WO2025063203A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体及びその製造方法、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体及びその製造方法、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G53/80—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing one or more other elements
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/74—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by peak-intensities or a ratio thereof only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery and a method for producing the same, as well as a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery and a method for producing the same.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are widely used in various fields such as electronics, automobiles, and infrastructure.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries are used as the power source for electric vehicles (EVs) in automobiles, and are an important core component.
- the energy density of lithium-ion secondary batteries is improving year by year, and high-capacity ternary layered materials are used as the positive electrode active material used in the batteries.
- the ternary layered material is a composite oxide of lithium (Li) and metal elements such as nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), or aluminum (Al) (hereinafter referred to as lithium metal composite oxide).
- GFG greenhouse gas
- Patent Literature 1 describes a method for producing a positive electrode active material using a metal hydroxide as a precursor.
- a process for producing a positive electrode active material by reacting a metal hydroxide with a lithium source (Li source) is widely adopted.
- Patent Document 2 describes a manufacturing method in which a nickel source is melted, nickel particles obtained by an atomization method are dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution to obtain nickel sulfate, and then a hydroxide containing Ni is obtained by a crystallization method, and a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery is obtained by a coprecipitation method using this hydroxide.
- Patent Document 3 describes a method for producing a positive electrode active material using a nickel raw material containing metallic nickel.
- JP 2015-002120 A International Publication No. 2020/066262 International Publication No. WO 2010/082240
- a positive electrode active material is produced by reacting a Li source with transition metal hydroxide particles synthesized by a coprecipitation reaction.
- a coprecipitation reaction an aqueous solution of nickel sulfate or the like is used as a raw material, which is produced by dissolving nickel bullion that has been refined to a high purity in acid to avoid impurities.
- Nickel sulfate is produced by refining nickel from nickel ore mined from a mine and processing it by dissolving it in acid, so there is a problem that the amount of GHG emissions during production is large.
- nickel sulfate is a hexahydrate
- the Ni content is about 20 to 25 mass% and the bulk specific gravity is small, so that the volume handled in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material becomes large in order to compensate for this.
- the transportation cost also increases. For these reasons, the energy required for transportation and production increases, and the manufacturing process becomes complicated and long. As a result, there is a problem that the amount of GHG emissions increases.
- nickel sulfate is used as an aqueous solution as described above, the consumption of water resources also increases.
- the present invention aims to provide a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries that can contribute to reducing GHG emissions and improving the ease of pulverization, and a method for producing a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries. It also aims to provide a precursor that is easy to pulverize, and a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries that has a stable crystal structure and good electrochemical properties.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention uses metallic nickel powder as the nickel source, which is a raw material that produces less GHG emissions during production compared to conventional nickel sulfate.
- the gist of the method is that metallic nickel powder is subjected to an oxidation reaction with a compound containing lithium.
- the lithium content of the precursor which indicates the proportion of the metallic nickel powder that has reacted with the lithium, should be 8% or more.
- the precursor is preferably such that the average particle size of the metallic nickel powder exceeds 20 ⁇ m and the lithium content of the precursor is 10% or more.
- the precursor obtained after the oxidation step preferably contains nickel oxide with an oxidation rate, which indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of Ni contained in the precursor, of 10% or more and less than 100%.
- the amount of lithium compound required for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is taken as 100 mass%, it is preferable that the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed in the mixing step is 10 mass% or more and less than 100 mass%.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by having a firing step in which a precursor produced by the method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is mixed with at least one of a compound containing lithium and a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel to obtain a mixed powder, and then the mixed powder is fired at 700°C or higher and 900°C or lower to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- the method for producing the positive electrode active material further includes a grinding step for grinding the mixed powder, and a granulation step for granulating the ground mixed powder to form a granulated powder, the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed in the precursor being less than 100 mass %, and the remaining amount of the lithium-containing compound is added after the granulation step to form a mixed granulated powder, and the sintering step is performed on the mixed granulated powder.
- the grinding process can have a first grinding process (coarse grinding process) and a second grinding process (fine grinding process) that grinds the material more finely than the first grinding process.
- the media size used in the second grinding process is smaller than the media size used in the first grinding process.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step and the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step are different compounds, and that the melting point of the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step is higher than the melting point of the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is preferably represented by the following composition formula (1).
- M is a metal element other than Li and Ni
- a, b, and ⁇ are numbers satisfying ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.2, 0.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.0, and ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ 0.2.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present invention is characterized in that it has a residual lithium hydroxide (hereinafter, residual LiOH) of 0.6 mol % or less, a porosity of 5 vol % to 15 vol %, a most frequent pore diameter of 10 nm to 250 nm, a particle strength of 30 MPa or more, and contains nickel and lithium.
- residual LiOH residual lithium hydroxide
- an R value calculated by the following formula based on an intensity I 006 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 006 plane, an intensity I 102 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 102 plane, and an intensity I 101 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 101 plane is 0.46 or less.
- R value (I 006 + I 102 ) / I 101
- the "oxidation rate, which indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of nickel contained in the precursor" will simply be referred to as the “oxidation rate.”
- the manufacturing method of the present invention uses metallic nickel powder to manufacture a precursor of a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries, thereby reducing the energy used in transportation and manufacturing and eliminating the complexity of the manufacturing process.
- a precursor of a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries that is easy to pulverize and contributes to reducing GHG emissions, water resource consumption, and waste disposal, and a manufacturing method for a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries using the precursor.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention and a comparative example.
- FIG. 3A is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of metallic nickel powder before the oxidation process
- FIG. 3B is a photograph of the powder after the oxidation process without the addition of lithium carbonate
- FIG. 3C is a photograph of the powder after the oxidation process with the addition of lithium carbonate.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 4A shows the relationship between the grinding time and particle size of a precursor in an example of a method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention
- FIG. 4B shows the change in the average particle size D50 (median particle size) with the grinding time
- FIG. 4B shows the change in the particle size value of the cumulative particle size distribution D95 with the grinding time.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the R value and the oxidation rate of a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the Ni ratio in the center portion of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery and the D50 of metallic nickel powder.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the initial capacity and the lithium content.
- FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which voids are suppressed before and after the granulation step
- FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which voids are suppressed after the granulation step.
- FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which voids are suppressed before and after the granulation step
- FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which voids are suppressed after the gran
- FIG. 12A shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 8
- FIG. 12B shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 2
- FIG. 12C shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 13A shows Example 8
- FIG. 13B shows Comparative Example 2
- FIG. 13C shows Comparative Example 3.
- 1 shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 13 according to the present invention.
- metallic nickel powder produced by the atomization method or the carbonyl method can be used.
- metallic nickel powder produced by a reactive crystallization method or a gas-phase reduction method other than the carbonyl method may also be used.
- the atomization method or the carbonyl method is preferable because it can obtain metallic nickel powder with a small amount of impurity elements.
- the atomization method is preferable for obtaining spherical powder.
- high-purity raw materials are used for the battery components.
- the Fe content of the metallic nickel powder is preferably 100 ppm or less by mass ratio. More preferably, it is 30 ppm or less, and even more preferably, it is 10 ppm or less.
- high-purity briquettes and cathodes of grade Class I are suitable as high-purity nickel sources.
- metallic nickel powder with few impurities is obtained by producing metallic nickel powder by the atomization method, the carbonyl method, or the gas-phase reduction method without dissolving these briquettes or cathodes in acid.
- the metallic nickel powder in the present invention refers to a powder made of pure nickel metal that contains almost no oxides such as nickel oxide and has a purity of 99% by mass or more.
- Another method for obtaining metallic nickel powder is the carbonyl process.
- nickel briquettes or the like are reacted with carbon monoxide gas to obtain gaseous nickel carbonyl, which is then thermally decomposed under reduced pressure and low temperature to obtain metallic nickel powder.
- High-purity metallic nickel powder can also be obtained using the carbonyl process.
- the average particle size of the metallic nickel powder is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- This particle size can be measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring instrument.
- D50 which is a particle size corresponding to 50% cumulatively from the small size of the particles in the volume integral curve obtained from the particle size distribution (volume basis) obtained by the laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring instrument, is regarded as the average particle size.
- D95 which will be described later, is a particle size corresponding to 95% cumulatively from the small size from the volume integral curve obtained by a similar method.
- the pulverization step which will be described later, may be omitted.
- the average particle size D50 of the metallic nickel powder is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size D50 of the metallic nickel powder is 20 ⁇ m or less, metal elements other than lithium and nickel diffuse to the center of the metallic nickel powder, and the composition in the positive electrode active material becomes almost uniform. Furthermore, if the D50 of the metallic nickel powder is 8 ⁇ m or less, the composition in the positive electrode active material becomes more uniform, which is preferable.
- the average particle size D50 of the metallic nickel powder is more than 20 ⁇ m with no upper limit, but for example, it is set to more than 20 ⁇ m and about 100 ⁇ m or less, and it may be pulverized after the oxidation process described below.
- the particle size of the metallic nickel powder can be controlled by the injection pressure of the injected water or gas in the atomization method, and can be controlled by the thermal decomposition conditions in the carbonyl method. Powder exceeding 100 ⁇ m can be removed by sieve classification and returned to melting (recycled) as a raw material for the manufacturing method of metallic nickel powder again.
- a positive electrode active material is obtained by firing in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- a precursor of metallic nickel powder that has undergone an oxidation step a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity can be manufactured.
- lithiation a compound of nickel, lithium, and oxygen
- lithium metal oxide means an oxide containing lithium and a metal element other than lithium (for example, nickel, or a metal element M other than lithium and nickel described later, etc.), and a lithium metal composite oxide.
- a compound containing lithium e.g., lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide
- acts as an inclusion preventing the metallic nickel powder from sintering together during the oxidation step. Therefore, the powder state can be maintained even after the oxidation step, and a powdery precursor can be obtained.
- all or part of a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel e.g., Mn, Co, Al, titanium (Ti) may be mixed.
- the acid dissolution process and the coprecipitation process are not required. It has been estimated that the CO 2 emissions generated in the production of metallic nickel are about 30% less than nickel sulfate, and the use of metallic nickel powder can reduce the CO 2 emissions, water resource consumption, and waste generated in the production of precursors and positive electrode active materials. Furthermore, since metallic nickel powder is used as the nickel raw material, the volume handled in the transportation and positive electrode active material production process can be reduced compared to compounds such as nickel sulfate and nickel hydroxide.
- the volume handled in the transportation and manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material is about 1/20 compared to nickel sulfate and about 1/3 compared to nickel hydroxide, and fuel consumption during transportation can be reduced, and production efficiency and energy saving can be achieved by saving space and reducing driving force during manufacturing.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed with the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation step may be a single type of lithium compound or a mixture of multiple types of lithium compounds.
- the mass ratio of lithium in the lithium-containing compound may be within the following range.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed with the metallic nickel powder is preferably 10% by mass or more and less than 100% by mass, when the amount of the lithium-containing compound required for the production of the target positive electrode active material is taken as 100% by mass. This is because sintering can be suppressed by the presence of the lithium-containing compound. By mixing 10% or more with the metallic nickel powder, it becomes easy to control the prevention of sintering between the metallic nickel powders in the oxidation step.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound to be mixed is preferably 50% by mass or less, and further preferably 25% by mass or less. This is because the amount of oxidation treatment in the oxidation step is reduced, the energy consumed in the oxidation treatment can be reduced, and the cost and GHG emissions can be reduced.
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step is preferably 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 25% by mass or less.
- FIG. 2 shows the formation of the precursor by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurement for the lithium nickel oxide obtained by the production method of this embodiment in which lithium carbonate was mixed (mixed at 25% by mass with respect to the amount of the lithium-containing compound required for the production of the target positive electrode active material) and the nickel oxide produced when oxidized without adding the lithium-containing compound.
- XRD X-ray powder diffraction
- Figure 3 shows SEM images of the cross-sectional structure of the metallic nickel powder before and after the oxidation process.
- the cross-sectional structure of the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation process is shown in Figure 3A.
- FIG. 3B shows cavities are scattered inside the metallic nickel powder as shown in FIG. 3B.
- the cross section of the particle after the oxidation process is in a state where cracks have progressed overall as shown in FIG. 3C.
- This can be understood as the fact that when metallic nickel becomes lithium metal oxide, its volume expands by about three times, and the stress generated by this volume change causes cracks in the precursor. As these cracks progress throughout the powder particles, the precursor becomes easier to crush.
- the crushing process is not performed, the cracks become a diffusion path for the elements, making it easier for each element to diffuse more uniformly.
- the cracks allow the powder to be crushed in a shorter time.
- the lithium-containing compound may be lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, or the like. It is preferable that the melting point of the compound is higher than the thermal oxidation temperature in the oxidation process. If the melting point of the lithium-containing compound is higher than the thermal oxidation temperature, sintering of the metallic nickel powders in the oxidation process can be prevented. Therefore, the lithium-containing compound used in this manufacturing method is preferably lithium carbonate.
- the melting point of lithium carbonate is as high as 724°C, making it possible to increase the thermal oxidation temperature to as high as 720°C. This is because it is solid even at 720°C, functions as an inclusion, prevents contact and sintering of the metallic nickel powders, and can shorten the oxidation process.
- lithium hydroxide may be used as the lithium-containing compound added after the grinding process or granulation process during the production of the positive electrode active material described later.
- lithium hydroxide has a lower melting point of 462°C compared to lithium carbonate and melts at a low temperature, so it is thought to be more likely to react with the precursor.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation process and the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation process may be different compounds, and the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation process may be selected to have a higher melting point.
- the reaction between the precursor and the lithium-containing compound proceeds uniformly during firing, which is effective in homogenizing the crystallinity of the positive electrode active material. In addition, it is effective in controlling inevitable impurities in the positive electrode active material.
- the average particle size of the lithium-containing compound is preferably in the range of 100 nm to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the metallic nickel powder and the lithium-containing compound are mixed using a V-type mixer, stirring mixer, attritor, media mill, etc. To mix uniformly, it is preferable to be able to break down the agglomerates of each raw material powder.
- the mixing method may be either a dry method in which only the raw material powders are mixed, or a wet method in which a liquid is used as a dispersion medium. However, considering the subsequent oxidation process, dry mixing is preferred. Dry mixing can reduce the amount of heat required in the oxidation process, which also contributes to reducing GHG emissions.
- the oxidation step it is preferable to oxidize the mixed powder of the metallic nickel powder and the compound containing lithium by applying heat in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, since the time required for the oxidation treatment is short.
- the temperature is preferably about 450°C or more and 720°C or less, preferably 450°C or more and 700°C or less. By setting the temperature to 450°C or more and 700°C or less, it is easy to obtain a precursor with a desired oxidation rate.
- the heat treatment time of the oxidation treatment is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 20 hours or less, preferably 3 hours or more and 15 hours or less, more preferably 5 hours or more and 10 hours or less.
- the oxidation rate of the metallic nickel powder by the oxidation step is 10% or more and less than 100%. If the oxidation rate is 10% or more, it is possible to prevent the metallic nickel powder from sintering each other in the firing step for obtaining the positive electrode active material later.
- the oxidation rate when the oxidation rate is 10% or more, the valence of nickel becomes high, so that it is expected that the reaction to lithium metal composite oxide is promoted during the firing of the positive electrode active material.
- the oxidation rate may be less than 100%. It is preferable to set the oxidation rate to 95% or less, or 90% or less, and when it is 70% or less, it is easier to obtain a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity.
- a layered structure is promoted in the firing process by producing a positive electrode active material using a precursor with an oxidation rate in the above range, rather than a metallic nickel powder in which oxidation has progressed excessively.
- the oxidation rate is set to 50% or more, the valence of nickel becomes higher, and the reaction to lithium metal composite oxide during firing is further promoted. It is more preferable that the oxidation rate is 70% or less, so that the formation of a layered structure is promoted in the firing process, rather than a metallic nickel powder in which oxidation has progressed excessively.
- the oxidation step it is preferable to lithiate the metallic nickel powder and to form and include a lithium metal oxide appropriately. This is because the above-mentioned pulverization can be achieved by forming the lithium metal oxide. Furthermore, in the subsequent firing step for obtaining the positive electrode active material, the reaction between the lithium source and the metallic source such as nickel is promoted, and the formation of crystals in a layered structure is promoted to obtain a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity.
