WO2024058229A1 - 殺菌発酵乳及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
殺菌発酵乳及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024058229A1 WO2024058229A1 PCT/JP2023/033459 JP2023033459W WO2024058229A1 WO 2024058229 A1 WO2024058229 A1 WO 2024058229A1 JP 2023033459 W JP2023033459 W JP 2023033459W WO 2024058229 A1 WO2024058229 A1 WO 2024058229A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
- A23C9/123—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using only microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae; Yoghurt
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- the present invention relates to set-type sterilized fermented milk and a method for producing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to set-type sterilized fermented milk that is filled into a container, fermented (post-fermented), and solidified within the container, and a method for producing the same.
- Sterilized fermented milk is fermented milk that is produced by heating at 75°C for 15 minutes or more after fermentation, or by heating and sterilizing it using a method that has an equivalent or higher sterilizing effect (according to the "Milk and Dairy Products Composition Standards"). Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Ordinance No. 52 of 1952, amended on January 9, 2015 (hereinafter referred to as the "Ministerial Ordinance on Milk, etc.”): Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan).
- Normal fermented milk has living lactic acid bacteria, so the taste and sourness change over time, and as the acidity increases, syneresis occurs.
- sterilized fermented milk has a long shelf life and little change in flavor during storage because microorganisms including lactic acid bacteria have been killed, and there is a strong market need for it.
- Patent Document 1 describes that after fermentation, a ⁇ -glucan-containing material (Aureobasidium culture solution) is added as a stabilizer and heat sterilized, and that after heat sterilization, mixing is homogenized and liquefied.
- Patent Document 2 describes the production of fermented milk by fermenting a milk preparation containing milk raw materials, cross-linked modified starch as a stabilizer, and fermentation bacteria to a pH of 5.3 to 6, and heating and sterilizing the obtained fermented product.
- the method describes that heat sterilization is carried out while crushing and stirring the fermented product in the form of a curd, and that the obtained fermented milk is then filled into containers.
- the present invention provides a set-type sterilized fermented milk, specifically, a solid sterilized fermented milk that is filled into a container, fermented (post-fermented), and solidified in the container, and a method for producing the same.
- the task is to do so. More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a set-type sterilized fermented milk in which aggregation of milk proteins that occurs during heat treatment after fermentation is suppressed, and a method for producing the same.
- the inventors of the present invention have conducted intensive studies to produce a set-type sterilized fermented milk that solves the above problems, and found that the raw milk mix containing lactic acid bacteria had a pH of 3.8 to 5 in a container. By fermenting the curd at 37-43°C until the temperature reaches .4, the aggregation of milk proteins is suppressed and the texture is improved even when the curd is heated for 15 minutes or more at 75°C without breaking the curd. It has been found that smooth solid sterilized fermented milk can be obtained.
- the present invention was completed based on this knowledge, and includes the following embodiments.
- (I) Set type sterilized fermented milk
- (I-1) Set type sterilized fermented milk, characterized in that the card tension (X) and the particle size after stirring (Y) satisfy the following conditions: Card tension (X): 20g to 220g, Particle size after stirring (Y): 166.5 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m, Y ⁇ -0.82X + 183.
- (I-2) The sterilized fermented milk described in (I-1), which has a card tension (X) of 35 g or more.
- (I-3) Contains fat content of 6% by mass or less, non-fat milk solids content of 8 to 16% by mass, and has a pH of 3.8 to 5.4, (I-1) or ( Sterilized fermented milk described in I-2): However, sterilized fermented milk with a non-fat milk solid content of 15% by mass or more and a fat content of 0.5% by mass or less, or a non-fat milk solid content of 15% by mass or more and The pH of sterilized fermented milk that does not contain added carbohydrates is 3.8 to 4.5. (I-4) The sterilized fermented milk described in (I-3), which has a carbohydrate content of 15% by mass or less.
- (II) Method for producing set type sterilized fermented milk (II-1) Step of fermenting the raw milk mix to which lactic acid bacteria has been added at 37 to 43°C in a container until the pH reaches 3.8 to 5.4 (fermentation process), and a process of heating the obtained fermented milk in a container (heat treatment process)
- (II-3) The production described in (I-1) and (I-2), which includes a step of homogenizing and sterilizing the raw milk mix before adding lactic acid bacteria before the fermentation step.
- Method. (II-4)
- the raw milk mix contains a fat content of 6% by mass or less and a non-fat milk solid content of 8 to 16% by mass, (II-1) to (II-3) ) Manufacturing method described in any of the above: However, the raw milk mix has a non-fat milk solids content of 15% by mass or more and a fat content of 0.5% by mass or less, or a non-fat milk solids content of 15% by mass. % or more and does not contain externally added carbohydrates, fermentation is performed until the pH reaches 3.8 to 4.5.
- III-5 The production method according to (II-4), wherein the raw milk mix contains carbohydrates in a proportion of 15% by mass or less.
- a set type of sterilized fermented milk can be produced and provided.
- a solid sterilized fermented milk that is easily disintegrated by the tongue in the oral cavity and has a smooth texture without roughness is produced and provided by a post-fermentation method. Can be done.
- the sterilized fermented milk produced by the production method of the present invention is a set-type sterilized fermented milk that has a solid shape, it crumbles easily on the tongue in the oral cavity and has a rough texture, similar to fermented milk produced without sterilization. It has a smooth texture with no texture.
- paste-like fermented milk this is called “ (referred to as “soft yogurt” or “pre-fermented fermented milk”) and (c) the solid fermented milk or paste-like fermented milk are finely crushed and liquefied using a homogenizer, etc., and then It is broadly divided into liquid fermented milk (this is called ⁇ drink yogurt'') that is mixed with fruit pulp, sauce, etc., and then filled into a container.
- the fermented milk targeted by the present invention is a set type fermented milk (solid form) that is post-fermented using lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore, the fermented milk targeted by the present invention is fermented milk that is sterilized by heat treatment after fermentation (referred to as "sterilized fermented milk"). Specifically, as stipulated in the Milk Ministerial Ordinance, it is ⁇ fermented milk that is manufactured by fermenting and then heating it at 75°C for 15 minutes or more, or by heating and sterilizing it by a method that has an equivalent or higher sterilization effect.'' .
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention is a set-type sterilized fermented milk (solid form) obtained by heat-treating the curd formed after fermentation under the above heat history conditions without crushing it.
- the aggregation of milk proteins is suppressed, and it does not have a grainy texture.
- it is characterized by having a mouthfeel unique to yogurt (a texture that easily crumbles upon contact with the tongue in the oral cavity).
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention having such characteristics satisfies the following requirements.
- card tension is the hardness (g) of sterilized fermented milk adjusted to a product temperature of 5°C. ).
- a yogurt knife with a weight of 100 g is inserted from the top of the test sample (sterilized fermented milk) while applying a load of about 2 g/sec, and the load until the test sample breaks is measured as card tension (g). Details including measurement conditions are as described in the Examples section.
