOH that is, the amount of unreacted Li was calculated.
- the unreacted Li rate was calculated by dividing the number of moles of unreacted Li by the number of moles of metal elements other than Li contained in the positive electrode active material and multiplying by 100.
- Preliminary experiment 2 The same oxidation process as in Preliminary Experiment 1 was performed except that the metal nickel powder and lithium carbonate were weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements was Li:Ni of 0.10:0.85. Although some of the oxidized powder was caked, oxidized powder with a D50 of 8 ⁇ m was obtained by crushing it in a mortar. In addition, when the molar ratio of the metal elements of the metallic nickel powder and lithium carbonate is Li:Ni of 0.10:0.85, it means that the metallic nickel powder and 10% by mass of the compound containing lithium necessary for production are mixed. That will happen. Incidentally, in preliminary experiment 1, 100% by mass of the same lithium-containing compounds were mixed.
- Example 1 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and the molar ratio of the metal elements of each raw material was 0.26. :0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01. In addition, lithium hydroxide was separately prepared and weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements was Li:metal elements other than lithium: 0.77:1.00. Note that, as the metal nickel powder, a metal nickel powder having a D50 of 8 ⁇ m manufactured by a water atomization method was used. First, metal nickel powder and lithium carbonate corresponding to 25% by mass were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- oxidation treatment oxidation step
- a precursor containing oxidized metallic nickel powder 100 g was placed in a 150 mm square pot, and oxidation treatment (oxidation step) was performed at 650° C. for 10 hours in a firing furnace in an atmospheric atmosphere to obtain a precursor containing oxidized metallic nickel powder.
- the mass of the obtained precursor was 17% higher than that of the raw material mixed powder. Calculating from this mass increase rate, it was confirmed that 68% of the metallic nickel powder was nickel oxide. In other words, the oxidation rate was 68%.
- a raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide was pre-pulverized in a ball mill using zirconia balls of ⁇ 5 mm as a grinding media to obtain a pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M.
- the D50 of the pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M was 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the above-mentioned precursor, the pre-pulverized powder of the above-mentioned metal element M, and the above-mentioned lithium hydroxide corresponding to 75% by mass are dry-mixed, followed by firing in an oxygen gas atmosphere.
- Example 2 A precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oxidation treatment temperature in the oxidation step was 550° C. for 10 hours. Note that the oxidation rate of the precursor was 49%.
- Example 1 A precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oxidation treatment temperature in the oxidation step was 400° C. for 10 hours. Note that the oxidation rate of the precursor was 7%.
- Example 2 A precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of raw material mixed powder loaded in the sagger in the oxidation step was 500 g. Note that the oxidation rate of the precursor was 77%. In this example, the loading amount was changed in order to observe changes in the oxidation rate.
- Comparative Example 3 the raw material of the metal element M was applied as the inclusion.
- metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of the metal elements was Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01.
- lithium hydroxide was prepared, and it was weighed so that the molar ratio of the metal elements was Li:metal elements other than lithium was 1.03:1.00.
- metallic nickel powder metallic nickel powder having a D50 of 8 ⁇ m produced by a water atomization method was used.
- the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide was pre-pulverized in a ball mill using zirconia balls of ⁇ 5 mm as a grinding medium to obtain a pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M.
- the D50 of the pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M was 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the metallic nickel powder and the pre-pulverized powder of the metallic element M were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- the raw material mixed powder was placed in a 150 mm square sagger and oxidized (oxidized) for 10 hours at 550°C in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere to obtain a precursor containing oxidized metallic nickel powder.
- the mass of the obtained precursor was increased by 7.7% compared to the raw material mixed powder. Calculations based on this mass increase rate confirmed that 62% of the metallic nickel powder was nickel oxide. In other words, the oxidation rate was 62%.
- the above precursor and the above lithium hydroxide were dry mixed and calcined for 20 hours at 500°C in an oxygen stream in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere. Thereafter, main firing was performed at 840° C. for 10 hours in an oxygen stream in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere. In the above manner, a positive electrode active material made of a lithium metal composite oxide was obtained.
- Comparative Example 4 A precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the oxidation treatment temperature in the oxidation step was 500° C. for 10 hours. The oxidation rate of the precursor was 42%.
- Table 1 shows the oxidation rates of the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- X-ray powder diffraction measurements were performed on the precursors and positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- the XRD patterns of the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are shown in FIG. 7, and the XRD patterns of the positive electrode active materials are shown in FIG.
- the crystallite diameter of nickel oxide contained in the precursors calculated from XRD measurements of the precursors and positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, and the above-mentioned I NiO , ILNO , I Ni , Table 1 shows I LNO /I Ni , I LNO /I NiO , the degree of residual metal Ni, and the R value of the positive electrode active material.
- Table 1 shows I LNO /I Ni , I LNO /I NiO , the degree of residual metal Ni, and the R value of the positive electrode active material.
- the relationship between the oxidation rate and the R value of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 is shown in FIG.
- an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis of the particle cross section of the positive electrode active material of Example 1 was performed. The results are shown in FIG. Further, FIG. 14 shows a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 1.
- the metal nickel powder in the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was oxidized and a portion was nickel oxide. did it.