- the lithiation rate is preferably 8% or more in order to obtain good pulverization properties, and when the average particle size of the metallic nickel powder exceeds 20 ⁇ m, it is good to be 10% or more, preferably 15% or more, and more preferably 20% or more.
- the lithium content may be less than 8%.
- the presence of cracks is preferable because it mainly serves as a diffusion path for elements, and the metal elements diffuse to the center of the metallic nickel powder, making the composition within the secondary particles of the positive electrode active material almost uniform.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the pulverization time and the particle size depending on the presence or absence of a compound containing lithium.
- FIG. 4A shows the change in pulverization time and D50
- FIG. 4B shows the change in pulverization time and D95. In both FIG. 4A and FIG.
- the broken line ⁇ shows the transition of the pulverization time and the particle size of D50 or D95 in the precursor to which lithium carbonate has been added
- the broken line ⁇ shows the transition of the pulverization time and the particle size of D50 and D95 in the precursor to which lithium carbonate has not been added.
- the precursor to which lithium carbonate has been added can be pulverized in a shorter time than the precursor to which lithium carbonate has not been added.
- D50 when lithium carbonate is not added, it takes about 50 hours to reach D50 before the oxidation step, whereas when lithium carbonate is added, it can be pulverized in about 10 hours.
- a pulverization step is required, but by adding and mixing a lithium-containing compound to the metallic nickel powder and lithiating the metallic nickel powder in an oxidation step, pulverization becomes easier and the pulverization time can be shortened. Note that, even when a metallic nickel powder having an average particle size D50 of 20 ⁇ m or less is used, the pulverization step may be performed.
- the means for determining the oxidation rate and the lithiation rate will be explained in the section of Examples.
- the metallic nickel component which is ductile and difficult to crush is reduced, and lithium nickel oxide which easily causes cracks is formed, improving crushability.
- I LiNiO2 /I Ni is preferably 5 or more, preferably 13 or more, and more preferably 20 or more. Since I LiNiO2 /I Ni indicates the formation ratio of lithium nickel oxide, it is linked to the above-mentioned lithiation rate, and its upper limit is 35 or less, preferably 29 or less, and more preferably 25 or less.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material of this embodiment is characterized by using the above-mentioned precursor of the positive electrode active material.
- An example of an embodiment of the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material of the present invention is shown in the flowcharts of FIGS. 5 to 7.
- the precursor, a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel hereinafter also referred to as M element compound
- the remaining amount of the compound containing lithium may be mixed and then fired to produce a positive electrode active material of a desired composition.
- FIGS. 5 to 7 have a step of adding the remaining amount of the compound containing lithium, as shown in FIGS.
- a crushing step or a granulation step may be added to manufacture the positive electrode active material.
- a first crushing step coarse crushing step
- a second crushing step fine crushing step
- a precursor is prepared by the above-mentioned precursor manufacturing method.
- This precursor is oxidized by mixing a lithium-containing compound from a metallic nickel powder state, and therefore exhibits an appropriate oxidation rate.
- a V-type mixer, stirring mixer, attritor, media mill, etc. are used to mix this precursor, the lithium-containing compound, and the M element compound.
- the mixing method may be either a dry method in which only the raw material powders are mixed, or a wet method in which a liquid is used as a dispersion medium.
- Lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, etc. can be used as the compound containing lithium to be mixed with the precursor.
- Lithium carbonate is preferred because it has low hygroscopicity and is easy to handle.
- Lithium carbonate is preferred because the amount of CO 2 emitted by the production of lithium carbonate is less than that of other lithium-containing compounds such as lithium hydroxide.
- the use of lithium hydroxide shortens the firing time and increases productivity.
- the amount of CO 2 emitted by firing is less, which is preferred.
- a granulation step is performed before a firing step to generate a secondary particle positive electrode active material that is polycrystalline, it is possible to add a lithium-containing compound in the pulverization step (including a first pulverization step (coarse pulverization step) and a second pulverization step (fine pulverization step) described later, or it is possible to add a lithium-containing compound after the granulation step.
- a lithium-containing compound after the granulation step it is possible to suppress voids, and it is preferable to add it after the granulation step.
- a granulation step is not performed, it is preferable to mix a lithium-containing compound that contains an amount of lithium insufficient for the amount of lithium required to produce the desired positive electrode active material in the mixing step.
- a pulverizing process a process of pulverizing and mixing
- the pulverization can be performed using an attritor, a media mill, or the like. Since the mixed powder can be pulverized to submicron size, it is preferable to use a media mill, and it is more preferable to use a bead mill.
- the D50 of the primary particles of the mixed powder after pulverization (referred to as a pulverized mixed powder) is preferably 0.40 ⁇ m or less. The sintering reaction is promoted, and the voids in the positive electrode active material are suppressed. As a result, the particle strength of the positive electrode active material becomes high, and the charge-discharge cycle characteristics become good.
- the average particle size D50 of the metallic nickel powder is larger than 20 ⁇ m and is coarse, it is preferable to perform the grinding process in two stages with different grinding conditions. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 7, the first stage is coarse grinding to a size of less than 10 ⁇ m (first grinding process (coarse grinding process)), and the second stage is fine grinding to a submicron size (second grinding process (fine grinding process)).
- first grinding process coarse grinding process
- second grinding process fine grinding process
- it is preferable to use a media mill for both the first grinding process (coarse grinding process) and the second grinding process (fine grinding process) and it is preferable that the media size of the second grinding process (fine grinding process) is smaller than the media size of the first grinding process (rough grinding process).
- FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram of granulated powder before and after the firing process when the remaining amount of the lithium-containing compound is added before the granulation process (pre-addition)
- FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram of granulated powder before and after the firing process in the case of post-addition of the lithium-containing compound.
- the positive electrode active material is obtained by the following process. First, a precursor generated by a lithium-containing compound and a metallic nickel powder, which is a part of the amount of lithium required for the positive electrode active material, is mixed with a compound containing an M element compound, and pulverized to obtain a pulverized slurry. A compound containing lithium in an amount insufficient for the amount of lithium required for the positive electrode active material is added to this pulverized slurry, and granulated. In the process shown in FIG. 11A, a compound containing lithium corresponding to the amount of lithium that is insufficient for the amount of lithium in the compound containing lithium required as the positive electrode active material is added before granulation.
- pre-addition This is called pre-addition.
- a precursor generated from a compound containing lithium and a metallic nickel powder that is the entire amount of lithium required for the positive electrode active material is also called pre-addition.
- particles 111 obtained by mixing the precursor and the M element compound and a compound containing lithium 112 are uniformly mixed with each other to form a granulated powder. Therefore, a large amount of a compound containing lithium is present in the granulated powder containing the oxidized metallic nickel powder.
- the compound containing lithium 112 becomes a liquid phase during firing and diffuses inside the primary particles that form the granulated powder, so the more the compound containing lithium is, the more voids there are in the structure after firing. Therefore, the generated positive electrode active material has a structure with many voids between particles 113 composed of an oxide of lithium, nickel, and the metallic element M, and the particle strength of the positive electrode active material decreases, and the charge-discharge cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- a precursor formed of a compound containing lithium and a metallic nickel powder, which is a part of the amount of lithium required for the positive electrode active material is mixed with an M element compound, and granulated using a pulverized slurry. Then, a compound containing lithium corresponding to the amount of lithium that is insufficient for the amount of lithium required for the positive electrode active material is added after the granulated powder is formed. Adding a compound containing lithium after the granulated powder is formed in this way is called post-addition.
- the amount of the compound containing lithium in the granulated powder is originally small, so that the particles 121 of the mixed powder obtained by mixing the precursor and the M element compound are close to each other and gaps are unlikely to occur. Furthermore, the post-added compound containing lithium 112 is arranged so as to surround the particle 121, so that it is sufficiently penetrated into the inside of the granulated powder during firing. In this way, after firing, a structure with few voids between the particles 113 composed of an oxide of lithium, nickel, and the metal element M is formed. As a result, the particle strength of the positive electrode active material becomes high, and the charge-discharge cycle characteristics become good. Therefore, it is preferable to add the remaining amount of the lithium-containing compound after the granulation step (post-addition).
- a firing step of firing the granulated powder, the mixed powder, or the pulverized mixed powder to obtain a layered structure positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery will be described.
- An electric furnace or a gas furnace is used for firing the mixed powder, the pulverized mixed powder, the granulated powder, etc.
- the firing atmosphere preferably contains 20% or more oxygen by volume, and when the Ni content is 80 atomic % or more of all metal elements except Li, the oxygen concentration is preferably 90% or more.
- the calcination step may be performed at 700° C. to 900° C. to obtain a layered positive electrode active material.
- the calcination step may include a pre-calcination step in which the temperature is maintained at 450° C.
- the preferred calcination temperature and holding time are adjusted according to the composition blended during raw material mixing, and the calcination is performed so that the physical properties (specific surface area, etc.) of the target positive electrode active material after calcination are within a preferred range.
- the precursor since metallic nickel powder is used as a starting material and a compound containing lithium is mixed and oxidized, the precursor has an appropriate oxidation rate and lithiation rate. Therefore, the oxidation rate and lithiation rate are appropriate by this baking process, and it becomes easy to manufacture the positive electrode active material with a preferable composition ratio as described later.
- the synthesized lithium metal composite oxide may be subjected to a washing process in which it is washed with deionized water or the like, and a drying process in which the washed lithium metal composite oxide is dried, etc., after the firing process, in order to remove impurities, etc. Also, it may be subjected to a crushing process in which the synthesized lithium metal composite oxide is crushed, and a classification process in which the lithium metal composite oxide is classified into a predetermined particle size distribution (particle size), etc.
- a powder material made of a substance that is difficult to pulverize can be selected as the powder material to be initially mixed with the precursor, and then the powder material can be pulverized and mixed, thereby making it possible to reduce the amount of powder material with large particle sizes and perform firing.
- the powder material consisting of the M element compound before mixing the precursor with the powder material consisting of the M element compound, and mix the precursor and the powder material consisting of the M element compound after classification.
- the precursor in a similar manner before mixing so that the particle size distribution range is within a predetermined range.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, but it is possible to use a known classification method such as sieve classification, air flow classification by air, etc.
- the (mixing) step shown in Fig. 5 corresponds to the step of mixing the powder material made of the M element compound with the precursor first, and then mixing the powder material made of the lithium-containing compound with the precursor. Therefore, when it is necessary to make the generated positive electrode active material have a particle size distribution within a predetermined range, in the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG. 5 , it is preferable that the mixing step is divided into at least two or more steps and is performed every time a powder material to be mixed with the precursor is changed.
- the powder material made of the lithium-containing compound it is preferable to classify the powder material made of the lithium-containing compound before mixing it. Also, as described above, it is preferable to use a V-type mixer, stirring mixer, attritor, media mill, or the like in the mixing here, since mixing and pulverization can be performed simultaneously. Furthermore, it is preferable to grind and mix the powder material made of the M element compound or the powder material made of the compound containing lithium together with the precursor to produce a pre-fired mixed powder, and then classify the powder in the same manner as described above to set the particle size distribution of the pre-fired mixed powder within a predetermined range. In some cases, it is also possible to perform sieve classification, air current classification, etc.
- a humidity-controlled container or storage facility such as in a container positively pressurized with dry gas, until immediately before feeding them into a mixing device such as a V-type mixer, stirring mixer, attritor, or media mill. It is also preferable to keep the internal atmosphere of the mixing device positively pressurized with dry gas to prevent the outside atmosphere from entering.
- lithium nitrate as the powder material made of a lithium-containing compound instead of the aforementioned lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate also contributes to easier adjustment of the particle size distribution range for the resulting positive electrode active material.
- the pre-fired mixed powder which is a mixture of the precursor, the powder material made of the M element compound, and the powder material made of the lithium-containing compound, is preferably left to stand in a sagger for firing. Also, it is preferable to deposit the pre-fired mixed powder in a state containing oxygen gas by, for example, passing it through a sieve once in an air atmosphere or an atmosphere containing oxygen and then allowing it to fall freely so that a large amount of oxygen gas is contained between each grain of the pre-fired mixed powder, and then leave it to stand in a dry atmosphere before firing it in an electric furnace or gas furnace.
- a furnace such as a rotary kiln in which the pre-fired mixed powder is fired while being rolled may be used.
- any firing furnace it is preferable to operate the furnace in an oxygen-rich state relative to the atmosphere, more preferably in an atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 90% or more, under a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, in order to make the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material into a predetermined distribution state by permeating the oxygen-containing gas into the inside of the pre-fired mixed powder.
- the firing step in which the pre-fired mixed powder is fired while maintaining the powder in a uniform agglomerated state will be described.
- a pellet of a predetermined size and shape is produced using a pre-fired mixed powder in which a precursor, a powder material made of an M element compound, and a powder material made of a compound containing lithium are mixed.
- the pellet production method it is preferable to pack the powder into a mold having an inverted shape of a pellet of a predetermined size and shape and perform compression molding.
- a pellet of a predetermined size and shape may be produced by compression molding in an undried state.
- the pellet is a pellet formed into a spherical shape by rotational molding, a pressed cubic shape, and then rolled, or a granulated body granulated with a spray dryer. It is also preferable that the dimensions are adjusted to the dimensions of the positive electrode active material to be produced. It is preferable to fire the pellets made of the pre-fired mixed powder after producing them in this way.
- the crushing method here may be either wet crushing or dry crushing.
- a dry crushing method is more preferable during the firing step in order to easily reach the minimum temperature at which the layered structure is formed as quickly as possible.
- a known crushing method such as a grinder, a bead mill, an attritor, or a jet mill can be used.
- air classification such as air flow classification may be performed after the crushing.
- a wet crushing method is applied after the firing step, a known classification method such as a centrifugation method, a sedimentation method, or a classification method using a porous membrane may be used.
- the above-mentioned process is also useful for controlling the particle size distribution of the produced positive electrode active material when producing a positive electrode active material composed of polycrystalline secondary particles.
- granulated powder is produced from powder material consisting of the precursor and M element compound, and it is preferable to perform classification on the produced granulated powder as well. It is also preferable to perform classification on the powder material consisting of a compound containing lithium that is added to the classified granulated powder. It is also preferable to perform classification on the granulated powder to which the powder material consisting of a compound containing lithium has adhered. It is also preferable to use lithium nitrate instead of the aforementioned lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate for the powder material consisting of a compound containing lithium, as this promotes grain growth.
- the pre-fired mixed granulated powder obtained by mixing the powder material made of a lithium-containing compound and the granulated powder in the same manner as described above to set the particle size distribution range within a predetermined range.
- the pre-fired mixed granulated powder may be fired while being treated to prevent excessive aggregation as described above, or may be fired while maintaining a uniform aggregation state such as a pellet shape. In this way, by performing the classification treatment between each step shown in FIG. 6 or FIG. 7 and by simultaneously performing pulverization during mixing, it becomes easy to obtain a positive electrode active material with a controlled particle size distribution.
- composition of the positive electrode active material of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but a preferred composition will be described below.
- the positive electrode active material according to this embodiment is represented by the following formula (1). Li 1+a Ni b M (1-b) O 2+ ⁇ ...(1) (In the formula (1), M is a metal element other than Li and Ni, and a, b, and ⁇ are numbers satisfying ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.2, 0.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.0, and ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ 0.2.)
- the positive electrode active material according to this embodiment has a composition in which the ratio of Ni to all metal elements other than Li is 50 atomic % or more, thereby realizing high energy density and high initial capacity.
- the ratio of Ni to all metal elements other than Li can be appropriately set within the range of 50 atomic % or more and 100 atomic % or less. Since the positive electrode active material contains a high ratio of nickel in this way, it is important that the oxidation reaction of oxidizing Ni 2+ to Ni 3+ is efficiently carried out.
- a more preferred specific composition of the positive electrode active material according to this embodiment is represented by formula (2).
- M1 represents at least one selected from Al and Mn
- X represents one or more metal elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Al, and Mn
- the positive electrode active material represented by the formula (2) has a high Ni content and therefore can exhibit a high initial capacity compared to LiCoO2 and the like in the range up to about 4.3 V.