- the range of card tension is as described above, but is preferably 35 g or more.
- a curd tension of 35 g or more it is possible to provide sterilized fermented milk that has a desired texture (mouthfeel) and can withstand vibration during transportation. More preferably, it is 40 g or more.
- the upper limit of the card tension is preferably 200 g, more preferably 180 g, even more preferably 175 g, particularly preferably 140 g.
- a preferable range of card tension can be set. Examples include, but are not limited to, 35 to 200 g, 40 to 180 g, 40 to 175 g, and 40 to 140 g. Sterilized fermented milk in which the curd tension is within the range has a more preferable texture (mouthfeel).
- particle size after agitation refers to sterilized fermented milk that is adjusted to a product temperature of 5°C and then subjected to a predetermined agitation treatment by the method described in the Examples section below. This is the particle size measured using a diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-2200 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Details including measurement conditions are as described in the Examples section.
- the range of the particle size after stirring is as described above, but is preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 145 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the particle size after stirring is preferably 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 30 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 35 ⁇ m.
- a preferable range of particle diameter after stirring can be set.
- examples include 20 to 150 ⁇ m, 30 to 145 ⁇ m, and 35 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Sterilized fermented milk having a particle size within this range after stirring has a more preferable texture (no grainy texture).
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention preferably has a fat content of 6.5% by mass or less, preferably 6% by mass or less, and a non-fat milk solid content of 8 to 16% by mass, based on 100% by mass (wet mass) of sterilized fermented milk. and has a pH of 3.8 to 5.4. Further, the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention preferably has a carbohydrate content of 15% by mass or less.
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention includes sterilized fermented milk having the following composition and pH: (a) Fat content of 0.1 to 6.5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 6% by weight, more preferably 1 to 4% by weight; non-fat milk solids content of 8 to 16% by weight, preferably 8% by weight; .5 to 15.5% by weight, more preferably less than 8 to 15% by weight; and carbohydrates in a proportion of 5 to 15% by weight, preferably 5 to 13% by weight, more preferably 5 to 12% by weight. , pH 4.5 to 5.4, preferably pH 4.5 to 5.2, more preferably pH 4.5 to 5.0.
- fat content of more than 0.5% by mass and not more than 4% by mass, preferably 1-3.5% by mass; non-fat milk solids content of 15-16% by mass, preferably more than 15% by mass and 16% by mass and contains carbohydrates in a proportion of 5 to 10% by mass, preferably 7 to 9% by mass, and has a pH of 3.8 to 4.5, preferably 4.0 to 4.4.
- the carbohydrate is preferably lactose derived from raw milk, and other carbohydrates (externally added carbohydrates) are not included.
- fat content of 0.5% by mass or less, preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by mass; non-fat milk solids content of 15 to 16% by mass, preferably more than 15% by mass and less than 16% by mass; and It contains carbohydrates in a proportion of 5 to 15% by mass, preferably 8 to 15% by mass, and has a pH of 3.8 to less than 4.5, preferably 4.0 to 4.4.
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention preferably does not include sterilized fermented milk having the following composition and pH: (d) Contains non-fat milk solids at a ratio of 15% by mass or more, fat content at a ratio of 0.5% by mass or less, and has a pH of 4.7 to 5.4. (e) Contains non-fat milk solids of 15% by mass or more, fat content of more than 0.5% by mass and 4% by mass or less, and contains carbohydrates other than lactose derived from raw milk (externally added carbohydrates). It has a pH of 4.7 to 5.4.
- the fat content contained in sterilized fermented milk can be analyzed and measured by the Reese-Gotling method.
- the proportion of nonfat milk solids contained in sterilized fermented milk can be calculated by subtracting the fat content and water content measured by the above method from the total amount of sterilized fermented milk.
- the water content in the sterilized fermented milk can be determined by calculating the solid content concentration (% by mass) using a direct drying method and subtracting it from the total amount (100% by mass).
- the aforementioned carbohydrates include lactose derived from raw milk, as well as externally added carbohydrates not derived from raw milk, specifically monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and sugar alcohols.
- raw milk milk, milk components, dairy products
- the externally added carbohydrates are saccharides (externally added sugars) such as monosaccharides and disaccharides.
- monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose
- disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, lactose, and trehalose
- oligosaccharides include fructooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, and raffinose
- Polysaccharides include EPS (exopolysaccharide), pectin, etc.
- Sugar alcohols include xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, etc.
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention may not contain externally added carbohydrates (preferably externally added sugars), but if externally added carbohydrates (preferably externally added sugars) are added, it is preferably 60%, although not limited. It is preferable to suppress the content to % by mass or less.
- the proportion of lactose can be analyzed and measured using a commercially available measurement reagent kit (F-Kit Lactose/D-Galactose: JK International Co., Ltd.).
- F-Kit Lactose/D-Galactose JK International Co., Ltd.
- the total amount of these carbohydrates can be calculated by subtracting the amount of dietary fiber from the amount of carbohydrates contained in sterilized fermented milk.
- the amount of carbohydrates contained in sterilized fermented milk can be determined by subtracting other basic nutritional components (moisture, protein, lipid, and ash) from sterilized fermented milk.
- the proportions of water, protein, lipid, ash, and dietary fiber in sterilized fermented milk can be measured according to a standard method in the food field. Specifically, the moisture content was determined by the direct drying method, the protein content was determined by the nitrogen quantitative conversion method, which was calculated by multiplying the total nitrogen amount determined by the Kjeldahl method by a nitrogen protein conversion factor, and the ash content was determined by the dry direct ashing method. Dietary fiber content can be measured by high performance liquid chromatography (enzyme-HPLC method).
- water content of the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention is set in the range of 75 to 90% by mass.
- the sterilized fermented milk of the present invention has the above-mentioned requirements for card tension (X) and particle size after stirring (Y), so even though it is sterilized fermented milk (solid form), aggregation of milk proteins is suppressed. It has a grainy texture and does not have a grainy texture. In addition, it is characterized by having a texture unique to set-type yogurt (a texture that easily crumbles upon contact with the tongue in the oral cavity). The presence or absence of such a texture can be evaluated by adjusting the target sterilized fermented milk to a temperature of 5°C and then conducting a sensory evaluation test by an expert panel according to the method described in the Examples section below. .
- step A A step of fermenting the raw milk mix to which lactic acid bacteria has been added in a container until the pH reaches 3.8 to 5.4
- step B A step of heating the obtained fermented milk in a container
- the manufacturing process of the present invention described above includes, before the step A, (1) a step of preparing a raw milk mix (raw milk mix preparation step), (2) a step of homogenizing the raw milk mix (homogenization step). , and (3) a step of sterilizing the raw milk mix (pre-sterilization step). These are called pretreatment steps.