- Examples 1 and 2 with an oxidation rate of 10% to 70% have lower R values than Comparative Example 1 with an oxidation rate of 7% and Comparative Example 2 with an oxidation rate of 77%. It was confirmed that a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity could be obtained. From this, it was found that the oxidation rate is preferably 10% or more and 70% or less. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the R value was low when the oxidation rate was 49% or more and the crystallite diameter of nickel oxide contained in the precursor was 100 nm or less. Note that in Example 1, the oxidation rate was 68%, whereas in Comparative Example 2, the oxidation rate was as high as 77%.
- the reason for the increase in the oxidation rate is thought to be that the amount of air on board changed, which changed the air flow in the atmosphere, increasing the amount of oxygen supplied to the metal nickel powder. Therefore, the oxidation rate of the metallic nickel powder can be controlled not only by the oxidation treatment temperature but also by the time and heat treatment atmosphere.
- the oxidation rates are the same for the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 in which lithium carbonate was used as an inclusion, and the precursors in Comparative Examples 3 and 4 in which a raw material for metal element M was used as an inclusion.
- the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 have lithium metal oxide (LNO) formed in addition to Ni oxide (NiO), but the precursors of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 Almost no lithium metal oxide formation is observed in the body.
- the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 have a lower R value of 0.500 or less compared to the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4, confirming that positive electrode active materials with good crystallinity can be obtained. did it.
- the positive electrode active material can be manufactured by oxidizing the metallic nickel powder without using compounds such as nickel sulfate or nickel hydroxide, and without pulverizing it, which shortens the manufacturing process and reduces the amount of transportation between manufacturing processes. Less is enough.
- metallic nickel powder has a higher nickel content and a higher specific gravity than nickel sulfate, nickel hydroxide, etc., the volume to be transported is smaller, and the energy required for transportation (transportation cost, etc.) can be reduced. Through these measures, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced by about 30 to 40%, and as a result, a positive electrode active material can be produced with suppressed GHG emissions.
- GHG greenhouse gas
- the positive electrode active material can be produced by oxidizing metallic nickel powder, significantly reducing the amount of water used. Can be done.
- nickel hydroxide is manufactured, by-products such as sodium sulfate are generated, which must be disposed of, but in the present invention, no by-products are generated, so there is no need to dispose of waste, reducing the environmental burden.
- a positive electrode active material can be manufactured by doing so.
- Example 2 A precursor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that metallic nickel powder having a D50 of 70 ⁇ m was used, and then a positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- FIG. 11 shows the relationship between D50 of the metal nickel powder and the Ni ratio in the center of the positive electrode active material. Note that Table 2 also shows the results of Example 1. As described above, the influence of D50 of the metal nickel powder was evaluated.
- Example 3 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and the molar ratio of the metal elements of each raw material was 1.03. :0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01. Note that, as the metal nickel powder, a metal nickel powder having a D50 of 8 ⁇ m manufactured by a water atomization method was used. In this example, lithium carbonate and metal nickel powder corresponding to 100% by mass were charged into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder. Next, this raw material mixed powder was subjected to oxidation treatment (oxidation step) at 650° C. for 10 hours in a firing furnace in an air atmosphere to obtain a precursor containing oxidized metal nickel powder.
- oxidation treatment oxidation step
- the obtained precursor is mixed with the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and the solid content is 30% by mass. Pure water was added so that Then, a raw material slurry was prepared by wet pulverizing with a pulverizer so that the D50 of primary particles was 0.3 ⁇ m (pulverizing step). Subsequently, the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried using a nozzle-type spray dryer (manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., Ltd., model ODL-20) to obtain granulated powder with a D50 of about 10 ⁇ m (granulation step).
- a nozzle-type spray dryer manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., Ltd., model ODL-20
- the dried granulated powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing step). Specifically, in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere, calcination was performed at 700° C. for 24 hours in an oxygen stream. Thereafter, main firing was performed at 840° C. for 10 hours in an oxygen stream in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the fired powder obtained in the firing step was classified using a sieve with an opening of 53 ⁇ m, and the powder under the sieve was used as a positive electrode active material.
- Example 4 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and the molar ratio of the metal elements of each raw material was 1.03. :0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01. Note that, as the metal nickel powder, a metal nickel powder having a D50 of 8 ⁇ m manufactured by a water atomization method was used. First, 50% by mass of lithium carbonate (pre-added) and metallic nickel powder were put into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium and nickel was 0.52:0.85. The mixture was mixed for a minute to obtain a raw material mixed powder. Next, this raw material mixed powder was subjected to oxidation treatment (oxidation step) at 650° C. for 10 hours in a firing furnace in an air atmosphere to obtain a precursor containing oxidized metal nickel powder.
- oxidation treatment oxidation step
- the obtained precursor is mixed with the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and the solid content ratio is 30% by mass. Pure water was added so that Then, a raw material slurry was prepared by wet pulverizing with a pulverizer so that the D50 of primary particles was 0.30 ⁇ m (pulverizing step). Subsequently, the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried using a nozzle-type spray dryer (manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., Ltd., model ODL-20) to obtain granulated powder with a D50 of about 10 ⁇ m (granulation step).
- a nozzle-type spray dryer manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., Ltd., model ODL-20
- This granulated powder and 50% by mass of the remaining lithium carbonate (added later) were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a mixed granulated powder.
- a step of adding and mixing a compound containing lithium was performed.
- this mixed granulated powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing step). Specifically, in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere, calcination was performed at 700° C. for 24 hours in an oxygen stream. Thereafter, main firing was performed at 840° C. for 10 hours in an oxygen stream in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the fired powder obtained in the firing step was classified using a sieve with an opening of 53 ⁇ m, and the powder under the sieve was used as a positive electrode active material.