- the Ni content is high, the raw material cost is cheaper than LiCoO2 and the like, and the raw material is easily available.
- a is preferably -0.1 or more and 0.2 or less.
- a may be -0.02 or more and 0.07 or less. If a is -0.02 or more, a sufficient amount of lithium is secured to contribute to charging and discharging, so the initial capacity of the positive electrode active material can be increased. Also, if a is 0.07 or less, charge compensation due to the change in valence of the metal element is sufficient, so that both a high initial capacity and good charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be achieved.
- the nickel coefficient b is preferably 0.50 or more and 1.00 or less.
- b is 0.50 or more, a sufficiently high charge/discharge capacity can be obtained compared to the case where other metal elements are used. Therefore, it is preferable that b is in the above-mentioned numerical range, and a positive electrode active material exhibiting a high charge/discharge capacity can be produced at a low cost compared to LiCoO2 and the like.
- B is preferably 0.80 or more and 0.95 or less, and more preferably 0.85 or more and 0.95 or less.
- the larger b is, 0.80 or more, the higher the initial capacity can be obtained.
- the smaller b is, 0.95 or less, the smaller the lattice distortion or crystal structure change associated with the insertion and desorption of lithium ions becomes, and cation mixing in which nickel is mixed into the lithium sites and deterioration of crystallinity during sintering become less likely to occur, thereby suppressing deterioration of the initial capacity and charge/discharge cycle characteristics.
- the cobalt coefficient c is preferably 0 or more and 0.20 or less.
- the addition of cobalt stabilizes the crystal structure and suppresses cation mixing, which causes nickel to be mixed into the lithium site. This makes it possible to improve the charge-discharge cycle characteristics without significantly impairing the charge-discharge capacity.
- the raw material cost increases, which increases the manufacturing cost of the positive electrode active material. It is preferable to set c in the above numerical range in order to achieve both good productivity, high charge-discharge capacity, and good charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
- c may be 0.01 or more and 0.20 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.20 or less, or 0.04 or more and 0.20 or less. The greater c is, 0.01 or more, the more sufficient the effect of the elemental substitution of cobalt is obtained, and the more the charge-discharge cycle characteristics are improved.
- the coefficient d of M1 is preferably 0 or more and 0.30 or less.
- elemental substitution is performed with at least one element (M1) selected from the group consisting of manganese and aluminum, the layered structure is maintained more stably even if lithium is released by charging.
- elemental substitution is performed with at least one element (M1) selected from the group consisting of manganese and aluminum, the layered structure is maintained more stably even if lithium is released by charging.
- M1 element selected from the group consisting of manganese and aluminum
- the layered structure is maintained more stably even if lithium is released by charging.
- the ratio of other metal elements such as nickel decreases, and the initial capacity of the positive electrode active material decreases.
- d is within the above numerical range, the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material can be maintained stable, and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics, thermal stability, etc. can be obtained in addition to a high initial capacity.
- manganese is preferable. When the element is replaced by manganese, a higher initial capacity can be obtained compared to when the element is replaced by aluminum. In addition, when the lithium composite oxide is fired, manganese also reacts with lithium carbonate as shown in the following formula (3). This reaction suppresses the coarsening of crystal grains and allows the oxidation reaction of nickel to proceed at high temperatures, so that a positive electrode active material exhibiting a high charge/discharge capacity can be efficiently obtained.
- the at least one element M1 selected from the group consisting of manganese and aluminum may be selected from the elements manganese and aluminum. In this case, it is preferable to select manganese as at least one element and to make the molar ratio of manganese larger than that of the other selected elements.
- M' represents a metal element such as Ni, Co, or Mn.
- the coefficient d of M1 is preferably 0.02 or more, and more preferably 0.04 or more.
- M1 is manganese, it becomes possible to proceed with the oxidation reaction of nickel at a higher temperature, and a positive electrode active material exhibiting a high initial capacity can be obtained more efficiently.
- the coefficient d of M1 is preferably 0.18 or less. If the coefficient d of M1 is 0.18 or less, the initial capacity remains high even after element substitution.
- the coefficient e of X is preferably 0 or more and 0.1 or less.
- X represents one or more metal elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Al, and Mn.
- X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, and niobium, it is possible to improve various performances such as charge-discharge cycle characteristics while maintaining the activity of the positive electrode active material.
- X if there is an excess of these elements (X), the ratio of other metal elements such as nickel decreases, and the charge-discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material decreases.
- e is within the above numerical range, it is possible to achieve both a high initial capacity and good charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
- ⁇ is preferably set to be ⁇ 0.2 or more and 0.2 or less .
- the positive electrode active material may be a polycrystalline positive electrode active material having a structure in which primary particles of several hundred nm are aggregated to form secondary particles of several ⁇ m to several tens of ⁇ m, or a single-crystalline (or single-particle) positive electrode active material having a structure in which primary particles of 1 to several ⁇ m are aggregated alone or in a few particles.
- the residual LiOH of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.60 mol% or less, more preferably 0.40 mol% or less.
- the residual LiOH is preferably 0.60 mol% or less, more preferably 0.40 mol% or less.
- the oil absorption of the positive electrode active material is preferably 25 ml/100 g or more and 32 ml/100 g or less.
- the oil supply amount is preferably 25 ml/100 g or more and 32 ml/100 g or less.
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material is preferably 5% by volume or more and 15% by volume or less, and more preferably 5% by volume or more and 12% by volume or less.
- the porosity 5% by volume or more and 15% by volume or less, the stress caused by volume changes accompanying charge and discharge cycles can be alleviated, and since the particle strength is high, the occurrence of cracks can be suppressed, resulting in good cycle characteristics. Therefore, a secondary battery in which the positive electrode material is composed of the positive electrode active material of this embodiment can be expected to have a long life.
- the amount of binder used in the production of the positive electrode can be reduced, which is preferable, since the positive electrode can be easily produced.
- the most frequent value (modal pore diameter) of the pore diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 10 nm or more and 250 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the ratio of metallic nickel that has reacted with lithium is the ratio of metallic nickel that has reacted with lithium.
- the carbon amount C i of the raw material mixed powder in which metallic nickel powder and lithium carbonate are mixed and the carbon amount C o of the precursor are measured, and the ratio of lithium carbonate that has decreased in the oxidation process, that is, reacted with metallic nickel, is calculated using formula (5).
- the reaction product is lithium nickel oxide. It is known that an increase in lithium nickel oxide makes it easier for cracks to occur in the precursor. In this respect, the lithiation rate can be used as an index of ease of pulverization.
- the D50 of the primary particles of the pulverized mixed powder and the secondary particles of the fired powder of the positive electrode active material was measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring instrument.
- the particle strength was measured using a micro compression tester "MCT-510" (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- the particle strength of five particles of the positive electrode active material with a secondary particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m was measured, and the average value was taken as the particle strength.
- X-ray diffraction pattern X-ray diffraction pattern
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the titration curve has two stages, and the equivalence point (x) of the first stage represents the reaction of formula (10) and formula (11), and the equivalence point (y) of the second stage represents the reaction of formula (11). Since the number of moles of Li 2 CO 3 in formula (10) is the same as the number of moles of HCl in formula (12), the remaining Li 2 CO 3 was titrated between the first equivalence point and the second equivalence point (y-x).
- the remaining LiOH is the titration amount up to the first equivalence point, but since formula (11) is also included in the titration amount up to the first stage, it was set to the amount (2x-y) obtained by subtracting formula (11), that is, the remaining Li 2 CO 3. In addition, the amount of Li in the remaining Li 2 CO 3 and the remaining LiOH, that is, the amount of unreacted Li, was calculated. The number of moles of unreacted Li was divided by the number of moles of metal elements other than Li contained in the positive electrode active material, and multiplied by 100 to calculate the unreacted Li rate.
- the number of moles of unreacted Li was calculated by substituting the number of moles of Li in the remaining LiOH, dividing it by the number of moles of metal elements other than Li contained in the positive electrode active material, and multiplying it by 100 (mol %).
- Preliminary experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that by mixing metallic nickel powder with at least a portion of the lithium-containing compound (here, lithium carbonate) required for production and then performing an oxidation treatment, it is possible to oxidize the metallic nickel powder while preventing it from sintering. This is thought to be because the presence of the lithium-containing compound between the metallic nickel powder particles prevents the metallic nickel powder particles from coming into contact with each other, and as a result, prevents the metallic nickel powder from sintering.
- the lithium-containing compound here, lithium carbonate
- Example 1 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 0.26:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01. In addition, lithium hydroxide was separately prepared, and weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li:metal elements other than lithium was 0.77:1.00. Therefore, the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2.
- metallic nickel powder metallic nickel powder with a D50 of 8 ⁇ m and Ni purity of 99.7 mass% produced by a water atomization method was used.
- metallic nickel powder having the same nickel purity as in this Example 1.
- metallic nickel powder and lithium carbonate equivalent to 25% by mass required according to the above molar ratio were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw mixed powder.
- 100 g of the raw mixed powder was placed in a 150 mm square sagger and oxidized in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere at 650° C.
- oxidation step for 10 hours (oxidation step) to obtain a precursor containing metallic nickel powder that was partially lithiated.
- the mass of the obtained precursor was 17% greater than that of the raw mixed powder. Calculations based on this mass increase confirmed that 68% of the metallic nickel powder had become nickel oxide. In other words, the oxidation rate was 68%.
- the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide was pre-pulverized in a ball mill using zirconia balls of ⁇ 5 mm as a grinding medium to obtain a pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M.
- the D50 of the pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M was 1.2 ⁇ m. 5
- the above-mentioned precursor, the pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M, and the lithium hydroxide equivalent to 75 mass% were dry-mixed, and calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 500° C. for 20 hours in an oxygen gas flow.
- the mixture was calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 840° C. for 10 hours in an oxygen gas flow.
- a positive electrode active material made of a lithium metal composite oxide was obtained.
- Example 2 A precursor and a positive electrode active material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oxidation treatment temperature in the oxidation step was 550° C. for 10 hours. The oxidation rate of the precursor was 49%.
- Comparative Example 1 the raw material of the metal element M was applied as a mixed raw material with the metal nickel powder.
- metal nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of the metal elements was Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01.
- lithium hydroxide was prepared and weighed so that the molar ratio of the metal elements was Li:metal elements other than lithium was 1.03:1.00.
- a metal nickel powder with D50 of 8 ⁇ m produced by a water atomization method was used for the metal nickel powder.
- the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2 , as in Example 1.
- the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide was pre-pulverized in a ball mill using zirconia balls of ⁇ 5 mm as a grinding medium to obtain a pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M.
- the D50 of the pre-pulverized powder of the metal element M was 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the metallic nickel powder and the pre-pulverized powder of the metallic element M were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- 50 g of the raw material mixed powder was loaded into a 150 mm square sagger, and oxidized in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere at 550° C. for 10 hours (oxidation step), to obtain a precursor containing metallic nickel powder combined with the metallic element M.
- the lithium-free precursor thus obtained had a mass increase of 7.7% compared to the raw material mixed powder. Calculations based on this mass increase rate confirmed that 62% of the metallic nickel powder had become nickel oxide. In other words, the oxidation rate was 62%.
- the above precursor was dry-mixed with the above lithium hydroxide, and calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 500°C for 20 hours in an oxygen gas flow. Then, the mixture was calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 840°C for 10 hours in an oxygen gas flow. This resulted in the production of a positive electrode active material made of lithium metal composite oxide.
- the oxidation rates of the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in Table 1.
- the crystallite sizes of nickel oxide contained in the precursors calculated from XRD measurements of the precursors and positive electrode active material of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 the above-mentioned INiO , ILiNiO2 , INi , ILiNiO2 / INi , ILiNiO2 / INiO , the degree of metallic Ni remaining, and the R value of the positive electrode active material are shown in Table 1 (Table 1-1, Table 1-2).
- item #1 in Table 1-1 is the average particle size D50 of the metallic nickel powder starting material
- item #2 in Table 1-1 is the name of the material to be mixed with the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation step
- item #3 in Table 1-1 is the oxidation temperature (°C) in the oxidation step
- item #4 in Table 1-1 is the total mass (g) of the metallic nickel powder introduced into the oxidation step and the material to be mixed with the metallic nickel powder
- item #5 in Table 1-1 is the oxidation rate of the precursor generated after the oxidation step.
- item #6 in Table 1-2 is the crystallite size of nickel oxide contained in the precursor, calculated from the XRD measurement results performed on the precursor after the oxidation process.
- Item #10 in Table 1-2 is the I LiNiO2 value and I Item #11 in Table 1-2 is the ratio of the ILiNiO2 value to the INiO value in the precursors of the Examples and Comparative Examples, Item #12 in Table 1-2 is the metallic Ni remaining degree calculated by formula (13) in the precursors of the Examples and Comparative Examples, and Item #13 in Table 1-2 is the R value in the positive electrode active material of the Examples and Comparative Examples.
- EB1 indicates Example 1
- EB2 indicates Example 2
- Rf1 indicates Comparative Example 1. The relationship between the oxidation rate and the R value in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- Examples 1 and 2 had lower R values than Comparative Example 1, and thus a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity was obtained.
- the oxidation rates are equivalent for the precursors of Examples 1 and 2, which use lithium carbonate as a material to be mixed with the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation process, and the precursor of Comparative Example 1, which uses a raw material of metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide.
- the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 have lithium metal oxide (LiNiO 2 ) formed in addition to Ni oxide (NiO), but the precursor of Comparative Example 1 does not show the formation of lithium metal oxide.
- the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 have a low R value of 0.50 or less compared to the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1, and it was confirmed that a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity was obtained. That is, despite the oxidation rate being the same, when the precursors of Examples 1 and 2 containing lithium metal oxide were used, a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity was obtained compared to the case of using the precursor of Comparative Example 1 not containing lithium metal oxide. From the above, it was found that a positive electrode active material with good crystallinity can be obtained when the precursor contains lithium metal oxide.
- Example 1 A precursor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that metallic nickel powder having a D50 of 30 ⁇ m was used, and then a positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 2 A precursor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that metallic nickel powder having a D50 of 70 ⁇ m was used, and then a positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Item I of Table 2 is the average particle size D50 ( ⁇ m) of the metallic nickel powder used in Example 1 and each Reference Example
- Item II of Table 2 is the oxidation rate of the precursor after the oxidation process in which the metallic nickel powder and lithium carbonate are mixed in the Examples and each Reference Example
- Item III of Table 2 is the R value of the positive electrode active material in Example 1 and each Reference Example
- Item IV of Table 2 is the nickel ratio (Ni ratio) at the center of the particle of the positive electrode active material in Example 1 and each Reference Example.
- EB1 indicates Example 1
- Ex1 indicates Reference Example 1
- Ex2 indicates Reference Example 2.
- this Ni ratio was measured by measuring the Ni ratio at the center of the particle cross-section of the positive electrode active material using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and the results are shown in Table 2. Also, the relationship between the D50 of the metallic nickel powder and the Ni ratio at the center of the positive electrode active material is shown in Figure 9. The results of Example 1 are also shown in Table 2. Based on the above, the effect of the D50 of the metallic nickel powder was evaluated.
- the D50 of the metallic nickel powder exceeds 20 ⁇ m, if it contains lithium metal oxide and has a high lithium content, it can be crushed to 20 ⁇ m or less in a short crushing time ( Figure 4) as described above and used as a raw material. And, as in the examples, metal elements other than nickel and lithium can diffuse to the center during the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material, making the composition uniform and allowing the desired electrochemical characteristics to be obtained.
- Example 3 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01.
- metallic nickel powder metallic nickel powder with D50 of 8 ⁇ m produced by water atomization method was used.
- the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2 .
- lithium carbonate (pre-added) and metallic nickel powder which are necessary in an amount equivalent to 25 mass% according to the above-mentioned molar ratio of lithium to nickel, were charged into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium to nickel was Li:Ni 0.26:0.85, and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- this raw material mixed powder was subjected to an oxidation treatment (oxidation step) in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere at 650°C for 10 hours to obtain a precursor containing oxidized metallic nickel powder.