- (2) homogenization step and (3) presterilization step are carried out in any order after subjecting the raw milk mix prepared in (1) to (2) homogenization step.
- (2) the homogenization step and (3) the presterilization step can be performed simultaneously.
- the manufacturing process of the present invention described above can include a step (4) of filling a container with the raw milk mix obtained in the pretreatment steps (1) to (3) (filling step).
- the (4) filling step may be performed before adding lactic acid bacteria to the raw milk mix obtained in the pretreatment steps (1) to (3), or may be performed before (1) to (3). This may be carried out after adding lactic acid bacteria to the raw milk mix obtained in the treatment step.
- the fermentation is carried out within the container.
- the "raw milk mix” targeted by the present invention is a composition containing milk components derived from cow's milk.
- the raw milk mix contains raw milk squeezed from cows, cow milk, skim milk, whole milk powder, skim milk powder, whole fat concentrated milk, skim concentrated milk, sweetened condensed milk, sweetened skim condensed milk, evaporated condensed milk, and non-fat milk.
- sugar-skimmed condensed milk whey (whey), whey powder, desalted whey, desalted whey powder, whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, milk protein
- WPC whey protein concentrate
- WPI whey protein isolate
- alpha-lactalbumin beta-lactoglobulin
- milk protein One or two selected from concentrate (MPC), casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, cream, fermented cream, compound cream, cream powder, butter, fermented butter, buttermilk, buttermilk powder, butter oil, etc.
- the proportion of fat in 100% by mass (wet mass) of the raw milk mix is 6.5% by mass or less, preferably 6% by mass or less, and the proportion of non-fat milk solids is 8 to 8% by mass.
- the proportion is adjusted to 16% by mass.
- the sterilization treatment specified in the Milk Ministerial Ordinance (Ministerial Ordinance Concerning Ingredient Standards for Milk and Dairy Products (Ministry of Health and Welfare Ordinance No. 52 of 1952) °C for 30 minutes, or heat sterilization by a method that has an equivalent or higher sterilization effect.
- Sterilization methods include low temperature sterilization (LTLT), continuous pasteurization (LTLT), high temperature sterilization (HTLT), high temperature short sterilization (HTST), ultra high temperature flash sterilization (UHT), and ultra high temperature sterilization. (LL) is included. 90% of milk sold in Japan is UHT treated.
- the raw milk mix can be prepared using only the milk components described above, but as long as it does not impede the effects of the present invention, in addition to the milk components, for example, other than lactose derived from the milk components may be used. It may be prepared by blending carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols).
- the raw milk mix may have the following composition: (a) Fat content of 0.1 to 6.5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 6% by weight, more preferably 1 to 4% by weight; non-fat milk solids content of 8 to 16% by weight, preferably 8% by weight; .5 to 15.5% by weight, more preferably less than 8 to 15% by weight; and contains carbohydrates in a proportion of 5 to 15% by weight, preferably 5 to 13% by weight, more preferably 5 to 12% by weight. .
- the carbohydrate is lactose derived from raw milk, and it is preferable that other carbohydrates (externally added carbohydrates) are not included.
- the raw milk mix may contain, in addition to the milk components and carbohydrates, such as lipids, proteins other than whey protein and casein protein, minerals (salts), vitamins, as long as they do not impede the effects of the present invention. It may be prepared by blending flavor components, perfumes, pigments, other food additives, and the like. Although not strictly limited, the raw milk mix targeted by the present invention may include gelling agents, thickeners, thickening stabilizers, or stabilizers (for example, those listed in the background art section of this specification). The stabilizer described in Patent Document 1, the ⁇ -glucan-containing material described in Patent Document 1, the modified starch described in Patent Document 2, etc.) are preferably not included.
- the raw milk mix of the present invention is a composition containing water together with the milk components. The proportion of water in the raw milk mix can range from 75 to 90% by mass. Preferably it is 78 to 89% by weight, more preferably 81 to 88% by weight.
- the step of homogenizing the raw milk mix refers to finely pulverizing (refining) particles composed of proteins and/or lipids contained in the raw milk mix.
- the homogenization method can follow a standard method and is not limited, but for example, a method of stirring using a device such as a mixer or a stirring blade, a method of forcing the raw milk mix under pressure and forcing it to pass through a narrow gap, or Alternatively, a method may be used in which the raw milk mix is passed through a narrow gap while being sucked under reduced pressure. Note that the method and equipment for homogenizing the raw milk are not limited to the methods described above, and any known method and equipment can be used.
- a method (homogenizer) in which the raw milk mix is heated to about 70 to 90°C and forced out under pressure while passing through a narrow gap can be mentioned.
- the pressure and flow rate (flow rate) used for homogenization can be set as appropriate as long as they can adjust the average particle size of the raw milk to 0.8 ⁇ m or less.
- the homogenization pressure is 50 to 400 kg/cm 2 , preferably 80 to 300 kg/cm 2 , and more preferably 120 to 200 kg/cm 2 .
- the homogenization process can be carried out once or multiple times, and when it is carried out two or more times, it is preferable to set the total of each homogenization pressure to be within the above range.
- the flow rate (flow rate) is not limited, but is 50 to 1000 kg/h, preferably 75 to 500 kg/h, and more preferably 100 to 200 kg/h.
- Pre-sterilization step The step of sterilizing the raw milk mix is carried out for the purpose of sterilizing the raw milk mix until the number of bacteria (excluding spores) contained in the raw milk mix becomes 1000 cfu/ml or less. Any method and conditions may be used as long as this objective can be achieved; for example, a heat treatment method used for sterilizing milk can be adopted.
- Heat treatment methods used to sterilize milk include, for example, ultra-high temperature sterilization (UHT sterilization), which involves heat treatment at 120 to 150°C for 2 to 3 seconds, and continuous heat treatment at 72 to 75°C, for 15 seconds or more.
- UHT sterilization ultra-high temperature sterilization
- High-temperature short-time sterilization (HTST sterilization) method, high-temperature holding sterilization (HTLT sterilization) method in which heat treatment is performed at 75°C or higher for 15 minutes or more using a holding method, and high-temperature short-term sterilization (HTLT sterilization) in which heat treatment is performed continuously at 72°C or higher for 15 seconds or more.
- HTST sterilization high-temperature holding sterilization
- HTLT sterilization high-temperature short-term sterilization
- HTLT sterilization low temperature holding sterilization
- LTLT sterilization continuous pasteurization
- LL sterilization ultra-high temperature sterilization
- the method is not limited to the above-mentioned method, as long as the thermal history expressed by "heating temperature (product temperature) x heating time x pressure" is equal to or higher than the heat treatment method described above.
- a method may be used in which the raw milk mix is heat-treated for 1 minute at a temperature of 95° C. under normal pressure conditions.
- the step of filling the raw milk mix into a container may be performed before fermenting the raw milk mix. This can be done before adding the lactic acid bacteria or after adding the starter to the raw milk mix.