- Example 5 We added 25% by mass of lithium carbonate and metallic nickel powder to a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium and nickel was Li:Ni of 0.26:0.85, and the firing temperature in the main firing.
- a precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the temperature was 820°C.
- the reason why the firing temperature was changed to a lower value is as follows. By mixing 25% by mass of lithium carbonate before the oxidation step and adding the remaining 75% by mass after the granulation step, the amount of lithium carbonate in the mixed granulated powder is reduced. As a result, the oxidized metal nickel powders in the mixed granulated powder come close to each other, promoting the reaction and lowering the appropriate firing temperature.
- Examples 3 to 5 the influence of the mixing amount of pre-addition and post-addition of a compound containing lithium was investigated. That is, when the amount of lithium compound necessary for manufacturing the desired positive electrode active material is 100% by mass, the amount of the compound containing lithium to be mixed before the oxidation step is 100% by mass in Example 3, In Example 4, 50% by mass was mixed (pre-added), and in Example 5, 25% by mass was mixed. In addition, Examples 4 and 5 are examples in which the remaining amount of lithium compound is mixed after the granulation process and is added later.
- the oil absorption amount of the positive electrode active materials of Examples 3 to 5 and the particle strength of Examples 3 to 5 were measured. This is shown in Table 3.
- lithium ion secondary batteries were manufactured using the positive electrode active materials synthesized in Examples 3 to 5 as positive electrode materials, and the initial capacity and capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary batteries were measured.
- the prepared positive electrode active material, a carbon-based conductive material, and a binder pre-dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were mixed in a mass ratio of 92.5:5:2.5. Mixed like this.
- the uniformly mixed positive electrode mixture slurry was applied onto a positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m so that the coating amount was 13 mg/cm 2 .
- the positive electrode mixture slurry applied to the positive electrode current collector was heat-treated at 120° C., and the solvent was distilled off to form a positive electrode mixture layer. Thereafter, the positive electrode mixture layer was pressure-molded using a hot press and punched into a circular shape with a diameter of 15 mm to obtain a positive electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced using the produced positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator.
- the negative electrode a metal lithium punched into a circular shape with a diameter of 16 mm was used.
- the separator a porous separator made of polypropylene and having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was assembled with a positive electrode and a negative electrode facing each other in a non-aqueous electrolyte with a separator in between.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte a solution was used in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol/L in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3:7.
- the produced lithium ion secondary battery was charged at a constant current/constant voltage of 38 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.3 V in an environment of 25°C. Then, it was discharged to a lower limit potential of 2.5 V at a constant current of 40 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture, and the charging capacity and discharging capacity were measured. Thereafter, charging was performed at a constant current/constant voltage of 190 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.3 V.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 3 in which the amount of lithium carbonate mixed before the oxidation step is 100% by mass, is different from the positive electrode active material in which the amount of lithium carbonate mixed before the oxidation step is 25% by mass. It can be seen that the positive electrode active material of Example 5 has a structure with fewer voids. It is believed that if the granulated powder contains a large amount of lithium carbonate and oxidized metallic nickel powder is scattered, a structure with many voids will result after firing. Therefore, in Example 3 where a large amount of lithium carbonate was present in the granulated powder, the oxidized metallic nickel was scattered, resulting in a structure with many voids after firing.
- the positive electrode active materials of Examples 3 to 5 have a high initial capacity of 187 Ah/kg or more. Furthermore, Examples 4 and 5, in which the amount of lithium carbonate mixed before the oxidation process was 50 mass% or less, had a good capacity retention rate of 90% or more. In other words, it was confirmed that by mixing the amount of lithium carbonate before the oxidation process with 50 mass% or less, a positive electrode active material with few voids and high strength can be obtained, and as a result, good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- Example 6 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and the molar ratio of the metal elements of each raw material was 1.03. :0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01. Note that, as the metal nickel powder, a metal nickel powder having a D50 of 70 ⁇ m and a D95 of 176 ⁇ m was used. 25% by mass of lithium carbonate and metallic nickel powder were charged into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium to nickel was Li:Ni of 0.26:0.85. The mixture was mixed for 120 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- this raw material mixed powder was subjected to oxidation treatment (oxidation step) at 700° C. for 4 hours in a firing furnace in an air atmosphere to obtain a crude precursor containing oxidized metal nickel powder.
- the oxidation rate was 69%.
- carbon content measurement, cross-sectional SEM observation, and XRD measurement were performed on this crude precursor, and the Li conversion rate, oil absorption amount, oxidation (Li conversion) distance, oxidation (Li conversion) distance ratio, I LNO /I Ni , I LNO /I NiO was calculated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- the obtained crude precursor and the raw materials of metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide are mixed, and 200 g of this mixed powder is placed in a plastic pot container.
- 200 g of pure water and 200 g of zirconia balls (manufactured by Nikkato) with a ball diameter of 5 mm were added as media, and the mixture was ground at a rotational speed of 90 rpm for 64 hours to obtain a ground slurry (coarse grinding step).
- the particle size distribution after coarse grinding was measured. The results are shown in Table 4.
- the obtained pulverized slurry was wet-pulverized in a pulverizer to prepare a raw material slurry with a D50 of 0.3 ⁇ m (fine pulverization process).
- the particle size distribution after fine pulverization is shown in Table 4.
- the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried with a nozzle-type spray dryer (Okawahara Kakoki Co., Ltd., ODL-20 type) to obtain a granulated powder with a D50 of about 10 ⁇ m (granulation process).