- the obtained precursor was mixed with the raw material of metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and pure water was added to this so that the solid content ratio was 30 mass%.
- a raw material slurry was prepared by wet grinding with a grinder so that the D50 of the primary particles was 0.30 ⁇ m (grinding process).
- the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried with a nozzle-type spray dryer (Okawahara Kakoki Co., Ltd., ODL-20 type) to obtain a granulated powder with a D50 of about 10 ⁇ m (granulation process).
- This granulated powder and the remaining 75 mass% of lithium carbonate (post-addition) were put into a V-type mixer and mixed for 90 minutes to obtain a mixed granulated powder.
- the addition of a compound containing lithium and the mixing process were performed.
- this mixed granulated powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing process). Specifically, it was pre-fired at 700 °C for 24 hours in an oxygen gas flow in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere.
- the mixture was then calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 820°C for 10 hours in an oxygen stream to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the calcined powder obtained by the calcination process was classified using a sieve with a mesh size of 53 ⁇ m, and the powder that fell under the sieve was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Example 3 is an example in which the remaining amount of lithium compound is mixed after the granulation process, with 25% by mass being mixed before the oxidation process (pre-added) and 75% by mass being mixed after the granulation process (post-added).
- a lithium ion secondary battery was prepared using the positive electrode active material synthesized in Example 3 as the positive electrode material and metallic lithium as the negative electrode material, and the initial capacity and capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary battery were measured.
- the prepared positive electrode active material, a carbon-based conductive material, and a binder dissolved in advance in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were mixed in a mass ratio of 92.5:5:2.5.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the uniformly mixed positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to a positive electrode current collector of aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m so that the coating amount was 13 mg/cm 2.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry applied to the positive electrode current collector was heat-treated at 120 ° C., and the solvent was distilled off to form a positive electrode mixture layer. Thereafter, the positive electrode mixture layer was pressurized by a hot press and punched into a circular shape with a diameter of 15 mm to form a positive electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced using the produced positive electrode, negative electrode and separator.
- Metallic lithium punched into a circular shape with a diameter of 16 mm was used as the negative electrode.
- a porous separator made of polypropylene with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were opposed to each other in a non-aqueous electrolyte via the separator, and a lithium ion secondary battery was assembled.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- the lithium-ion secondary battery thus fabricated was charged in an environment of 25°C at a constant current/constant voltage of 38 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.3 V. Then, it was discharged to a lower limit potential of 2.5 V at a constant current of 40 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture, and the charge capacity and discharge capacity were measured. Then, it was charged at a constant current/constant voltage of 190 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.3 V.
- Item A in Table 3 is the average particle size D50 ( ⁇ m) of the metallic nickel powder used in Example 3.
- Item B in Table 3 is the ratio (mass %) of the amount of lithium carbonate added in the mixing process with the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation process in Example 3 to the amount of lithium carbonate added in the entire process of manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- Item C in Table 3 is the ratio (mass %) of the amount of lithium carbonate added between the granulation process and the firing process in Example 3 to the amount of lithium carbonate added in the entire process of manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- Item D in Table 3 is the ratio (mass %) of the amount of lithium carbonate added after the oxidation process in Example 3 to the amount of lithium carbonate added in the entire process of manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- Item E of Table 3 is the lithiation rate of the precursor in Example 3
- Item F of Table 3 is the oil absorption per 100 g of the positive electrode active material in Example 3 (ml/100 g)
- Item G of Table 3 is the average particle strength (MPa) of the positive electrode active material in Example 3
- Item H of Table 3 is the initial discharge capacity (Ah/kg) of the lithium ion secondary battery manufactured using the positive electrode active material in Example 3
- Item J of Table 3 is the capacity retention rate (%) of the lithium ion secondary battery manufactured using the positive electrode active material in Example 3.
- EB3 in Table 3 indicates Example 3.
- the crude precursor of Reference Example 2 was mixed with the raw material of the metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and 200 g of this mixed powder was placed in a plastic pot container, and 200 g of pure water and 200 g of zirconia balls (manufactured by Nikkato) with a ball diameter of 5 mm were added as media, and the mixture was pulverized at a rotation speed of 90 rpm for 64 hours to obtain a pulverized slurry (first pulverization step (coarse pulverization step)). After the coarse pulverization, the D50 was 2.9 ⁇ m and the D95 was 10.1 ⁇ m. Next, the resulting pulverized slurry was subjected to wet pulverization in a pulverizer in order to pulverize it finely, but pulverization was not possible, the reason for which will be described later.
- Example 4 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01.
- the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2.
- metallic nickel powder metallic nickel powder with D50 of 70 ⁇ m and D95 of 176 ⁇ m was used.
- Lithium carbonate and metallic nickel powder equivalent to 25% by mass required according to the above molar ratio were charged into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium to nickel was 0.26:0.85.
- the mixture was mixed for 120 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- the raw material mixed powder was oxidized in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere at 700°C for 4 hours (oxidation step) to obtain a crude precursor containing metallic nickel powder that was partially lithiated.
- the oxidation rate was 69%.
- the obtained crude precursor was mixed with the raw material of metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and 200 g of this mixed powder was placed in a plastic pot container, 200 g of pure water and 200 g of zirconia balls (manufactured by Nikkato) with a ball diameter of 5 mm were added as media, and the mixture was pulverized at a rotation speed of 90 rpm for 64 hours to obtain a pulverized slurry (first pulverization process (coarse pulverization process)). The particle size distribution after coarse pulverization was measured. The results are shown in Table 4-2.
- the obtained pulverized slurry was wet-pulverized in a pulverizer to finely pulverize it, and a raw material slurry was prepared so that D50 was 0.3 ⁇ m (second pulverization process (fine pulverization process)).
- the particle size distribution after fine pulverization is shown in Table 4-2.
- the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried with a nozzle-type spray dryer (Okawahara Kakoki Co., Ltd., ODL-20 type) to obtain a granulated powder with D50 of about 10 ⁇ m (granulation process).
- the dried granulated powder and lithium carbonate equivalent to 75 mass% of the amount required according to the above-mentioned molar ratio of lithium and nickel so that the molar ratio of Li:Ni was 1.03:0.85 were added to a V-type mixer to obtain a mixed granulated powder.
- the obtained mixed granulated powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing process). Specifically, the mixture was fired in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a firing furnace in an oxygen gas atmosphere at 700°C for 24 hours in an oxygen stream. The mixture was then calcined in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a calcination furnace at 820°C for 10 hours in an oxygen stream to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the calcined powder obtained by the calcination process was classified using a sieve with a mesh size of 53 ⁇ m, and the powder that fell under the sieve was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Examples 5 to 7 A crude precursor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the oxidation treatment time in the oxidation step was changed to 8 hours in Example 5, 10 hours in Example 6, and 30 hours in Example 7, and a positive electrode active material was produced through the same method.
- the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2 , as in Example 1.
- the oxidation rate, Li rate, oil absorption, oxidation (lithiation) distance, oxidation (lithiation) distance rate, I LiNiO2 /I Ni , I LiNiO2 /I NiO , and metal Ni remaining degree derived from the measurement results of XRD were calculated in the same manner.
- the particle size distribution after coarse grinding and after fine grinding was measured. The results are shown in Table 4 (Table 4-1, Table 4-2).
- a peak was confirmed between about 43.5° and 44.0°, which is the 2 ⁇ angle attributed to lithium nickel oxide, from the XRD pattern of the precursor after the oxidation step.
- the Coulomb efficiency is a battery characteristic expressed by the discharge capacity/charge capacity, and indicates the ratio of Li ions that were able to return to the positive electrode material by discharge among the Li ions that were desorbed during the first charge, and it can be said that the higher this value is, the better the characteristics are.
- Item A1 in Table 4-1 indicates the average particle size D50 ( ⁇ m) of the metallic nickel powder used in the production of the precursor in Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item B1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oxidation treatment temperature (° C.) in the oxidation step performed after mixing the metallic nickel powder with lithium carbonate in Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item C1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oxidation treatment time (hours) in the oxidation step in Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, and item D1 in Table 4-1 indicates the ratio (% by weight) of the amount of lithium carbonate added in the mixing step with the metallic nickel powder before the oxidation step in Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7 to the amount of lithium carbonate added in all steps of the production of the positive electrode active material.
- item E1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oxidation rate (%) of the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item F1 in Table 4-1 indicates the Li content (%) of those precursors, item G1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oil absorption per 100 g of those precursors (ml/100 g), item H1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oxidation (Li) distance ( ⁇ m) of those precursors, and item J1 in Table 4-1 indicates the oxidation distance rate (%) of those precursors.
- item A2 in Table 4-2 is the peak intensity (I Ni ) value of metallic Ni after removing K ⁇ 2 from the XRD patterns of the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item B2 in Table 4-2 is the peak intensity (I LiNiO2 ) value of LiNiO 2 after removing K ⁇ 2 from the XRD patterns of those precursors, item C2 in Table 4-2 is the peak intensity (I NiO ) value of NiO after removing K ⁇ 2 from the XRD patterns of those precursors, item D2 in Table 4-2 is the ratio of the I LiNiO2 value to the I Ni value in those precursors, and item E2 in Table 4-2 is the ratio of the I LiNiO2 value to the I Item F2 in Table 4-2 is the metallic Ni residual degree of those precursors calculated based on formula (13); item G2 in Table 4-2 is the crystallite diameter (nm) of the nickel oxide phase contained in those precursors calculated from the XRD measurement results; item H2 in Table 4-2 is the crystal
- Item K2 in Table 4-2 is the average particle size D50 ( ⁇ m) after the first crushing step (coarse crushing step) is performed on the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item L2 in Table 4-2 is the particle size D95 ( ⁇ m) which is 95% cumulative from the small size based on the particle size distribution of the precursors after the first crushing step (coarse crushing step) is performed on the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item M2 in Table 4-2 is the average particle size D50 ( ⁇ m) after the first crushing step (coarse crushing step) and the second crushing step (fine crushing step) are performed on the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7, item N2 in Table 4-2 is the particle size D95 ( ⁇ m) which is 95% cumulative from the small size based on the particle size distribution after the first crushing step (coarse crushing step) and the second crushing step (fine crushing step) are performed on the precursors of Reference Example 2 and Examples 4 to 7.
- item A3 in Table 5 is the amount of remaining LiOH obtained from the positive electrode active materials of Examples 4 to 7 using a titrator
- item B3 in Table 5 is the amount of remaining Li 2 CO 3 obtained from the positive electrode active materials of Examples 4 to 7 using a titrator
- item C3 in Table 5 is the ratio (%) of the number of moles of unreacted Li contained in the positive electrode active materials of Examples 4 to 7 to the number of moles of metal elements other than Li contained in each of the positive electrode active materials of Examples 4 to 7.
- item D3 in Table 5 is the specific surface area (m 2 /g) of the positive electrode active material of Examples 4 to 7
- item E3 in Table 5 is the oil absorption per 100 g (ml/100 g) of the positive electrode active material of Examples 4 to 7
- item F3 in Table 5 is the R value of the positive electrode active material of Examples 4 to 7.
- Item G3 in Table 5 is the initial charge capacity (Ah/kg) of the lithium ion secondary batteries produced using the positive electrode active materials of Examples 4 to 7, item H3 in Table 5 is the initial discharge capacity (Ah/kg) of those lithium ion secondary batteries, item J3 in Table 5 is the coulombic efficiency (%) of those lithium ion secondary batteries, and item K3 in Table 5 is the capacity maintenance rate (%) of those lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Tables 4-1, 4-2, and 5 EB4 corresponds to Example 4
- EB5 corresponds to Example 5
- EB6 corresponds to Example 6
- EB7 corresponds to Example 7
- Ex2 corresponds to Reference Example 2.
- Table 4-1 shows that even when metallic nickel powder with a D50 of 70 ⁇ m was used as in Examples 4 to 7, a precursor with an oxidation rate of 65% or more was obtained while preventing sintering by mixing (pre-adding) lithium carbonate before the oxidation process.
- the Li ratio increased as the oxidation treatment time was longer, and the unreacted Li ratio decreased, and the reaction between the lithium source and the metal source such as nickel progressed, leading to the formation of lithium metal oxide.
- the Li ratio can be used as an index of ease of pulverization, but as the Li ratio increases, the amount of lithium metal oxide in the precursor increases, and it can be said that cracks are more likely to occur in the precursor due to the volume expansion.
- the oil absorption of the precursor was 16 to 18 ml/100 g, which is a considerable increase from 8 ml/100 g in Reference Example 2 with a Li ratio of 7%.
- the cracks inside the precursor are increasing.
- the D95 after coarse pulverization was 3 ⁇ m or less, making fine pulverization possible.
- the lithium content in Reference Example 2 was low at less than 10%, and it is believed that the small number of cracks prevented fine pulverization. Therefore, when the average particle size of the metallic nickel powder is greater than 20 ⁇ m, it is necessary to make the lithium content of the precursor 10% or more.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the Li ratio and the initial capacity. It can be seen that the higher the Li ratio, the higher the initial capacity. In this case, the higher the Li ratio, the lower the unreacted Li ratio contained in the positive electrode active material. This indicates that there are fewer unreacted impurities, and it can be said that the higher the Li ratio, the lower the unreacted impurities. From this perspective, it can be said that the initial capacity is also higher.
- Example 7 the initial capacity was slightly lower, but this was thought to be because excessive Li conversion proceeded before the firing process, lithium carbonate was consumed, and the liquid phase component was reduced in the firing process, making it difficult to proceed with the reaction of lithium metal oxide.
- the intensity ratio I LiNiO2 /I Ni between the peak intensity I LiNiO2 of lithium nickel oxide and the peak intensity I Ni of metallic nickel is shown in Table 4 as I LiNiO2 /I Ni , which is a sufficiently large value of 5 to 30. Therefore, sufficient cracks were formed in these precursors, and they had high crushability.
- the D95 was crushed to 3.0 ⁇ m or less in the first crushing step (coarse crushing step), and the D95 was also finely crushed to 0.5 ⁇ m or less in the second crushing step (fine crushing step). Therefore, it was possible to manufacture a positive electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- positive electrode active materials were manufactured according to Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3, and the amount of residual Li, particle strength, porosity, and most frequent porosity were measured.
- Example 8 A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the temperature of the main firing was 840 ° C. As in Example 1, the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2 .
- the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried with a nozzle-type spray dryer to obtain a granulated powder with a D50 of about 12 ⁇ m.
- the granulated powder was dehydrated in a continuous conveying furnace at 400°C in an air atmosphere for 5 hours. After that, it was heat-treated in an oxygen gas atmosphere-substituted sintering furnace at 650°C for 22 hours in an oxygen gas flow, and then pre-sintered at 700°C for 30 hours.
- Example 3 A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that the temperature of the main firing was 820 ° C. In addition, as in Example 1, the target composition of the positive electrode active material was Li1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2 .
- lithium ion secondary batteries were produced using the positive electrode active materials synthesized in Example 8, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3 as positive electrode materials in the same manner as in Example 3, except that graphite was used for the negative electrode and a square positive electrode of 30 mm ⁇ 35 mm was used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was fabricated using the fabricated positive electrode, a negative electrode using graphite of 35 mm x 40 mm, and a separator. A 30 ⁇ m thick porous separator made of polypropylene was used as the separator. The positive electrode and the negative electrode were opposed to each other in a non-aqueous electrolyte via the separator, and the lithium ion secondary battery was assembled.
- non-aqueous electrolyte a solution was used in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at 1.0 mol/L in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3:7.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- the lithium ion secondary battery thus fabricated was charged at a constant current/constant voltage of 40 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.2 V in an environment of 25°C. Then, it was discharged to a lower limit potential of 2.5 V at a constant current of 40 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture, and the charge capacity and discharge capacity were measured. Then, it was charged at a constant current/constant voltage of 190 A/kg based on the mass of the positive electrode mixture and an upper limit potential of 4.2 V.