- the container to be filled with the raw milk mix may be any container commonly used in the production of fermented milk (dairy products) by post-fermentation, and is not particularly limited in size (capacity), material, and shape. .
- the size (capacity) of the container may be a one-serve size, a family size, or a business size.
- the material is not limited, containers made of plastic, glass, paper, etc. can be used.
- the shape is not particularly limited as long as it has strength and sealing properties, and may be, for example, a cup shape, a brick pack shape, or a cheer pack shape. A commonly used method and device for filling the container are also used.
- the fermentation step can be carried out by adding lactic acid bacteria as a starter to the raw milk mix and then fermenting the raw milk mix in a container.
- lactic acid bacteria used as starters include Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus), Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus), and Lactobacillus lactis (L. lactis).
- Lactobacillus gasseri Lactobacillus plantarum (L.plantarum), Lactobacillus casei (L.casei), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L.acidophilus)
- Bifidobacterium one type selected from lactic acid bacteria commonly used in the production of fermented milk can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination.
- Bacillus bulgaricus is preferred.
- a mixed starter of B. bulgaricus and B. thermophilus can also be used since it is standardized as a yogurt starter in the Codex standard.
- the amount of starter (lactic acid bacteria) added to the raw milk mix may be any amount commonly used in the production of fermented milk, for example 0.1 to 10% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass, based on the raw milk mix. The amount is 2 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 4% by weight.
- the starter may be added by any method generally used in the production of fermented milk, such as adding it aseptically to the raw milk mix filled in a container, or adding it aseptically to the raw milk mix in a pipe. In this method, the starter is added in-line while the water is still in the tank, and then the starter is filled into containers. Note that the method and equipment for adding the starter to the raw milk mix are not limited to the above-mentioned method, and any known method and equipment can be used.
- Fermentation of the raw milk mix can be carried out by adding a starter (lactic acid bacteria) and then keeping the mixture filled in a container stationary in a fermentation chamber set at a predetermined temperature.
- the conditions for fermenting the raw milk mix are adjusted in consideration of the type and amount of lactic acid bacteria added to the raw milk, and the flavor, texture, physical properties, etc. of the fermented milk to be actually obtained.
- the lower limit of the temperature at which the raw milk mix is fermented is preferably 35°C or higher, more preferably 37°C or higher.
- the upper limit of the temperature at which raw material milk is fermented is preferably 50°C or lower, more preferably 45°C or lower. Particularly preferred is 37 to 43°C. Note that when the fermentation temperature is low, the hardness of the obtained sterilized fermented milk tends to decrease. Therefore, by adjusting the fermentation temperature, it is possible to appropriately adjust the hardness of sterilized fermented milk.
- the time for fermenting the raw milk is until the pH of the fermented milk falls within the range of 3.8 to 5.4.
- fermentation is terminated when the pH of fermented milk falls within the range of 3.8 to 5.4.
- the pH at the end of fermentation can be set as follows depending on the composition of the raw milk mix used.
- pH at the end of fermentation pH at the end of fermentation: 4.5 to 5.4, preferably 4.5 to 5.2, more preferably 4.5 to 5.0.
- fat content of more than 0.5% by mass and not more than 4% by mass, preferably 1-3.5% by mass; non-fat milk solids content of 15-16% by mass, preferably more than 15% by mass and 16% by mass and when using a raw milk mix containing carbohydrates at a ratio of 5 to 10% by mass, preferably 7 to 9% by mass (here, carbohydrates are lactose derived from raw milk, and other carbohydrates are (It is preferable that no externally added carbohydrates are included.): pH at the end of fermentation: 3.8 to less than 4.5, preferably 4.0 to 4.4.
- fat content of 0.5% by mass or less, preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by mass; non-fat milk solids content of 15 to 16% by mass, preferably more than 15% by mass and less than 16% by mass; and
- the pH of the fermented milk is in the range of 3.8 to 4.5 so that the pH of the fermented milk is not in the range of 4.7 to 5.4. It is preferable to adjust the fermentation time so that: (d) A raw milk mix containing non-fat milk solids in a proportion of 15% by mass or more and fat content in a proportion of 0.5% by mass or less. (e) Contains non-fat milk solids of 15% by mass or more, fat content of more than 0.5% by mass and 4% by mass or less, and contains carbohydrates other than lactose derived from raw milk (externally added carbohydrates). Raw milk mix that does not contain.
- one of the effects of the present invention which is the aggregation of milk proteins, can be suppressed, and the texture (no graininess, mouthfeel) can be improved. It is possible to obtain a set type sterilized fermented milk with good texture. Note that any known method and equipment can be used for fermenting the raw milk mix.
- the heating step is a step of heating the fermented milk, which has reached a predetermined pH in the fermentation step, while being filled in a container. This process is carried out to sterilize lactic acid bacteria added as a starter to the raw milk mix to prevent fermentation from proceeding, and to kill bacteria to ensure hygiene and safety as a food product and a shelf life.
- the heat treatment conditions may be any method and conditions that can achieve this purpose, and the heat history expressed by "heating temperature (product temperature) x heating time x pressure" is "75°C x 15 minutes x normal pressure". An equivalent or better heat treatment method can be used.
- the thermal history of "75°C x 15 minutes x normal pressure” means that the product is heated under normal pressure conditions for 15 minutes after the product temperature reaches 75°C. .
- An example of a heat treatment method that results in a heat history of "75° C. x 15 minutes x normal pressure” or more includes a heat treatment in which the material is immersed in hot water at 85° C. for 60 minutes under normal pressure conditions.
- normal pressure here means that the pressure inside the container is in a normal pressure state, and does not include a pressure state that is artificially pressurized or reduced.
- Such heat treatment may be performed after the fermented milk filled in a container is sealed and packaged. Alternatively, the container may be heat-treated before being sealed and then packaged. Note that any known method and equipment can be used for heat-treating the fermented milk in a container.
- the sterilized fermented milk produced in this manner can be directly filled into containers and sealed and packaged for distribution.
- the sterilized fermented milk obtained by the production method of the present invention has suppressed aggregation of milk proteins and has a good texture (no grainy texture, good mouthfeel). Therefore, according to the production method of the present invention, it is possible to provide a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk that solves the conventional problems.
- the raw materials used in the following production examples are as follows.
- (material) Cream Made by Meiji Co., Ltd. (47% milk fat) Milk (UHT sterilized, homogenized): Made by Meiji Co., Ltd.
- Skimmed milk powder Made by Meiji Co., Ltd. (96% non-fat milk solids, 55% lactose)
- High heat skimmed milk powder Meijishi Co., Ltd. (Non-fat milk solids 96%, lactose 55%)
- Gelatin Gelatin M-200C (manufactured by Nitta Gelatin Co., Ltd.) Lactic acid bacteria starter: Lactobacillus bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (1073R-1 lactic acid bacteria) isolated from Meiji Probio Yogurt R-1 (manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.)