- the dried granulated powder and 75% by mass of the remaining lithium carbonate were put into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium and nickel was Li:Ni 1.03:0.85, and a mixed granulated powder was obtained.
- the obtained mixed granulated powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing process). Specifically, the mixture was fired in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a firing furnace in an oxygen gas atmosphere at 700°C for 24 hours in an oxygen stream. The mixture was then calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere at 820°C for 10 hours in an oxygen stream to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the calcined powder obtained by the calcination process was classified using a sieve with a mesh size of 53 ⁇ m, and the powder that fell under the sieve was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Example 7 to 9 A crude precursor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the oxidation treatment time in the oxidation step was changed to 8 hours in Example 7, 10 hours in Example 8, and 30 hours in Example 9.
- a positive electrode active material was produced through the following steps.
- oxidation degree, Li conversion rate, oil absorption, oxidation (Li conversion) distance, oxidation (Li conversion) distance rate, I LNO /I Ni , I LNO /I NiO , metal Ni residual degree, etc. were calculated in the same way. did.
- the particle size distribution after coarse pulverization and after fine pulverization was measured. The results are shown in Table 4.
- lithium carbonate mixed (pre-added) before the oxidation process prevents sintering while oxidizing.
- the yield of the precursor was 65% or more.
- the Li conversion rate increases as the oxidation treatment time increases, the unreacted Li rate decreases, the reaction between the lithium source and the metal source such as nickel progresses, and the formation of lithium metal oxide progresses. I understand.
- the Li conversion rate can be used as an index of ease of crushing, but it can be said that as the Li conversion rate increases, the amount of lithium metal oxide in the precursor increases, and its volume expansion makes it easier for cracks to occur in the precursor. .
- the oil absorption amount of the precursor was 16 to 18 ml/100g, compared to 8 ml/100g in Reference Example 2 with a Li conversion rate of 7%. It has increased considerably. This also shows that the number of cracks inside the precursor is increasing. As a result, in Examples 6 to 9, the D95 after coarse pulverization was 3 ⁇ m or less, making fine pulverization possible. On the other hand, the Li conversion ratio of Reference Example 2 was low, less than 10%, and it is thought that pulverization could not be performed because there were few cracks.
- Good results have been obtained in terms of initial capacity, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention rate.
- Example 10 Same as Example 8 except that 10% by mass of lithium carbonate and metal nickel powder were charged into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium and nickel was 0.10:0.85.
- the precursor and cathode active material were prepared by the method. Oil absorption, particle strength, initial capacity, and capacity retention rate were measured. The results are shown in Table 6. In order to compare the effects of the amount of lithium carbonate added on oil absorption and particle strength, Table 6 also includes data from Examples 3 to 5 and Example 8.
- the positive electrode active material could be manufactured even if the amount of lithium carbonate added before the oxidation step was 10% by mass. Furthermore, as the amount of lithium carbonate added before the oxidation step decreases, the amount of oil absorption, which is an index of the amount of voids, decreases, and the amount of voids can be controlled by the amount of lithium carbonate added before the oxidation step. That is, it was reconfirmed that by reducing the amount of lithium carbonate pre-added to create a structure with fewer voids, a positive electrode active material with high particle strength could be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2には、ニッケル源を溶融し、アトマイズ法により得たニッケル粒子を硫酸水溶液に溶解して、硫酸ニッケルを得た後に、晶析法により、Niを含有する水酸化物を得て、この水酸化物を用いて共沈法により二次電池用正極活物質を得る製造方法が記載されている。