- item A4 in Table 6-1 is the amount of remaining LiOH obtained from the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3 by a titration device
- item B4 in Table 6-1 is the amount of remaining Li 2 CO 3 obtained from the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3 by a titration device
- item C4 in Table 6-1 is the oil absorption amount (ml/100g) per 100g of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item D4 in Table 6-1 is the porosity (%) of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item E4 in Table 6-1 is the most frequent pore size (nm) of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item F4 in Table 6-1 is the particle strength (MPa) of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item G4 in Table 6-1 is the R value of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
- item A5 in Table 6-2 is the initial discharge capacity (Ah/kg) in a full cell of the lithium ion secondary battery produced using the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item B5 in Table 6-2 is the capacity maintenance rate (%) in a full cell of the lithium ion secondary battery produced using the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- item C5 in Table 6-2 is the resistance increase rate (%) of the lithium ion secondary battery produced using the positive electrode active material of Example 8 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
- EB8 corresponds to Example 8
- Rf2 corresponds to Comparative Example 2
- Rf3 corresponds to Comparative Example 3.
- Figure 13A is a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 8
- Figure 13B is a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 2
- Figure 13C is a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3.
- Example 8 has less residual LiOH and Li2CO3 than Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
- the mixture is further mixed with a compound containing lithium and sintered. Therefore, it is considered that the reaction between the transition metal source and the Li source is promoted, and as a result, the residual LiOH and Li2CO3 are reduced.
- Example 8 The porosity of Example 8 is 12%, which is larger than that of Comparative Example 2 and is equivalent to that of Comparative Example 3. On the other hand, the most frequent pore size is 178 nm, which is smaller than those of Comparative Examples 2 and 3. Also, from FIG. 12, it can be seen that Example 8 has a smaller pore size and is more uniformly distributed than Comparative Examples 2 and 3. In Example 8, the lithium-containing compound is added twice, before granulation (pre-addition) and after granulation (post-addition), and the amount of lithium-containing compound inside the granulated powder is small. It is believed that the mechanism explained in FIG. 11(b) resulted in fewer pores and a smaller pore size.
- Example 8 was 59 MPa, which was higher than the 23 MPa of Comparative Example 3, which also had a porosity of 12%. This is the same strength as the 59 MPa of Comparative Example 2, which had a porosity of 4%, and it was confirmed that Example 8 achieved both high porosity and high strength. This is believed to be due to the small most common pore size and the uniform distribution of the pores.
- Example 8 The reason why the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material of Example 8 were good is considered. From Table 6-2, the resistance increase rate of Example 8 was lower than that of Comparative Examples 2 and 3, and it is considered that the deposition of by-products on the surface of the positive electrode active material in Example 8 was small. This is considered to be because the positive electrode active material of Example 8 had less residual LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 , and the formation of by-products was small. Also, from FIG. 13, in Example 8, no cracks were confirmed in the positive electrode active material after the charge-discharge cycle, while in Comparative Examples 2 and 3, cracks were observed at the grain boundaries.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 8 was able to relieve the stress associated with the charge-discharge cycle due to the high porosity, and was able to suppress the occurrence of cracks such as stress cracking due to its high strength. From the above, it is considered that the positive electrode active material of Example 8 had a small amount of residual LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 , so the resistance increase was small, and the occurrence of cracks was suppressed due to the compatibility of high porosity and high strength, resulting in good charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
- a lithium-ion secondary battery with good electrochemical properties can be obtained by using a positive electrode active material that combines residual LiOH, high porosity, and high strength.
- Example 9 A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that the raw materials were weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li : Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 1.03: 0.92 : 0.03 :0.00: 0.03 : 0.02 . Therefore, the target composition of the positive electrode active material in Example 9 was Li1.03Ni0.92Co0.03Ti0.03Al0.02O2.
- Example 10 As in Example 8, lithium carbonate and metallic nickel powder were mixed in a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium and nickel was Li:Ni 0.26:0.85, and then oxidized to produce a precursor. Thereafter, a lithium-containing compound to be mixed with the precursor by post-addition was lithium hydroxide, pre-baking was omitted, and the temperature of the main baking was set to 800°C. A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 8. As in Example 1, the target composition of the positive electrode active material in Example 10 was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2 .
- Example 9 The residual Li amount and R value of the positive electrode active material of Example 9 and Example 10 were measured and are shown in Table 7.
- Item A6 of Table 7 shows the residual LiOH amount of Example 9 and Example 10
- item B6 of Table 7 shows the residual Li 2 CO 3 amount of Example 9 and Example 10
- item C6 of Table 7 shows the R value of Example 9 and Example 10.
- Item D6 of Table 7 is the initial discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery when the lithium ion secondary battery is constructed in the same manner as in Example 3 using the positive electrode active material of Example 10.
- EB9 is Example 9 and EB10 is Example 10.
- a single crystal (single particle) positive electrode active material was produced using a manufacturing method that adds a first grinding step (coarse grinding step) in which the precursor and the M element compound are simultaneously wet-ground when mixed with each other, a second grinding step (fine grinding step) in which the ground slurry obtained in the first grinding step (coarse grinding step) is finely ground until the average particle size D50 reaches a predetermined particle size before being mixed with a lithium-containing compound, and a classification step in which the particles are classified after the second grinding step (fine grinding step).
- Example 11 As raw materials, lithium carbonate, metallic nickel powder, cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide were prepared, and each raw material was weighed so that the molar ratio of metal elements Li:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Al was 1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01.
- the target composition of the positive electrode active material (hereinafter, the charged composition of the positive electrode active material) was Li 1.03 Ni 0.85 Co 0.03 Mn 0.08 Ti 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2.
- metallic nickel powder metallic nickel powder with D50 of 70 ⁇ m and D95 of 176 ⁇ m was used.
- Lithium carbonate and metallic nickel powder equivalent to 25% by mass required according to the molar ratio of lithium to nickel was put into a V-type mixer so that the molar ratio of lithium to nickel was 0.26:0.85.
- the mixture was mixed for 120 minutes to obtain a raw material mixed powder.
- the raw material mixed powder was oxidized by performing an oxidation treatment (oxidation step) at 700° C. for 10 hours in a sintering furnace in an air atmosphere to obtain a crude precursor containing metallic nickel powder that was partially lithiated.
- the manufacturing process of the crude precursor was the same as that of the crude precursor in Example 4.
- the raw materials used were also the same, so the oxidation rate was 69%, the same as in Example 4.
- the obtained crude precursor was mixed with the raw material of metal element M consisting of cobalt carbonate, manganese carbonate, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and 200 g of this mixed powder was placed in a plastic pot container, and 200 g of pure water and 200 g of zirconia balls (manufactured by Nikkato) with a ball diameter of 5 mm were added as media.
- the mixture was pulverized at a rotation speed of 90 rpm for 40 hours to obtain a pulverized slurry (first pulverization process (rough pulverization process)).
- the particle size distribution after coarse pulverization was measured.
- the obtained pulverized slurry was wet-pulverized in a pulverizer to finely pulverize it, and a raw material slurry was prepared so that D50 was 0.3 ⁇ m (second pulverization process (fine pulverization process)).
- the obtained raw material slurry was dried in a blower type dryer, crushed in a mortar, and further classified using a sieve with a mesh size of 45 ⁇ m.
- the pulverized powder and lithium carbonate equivalent to 75 mass% of the amount required according to the above-mentioned molar ratio of lithium and nickel so that the molar ratio of Li:Ni was 1.03:0.85 were put into a V-type mixer, and a mixed pulverized powder was obtained.
- the obtained mixed pulverized powder was fired to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide (firing process). Specifically, the mixture was pre-fired at 700 ° C for 24 hours in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere. After that, the mixture was fired at 900 ° C for 10 hours in an oxygen gas atmosphere in a firing furnace replaced with an oxygen gas atmosphere to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide.
- the sintered powder obtained by the sintering process was crushed in a mortar and then classified using a sieve with 45 ⁇ m openings, and the powder that fell under the sieve was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Example 12 A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the main baking conditions were set to 900° C. for 20 hours.
- Example 13 A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the main baking conditions were 870° C. and 20 hours.
- Example 14 A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 11, except that lithium hydroxide was used as the lithium-containing compound to be mixed with the pulverized powder, and calcination was not performed, but the material was fired at 870° C. for 20 hours.
- Example 15 A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 14, except that the firing conditions were changed to 840° C. for 20 hours.
- the residual Li amount, R value, and primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material of Examples 11 to 15 were measured and are shown in Table 8.
- Item A8 in Table 8 indicates the residual LiOH amount of Examples 11 to 15
- item B8 in Table 8 indicates the residual Li 2 CO 3 amount of Examples 11 to 15
- item C8 in Table 8 indicates the R value of Examples 11 to 15, and item D8 in Table 8 indicates the primary particle diameter of Examples 11 to 15.
- Item E8 in Table 8 is the initial discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery when the lithium ion secondary battery is constructed in the same manner as in Example 3 using the positive electrode active materials of Examples 11, 13, 14, and 15.
- EB11 to EB15 are Examples 11 to 15.
- Example 11 to 15 the average primary particles exceeded 1 ⁇ m, making them what is known as single crystal positive electrode active materials. Furthermore, even without carrying out a granulation process, the R value was a relatively low value of 0.48 or less, confirming that a positive electrode active material with relatively good crystallinity could be obtained.
- An SEM image of the positive electrode active material in Example 13 is shown in Figure 14. It can be confirmed that the crystal grains of the positive electrode active material themselves are good.
- the R value tended to be lower.
- the average primary particle size was smaller when the sintering conditions were low temperature or short time. The smaller the average primary particle size, the higher the initial capacity tended to be.
- the precursor has a lithiation rate, which indicates the proportion of the metallic nickel powder that has reacted with lithium, of 8% or more.
- the metallic nickel powder has an average particle size of more than 20 ⁇ m, and the precursor has a lithiation rate of 10% or more.
- the precursor obtained after the oxidation step contains nickel oxide having an oxidation rate, which indicates the ratio of the amount of oxidized nickel to the total amount of Ni contained in the precursor, of 10% or more and less than 100%.
- the amount of the lithium compound necessary for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is taken as 100 mass %
- the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed in the mixing step is 10 mass % or more and less than 100 mass %.
- the method includes a firing step in which a precursor produced by the above-mentioned method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is mixed with at least one of a compound containing lithium and a compound containing a metal element M other than lithium and nickel to obtain a mixed powder, and then the mixed powder is fired at 700°C or higher and 900°C or lower to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- the method includes a crushing step of crushing the mixed powder, and then a granulating step of granulating the crushed mixed powder to form granulated powder, and the sintering step is performed on the granulated powder.
- the method includes a grinding step of grinding the mixed powder, and then a granulation step of granulating the ground mixed powder to form a granulated powder, in which the amount of the lithium-containing compound mixed in the precursor is less than 100 mass %, and the remaining amount of the lithium-containing compound is added after the granulation step to form a mixed granulated powder, and the mixed granulated powder is subjected to the firing step.
- the pulverizing step includes a first pulverizing step and a second pulverizing step for pulverizing the material finer than that in the first pulverizing step.
- the diameter of the media used in the second crushing step is smaller than the diameter of the media used in the first crushing step.
- the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step and the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step are different compounds, and the melting point of the lithium-containing compound mixed before the oxidation step is higher than the melting point of the lithium-containing compound added after the granulation step.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is represented by the following composition formula (A).
- the positive electrode active material represented by the following composition formula (B) is provided with the positive electrode active material.
- M1 represents at least one selected from Al and Mn
- X represents at least one metal element other than Li, Ni, Co, Al, and Mn
- M1 contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, and niobium.
- the positive electrode active material containing lithium and nickel has a residual LiOH of 0.6 mol% or less, a porosity of 5 vol% to 15 vol%, a most frequent pore size of 10 nm to 250 nm, a particle strength of 30 MPa or more, and contains nickel and lithium.
- the positive electrode active material represented by the above composition formula (A) or the following composition formula (B).
- M1 represents at least one selected from Al and Mn
- X represents one or more metal elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Al, and Mn
- M1 contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, and niobium.
- the R value calculated by the following formula based on an intensity I 006 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 006 plane, an intensity I 102 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 102 plane, and an intensity I 101 calculated from an integral value of a peak identified as the 101 plane in X-ray powder diffraction measurement is 0.46 or less.