- Example 1 Raw material milk (0% externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was prepared by mixing 157 g of cream, 231 g of skim milk powder, and 2037 g of water. After heating this raw milk to about 70°C, it is homogenized using a homogenizer at a flow rate of 150L/h (100kg/cm 2 +50kg/cm 2 ), and then sterilized by heat treatment at 95°C for 5 minutes. , a raw milk mix was prepared. The obtained raw milk mix was cooled to 43° C., and lactic acid bacteria starter was added (inoculated) at a rate of 3%.
- Example 2 A solid form was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a composition prepared by mixing 238 g of skim milk powder, 150 g of sugar, and 2038 g of water (fat content: 0%, stabilizer: 0%) was used as the raw material milk. A set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 2) was produced.
- Example 3 Example 1 except that a composition prepared by mixing 157 g of cream, 231 g of skim milk powder, 150 g of sugar, and 1887 g of water (contains fat and externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used as the raw material milk.
- a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 3) was produced in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 4 Example 1 except that a composition prepared by mixing 315 g of cream, 223 g of skim milk powder, 150 g of sugar, and 1738 g of water (contains fat and externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used as raw milk.
- a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 4) was produced in the same manner as in Example 4.
- Example 5 Example 1 except that a composition prepared by mixing 154 g of cream, 379 g of skim milk powder, 150 g of sugar, and 1743 g of water (contains fat and externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used as the raw milk.
- a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 5) was produced in the same manner as described above.
- Example 6 Using raw milk having the same formulation as in Example 3 (with fat content and externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer), the homogenization pressure used for homogenization treatment and the temperature used for fermentation treatment are shown in Table 1. Solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Examples 6 to 8) was obtained by the method and conditions described in Example 1 except for using the conditions described in .
- Example 1 was used except that raw milk having the same formulation as in Example 3 (contains fat and externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used, and the conditions listed in Table 1 were used as the pH at the end of fermentation. Using the same method and conditions, solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Examples 9 to 12) was obtained.
- Examples 13-14 The same method as in Example 1 except that raw milk with the same formulation as in Example 1 (0% externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used, and the conditions listed in Table 1 were used as the fermentation end pH. Under these conditions, solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Examples 13 to 14) was obtained.
- Example 15 In order to have the same composition as in Example 1, raw milk consisting of milk (UHT sterilized, homogenized), high heat skim milk powder, and water (0% external carbohydrates, 0 stabilizers) was used instead of cream and skim milk powder. %), and a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 15) was obtained using the same method and conditions as in Example 1.
- Example 16 In order to have the same composition as in Example 1, raw milk consisting of milk (UHT sterilized, homogenized), high heat skim milk powder, and water (0% external carbohydrates, 0 stabilizers) was used instead of cream and skim milk powder.
- a solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Example 16) was obtained in the same manner and under the same conditions as in Example 15, except that the conditions listed in Table 1 were used as the fermentation temperature.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 6 The same method as in Example 1, except that raw milk with the same formulation as in Example 1 (0% externally added carbohydrates, 0% stabilizer) was used, and the conditions listed in Table 2 were used as the fermentation end pH. Under these conditions, solid set-type sterilized fermented milk (Comparative Examples 1 to 6) was obtained.
- Table 1 shows the composition of the raw milk of Examples 1 to 16 (fat content, non-fat milk solids content, lactose, externally added carbohydrates, and proportion of total carbohydrates) and production conditions (homogenization pressure, fermentation temperature, The pH at the end of fermentation) is also listed in Table 2, as well as the compositions and manufacturing conditions of the raw milk of Comparative Examples 1 to 6.
- Card tension (hardness) Each of the sterilized fermented milks of Examples 1 to 16 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 was immersed in boiling water at 85°C for 1 hour in the manufacturing process, and then immersed in ice-cold water for 30 minutes to adjust the product temperature to 5°C. Afterwards, card tension (hardness) was measured using a card meter MAX ME-500 (manufactured by ITECNO ENGINEERING). Specifically, a yogurt knife with a 100 g weight attached was placed on the top of the test sample (sterilized fermented milk), and the test sample was continuously raised and applied at a rate of about 2 g/sec. This weight measurement is plotted as a curve over the elapsed time of .
- the vertical axis represents the elapsed time (seconds) of loading
- the horizontal axis represents the measured value of the weight
- 10 g on the vertical axis and 4 seconds on the horizontal axis are depicted as the same distance.
- centrifuge treatment Weigh out 40 g of each of the sterilized fermented milks (temperature: 5°C) of Examples 1 to 16 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 into a centrifuge tube, and centrifuge the milk using a LCX-100 centrifuge at 3000 rpm, 5°C, and 10 minutes. (manufactured by TOMY) to centrifuge.
- Each expert panel tasted one sterilized fermented milk three times to check the mouthfeel and the presence or absence of a grainy feeling.
- the results of each expert panel were brought together and discussed among the panels, and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted based on the following criteria.
- the sterilized fermented milks of Examples 1 to 16 had curd tension and particle size after stirring within a certain range, and therefore had a good texture. .
- the sterilized fermented milk of Examples 1 to 16 differs from the sterilized fermented milk of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 in that the card tension (X) is in the range of 20 to 220 g, preferably in the range of 35 to 180 g, and more.
- the particle size (Y) after stirring is in the range of 166.5 to 2.5 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 150 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 145 to 35 ⁇ m, and the card tension (X)
- the particle size (Y) after stirring is within the range shown by the following formula, and therefore has a smooth and good texture: Y ⁇ -0.82X + 183
- sterilized fermented milk is growing not only in Japan but also overseas (especially in China). Since sterilized fermented milk has a long shelf life, it can be sold even if the distribution situation is less developed compared to normal fermented milk, and it is also possible to ease the requirements for cooling equipment at retailers. In addition, since it is possible to set a long-life expiration date, production planning can be made more flexible and food loss can be reduced.
- the existing formulations of sterilized fermented milk are limited to drinkable yogurt and soft yogurt, and solid set-type sterilized fermented milk does not exist. According to the present invention, it is possible to provide solid type sterilized fermented milk, and it is possible to obtain advantages such as developing new markets, improving productivity, and reducing environmental burden.