さらに、特許文献3には、金属ニッケルを含有するニッケル原料より正極活物質を製造する方法が記載されている。
また、特許文献3では金属ニッケルのまま焼成を行うため、焼成過程で焼結してしまい、粒子状態を保つことができないおそれがあった。また、正極活物質の結晶構造が不安定で、そのためリチウムイオン二次電池の電気化学特性も不安定であった。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.6≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)で表される。
尚、以下では「含有される全ニッケル量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率」を単に「酸化率」と記載する。
正極活物質の製造方法を説明する前に、金属ニッケル粉末の製造方法を例示する。
本実施形態では、例えばアトマイズ法、カルボニル法により製造された金属ニッケル粉末を用いることが出来る。アトマイズ法やカルボニル法によると不純物元素量が少ない金属ニッケル粉末を得ることができるので好ましい。また、アトマイズ法は球状粉末を得るうえで好ましい。電池の短絡を回避する目的から電池部材には高純度の原材料が用いられる。特に鉄(Fe)は短絡の原因となりやすい不純物元素であるため、金属ニッケル粉末のFeの含有量は100ppm以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは30ppm以下、さらに好ましくは10ppm以下である。また、高純度なニッケル源としては品位ClassIの高純度なブリケットやカソードが適する。本実施形態では、これらブリケットやカソードを酸溶解することなく、不純物が少ない高純度な金属ニッケル粉末を得るものである。
一方、粉砕工程を実施する場合は、金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径D50は20μm超えで上限はないが、例えば20μm超100μm以下程度とし、後述する酸化工程の後に粉砕すれば良い。尚、金属ニッケル粉末の粒径は、アトマイズ法においては噴射される水またはガスの噴射圧力等により制御でき、カルボニル法においては熱分解条件により制御できる。100μmを超える粉末は、篩分級によって除去して溶解などに戻す(リサイクルする)ことができる。
以下、金属ニッケル粉末を用いた正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法について説明する。
図1のフローチャートに示す通り、金属ニッケル粉末と、リチウムを含む化合物の全部あるいは一部を混合し、この混合粉に対し酸化工程を実施する。尚、酸化工程前にリチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mを含む化合物の全部あるいは一部を混合しても構わない。本実施形態の正極活物質は、酸素を含む雰囲気中で焼成することにより正極活物質を得るものであるが、酸化工程を経た金属ニッケル粉末の前駆体を導入することにより、結晶性の良好な正極活物質を製造できる。また、リチウムを含む化合物(例えば炭酸リチウム)が介在物となり、酸化工程における金属ニッケル粉末同士の焼結を防止でき、酸化工程後も粉末状態を維持できて粉末状の前駆体を得ることができる。尚、酸化工程後に金属ニッケル粉末がケーキングしている場合は、解砕を実施しても構わない。さらに、リチウムを含む化合物とともに酸化工程を行うことで、リチウム金属酸化物(リチウムニッケル酸化物)も生じ、リチウム金属酸化物を含む前駆体を得ることができる。この前駆体を用いると結晶性が良好な正極活物質が得られる。
(酸化率)
前駆体の酸化率は、含有される全ニッケル量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示すもので、酸化処理に投入した金属ニッケル粉末の質量MNi、介在物成分(リチウムを含む化合物、または、金属元素Mを含む化合物)の質量Miと、酸化処理後の前駆体(酸化粉)の質量Mpに基づき式(4)より算出した。尚、Mp-(MNi+Mi)は酸化処理による金属ニッケル粉末の質量増加量であり、(Mp-(MNi+Mi))/MNiは質量増加率である。この質量増加率を、金属ニッケル粉末が全て酸化された場合の質量増加率29.8%で除することで、酸化率を算出した。
酸化率=(Mp-(MNi+Mi))/MNi/0.298×100 ・・・(4)
正極活物質の前駆体は、粉砕工程を実施しない場合は、前駆体中に含まれる酸化ニッケルの結晶子径は100nm以下が好ましい。下限は、例えば5nm以上とすることができ、好ましくは10nm以上である。前駆体に含まれる酸化ニッケルの結晶子径が100nm以下であると結晶性が良好な正極活物質を製造できる。これは、前駆体における酸化ニッケルの結晶子径が100nm以下と微細であることで、正極活物質を得るための焼成工程における層状構造の形成が促進されるためと考えている。一方、結晶子径が5nm以上であると適正な一次粒子径の正極活物質が得られる。
本実施形態の正極活物質の製造方法は、上述した正極活物質の前駆体を用いることを特徴とする。図2~図6のフローチャートに示す。図2のように、前駆体を焼成して正極活物質を製造してもよいし、図3のように、目的の組成の正極活物質となるように、前駆体と、リチウムを含む化合物とリチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mを含む化合物とを混合した後に焼成して正極活物質を製造してもよい。さらに、図4や図5のように、粉砕工程や造粒工程を加えても構わない。また、図5ではリチウムを含む化合物の残量を添加する工程を有している。図6では粗粉砕工程と微粉砕工程を有している。それぞれの実施態様は以下で述べ、詳しくは実施例と共に説明する。
原料混合粉または造粒粉等の焼成には、電気炉やガス炉が用いられる。焼成雰囲気は酸素を体積比で20%以上含むことが好ましく、Niの含有量がLiを除く全金属元素の80原子%以上となる場合は酸素濃度90%以上が好ましい。
焼成工程は、700℃以上900℃以下で焼成して層状構造の正極活物質を得ることが出来れば良い。このとき450℃以上730℃以下で保持される仮焼成段階と、仮焼成段階での焼成温度より高く、かつ、700℃以上900℃以下で保持される本焼成段階を含む工程でも良い。好ましい焼成温度と保持時間は原料混合時に配合した組成に応じて調整し、焼成後に目的とする正極活物質の諸物性(比表面積等)が好適範囲となるように焼成される。
先ず、本実施形態に係る正極活物質としては、次の式(1)で表される。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.6≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)で表される。
Li1+aNibCocM1dXeO2+α ・・・(2)
[但し、式(2)において、M1は、Al及びMnから選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、XはLi、Ni、Co、Al及びMn以外の1種以上の金属元素を表し、a、b、c、d、e及びαは、それぞれ、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.7≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦0.20、0≦d≦0.20、0≦e≦0.1、b+c+d+e=1、及び、-0.2<α<0.2を満たす数である。]で表される。
(但し、前記式(3)中、M´は、Ni、Co、Mn等の金属元素を表す。)
粉砕混合粉の一次粒子、正極活物質の焼成粉の二次粒子のD50は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定器によって測定した。粒子強度は、微小圧縮試験機「MCT-510」(島津製作所製)を使用して測定した。二次粒子径が10μm程度の正極活物質5個の粒子強度を測定して、平均値を粒子強度とした。
粉末試料の吸油量はJIS K5101-13-1に準拠して測定し、溶媒はNMP(N-メチルピロリドン)を用いた。粉末試料5.0gを測りとり、平らなバットに山状に設置する。NMPはポリスポイト(2mL容量)で吸い上げ、質量を測定しておく。次に粉末試料にNMPを滴下しながらスパチュラで混錬し、粉末試料が全体的に粘土状となるまで滴下と混錬を続ける。NMPが過剰となると粉末試料に液滴が吸収されず表面に残る様子を視認でき、この時までに滴下したNMP量を粉末試料100g当たりに換算して吸油量とした。
前駆体、正極活物質のX線粉末回折測定におけるX線回折(XRD)パターンは、X線回折装置「X‘Pert PRO MPD」(PANalytical製)を使用し、線源CuKα、管電圧45kV、管電流40mA、サンプリング間隔0.02°/step、発散スリット0.5°、散乱スリット0.5 °、受光スリット0.15mm、走査範囲15 °≦2θ≦80 °の条件で測定した。