- R value (I 006 + I 102 ) / I 101
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2には、ニッケル源を溶融し、アトマイズ法により得たニッケル粒子を硫酸水溶液に溶解して、硫酸ニッケルを得た後に、晶析法により、Niを含有する水酸化物を得て、この水酸化物を用いて共沈法により二次電池用正極活物質を得る製造方法が記載されている。
さらに、特許文献3には、金属ニッケルを含有するニッケル原料を用いて正極活物質を製造する方法が記載されている。
特許文献3では金属ニッケルのまま焼成を行うため、焼成過程で焼結してしまい、粒子状態を保つことができず、粉砕することが困難であった。また、正極活物質の結晶構造が不安定で、そのためリチウムイオン二次電池の電気化学特性も不安定であった。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)
R値=(I006+I102)/I101
本発明の正極活物質の製造方法の一実施形態を説明する前に、金属ニッケル粉末の製造方法の一実施形態を例示する。
本実施形態では、例えばアトマイズ法、カルボニル法により製造された金属ニッケル粉末を用いることが出来る。反応晶析法や、カルボニル法以外の気相還元法で製造された金属ニッケル粉を用いても構わないことは言うまでもない。アトマイズ法やカルボニル法によると不純物元素量が少ない金属ニッケル粉末を得ることができるので好ましい。また、アトマイズ法は球状粉末を得るうえで好ましい。電池の短絡を回避する目的から電池部材には高純度の原材料が用いられる。特に鉄(Fe)は短絡の原因となりやすい不純物元素であるため、金属ニッケル粉末のFeの含有量は質量比で100ppm以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは30ppm以下、さらに好ましくは10ppm以下である。また、高純度なニッケル源としては品位ClassIの高純度なブリケットやカソードが適する。本実施形態では、これらブリケットやカソードを酸溶解することなく、アトマイズ法、カルボニル法や気相還元法により金属ニッケル粉末を製造することにより、不純物が少ない高純度な金属ニッケル粉末を得るものである。
なお、本発明における金属ニッケル粉末は、ほぼ酸化ニッケルなどの酸化物を含んでおらず、いずれも99質量%以上の純度を有する純ニッケル金属からなる粉末のことを称す。
一方、粉砕工程を実施する場合は、金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径D50は20μm超えで上限はないが、例えば20μm超100μm以下程度とし、後述する酸化工程の後に粉砕すれば良い。尚、金属ニッケル粉末の粒径は、アトマイズ法においては噴射される水またはガスの噴射圧力等により制御でき、カルボニル法においては熱分解条件により制御できる。100μmを超える粉末は、篩分級によって除去して、再度金属ニッケル粉末の製造方法の原料として、溶解などに戻す(リサイクルする)ことができる。
以下、本発明の一実施形態である金属ニッケル粉末を用いた正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法について説明する。
図1のフローチャートに示す通り、金属ニッケル粉末と、リチウムを含む化合物を混合し、この混合粉に対し酸化とリチウム化を行う酸化工程を実施する。この混合粉は、本実施形態の方法で得られた前駆体を用いて製造されるリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質に必要な、リチウム元素の量の全部を含むようにして混合されていてもよいし、必要なリチウム元素の量のごく一部であってもよい。後述する本実施形態の正極活物質の製造方法では、酸素を含む雰囲気中で焼成することにより正極活物質を得るものである。ここで、酸化工程を経た金属ニッケル粉末の前駆体を導入することにより、結晶性の良好な正極活物質を製造できる。このとき、リチウムを含む化合物とともに酸化工程を行うことで、金属ニッケル粉末とリチウムを含む化合物と酸素を反応させ、ニッケルとリチウムと酸素の化合物を形成(以下、リチウム化と称す)させてリチウム金属酸化物(リチウムニッケル酸化物)が形成されることにより粉砕性が向上するものである。なお、本明細書では、付記が無い限り、リチウム金属酸化物とは、リチウムと、リチウム以外の金属元素(例えば、ニッケルや、後述するリチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mなど)を含んだ酸化物であり、リチウム金属複合酸化物であることを意味する。また、リチウムを含む化合物(例えば炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム)が介在物となり、酸化工程における金属ニッケル粉末同士の焼結を防止できる。よって、酸化工程後も粉末状態を維持できて粉末状の前駆体を得ることができる。尚、酸化工程前にリチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素M(例えば、Mn、Co、Al、チタン(Ti))を含む化合物の全部あるいは一部を混合しても構わない。
酸化工程前に金属ニッケル粉末と混合するリチウムを含む化合物は、単一種類のリチウム化合物でも良いし、複数種のリチウム化合物の混合物でも良い。また、複数種のリチウム化合物を混合して用いる場合でもリチウムを含む化合物中のリチウムの質量の比率が下記する範囲となればよい。金属ニッケル粉末と混合するリチウムを含む化合物の量は、目的とする正極活物質の製造に必要なリチウムを含む化合物量を100質量%としたとき、10質量%以上100質量%未満であることが好ましい。リチウムを含む化合物の存在により焼結を抑制することができるからである。10%以上を金属ニッケル粉末と混合することにより酸化工程における金属ニッケル粉末同士の焼結防止の制御が容易となる。混合するリチウムを含む化合物の量は50質量%以下、さらには25質量%以下であることが好ましい。酸化工程における酸化処理量が減り、酸化処理で消費するエネルギーが削減でき、コスト及びGHG排出量を削減することができるためである。また、後述する正極活物質の製造時に粉砕工程を実施する場合は、酸化工程前に混合するリチウムを含む化合物の量は10質量%以上50質量%以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは25質量%以下である。混合するリチウム化合物の量が減少すると正極活物質の二次粒子内の空隙が減少する。その結果、正極活物質の粒子強度が高強度となり、充放電サイクル特性が良好となるからである。
酸化工程としては、酸素含有雰囲気中で熱を加えて金属ニッケル粉末とリチウムを含む化合物の混合粉を酸化することが、酸化処理に要する時間が短時間で済むので好ましい。さらに、熱酸化の場合、温度は450℃以上720℃以下程度が良く、好ましくは450℃以上700℃以下である。450℃以上700℃以下とすることで、所望の酸化率の前駆体を得やすいからである。また、酸化処理の熱処理時間は0.5時間以上20時間以下が良く、好ましくは3時間以上15時間以下、より好ましくは5時間以上10時間以下である。酸化処理を5時間以上10時間以下の範囲で行うことで酸化反応が完了し、所望の酸化率の前駆体を安定して得やすいからである。このとき、酸化工程による金属ニッケル粉末の酸化率は10%以上100%未満とするのがよい。酸化率を10%以上とすると、後に正極活物質を得るための焼成工程において金属ニッケル粉末同士の焼結を防止できる。また、酸化率を10%以上とするとニッケルの価数が高くなるため、正極活物質の焼成時にリチウム金属複合酸化物への反応が促進されることが期待できる。一方、本実施形態の前駆体を用いた正極活物質で良好な結晶性を得やすくするためには、酸化率は100%未満であればよい。酸化率を95%以下に、又は90%以下にすることが好ましく、70%以下とすると結晶性が良好な正極活物質をより得られやすくなる。これは、過度に酸化が進行した金属ニッケル粉末よりも、前記範囲の酸化率の前駆体を用いて正極活物質を製造する方が焼成工程において層状構造の形成が促進されるためと考えている。一方、酸化率は50%以上とすることで、ニッケルの価数がより高くなり焼成時のリチウム金属複合酸化物への反応がより促進されるためである。なお、さらに好ましくは、70%以下とすることで、過度に酸化が進行した金属ニッケル粉末よりも、焼成工程において層状構造の形成が促進される。
また、金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径D50が20μm以下の粉末では、粉砕そのものが必須ではないので亀裂は少なくてよい。そのためリチウム化率は8%未満でも良い。亀裂があることによって、それが主に元素の拡散経路となり、金属ニッケル粉末の中心部まで金属元素が拡散し、正極活物質の二次粒子内の組成がほぼ均一となるので好ましい。
以上のように、平均粒径D50が20μmを超えた金属ニッケル粉末を用いた場合は、粉砕工程を有しているが、リチウムを含む化合物を金属ニッケル粉末に添加、混合して酸化工程において金属ニッケル粉末をリチウム化することにより、粉砕が容易となり、その粉砕時間も短くすることが出来る。尚、平均粒径D50が20μm以下の金属ニッケル粉末を用いた場合においても、粉砕工程を実施しても構わない。
尚、酸化率とリチウム化率を求める手段については実施例の欄で説明する。
本実施形態の正極活物質の前駆体は、前駆体のX線粉末回折測定においてリチウム金属酸化物によって示される2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有し、そのリチウム化率が8%以上である。即ち、前駆体中に適度にリチウム金属酸化物を含んでいると良い。前記リチウム金属酸化物を含むことで、前駆体の粉末粒子に亀裂が生じ、上述したように粉砕性が向上するからである。また、正極活物質を得るための焼成工程におけるリチウム源とニッケル等の金属源の反応が進行し、層状構造の形成が促進されるためである。また、この前駆体は、X線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウムニッケル酸化物を含み、前記ピークのピーク強度ILiNiO2と、金属ニッケルに帰属される2θ=44.0°以上45.0°以下のピークのピーク強度INiとの強度比ILiNiO2 /INiが0.5以上であることが好ましい。0.5以上とすることで、延性があり粉砕されにくい金属ニッケル成分が減少し、かつ、亀裂を生じさせ易いリチウムニッケル酸化物が形成されたことを示しており粉砕性が向上する。また、金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径が20μmを超える場合のILiNiO2 /INiは、5以上が良い、好ましくは13以上、より好ましくは20以上である。ILiNiO2 /INiは、リチウムニッケル酸化物の形成割合を示すので、上述したリチウム化率と連係しており、その上限は35以下とし、好ましくは29以下、より好ましくは25以下とする。
本実施形態の正極活物質の製造方法は、上述した正極活物質の前駆体を用いることを特徴とする。本発明の正極活物質の製造方法の一実施形態の例を図5~図7のフローチャートに示す。図5のように、目的の組成の正極活物質となるように、前駆体と、リチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mを含む化合物(以下、M元素化合物とも称す。)と、リチウムを含む化合物の残量とを混合した後に焼成して正極活物質を製造してよい。また、図5~図7ではリチウムを含む化合物の残量を添加する工程を有しているが、図6、図7のように、粉砕工程や造粒工程を加えて正極活物質を製造してもよい。図7では第1の粉砕工程(粗粉砕工程)と第2の粉砕工程(微粉砕工程)を有している。それぞれの実施態様は以下で述べ、詳しくは実施例と共に説明する。
まず、上述した前駆体の製造方法により前駆体を用意する。この前駆体は金属ニッケル粉末の状態から、リチウムを含む化合物を混合して酸化しているので、適度な酸化率を呈している。この前駆体と、リチウムを含む化合物と、M元素化合物との混合には、V型混合機、攪拌ミキサー、アトライター、メディアミルなどが用いられる。均一に混合するためには、各原料粉の凝集を解砕できることが好ましい。混合方式は原料粉のみを混合する乾式と、液体を分散媒として混合する湿式のいずれを用いても良い。
次に、焼成反応を促進する目的で粉砕し混合する工程(粉砕工程と言う。)を導入することが好ましい。初期容量が高容量、かつ、充放電サイクル特性が良好な正極活物質が得られるためである。粉砕は、アトライター、メディアミルなどを用いて行うことができる。混合粉をサブミクロンサイズに粉砕できることから、メディアミルを用いることが好ましく、ビーズミルを用いることがより好ましい。粉砕後の混合粉(粉砕混合粉と言う。)の一次粒子のD50は0.40μm以下であることが好ましい。焼成反応が促進され、正極活物質の空隙が抑制される。その結果、正極活物質の粒子強度が高強度となり、充放電サイクル特性が良好となる。
前述した前駆体の製造過程において、リチウムを含む化合物の混合量が目的とする正極活物質の製造に必要なリチウム化合物の量に対して100%未満の場合は、正極活物質の製造過程において、リチウムを含む化合物の残量を造粒工程の後に添加(後添加)することが好ましい。ここで、後添加による作用について図11を用いて説明する。図11Aはリチウムを含む化合物の残量を造粒工程の前に添加(前添加)した場合の焼成工程前後の造粒粉の模式図、図11Bはリチウムを含む化合物後添加の場合の焼成工程前後の造粒粉の模式図である。まず図11Aで示された造粒粉の場合は、つぎのような工程で正極活物質を得ている。最初に、正極活物質に必要なリチウム量に対して一部の量からなるリチウムを含む化合物と金属ニッケル粉末とで生成された前駆体に対して、M元素化合物を含む化合物を混合し、粉砕した粉砕スラリーを得ている。この粉砕スラリーに対して、正極活物質に必要なリチウム量に対して足りない量のリチウムを含む化合物を添加して、造粒する。図11Aに示す工程では、正極活物質として必要なリチウムを含む化合物のリチウム量に対して、足りていないリチウム量に相当するリチウムを含む化合物を造粒する前に添加している。このことを前添加と称す。なお、正極活物質に必要なリチウム量に全量からなるリチウムを含む化合物と金属ニッケル粉末とで生成された前駆体を用いた場合も、前添加と称す。このように前添加を行うと、図11Aで示す造粒粉のように、前駆体とM元素化合物とを混合して得られた粒子111と、リチウムを含む化合物112とが互いに均一に混合した状態で造粒粉が構成される。したがって、酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む造粒粉内にリチウムを含む化合物が多量に存在することになる。リチウムを含む化合物112は、焼成時に液相となり造粒粉を構成する一次粒子の内部に拡散するのでリチウムを含む化合物が多いほど焼成後には空隙の多い組織となってしまう。したがって、生成された正極活物質は、リチウム、ニッケル及び金属元素Mからなる酸化物で構成された粒子113の間で空隙が多い組織となり、正極活物質の粒子強度が低下し、ひいては充放電サイクル特性が悪化する。一方、図11Bに示す本実施の形態における正極活物質では、正極活物質に必要なリチウム量に対して一部の量からなるリチウムを含む化合物と金属ニッケル粉末とで生成された前駆体に対して、M元素化合物を混合し、粉砕した粉砕スラリーを用いて造粒する。そして、正極活物質として必要なリチウム量に対して、足りていないリチウム量に相当するリチウムを含む化合物を、造粒粉が形成された後に添加する。このように造粒粉が形成された後に、リチウムを含む化合物を添加することを後添加と称す。後添加では、元々造粒粉内のリチウムを含む化合物の量は少ないので、前駆体とM元素化合物を混合して得られた混合粉の粒子121同士が近接し隙間が生じにくい。さらに、後添加されたリチウムを含む化合物112は、粒子121の周囲を取り囲むように配されるので焼成時には造粒粉の内部への浸透が十分に行われる。このようにして焼成後には、リチウム、ニッケル及び金属元素Mからなる酸化物で構成された粒子113の間で空隙が少ない組織となる。その結果、正極活物質の粒子強度が高強度となり、充放電サイクル特性が良好となる。よって、リチウムを含む化合物の残量を造粒工程の後に添加(後添加)することが好ましい。
次に、前記造粒粉、前記混合粉または前記粉砕混合粉を焼成し、層状構造のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質を得る焼成工程について説明する。
混合粉、粉砕混合粉または造粒粉等の焼成には、電気炉やガス炉が用いられる。焼成雰囲気は酸素を体積比で20%以上含むことが好ましく、Niの含有量がLiを除く全金属元素の80原子%以上となる場合は酸素濃度90%以上が好ましい。
焼成工程は、700℃以上900℃以下で焼成して層状構造の正極活物質を得ることが出来れば良い。このとき450℃以上730℃以下で保持される仮焼成段階と、仮焼成段階での焼成温度より高く、かつ、700℃以上900℃以下で保持される本焼成段階を含む工程でも良い。好ましい焼成温度と保持時間は原料混合時に配合した組成に応じて調整し、焼成後に目的とする正極活物質の諸物性(比表面積等)が好適範囲となるように焼成される。
前述したように、金属ニッケル粉末を出発材料として用い、リチウムを含む化合物を混合して酸化しているので、前駆体は適度な酸化率、リチウム化率を呈している。そのため、この焼成工程により、適切な酸化率、リチウム化率となっており、正極活物質の組成も後述するような好ましい組成比で製造することが容易となる。
具体的には、前駆体に対して最初に混合する粉末材料は、M元素化合物からなる粉末材料を混合させることが好ましい。その際、前述のようにV型混合機、攪拌ミキサー、アトライター、メディアミルなどを用いることが好ましい。なお、攪拌ミキサー、アトライター、メディアミルであれば、混合と粉砕が同時に行われるので好ましい。なお、前駆体にM元素化合物からなる粉末材料を混合する前に、M元素化合物からなる粉末材料を分級しておき、分級後に前駆体とM元素化合物からなる粉末材料を混合することがさらに好ましい。もちろん、前駆体に対しても混合前に同様な方法で所定の粒径分布範囲になるように分級することが好ましい。分級方法は、特に限定されないが、篩分級、空気などによる気流分級など公知の分級方法を用いることで良い。
それゆえ、生成される正極活物質を所定の粒径分布範囲にする必要がある場合は、図5に示すリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法において、混合工程が少なくとも2段階以上に分けられており、前駆体に混合される粉末材料が変わる毎に行われることが好ましい。
更には、M元素化合物からなる粉末材料やリチウムを含む化合物からなる粉末材料を前駆体と一緒に粉砕混合して、焼成前混合粉を生成した後にも前述と同様に分級することにより、焼成前混合粉の粒径分布を所定の範囲にすることが好ましい。また、場合によっては、篩分級、空気などの気流分級等を行うことも可能である。
まず、それぞれの粉末材料の過度な凝集が起こらないように実施する焼成工程について説明する。
また、焼成用の匣鉢に静置した焼成前混合粉には、複数の溝や孔を形成して、焼成中焼成前混合粉の下部にも酸素を含むガスを通りやすくすることにより、焼成用匣鉢底面の焼成前混合粉も酸化が促進され、焼成用匣鉢上部と底面の焼成前混合粉がばらつき少なく焼成されるためのガス流路を形成することが好ましい。
また、このような炉に変えて、ロータリーキルンなどの焼成前混合粉を転動させながら焼成する炉を採用することでも良い。
いずれの焼成炉にしても酸素ガスを大気よりもリッチな状態で、より好ましくは酸素濃度が90%以上の雰囲気で、大気圧よりも高い圧力状態として、焼成前混合粉の内部まで酸素を含むガスを浸透させることにより正極活物質の粒径分布を所定の分布状態にするためには好ましい。
焼成工程を行う前に、前駆体と、M元素化合物からなる粉末材料及びリチウムを含む化合物からなる粉末材料が混合された焼成前混合粉に対してローラープレスなどの方法で圧力を印加して、成型体を形成させることが好ましい。このように焼成前混合粉から成型体を生成した後に、焼成することが好ましい。
さらには、焼成工程を行う前に、前駆体と、M元素化合物からなる粉末材料及びリチウムを含む化合物からなる粉末材料が混合された焼成前混合粉を用いて所定の寸法形状のペレットを生成する。ペレット生成方法については、所定の寸法形状のペレットの反転形状を持つ金型に詰めて圧縮成形することが好ましい。なお、前駆体とM元素化合物からなる粉末材料の混合粉に対して、リチウムを含む化合物からなる粉末材料を混合する際、湿式の混合粉砕を行う場合には、乾燥していない状態で圧縮成形することで所定の寸法形状を持つペレットを生成することでも良い。また、更には、回転成形や、立方体状にプレス成形したものを転動させることにより球形に成形したペレットや、スプレードライヤーで造粒した造粒体であることが好ましい。また、寸法も生成したい正極活物質の寸法に合わせることが好ましい。このように焼成前混合粉からなるペレットを生成した後に、焼成することが好ましい。
なお、解砕方法としては、グラインダー、ビーズミル、アトライター、ジェットミルなど、公知の解砕方法を用いることができる。
また、正極活物質の粒径分布を所定の範囲にするために、解砕後に空気などの気流分級を行ってもよい。一方、焼成工程後に湿式の解砕方法を適用する場合は、遠心分離法、沈降法、多孔質のメンブレンを用いた分級方法など、公知の分級方法を用いてもよい。
このように図6又は図7で示した各工程の間に分級処理を行うこと、また、混合時には粉砕も同時に行うことで、粒径分布が制御された正極活物質を得ることが容易となる。
次に、本実施形態の正極活物質の組成について説明する。上述したように本実施形態の正極活物質の組成は特に制限されないが、好ましい組成について下記する。
先ず、本実施形態に係る正極活物質としては、次の式(1)で表される。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)
Li1+aNibCocM1dXeO2+α ・・・(2)
[但し、式(2)において、M1は、Al及びMnから選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、XはLi、Ni、Co、Al及びMn以外の1種以上の金属元素を表し、a、b、c、d、e及びαは、それぞれ、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦0.20、0≦d≦0.30、0≦e≦0.1、b+c+d+e=1、及び、-0.2<α<0.2を満たす数である。]