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Abstract
Description
(I-1)カードテンション(X)及び撹拌後粒径(Y)が下記の条件を満たすことを特徴とする、セットタイプの殺菌発酵乳:
カードテンション(X):20g~220g、
撹拌後粒径(Y):166.5μm~2.5μm、
Y ≦ -0.82X + 183。
(I-2)カードテンション(X)が35g以上である、(I-1)に記載する殺菌発酵乳。
(I-3)脂肪分を6質量%以下、及び無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%の割合で含有し、pHが3.8~5.4である、(I-1)又は(I-2)に記載する殺菌発酵乳:
但し、無脂乳固形分が15質量%以上であり、且つ脂肪分の含有量が0.5質量%以下である殺菌発酵乳、又は無脂乳固形分が15質量%以上であり、且つ外添糖質を含まない殺菌発酵乳のpHは3.8~4.5である。
(I-4)糖質含有量が15質量%以下である、(I-3)に記載する殺菌発酵乳。
(II-1)乳酸菌を添加した原料乳ミックスを、容器中でpHが3.8~5.4になるまで、37~43℃で発酵させる工程(発酵工程)、及び
得られた発酵乳を、容器ごと、加熱処理する工程(加熱処理工程)
を有する、(I-1)~(I-4)のいずれかに記載する殺菌発酵乳の製造方法。
(II-2)前記原料乳ミックスは、乳酸菌の添加前に、均質化処理、及び殺菌処理がされてなるものである、(II-2)に記載する製造方法。
(II-3)前記発酵工程の前に、乳酸菌を添加する前の原料乳ミックスを均質化処理、及び殺菌処理をする工程を有する、(I-1)及び(I-2)に記載する製造方法。
(II-4)前記原料乳ミックスは、脂肪分を6質量%以下、及び無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%の割合で含有するものである、(II-1)~(II-3)のいずれかに記載する製造方法:
但し、原料乳ミックスが、無脂乳固形分の含量が15質量%以上であり、且つ脂肪分の含有量が0.5質量%以下であるか、又は無脂乳固形分の含量が15質量%以上であり、且つ外添糖質を含まないものである場合は、pHが3.8~4.5になるまで発酵する。(II-5)前記原料乳ミックスはが、糖質を15質量%以下の割合で含有するものである、(II-4)に記載する製造方法。
発酵乳は、「乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令(乳等省令)」で、「乳またはこれと同等以上の無脂乳固形分を含む乳等を、乳酸菌又は酵母で発酵させ、糊状又は液状にしたもの、またはこれらを凍結したものをいう」と定義されており、無脂乳固形分は8.0%以上と決められている。これらの発酵乳は、(a)原料乳を容器に充填した後に発酵させ、当該容器内で固化させた固形状の発酵乳(これを「セットタイプの発酵乳」又は「後発酵タイプの発酵乳」という)と、(b)大型のタンク等で発酵させた後に形成したカードを破砕し、必要に応じて果肉やソース等と混合した後に、容器に充填した糊状の発酵乳(これを「ソフトヨーグルト」又は「前発酵タイプの発酵乳」という)と、(c)前記の固形状の発酵乳や糊状の発酵乳を、均質機等を用いて細かく破砕して液状化させ、必要に応じて果肉やソース等と混合した後に、容器に充填した液状の発酵乳(これを「ドリンクヨーグルト」という)とに、大別される。
カードテンション(X):20g~220g
撹拌後粒径(Y):166.5μm~2.5μm
Y ≦ -0.82X + 183
カードテンションがかかる範囲にある殺菌発酵乳は、より好ましい食感(口当たり)を有する。
撹拌後粒径がかかる範囲にある殺菌発酵乳は、より好ましい食感(ザラツキ感がない)を有する。
(a)脂肪分を0.1~6.5質量%、好ましくは0.5~6質量%、より好ましくは1~4質量%;無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%、好ましくは8.5~15.5質量%、より好ましくは8~15質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは5~13質量%、より好ましくは5~12質量%の割合で含有し、pH4.5~5.4、好ましくはpH4.5~5.2、より好ましくはpH4.5~5.0を有する。
(b)脂肪分を0.5質量%より多く4質量%以下、好ましくは1~3.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~10質量%、好ましくは7~9質量%の割合で含有し、pH3.8~4.5未満、好ましくはpH4.0~4.4を有する。ここで前記糖質は原料乳に由来する乳糖であり、これ以外の糖質(外添糖質)は含まれていないことが好ましい。
(c)脂肪分を0.5質量%以下、好ましくは0.1~0.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは8~15質量%の割合で含有し、pH3.8~4.5未満、好ましくはpH4.0~4.4を有する。
(d)無脂乳固形分を15質量%以上、脂肪分を0.5質量%以下の割合で含有し、pH4.7~5.4を有する。
(e)無脂乳固形分を15質量%以上、脂肪分を0.5質量%より多く4質量%以下の割合で含有し、原料乳由来の乳糖以外の糖質(外添糖質)を含まず、pH4.7~5.4を有する。
外添糖質として好ましくは、単糖類及び二糖類といった糖類(外添糖類)である。制限されないものの、単糖には、グルコース(ブドウ糖)、果糖、及びガラクトース等;二糖類には、ショ糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、及びトレハロース等;オリゴ糖には、フラクトオリゴ糖、大豆オリゴ糖、ラフィノース(ビートオリゴ糖)、ガラクトオリゴ糖、及びイソマルトオリゴ糖等;多糖類には、EPS(菌体外多糖類)、ペクチン等;糖アルコールにはキシリトール、ソルビトール、及びマルチトール等が含まれる。
本発明の殺菌発酵乳は、外添糖質(好ましくは外添糖類)を含まないことができるが、外添糖質(好ましくは外添糖類)を配合する場合、制限されないものの、好ましくは6質量%以下に抑えることが好ましい。
こうした食感の有無は、対象とする殺菌発酵乳を品温5℃に調整した後に、後述する実施例の欄に記載する方法に従って、専門パネルによる官能評価試験を行うことで評価することができる。
前述する本発明の殺菌発酵乳は、下記の工程A及びBを有する方法で製造することができる:
(a)乳酸菌を添加した原料乳ミックスを、容器中で、pHが3.8~5.4になるまで発酵させる工程(以下、これを「工程A」または「発酵工程」と称する)、及び
(b)得られた発酵乳を、容器に入った状態で、加熱処理する工程(以下、これを「工程B」または「加熱工程」と称する)。
当該(4)充填工程は、(1)~(3)の前処理工程で得られた原料乳ミックスに乳酸菌を添加する前に行ってもよいし、また、(1)~(3)の前処理工程で得られた原料乳ミックスに乳酸菌を添加した後に行ってもよい。
制限されないものの、前記(1)~(3)の前処理工程後、前記工程Aの乳酸菌添加前に、充填工程を有することが好ましい。つまり、(1)~(3)の前処理工程で得られた原料乳ミックスを容器に充填した後に、前記工程Aに供し、当該容器に充填された原料乳ミックスに乳酸菌を添加して、容器内で発酵させることが好ましい。