また、前駆体に含まれる酸化ニッケル、リチウム金属酸化物(LNO)、金属Niの結晶子径は、前駆体の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、酸化ニッケルに帰属される2θ=43.3~43.5°付近のピーク、リチウム金属酸化物(LNO)に帰属される2θ=43.7~44.0°付近のピーク、金属ニッケルに帰属される2θ=44.4~44.7°付近のピークの各ピークの半値幅βよりX線回折装置付属の解析ソフトを用いて式(5)に基づき算出した。
結晶子径=Kλ/βcosθ・・・(5)
K:形状因子(0.9)、λ:X線の波長(0.154nm)、θ:回折角
さらに、正極活物質の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、2θ=36°付近の006面、2θ=37°付近の102面、2θ=38°付近の101面の各ピークの積分強度I006、I102、I101を計測し、式(6)よりR値を求めた。正極活物質の層状化が進行するとR値が小さくなることが知られており、良好な結晶性の指標として用いた。この点で好ましいR値としては0.500以下である。
R値=(I006+I102)/I101・・・(6)
前駆体の断面をSEM-EDSにより酸素元素のライン分析を行い、酸化とLi化が同時に起きている表面からの距離(深さ)を計測した。3粒子について酸化(Li化)している距離を計測し、その平均値を酸化(Li化)距離とした。
また、酸化(Li化)距離を前駆体の二次粒子のD50で割り、100をかけた値を酸化(Li化)距離率を式(7)より求めた。
酸化(Li化)距離率=(酸化(Li化)距離)/D50×100・・・(7)
金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを混合した原料混合粉の炭素量Ciと、前駆体の炭素量Coを計測し、式(8)より酸化工程で減少、つまり、金属ニッケルと反応した炭酸リチウムの割合を算出した。反応生成物としてはリチウム金属酸化物がある。リチウム金属酸化物が増えると前駆体内に亀裂が生じ易くなることが分かっている。この点でLi化率は粉砕し易さの指標として用いることができる。
金属ニッケルと反応した炭酸リチウム割合MLi=(Ci-Co)/Co・・・(8)
原料混合粉での金属ニッケルと炭酸リチウムのモル比(MNi/Li)とMLiより、金属ニッケルのうちLiと反応してLi化した比率(Li化率)を式(9)より算出した。
Li化率=MNi/Li × MLi・・・(9)
正極活物質0.5gと純水30mlを50mlのポリ容器に投入し、アルゴンガスでポリ容器内を置換した後、1時間撹拌してLi成分を抽出し、吸引ろ過により、抽出液を得た。得られた抽出液15mlを純水で約40mlに薄め、0.02M塩酸を用いて滴定し、抽出液中のLi2CO3成分とLiOH成分の量を分析した。滴定には自動滴定装置(平沼製、COM-1700A)を使用した。滴定曲線は2段階となり、1段目の当量点(x)は、式(10)、式(11)の反応を表し、2段目の当量点(y)は、式(11)の反応を表す。式(10)のLi2CO3のモル数は、式(12)のHClのモル数と同じであるので、残留Li2CO3量は1段目の当量点と2段目の当量点の間(y-x)を滴定量とした。残留LiOH量は、1段目の当量点までの滴定量であるが、式(11)も1段目までの滴定量に含まれる為、式(11)、つまり、残留Li2CO3量を差し引いた量(2x-y)とした。また、残留Li2CO3および残留LiOH中のLi量、つまり、未反応のLi量を算出した。未反応のLiのモル数を正極活物質に含まれるLi以外の金属元素のモル数で割り、100をかけて未反応Li率を算出した。
LiOH+HCl→LiCl+H2O・・・(10)
Li2CO3+HCl→LiCl+LiHCO3・・・(11)
LiHCO3+HCl→LiCl+CO2+H2O・・・(12)
前駆体の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、2θ=43.2°付近のNiOのピーク強度(INiO)と、2θ=43.6°付近のLiNiO2のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)と、2θ=44.5°付近の金属Niのピーク強度(INi)とから式(13)より金属Ni残存度を算出した。
金属Ni残存度=INi/(INiO+ILiNiO2)・・・(13)
[予備実験1]
D50が8μmの水アトマイズ法で製造した金属ニッケル粉末(日本アトマイズ加工製)と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比でLi:Niが、1.03:0.85となるように秤量した。これら原料粉を容積45LのV型混合機に総量5kg投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に、この原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって熱処理して酸化粉を得た。酸化粉は一部がケーキングしていたが、これを乳鉢により解砕することによりD50が8μmの前駆体に相当する酸化粉を得ることができた
。
金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比でLi:Niが0.10:0.85となるように秤量した以外は、予備実験1と同様の酸化工程を行った。酸化粉は一部がケーキングしたものの、乳鉢により解砕することによりD50が8μmの酸化粉が得られた。尚、金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比がLi:Niが0.10:0.85とは、金属ニッケル粉末と、製造に必要なリチウムを含む化合物のうち10質量%を混合したこととなる。因みに予備実験1では、同じリチウムを含む化合物を100質量%混合したことになる。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、0.26:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。また、別途水酸化リチウムを用意し、金属元素のモル比でLi:リチウム以外の金属元素が0.77:1.00となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。
まず、金属ニッケル粉末と、25質量%に相当する炭酸リチウムをV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に150mm角の匣鉢に原料混合粉100gを搭載し、大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。得られた前駆体は原料混合粉より質量が17%増加した。この質量増加率より計算すると金属ニッケル粉末の68%が酸化ニッケルとなっていることが確認できた。つまり、酸化率は68%であった。
以下、図3のフローに示すように、上述した前駆体と、上記金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉と、75質量%に相当する上記水酸化リチウムとを乾式混合し、酸素ガス雰囲気に置換した焼成炉で、酸素気流中、500℃で20時間にわたって仮焼きした。その後、酸素ガス雰囲気に置換した焼成炉で、酸素気流中、840℃で10時間にわたって本焼成した。以上でリチウム金属複合酸化物からなる正極活物質を得た。
酸化工程における酸化処理温度を550℃で10時間とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、前駆体の酸化率は49%であった。
酸化工程における酸化処理温度を400℃で10時間とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、前駆体の酸化率は7%であった。
酸化工程において匣鉢に搭載する原料混合粉の搭載量を500gとした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、前駆体の酸化率は77%であった。本例では酸化率の変化を見るために搭載量を変えたものである。
比較例3では、介在物として金属元素Mの原料を適用した。原料として、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でNi:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。また、水酸化リチウムを用意し、金属元素のモル比でLi:リチウム以外の金属元素が1.03:1.00となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。
まず、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムからなる金属元素Mの原料を、Φ5mmのジルコニアボールを粉砕メディアとしたボールミルにて予備粉砕し、金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉を得た。尚、金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉のD50は1.2μmであった。