なお、マンガン及びアルミニウムからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の元素M1はマンガン及びアルミニウムの元素から選択したものでも良い。その場合、少なくとも1種にマンガンを選択し、その他の選択元素よりもマンガンのモル比の割合を大きくすることが好ましい。
(但し、前記式(3)中、M´は、Ni、Co、Mn等の金属元素を表す。)
このR値はα-NaFeO2型の結晶構造におけるリチウムサイトにニッケルイオンが混入するカチオンミキシング量に依存することが分かった。即ち、このR値が小さくなっていくと、カチオンミキシング量が少なくリチウムサイトへのニッケルイオンの混入が少なくなり、充放電時にLiイオンがリチウムサイト内をスムーズに移動できる。このため拡散抵抗が小さく、初期容量が高くなる。具体的にはR値が0.46以下であるとカチオンミキシングが少なく、高い放電容量が得られる。R値の上限側は、好ましくは0.45以下、より好ましくは0.44以下である。他方、下限側は、好ましくは0.42以上である。0.42以上であると、充放電サイクルの容量維持率に影響を与える一次粒子径が粗大にならず、高容量と良好な充放電サイクル特性を両立できて好ましい。
(酸化率)
前駆体の酸化率は、含有される全ニッケル量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示すもので、酸化処理に投入した金属ニッケル粉末の質量MNi、介在物成分(リチウムを含む化合物、または、金属元素Mを含む化合物)の質量Miと、酸化処理後の前駆体(酸化粉)の質量Mpに基づき式(4)より算出した。尚、Mp-(MNi+Mi)は酸化処理による金属ニッケル粉末の質量増加量であり、(Mp-(MNi+Mi))/MNiは質量増加率である。この質量増加率を、金属ニッケル粉末が全て酸化された場合の質量増加率0.298で除することで、酸化率を算出した。
酸化率(%)=(Mp-(MNi+Mi))/MNi/0.298×100 ・・・(4)
本明細書では、金属ニッケルのうちリチウムと反応した比率である。なお、本実施例では、直接金属ニッケル粉末に対しリチウムと反応した比率を求める代わりに、金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを混合した原料混合粉の炭素量Ciと、前駆体の炭素量Coを計測し、式(5)より酸化工程で減少、つまり、金属ニッケルと反応した炭酸リチウムの割合を算出した。反応生成物としてはリチウムニッケル酸化物がある。リチウムニッケル酸化物が増えると前駆体内に亀裂が生じ易くなることが分かっている。この点でリチウム化率は粉砕し易さの指標として用いることができる。
金属ニッケルと反応した炭酸リチウム割合MLi=(Ci-Co)/Co・・・(5)
原料混合粉での金属ニッケルと炭酸リチウムのモル比(MNi/Li)とMLiより、金属ニッケルのうちLiと反応してリチウム化した比率(Li化率)を式(6)より算出した。
Li化率=MNi/Li × MLi・・・(6)
粉砕混合粉の一次粒子、正極活物質の焼成粉の二次粒子(造粒工程により複数の一次粒子が集合した粒子)のD50は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定器によって測定した。粒子強度は、微小圧縮試験機「MCT-510」(島津製作所製)を使用して測定した。二次粒子径が10μm程度の正極活物質5個の粒子強度を測定して、平均値を粒子強度とした。
粉末試料の吸油量はJIS K5101-13-1に準拠して測定し、溶媒はNMP(N-メチルピロリドン)を用いた。粉末試料5.0gを測りとり、平らなバットに山状に設置する。NMPはポリスポイト(2mL容量)で吸い上げ、質量を測定しておく。次に粉末試料にNMPを滴下しながらスパチュラで混錬し、粉末試料が全体的に粘土状となるまで滴下と混錬を続ける。NMPが過剰となると粉末試料に液滴が吸収されず表面に残る様子を視認でき、この時までに滴下したNMP量を粉末試料100g当たりに換算して吸油量とした。
前駆体、正極活物質のX線粉末回折測定におけるX線回折(XRD)パターンは、X線回折装置「X‘Pert PRO MPD」(PANalytical製)を使用し、線源CuKα、管電圧45kV、管電流40mA、サンプリング間隔0.02°/step、発散スリット0.5°、散乱スリット0.5 °、受光スリット0.15mm、走査範囲15 °≦2θ≦80 °の条件で測定した。
また、前駆体に含まれる酸化ニッケル、リチウム金属酸化物(LNO)、金属Niの結晶子径は、前駆体の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、酸化ニッケルに帰属される2θ=43.3以上43.5°以下及びその範囲の近傍のピーク、リチウム金属酸化物(LNO)に帰属される2θ=43.7以上44.0°以下及びその範囲の近傍のピーク、金属ニッケルに帰属される2θ=44.4以上44.7°以下及びその範囲の近傍のピークの各ピークの半値幅βよりX線回折装置付属の解析ソフトを用いて式(7)に基づき算出した。
結晶子径=Kλ/βcosθ・・・(7)
K:形状因子(0.9)、λ:X線の波長(0.154nm)、θ:回折角
さらに、正極活物質の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、2θ=36°付近の006面、2θ=37°付近の102面、2θ=38°付近の101面の各ピークの積分強度I006、I102、I101を計測し、式(8)よりR値を求めた。正極活物質の層状化が進行するとR値が小さくなることが知られており、良好な結晶性の指標として用いた。この点で好ましいR値としては0.50以下である。
R値=(I006+I102)/I101・・・(8)
前駆体の断面をSEM-EDSにより酸素元素のライン分析を行い、酸化とLi化が同時に起きている表面からの距離(深さ)を計測した。3粒子について酸化(Li化)している距離を計測し、その平均値を酸化(Li化)距離とした。
また、酸化(Li化)距離を前駆体のD50で割り、100をかけた値を酸化(Li化)距離率とし、式(9)より求めた。
酸化(Li化)距離率=(酸化(Li化)距離)/D50×100・・・(9)
正極活物質0.5gと純水30mlを50mlのポリ容器に投入し、アルゴンガスでポリ容器内を置換した後、1時間撹拌してLi成分を抽出し、吸引ろ過により、抽出液を得た。得られた抽出液15mlを純水で約40mlに薄め、0.02M塩酸を用いて滴定し、抽出液中のLi2CO3成分とLiOH成分の量を分析した。滴定には自動滴定装置(平沼製、COM-1700A)を使用した。滴定曲線は2段階となり、1段目の当量点(x)は、式(10)、式(11)の反応を表し、2段目の当量点(y)は、式(11)の反応を表す。式(10)のLi2CO3のモル数は、式(12)のHClのモル数と同じであるので、残Li2CO3は1段目の当量点と2段目の当量点の間(y-x)を滴定量とした。残LiOHは、1段目の当量点までの滴定量であるが、式(11)も1段目までの滴定量に含まれる為、式(11)、つまり、残Li2CO3を差し引いた量(2x-y)とした。また、残Li2CO3および残LiOH中のLi量、つまり、未反応のLi量を算出した。未反応のLiのモル数を正極活物質に含まれるLi以外の金属元素のモル数で割り、100をかけて未反応Li率を算出した。なお、残LiOHについては、未反応のLiのモス数として、残LiOH中のLiのモル数を代入して、正極活物質に含まれるLi以外の金属元素のモル数で割り、100をかけた値(モル%)とした。
LiOH+HCl→LiCl+H2O・・・(10)
Li2CO3+HCl→LiCl+LiHCO3・・・(11)
LiHCO3+HCl→LiCl+CO2+H2O・・・(12)
前駆体の測定により得られたXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後、2θ=43.2°付近のNiOのピーク強度(INiO)と、2θ=43.6°付近のLiNiO2のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)と、2θ=44.5°付近の金属Niのピーク強度(INi)とから式(13)より金属Ni残存度を算出した。
金属Ni残存度=INi/(INiO+ILiNiO2)・・・(13)
正極活物質の空隙率は、細孔分布測定装置「オートポアIV 9520型」(島津製作所―マイクロメリティックス社製)を使用して水銀圧入法により空隙径が0.6μm以下の空隙の体積(空隙体積)を測定し、正極活物質の体積で割ることにより求めた。即ち、
空隙率=空隙体積/正極活物質の体積・・・(14)
また、空隙分布測定装置により空隙分布を測定し、空隙径が0.6μm以下の範囲において最も頻度が高い空隙径を最頻空隙径とした。
[予備実験1]
D50が8μmの水アトマイズ法で製造した金属ニッケル粉末(Ni純度99.7質量%、日本アトマイズ加工製)と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比でLi:Niが、1.03:0.85となるように秤量した。これら原料粉を容積45LのV型混合機に総量5kg投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に、この原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって熱処理して酸化粉を得た。酸化粉は一部がケーキングしていたが、これを乳鉢により解砕することによりD50が8μmの前駆体に相当する酸化粉を得ることができた。
金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比でLi:Niが0.10:0.85となるように秤量した以外は、予備実験1と同様の酸化工程を行った。酸化粉は一部がケーキングしたものの、乳鉢により解砕することによりD50が8μmの酸化粉が得られた。尚、金属ニッケル粉末と炭酸リチウムを金属元素のモル比がLi:Niが0.10:0.85とは、金属ニッケル粉末と、製造に必要なリチウムを含む化合物のうち10質量%を混合したこととなる。因みに上記予備実験1では、同じリチウムを含む化合物を100質量%混合したことになる。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、0.26:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。また、別途水酸化リチウムを用意し、金属元素のモル比でLi:リチウム以外の金属元素が0.77:1.00となるように秤量した。したがって、正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmのNi純度99.7質量%の金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。以下、各実施例、比較例及び参考例において、単に金属ニッケル粉末と記したものは、本実施例1と同じニッケル純度の金属ニッケル粉末である。
まず、金属ニッケル粉末と、前述のモル比に応じて必要となる量の25質量%に相当する炭酸リチウムをV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に150mm角の匣鉢に原料混合粉100gを搭載し、大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化し、一部がリチウム化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。得られた前駆体は原料混合粉より質量が17%増加した。この質量増加率より計算すると金属ニッケル粉末の68%が酸化ニッケルとなっていることが確認できた。つまり、酸化率は68%であった。
以下、図5のフローに示すように、上述した前駆体と、上記金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉と、75質量%に相当する上記水酸化リチウムとを乾式混合し、酸素ガス雰囲気に置換した焼成炉で、酸素気流中、500℃で20時間にわたって仮焼きした。その後、酸素ガス雰囲気に置換した焼成炉で、酸素気流中、840℃で10時間にわたって本焼成した。以上でリチウム金属複合酸化物からなる正極活物質を得た。
酸化工程における酸化処理温度を550℃で10時間とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体と正極活物質を製造した。尚、前駆体の酸化率は49%であった。
比較例1では、金属ニッケル粉末との混合原料として金属元素Mの原料を適用した。原料として、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でNi:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。また、水酸化リチウムを用意し、金属元素のモル比でLi:リチウム以外の金属元素が1.03:1.00となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。また、実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
まず、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムからなる金属元素Mの原料を、Φ5mmのジルコニアボールを粉砕メディアとしたボールミルにて予備粉砕し、金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉を得た。尚、金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉のD50は1.2μmであった。
次に、金属ニッケル粉末と金属元素Mの予備粉砕粉をV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に150mm角の匣鉢に原料混合粉50gを搭載し、大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、550℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化し、金属元素Mと化合した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。得られたリチウムを含まない前駆体は原料混合粉より質量が7.7%増加した。この質量増加率より計算すると金属ニッケル粉末の62%が酸化ニッケルとなっていることが確認できた。つまり、酸化率は62%であった。
次に、表1-2の項目#6は酸化工程後の前駆体に対し行われたXRD測定結果から算出した、前駆体に含まれる酸化ニッケルの結晶子径、表1-2の項目#7は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体におけるXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後の、2θ=43.2°付近のNiOのピーク強度(INiO)値、表1-2の項目#8は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体におけるXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後の、2θ=43.6°付近のLiNiO2のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)値、表1-2の項目#9は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体におけるXRDパターンよりKα2を除去した後の、2θ=44.5°付近の金属Niのピーク強度(INi)値、表1-2の項目#10は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体におけるILiNiO2値とINi値の比、表1-2の項目#11は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体におけるILiNiO2値とINiO値の比、表1-2の項目#12は各実施例及び比較例の前駆体における式(13)で求められた金属Ni残存度、表1-2の項目#13は各実施例及び比較例の正極活物質におけるR値である。
なお、EB1は実施例1、EB2は実施例2、Rf1は比較例1を示す。
また、実施例1、2と比較例1の酸化率とR値の関係を図8に示す。
表1―1、表1-2より、酸化工程前に金属ニッケル粉と混合する材料として、炭酸リチウムを用いた実施例1、2の前駆体と、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムからなる金属元素Mの原料を用いた比較例1の前駆体について酸化率は同等である。一方、実施例1及び実施例2のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)はそれぞれ10600、1400と2θ=43.6°付近のLiNiO2のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)が確認できたが、比較例では明確なピークは実際には現れていない。なお、表1-2では比較例のピーク強度(ILiNiO2)と記載はしているが、2θ=43.6°付近の数値を提示したのみである。また、表1-2のILiNiO2/INiより、実施例1、2の前駆体は酸化Ni(NiO)に加え、リチウム金属酸化物(LiNiO2)が形成されているが、比較例1の前駆体にはリチウム金属酸化物の形成は見られない。また、実施例1、2の正極活物質は、比較例1の正極活物質と比較してR値が0.50以下と低く、結晶性が良好な正極活物質が得られることが確認できた。即ち、酸化率が同等にもかかわらず、リチウム金属酸化物を含む実施例1、2の前駆体を用いると、リチウム金属酸化物を含まない比較例1の前駆体を用いた場合と比べ、良好な結晶性の正極活物質が得られた。以上より、前駆体にリチウム金属酸化物を含むと結晶性が良好な正極活物質が得られることがわかった。また、前駆体においてリチウム金属酸化物を生じさせるには、介在物としてリチウムを含む化合物を用いる必要があることから、介在物にリチウムを含む化合物を用いると結晶性が良好な正極活物質を製造できることが確認できた。なお、実施例1及び2における酸化工程後の前駆体に対するXRDパターンからは、酸化ニッケルのピークの他に、リチウムニッケル酸化物に帰属される2θの角度である、およそ43.5°から44.0°の間にピークが存在することを確認することが出来た。
D50が30μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた以外は実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体を製造し、続いて実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
D50が70μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた以外は実施例1と同様の方法で前駆体を製造し、続いて実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
なお、EB1は実施例1、Ex1は参考例1、Ex2は参考例2であることを示す。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、水アトマイズ法で製造したD50が8μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。また、実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
まず、リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように、前述のモル比に応じて必要となる量の25質量%に相当する炭酸リチウム(前添加)と金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入し、90分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次にこの原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、650℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む前駆体を得た。
次に、実施例3で合成した正極活物質を正極材料として用い、負極材料として金属リチウムを用いてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、リチウムイオン二次電池の初期容量と容量維持率を測定した。はじめに、作製した正極活物質と、炭素系の導電材と、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に予め溶解させた結着剤とを質量比で92.5:5:2.5となるように混合した。そして、均一に混合した正極合剤スラリーを、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の正極集電体上に、塗布量が13mg/cm2となるように塗布した。次いで、正極集電体に塗布された正極合剤スラリーを120℃で熱処理し、溶媒を留去することによって正極合剤層を形成した。その後、正極合剤層を熱プレスで加圧成形し、直径15mmの円形状に打ち抜いて正極とした。
続いて、作製した正極と負極及びセパレータを用いて、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極としては、直径16mmの円形状に打ち抜いた金属リチウムを用いた。セパレータとしては、厚さ30μmのポリプロピレン製の多孔質セパレータを用いた。正極と負極とをセパレータを介して非水電解液中で対向させて、リチウムイオン二次電池を組み付けた。非水電解液としては、体積比が3:7となるようにエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを混合した溶媒に、1.0mol/Lとなるようにヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を溶解させた溶液を用いた。