[(1)原料乳ミックス調製工程]
本発明が対象とする「原料乳ミックス」は、牛乳に由来する乳成分を含む組成物である。
当該原料乳ミックスは、原料として、牛から搾汁された生乳、牛乳、脱脂乳、全脂粉乳、脱脂粉乳、全脂濃縮乳、脱脂濃縮乳、加糖練乳、加糖脱脂練乳、無糖練乳、無糖脱脂練乳、乳清(ホエイ)、ホエイパウダー、脱塩ホエイ、脱塩ホエイパウダー、ホエイタンパク質濃縮物(WPC)、ホエイタンパク質分離物(WPI)、α-ラクトアルブミン、β-ラクトグロブリン、乳タンパク質濃縮物(MPC)、カゼイン、ナトリウムカゼイネート、カルシウムカゼイネート、クリーム、発酵クリーム、コンパウンドクリーム、クリームパウダー、バター、発酵バター、バターミルク、バターミルクパウダーおよびバターオイル等から選択される1種又は2種以上を用いて、好ましくは、原料乳ミックス100質量%(湿質量)中の脂肪分の割合が6.5質量%以下、好ましくは6質量%以下、無脂乳固形分の割合が8~16質量%の割合になるように調製される。
なお、原料として牛乳を用いる場合、乳等省令(乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令(昭和二十六年厚生省令第五十二号))で定められている殺菌処理「保持式により63℃で30分間加熱殺菌するか、またはこれと同等以上の殺菌効果を有する方法で加熱殺菌すること」が施されていればよい。殺菌処理方法には、低温保持殺菌(LTLT)、連続式低温殺菌(LTLT)、高温保持殺菌 (HTLT)、高温短時間殺菌(HTST)、超高温瞬間殺菌(UHT)、及び超高温滅菌殺菌法(LL)が含まれる。日本で市販されている牛乳の9割はUHT処理が採用されている。
(a)脂肪分を0.1~6.5質量%、好ましくは0.5~6質量%、より好ましくは1~4質量%;無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%、好ましくは8.5~15.5質量%、より好ましくは8~15質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは5~13質量%、より好ましくは5~12質量%の割合で含有する。
(b)脂肪分を0.5質量%より多く4質量%以下、好ましくは1~3.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~10質量%、好ましくは7~9質量%の割合で含有する。ここで糖質は原料乳に由来する乳糖であり、これ以外の糖質(外添糖質)は含まれていないことが好ましい。
(c)脂肪分を0.5質量%以下、好ましくは0.1~0.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは8~15質量%の割合で含有する。
本発明の原料乳ミックスは、前記乳成分とともに水を含む組成物である。原料乳ミックス中の水の割合としては、75~90質量%の範囲を挙げることができる。好ましくは78~89質量%、より好ましくは81~88質量%である。
原料乳ミックスを均質化する工程は、原料乳ミックスに含まれるたんぱく質および/または脂質によって構成される粒子を細かく粉砕(微細化)することをいう。均質化する方法は、定法に従うことができ、制限されないものの、例えば、ミキサーや撹拌翼等の器具を用いて撹拌する方法、原料乳ミックスを加圧して押し出しながら、狭い間隙を通過させる方法、又は、原料乳ミックスを減圧して吸引しながら、狭い間隙を通過させる方法等を用いることができる。なお、原料乳を均質化する方法および設備には、上述した方法に限らず、任意の公知の方法および設備を用いることができる。
好ましくは、後述する製造例に記載するように、原料乳ミックスを70~90℃程度に加温した状態で、加圧して押し出しながら狭い間隙を通過させる方法(ホモジナイザー)を挙げることができる。均質化に用いる圧力及び流速(流量)は、原料乳の平均粒径を0.8μm以下に調整することができるものであればよく、適宜設定することができる。 例えば、均質化圧力としては、50~400kg/cm2、好ましくは80~300kg/cm2、より好ましくは120~200kg/cm2である。均質化処理は1回または複数繰り返して実施することができ、2回以上実施する場合、各均質化圧力の合計が前記範囲に入るように設定することが好ましい。
また流速(流量)としては、制限されないものの、50~1000kg/h、好ましくは75~500kg/h、より好ましくは100~200kg/hである。
原料乳ミックスを殺菌する工程は、原料乳ミックス中に含まれる細菌数(芽胞を除く)が1000cfu/ml以下になるまで殺菌することを目的として実施される。
この目的が達成できる方法及び条件であればよく、例えば、牛乳の殺菌に使用される熱処理方法を採用することができる。牛乳の殺菌に使用される熱処理方法としては、例えば、120~150℃で2~3秒間加熱処理する超高温瞬間殺菌(UHT殺菌)法、72~75℃で連続的に15秒間以上加熱処理する高温短時間殺菌(HTST殺菌)法、保持式で75℃以上で15分以上加熱処理する高温保持殺菌(HTLT殺菌)法、72℃以上で連続的に15秒以上加熱処理する高温短時間殺菌(HTST殺菌)法、保持式で63~65℃で30分間加熱処理する低温保持殺菌(LTLT殺菌)法、連続的に65~68℃で30分以上加熱処理する連続式低温殺菌(LTLT殺菌)法、及び135~150℃で1~4秒間加熱処理する超高温滅菌殺菌(LL殺菌)法を挙げることができる。
前記方法に限らず、「加熱温度(品温)×加熱時間×圧力」で表される熱履歴が前述する熱処理方法と同等またはそれ以上であればよく、例えば、後述する実験例で採用するように、原料乳ミックスを常圧条件下で品温を95℃にした状態で1分間加熱処理する方法を用いることもできる。
原料乳ミックスを容器に充填する工程は、前述するように、原料乳ミックスを発酵する前に行えばよく、例えば、前記の均質化工程及び前殺菌工程の後であって、原料乳ミックスにスターターである乳酸菌を添加する前、又は原料乳ミックスにスターターを添加した後に行うことができる。
原料乳ミックスを充填する容器は、発酵乳(乳製品)の後発酵による製造において一般的に用いられる容器であればよく、大きさ(容量)、素材、及び形状が特に制限されるものではない。例えば、容器の大きさ(容量)は、一人一回の食べきりサイズであってもよいし、またファミリーサイズや業務用サイズであってもよい。また、素材としては、制限されないものの、プラスチック製、ガラス製および紙製等の容器を用いることができる。その形状も、強度と密封性を備えていれば、特に制限されず、例えば、カップ形状、ブリックパック形状、チアパック形状のいずれであってもよい。容器に充填する方法や装置も一般的に用いられる方法及び装置が使用される。
本発明において、発酵工程は、原料乳ミックスにスターターである乳酸菌を添加した後、容器内で原料乳ミックスを発酵させることで実施することができる。
スターターとして使用される乳酸菌としては、たとえば、ラクトバチルス・ブルガリカス(ブルガリア菌、L.bulgaricus)、ストレプトコッカス・サーモフィルス(サーモフィラス菌、S.thermophilus)、ラクトバチルス・ラクティス(ラクティス菌、L.lactis)、ラクトバチルス・ガッセリ(ガセリ菌、L.gasseri)、ラクトバチルス・プランタラム(プランタラム菌、L.plantarum)、ラクトバチルス・カゼイ(カゼイ菌、L.casei)、ラクトバチルス・アシドフィラス(L.acidophilus)、及びビフィドバクテリウム(Bifidobacterium)等のように、発酵乳の製造において一般的に用いられる乳酸菌から選択した1種を単独で用いることもできるし、または2種以上を組合せて用いることもできる。好ましくは、ブルガリア菌である。また、コーデックス規格において、ヨーグルトスターターとして規格化されている等の観点から、ブルガリア菌とサーモフィラス菌の混合スターターを用いることもできる。