次に、金属ニッケル粉末と金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉をV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に150mm角の匣鉢に原料混合粉50gを搭載し、大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、550℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。得られた前駆体は原料混合粉より質量が7.7%増加した。この質量増加率より計算すると金属ニッケル粉末の62%が酸化ニッケルとなっていることが確認できた。つまり、酸化率は62%であった。
酸化工程における酸化処理温度を500℃で10時間とした以外は、比較例3と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、前駆体の酸化率は42%であった。
D50が30μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた以外は実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体を製造し、続いて実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
D50が70μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた以外は実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体を製造し、続いて実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。
本例では、100質量%に相当する炭酸リチウムと金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次にこの原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。
まず、リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.52:0.85となるように、炭酸リチウムのうち50質量%(前添加)と金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次にこの原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。
リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように炭酸リチウムのうち25質量%と金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入したことと、本焼成における焼成温度を820℃とした以外は実施例4と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、焼成温度を低めに変更したのは、以下の理由からである。酸化工程前に炭酸リチウムのうち25質量%を混合し、造粒工程後に残分の75質量%を後添加することで混合造粒粉内の炭酸リチウムの量が減る。その結果、混合造粒粉内で酸化させた金属ニッケル粉末同士が近接し、反応が促進され、適正な焼成温度が低温化するためである。
混合量が大きく異なる実施例3と実施例5の正極活物質の断面SEM観察を行った。実施例3の写真を図12に、実施例5の写真を図13に示す。また、実施例3~5の正極活物質の正極活物質の吸油量と、実施例3~5の粒子強度を測定した。これを表3に示す。
次に、実施例3~5で合成した正極活物質を正極材料として用いてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、リチウムイオン二次電池の初期容量と容量維持率を測定した。はじめに、作製した正極活物質と、炭素系の導電材と、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に予め溶解させた結着剤とを質量比で92.5:5:2.5となるように混合した。そして、均一に混合した正極合剤スラリーを、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の正極集電体上に、塗布量が13mg/cm2となるように塗布した。次いで、正極集電体に塗布された正極合剤スラリーを120℃で熱処理し、溶媒を留去することによって正極合剤層を形成した。その後、正極合剤層を熱プレスで加圧成形し、直径15mmの円形状に打ち抜いて正極とした。
続いて、作製した正極と負極及びセパレータを用いて、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極としては、直径16mmの円形状に打ち抜いた金属リチウムを用いた。セパレータとしては、厚さ30μmのポリプロピレン製の多孔質セパレータを用いた。正極と負極とをセパレータを介して非水電解液中で対向させて、リチウムイオン二次電池を組み付けた。非水電解液としては、体積比が3:7となるようにエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを混合した溶媒に、1.0mol/LとなるようにLiPF6を溶解させた溶液を用いた。
参考例2の粗前駆体について、炭素量測定と断面SEM観察を行い、上述したLi化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離を算出した。その結果を表4に示す。
次に、得られた粉砕スラリーを微粉砕するために、粉砕機で湿式粉砕を行ったが、微粉砕はできなかった。この理由は後で述べる。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、D50が70μmでD95が176μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように炭酸リチウムのうち25質量%と金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入した。120分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に、この原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、700℃で4時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む粗前駆体を得た。酸化率は69%であった。また、この粗前駆体について炭素量測定と断面SEM観察およびXRD測定を行い、上述したLi化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離、酸化(Li化)距離率、ILNO/INi、ILNO/INiO、を算出した。その結果を表4に示す。
酸化工程の酸化処理時間を実施例7では8時間、実施例8では10時間、実施例9では30時間に変更した以外は実施例6と同様の方法で粗前駆体を得て、同様の方法を経て正極活物質を製造した。粗前駆体について同様に酸化度、Li化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離、酸化(Li化)距離率、ILNO/INi、ILNO/INiO、金属Ni残存度等を算出した。また、粗粉砕後と微粉砕後の粒度分布を測定した。その結果を表4に示す。
以上の結果より、前駆体の製造における酸化工程において金属ニッケル粉末とLiの一部を適切に反応させることで、結晶構造が安定して電気化学特性が良好なリチウムイオン二次電池が得られることが分かった。
リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.10:0.85となるように炭酸リチウムのうち10質量%と金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入したこと以外は実施例8と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。吸油量、粒子強度、初期容量、容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表6に示す。尚、炭酸リチウムの添加量が吸油量、粒子強度に与える影響を比較するために、表6には実施例3~5と実施例8のデータも併記した。
Claims (15)
- 金属ニッケル粉末と、
リチウムを含む化合物とを混合する混合工程と、
混合した後に、前記金属ニッケル粉末を酸化させる酸化工程を有し、