参考例2の粗前駆体について、炭素量測定と断面SEM観察を行い、上述したリチウム化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離を算出した。その結果を表4(表4-1、表4-2)に示す。
次に、得られた粉砕スラリーを微粉砕するために、粉砕機で湿式粉砕を行ったが、微粉砕はできなかった。この理由は後で述べる。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、D50が70μmでD95が176μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように、前述のモル比に応じて必要となる量の25質量%に相当する炭酸リチウムと金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入した。120分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に、この原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、700℃で4時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化し、一部がリチウム化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む粗前駆体を得た。酸化率は69%であった。また、この粗前駆体について炭素量測定と断面SEM観察およびXRD測定を行い、上述したLi化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離、酸化(Li化)距離率、ILiNiO2/INi、ILiNiO2/INiO、を算出した。その結果を表4―1及び表4-2に示す。なお、実施例4においても酸化工程後の前駆体に対するXRDパターンからは、酸化ニッケルのピークの他に、リチウムニッケル酸化物に帰属される2θの角度である、およそ43.5°から44.0°の間にピークを確認することが出来た。
酸化工程の酸化処理時間を実施例5では8時間、実施例6では10時間、実施例7では30時間に変更した以外は実施例4と同様の方法で粗前駆体を得て、同様の方法を経て正極活物質を製造した。いずれの実施例も実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。粗前駆体について同様に酸化率、Li化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離、酸化(Li化)距離率、XRDの測定結果から導き出したILiNiO2/INi、ILiNiO2/INiO、金属Ni残存度等を算出した。また、粗粉砕後と微粉砕後の粒度分布を測定した。その結果を表4(表4-1、表4-2)に示す。なお、実施例5~7のいずれにおいても酸化工程後の前駆体に対するXRDパターンからは、酸化ニッケルのピークの他に、リチウムニッケル酸化物に帰属される2θの角度である、およそ43.5°から44.0°の間にピークを確認することが出来た。
更に、表4-1の項目E1は参考例2および実施例4から実施例7の前駆体の酸化率(%)、表4-1の項目F1はそれら前駆体のLi化率(%)、表4-1の項目G1はそれら前駆体の100g当たりの吸油量(ml/100g)、表4-1の項目H1はそれら前駆体の酸化(Li)化距離(μm)、表4-1の項目J1はそれら前駆体の酸化距離率(%)を示す。
そして、表4-2の項目K2は参考例2および実施例4から実施例7の前駆体に対し第1の粉砕工程(粗粉砕工程)を行った後の平均粒径D50(μm)、表4-2の項目L2は参考例2および実施例4から実施例7の前駆体に対し第1の粉砕工程(粗粉砕工程)を行った後の前駆体の粒度分布に基づき小さいサイズから累積して95%となる粒径D95(μm)、表4-2の項目M2は参考例2および実施例4から実施例7の前駆体に対し第1の粉砕工程(粗粉砕工程)及び第2の粉砕工程(微粉砕工程)を行った後の平均粒径D50(μm)、表4-2の項目N2は参考例2および実施例4から実施例7の前駆体に対し第1の粉砕工程(粗粉砕工程)及び第2の粉砕工程(微粉砕工程)を行った後の粒度分布に基づき小さいサイズから累積して95%となる粒径D95(μm)である。
また、表5の項目D3は実施例4~7の正極活物質の比表面積(m2/g)、表5の項目E3は実施例4~7の正極活物質100g当たりの吸油量(ml/100g)、表5の項目F3は実施例4~7の正極活物質のR値である。
そして、表5の項目G3は実施例4~7の正極活物質を用いて製造されたリチウムイオン二次電池における初期充電容量(Ah/kg)、表5の項目H3はそれらのリチウムイオン二次電池における初期放電容量(Ah/kg)、表5の項目J3はそれらのリチウムイオン二次電池のクーロン効率(%)、表5の項目K3はそれらのリチウムイオン二次電池の容量維持率(%)である。 なお、表4-1、表4-2及び表5ともに、EB4は実施例4、EB5は実施例5、EB6は実施例6、EB7は実施例7であり、Ex2は参考例2である。
本焼成の温度を840℃とした以外は、実施例6と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。なお、実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
はじめに、原料として、炭酸リチウム、水酸化ニッケル、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量し、固形分比が30質量%となるように純水を加えた。そして、粉砕機で湿式粉砕(湿式混合)して平均粒径が0.2μm未満となるよう原料スラリーを調製した。この比較例では水酸化ニッケルを原料に用いている点で実施例と異なる。また、実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
本焼成の温度を820℃とした以外は、比較例2と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。また、実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
次に、負極に黒鉛を用いたことと、30mm×35mmの角型の正極としたこと以外は実施例3と同様の方法で、実施例8、比較例2、比較例3で合成した正極活物質を正極材料に用いてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
続いて、作製した正極と35mm×40mmの黒鉛を用いた負極及びセパレータを用いて、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。セパレータとしては、厚さ30μmのポリプロピレン製の多孔質セパレータを用いた。正極と負極とをセパレータを介して非水電解液中で対向させて、リチウムイオン二次電池を組み付けた。非水電解液としては、体積比が3:7となるようにエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを混合した溶媒に、1.0mol/LとなるようにLiPF6を溶解させた溶液を用いた。また、添加材としてビニレンカーボ. ネート(VC)を1.5%添加した。
また、表6-2の項目A5は実施例8及び比較例2、3の正極活物質により製造されたリチウムイオン二次電池のフルセルでの初期放電容量(Ah/kg)、表6-2の項目B5は実施例8及び比較例2、3の正極活物質により製造されたリチウムイオン二次電池のフルセルでの容量維持率(%)、表6-2の項目C5は実施例8及び比較例2、3の正極活物質により製造されたリチウムイオン二次電池の抵抗上昇率(%)である。
なお、表6-1、表6-2のいずれもEB8は実施例8、Rf2は比較例2、Rf3は比較例3である。
各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.92:0.03:0.00:0.03:0.02となるように秤量した以外は実施例8と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。したがって、実施例9の正極活物質の目標組成はLi1.03Ni0.92Co0.03Ti0.03Al0.02O2とした。
実施例8と同様にリチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように炭酸リチウムと金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機で混合後に酸化処理をして、前駆体を製造した。その後、後添加により前駆体と混合するリチウムを含む化合物を水酸化リチウムとし、仮焼成を省略して、本焼成の温度を800℃とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。なお、実施例1と同様に実施例10の正極活物質の目標組成はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。
原料として、炭酸リチウム、金属ニッケル粉末、炭酸コバルト、炭酸マンガン、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムを用意し、各原料を金属元素のモル比でLi:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti:Alが、1.03:0.85:0.03:0.08:0.03:0.01となるように秤量した。実施例1と同様に正極活物質の目標組成(以下、正極活物質の仕込組成)はLi1.03Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.08Ti0.03Al0.01O2とした。尚、金属ニッケル粉末には、D50が70μmでD95が176μmの金属ニッケル粉末を用いた。リチウムとニッケルがモル比でLi:Niが0.26:0.85となるように、前述のモル比に応じて必要となる量の25質量%に相当する炭酸リチウムと金属ニッケル粉末をV型混合機に投入した。120分間混合して原料混合粉を得た。次に、この原料混合粉を大気雰囲気の焼成炉で、700℃で10時間にわたって酸化処理(酸化工程)を行い酸化し、一部がリチウム化した金属ニッケル粉末を含む粗前駆体を得た。なお、粗前駆体の製造工程は、実施例4の粗前駆体の製造工程と同じである。また、用いる原料も同じであったので、酸化率は実施例4と同じ69%であった。また、この粗前駆体について炭素量測定と断面SEM観察およびXRD測定を行い、上述したLi化率、吸油量、酸化(Li化)距離、酸化(Li化)距離率、ILiNiO2/INi、ILiNiO2/INiO、を算出した。その結果も実施例4と実質同じ結果であった。
本焼成の条件を900℃で20時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で正極活物質を作製した。
本焼成の条件を870℃で20時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で正極活物質を作製した。
粉砕粉と混合するリチウムを含む化合物として水酸化リチウムを用い、仮焼きを行わず、870℃で20時間の条件で焼成した以外は実施例11と同様の方法で正極活物質を作製した。
焼成の条件を840℃で20時間とした以外は実施例14と同様の方法で正極活物質を作製した。
以下、本開示の好ましい態様について付記する。
本開示の一態様によれば、金属ニッケル粉末と、リチウムを含む化合物とを混合する混合工程と、混合した後に、金属ニッケル粉末を酸化させる酸化工程を有し、酸化工程後に得られる前駆体は、X線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウム金属酸化物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法が提供される。
好ましくは、前記金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径が20μm超であり、かつ前記前駆体のリチウム化率が10%以上である。
好ましくは、前記酸化工程後に得られた前記前駆体は、前記前駆体に含有される全Ni量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率が10%以上100%未満の酸化ニッケルを含む。
好ましくは、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造に必要なリチウム化合物の量を100質量%としたとき、前記混合工程における前記リチウムを含む化合物の混合量を、10質量%以上100質量%未満である。
好ましくは、前記混合粉を粉砕する粉砕工程と、その後、粉砕された前記混合粉を造粒して造粒粉となす造粒工程を有し、前記前駆体においてリチウムを含む化合物の混合量が100質量%未満であり、かつ当該リチウムを含む化合物の残りの混合量を前記造粒工程の後に添加して混合造粒粉とし、当該混合造粒粉に対して前記焼成工程を行う。
好ましくは、前記粉砕工程は、第1の粉砕工程と前記第1の粉砕工程よりも細かく粉砕する第2の粉砕工程とを有する。
好ましくは、前記第1の粉砕工程で用いるメディアの径より前記第2の粉砕工程で用いるメディアの径が小さい。
好ましくは、前記リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質は、下記組成式(A)で表される。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(A)
(但し、前記式(A)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。)で表される。なお、下記組成式(B)で表される正極活物質に備えられていることが好ましい。
Li1+aNibCocM1dXeO2+α ・・・(B)
[但し、式(2)において、M1は、Al及びMnから選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、XはLi、Ni、Co、Al及びMn以外の1種以上の金属元素を表し、a、b、c、d、e及びαは、それぞれ、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦0.20、0≦d≦0.30、0≦e≦0.1、b+c+d+e=1、及び、-0.2<α<0.2を満たす数である。]更に、好ましくは、M1は、タングステン、マグネシウム、チタン、ジルコニウム、モリブデン及びニオブからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の元素を含むことが良い。
好ましくは、前記前駆体のX線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウムニッケル酸化物を含み、前記ピークのピーク強度ILiNiO2と、金属ニッケルに帰属される2θ=44.0°以上45.0°以下のピークのピーク強度INiとの強度比ILiNiO2 /INiが0.5以上である。
好ましくは、リチウムとニッケルを含む正極活物質の残LiOHが0.6モル%以下であり、空隙率が5体積%以上15体積%以下であり、最頻空隙径が10nm以上250nm以下であり、粒子強度が30MPa以上であり、ニッケルとリチウムを含む。または、前述の組成式(A)で表される正極活物質、または下記組成式(B)で表される正極活物質に備えられていることが好ましい。
Li1+aNibCocM1dXeO2+α ・・・(B)
[但し、式(2)において、M1は、Al及びMnから選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、XはLi、Ni、Co、Al及びMn以外の1種以上の金属元素を表し、a、b、c、d、e及びαは、それぞれ、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦0.20、0≦d≦0.30、0≦e≦0.1、b+c+d+e=1、及び、-0.2<α<0.2を満たす数である。]
更に、好ましくは、M1は、タングステン、マグネシウム、チタン、ジルコニウム、モリブデン及びニオブからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の元素を含むことが良い。
好ましくは、X線粉末回折測定における、006面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I006と、102面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I102と、101面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I101とに基づき下記式で算出されるR値が0.46以下である。
R値=(I006+I102)/I101
Claims (16)
- 金属ニッケル粉末と、
リチウムを含む化合物とを混合する混合工程と、
混合した後に、前記金属ニッケル粉末を酸化させる酸化工程を有し、
前記酸化工程後に得られる前駆体は、X線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウム金属酸化物を含む前駆体となすことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。 - 前記前駆体の、前記金属ニッケル粉末のうち前記リチウムと反応した割合を示すリチウム化率が8%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 前記金属ニッケル粉末の平均粒径が20μm超であり、かつ前記前駆体のリチウム化率が10%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 前記酸化工程後に得られた前記前駆体は、含有される全Ni量のうち酸化されているニッケル量の比率を示す酸化率が10%以上100%未満の酸化ニッケルを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造に必要なリチウム化合物の量を100質量%としたとき、前記混合工程における前記リチウムを含む化合物の混合量が、10質量%以上100質量%未満であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体の製造方法によって製造された前駆体と、リチウムを含む化合物とリチウム及びニッケル以外の金属元素Mを含む化合物のうち少なくとも一方とを混合して混合粉を得た後に、前記混合粉を700℃以上900℃以下で焼成して正極活物質を得る焼成工程を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記混合粉を粉砕する粉砕工程と、その後、粉砕された前記混合粉を造粒して造粒粉となす造粒工程を有し、前記造粒粉に対して前記焼成工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記混合粉を粉砕する粉砕工程と、その後、粉砕された前記混合粉を造粒して造粒粉となす造粒工程を有し、前記前駆体においてリチウムを含む化合物の混合量が100質量%未満であり、かつ当該リチウムを含む化合物の残りの混合量を前記造粒工程の後に添加して混合造粒粉とし、当該混合造粒粉に対して前記焼成工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記粉砕工程は、第1の粉砕工程と前記第1の粉砕工程よりも細かく粉砕するとを有することを特徴とする請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第1の粉砕工程で用いるメディアサイズより前記第2の粉砕工程で用いるメディアサイズが小さいことを特徴とする請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記酸化工程前に混合するリチウムを含む化合物と、前記造粒工程後に添加するリチウムを含む化合物とが異なる化合物であり、前記酸化工程前に混合するリチウムを含む化合物の融点が前記造粒工程後に添加するリチウムを含む化合物の融点より高いことを特徴とする請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質は、下記組成式(1)で表されることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
Li1+aNibM(1-b)O2+α ・・・(1)
(但し、前記式(1)中、Mは、Li及びNi以外の金属元素であって、a、b及びαは、-0.1≦a≦0.2、0.5≦b≦1.0、-0.2≦α≦0.2、を満たす数である。) - ニッケルとリチウムを含み、前駆体のX線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウム金属酸化物とを含み、リチウム化率が8%以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体。
- 前記前駆体のX線粉末回折測定において2θ=43.5°以上44.0°以下にピークを有するリチウムニッケル酸化物を含み、前記ピークのピーク強度ILiNiO2と、金属ニッケルに帰属される2θ=44.0°以上45.0°以下のピークのピーク強度INiとの強度比ILiNiO2 /INiが0.5以上であることを特徴とする請求項13に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体。
- 残LiOHが0.6モル%以下であり、空隙率が5体積%以上15体積%以下であり、最頻空隙径が10nm以上250nm以下であり、粒子強度が30MPa以上であり、ニッケルとリチウムを含むことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- X線粉末回折測定における、006面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I006と、102面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I102と、101面と同定されたピークの積分値より算出した強度I101とに基づき下記式で算出されるR値が0.46以下であることを特徴とする請求項15に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
R値=(I006+I102)/I101
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