前記酸化工程は、含有される全Ni量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率が10%以上70%以下の、酸化ニッケルを有する前駆体となすことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。 - 前記金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径が20μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 前記金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径が20μm超のとき、前記酸化工程を経てLi化率を10%以上とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 前記酸化工程は、前記リチウムを含む化合物の融点未満の酸化雰囲気で酸化処理することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造に必要なリチウム化合物の量を100質量%としたとき、前記混合工程における前記リチウムを含む化合物の混合量を、10質量%以上100質量%以下としたことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 前記リチウムを含む化合物が炭酸リチウムであることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法によって製造された前駆体を、700℃以上900℃以下で焼成して正極活物質を得る焼成工程を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記前駆体と、
リチウムを含む化合物と、リチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mを含む化合物のうち少なくとも一方と、を混合した混合粉とした後に、前記焼成工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記混合粉を粉砕する粉砕工程と、その後、粉砕された前記混合粉を造粒して造粒粉となす造粒工程を有し、前記造粒粉に対して前記焼成工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項8に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記混合粉を粉砕する粉砕工程と、その後、粉砕された前記混合粉を造粒して造粒粉となす造粒工程を有し、前記前駆体においてリチウムを含む化合物の混合量が100質量%未満のとき、当該リチウムを含む化合物の残りの混合量を前記造粒工程の後に添加して混合造粒粉とし、当該混合造粒粉に対して前記焼成工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項8または9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記粉砕工程は、粗粉砕工程と微粉砕工程とを有することを特徴とする請求項9または10に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記酸化工程前に混合するリチウムを含む化合物と、前記造粒工程後に添加するリチウムを含む化合物とが異なる化合物であり、前記酸化工程前に混合するリチウムを含む化合物の融点が前記造粒工程後に添加するリチウムを含む化合物の融点より高いことを特徴とする請求項10または11に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質は、下記組成式(1)で表されることを特徴とする請求項7~12のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.6≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)で表される。 - 金属ニッケル粉末とリチウムを含む化合物とを有し、含有される全ニッケル量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率が10%以上70%以下の酸化ニッケルを含み、前記酸化ニッケルの結晶子径が100nm以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体。
- 金属ニッケル粉末とリチウムを含む化合物とを有し、含有される全ニッケル量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率が10%以上70%以下の酸化ニッケルを含み、さらにリチウム金属酸化物を含むことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体。
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| KR102669978B1 (ko) * | 2021-01-22 | 2024-05-30 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬이차전지용 니켈계 금속 산화물, 이로부터 형성된 리튬이차전지용 니켈계 활물질, 그 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 양극을 함유한 리튬이차전지 |
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2023
- 2023-09-21 WO PCT/JP2023/034373 patent/WO2024063152A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-09-21 KR KR1020257027750A patent/KR20250127351A/ko active Pending
- 2023-09-21 CA CA3250399A patent/CA3250399A1/en active Pending
- 2023-09-21 JP JP2024548325A patent/JPWO2024063152A1/ja active Pending
- 2023-09-21 EP EP23868273.6A patent/EP4593118A1/en active Pending
- 2023-09-21 KR KR1020247030886A patent/KR102850581B1/ko active Active
- 2023-09-21 CN CN202380027638.1A patent/CN118891754A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010082240A1 (ja) | 2009-01-19 | 2010-07-22 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 複合酸化物およびその製造方法、ならびにその複合酸化物を用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2012023501A1 (ja) * | 2010-08-20 | 2012-02-23 | 株式会社 村田製作所 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP2013004234A (ja) * | 2011-06-14 | 2013-01-07 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池の製造方法 |
| JP2015002120A (ja) | 2013-06-17 | 2015-01-05 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物及びその製造方法 |
| WO2020066262A1 (ja) | 2018-09-26 | 2020-04-02 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | ニッケル粒子の製造方法、硫酸ニッケルの製造方法、及び二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
| JP2020158343A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | リチウム金属複合酸化物粉末の製造方法 |
| WO2022209988A1 (ja) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-10-06 | 日立金属株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2024063152A1 (ja) | 2024-03-28 |
| CA3250399A1 (en) | 2025-07-10 |
| KR20250127351A (ko) | 2025-08-26 |
| KR20240141342A (ko) | 2024-09-26 |
| EP4593118A1 (en) | 2025-07-30 |
| KR102850581B1 (ko) | 2025-08-25 |
| CN118891754A (zh) | 2024-11-01 |
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