原料乳ミックスを発酵させる条件は、原料乳に添加される乳酸菌等の種類および添加量や、実際に得ようとする発酵乳の風味、食感および物性等を考慮して調整される。
例えば、原料乳ミックスを発酵させる温度(発酵温度)の下限は、好ましくは35℃以上であり、より好ましくは37℃以上である。そして、原料乳を発酵させる温度の上限は、好ましくは50℃以下であり、より好ましくは45℃以下である。特に好ましくは37~43℃である。なお、発酵温度が低いと得られる殺菌発酵乳の硬さが低下する傾向がある。このため、発酵温度を調整することで殺菌発酵乳の硬さを適宜調整することが可能である。
(a)脂肪分を0.1~6.5質量%、好ましくは0.5~6質量%、より好ましくは1~4質量%;無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%、好ましくは8.5~15.5質量%、より好ましくは8~15質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは5~13質量%、より好ましくは5~12質量%の割合で含有する原料乳ミックスを用いる場合:
発酵終了pH:4.5~5.4、好ましくは4.5~5.2、より好ましくは4.5~5.0。
(b)脂肪分を0.5質量%より多く4質量%以下、好ましくは1~3.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~10質量%、好ましくは7~9質量%の割合で含有する原料乳ミックスを用いる場合(ここで糖質は原料乳に由来する乳糖であり、これ以外の糖質(外添糖質)は含まれていないことが好ましい。):
発酵終了pH:3.8~4.5未満、好ましくは4.0~4.4。
(c)脂肪分を0.5質量%以下、好ましくは0.1~0.5質量%;無脂乳固形分を15~16質量%、好ましくは15質量%より多く16質量%未満;及び糖質を5~15質量%、好ましくは8~15質量%の割合で含有する原料乳ミックスを用いる場合:
発酵終了pH:3.8~4.5未満、好ましくは4.0~4.4。
(d)無脂乳固形分を15質量%以上、脂肪分を0.5質量%以下の割合で含有する原料乳ミックス。
(e)無脂乳固形分を15質量%以上、脂肪分を0.5質量%より多く4質量%以下の割合で含有し、原料乳由来の乳糖以外の糖質(外添糖質)を含まない原料乳ミックス。
なお、原料乳ミックスを発酵させる方法および設備には、任意の公知の方法および設備を用いることができる。
加熱工程は、前記の発酵工程において所定のpHに至った発酵乳を、容器に充填された状態で、加熱処理する工程である。
当該工程は、原料乳ミックスにスターターとして添加した乳酸菌を殺菌し、発酵が進まないようにするとともに、細菌を殺して食品としての衛生安全性や消費期限を確保するために実施される。
加熱処理条件は、この目的が達成できる方法及び条件であればよく、「加熱温度(品温)×加熱時間×圧力」で表される熱履歴が、「75℃×15分×常圧」と同等またはそれ以上になる加熱処理方法を用いることができる。なお、「75℃×15分×常圧」の熱履歴とは、常圧条件下で、品温が75℃に達温してからその温度条件下で15分間加熱処理されることを意味する。熱履歴が「75℃×15分×常圧」以上となる加熱処理方法としては、一例として、常圧条件下、85℃の熱湯に60分間浸漬処理する加熱処理が含まれる。なお、ここでいう常圧とは容器内の圧力が平常の圧力状態にあることを意味し、人為的に加圧又は減圧された圧力状態を含まない。
かかる加熱処理は、容器に充填された発酵乳を密封包装した後に実施してもよい。また、密封包装まえに容器ごと加熱処理した後、密封包装されてもよい。
なお、容器ごと発酵乳を加熱処理する方法および設備には、任意の公知の方法および設備を用いることができる。
本発明の製造方法で得られる殺菌発酵乳は、後述する実施例に記載するように、乳たんぱく質の凝集が抑制され、食感(ザラツキ感のなさ、口当たりのよさ)が良好である。このため、本発明の製造方法によれば、従来の問題を解消した固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳を提供することができる。
(原料)
クリーム:株式会社 明治製(乳脂肪47%)
牛乳(UHT殺菌済み、均質化済み):株式会社 明治製
脱脂粉乳:株式会社 明治製(無脂乳固形分96%、乳糖55%)
ハイヒート脱脂粉乳:株式会社 明治性(無脂乳固形分96%、乳糖55%)
分離ホエイたんぱく質(WPI):WPI895(ホエイたんぱく質93.5%)フォンテラ・ジャパン(株)
ゼラチン:ゼラチンM-200C(新田ゼラチン(株)製)
乳酸菌スターター:明治プロビオヨーグルトR-1((株)明治製)から分離したLactobacillus bulgaricus OLL1073R-1(1073R-1乳酸菌)
(1)実施例1
クリーム157g、脱脂粉乳231g、及び水2037gを混合して原料乳(外添糖質0%、安定剤0%)を調製した。この原料乳を70℃程度に加温した後に、ホモゲナイザーを用いて流速150L/hで均質化処理(100kg/cm2+50kg/cm2)をし、95℃で5分間加熱処理することで殺菌し、原料乳ミックスを調製した。得られた原料乳ミックスを43℃まで冷却し、乳酸菌スターターを3%の割合で添加(接種)した。次いで、カップ容器(容量:100g、プラスチック製)に充填し、発酵室(43℃)で4時間静置してpH4.6になるまで発酵させ、発酵後、冷蔵室(10℃以下)で冷却した。その後、カップ容器ごと、85℃の熱湯に1時間浸漬してから、氷冷水に30分浸漬して、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例1)を得た。
原料乳として、脱脂粉乳238g、砂糖150g、及び水2038gを混合して調製した組成物(脂肪分0%、安定剤0%)を使用した以外は、前記実施例1と同じ方法で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例2)を製造した。
原料乳として、クリーム157g、脱脂粉乳231g、砂糖150g、及び水1887gを混合して調製した組成物(脂肪分及び外添糖質あり、安定剤0%)を使用した以外は、前記実施例1と同じ方法で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例3)を製造した。
原料乳として、クリーム315g、脱脂粉乳223g、砂糖150g、及び水1738gを混合して調製した組成物(脂肪分及び外添糖質あり、安定剤0%)を使用した以外は、前記実施例1と同じ方法で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例4)を製造した。
原料乳として、クリーム154g、脱脂粉乳379g、砂糖150g、及び水1743gを混合して調製した組成物(脂肪分及び外添糖質あり、安定剤0%)を使用した以外は、前記実施例1と同じ方法で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例5)を製造した。
実施例3と同じ処方からなる原料乳(脂肪分及び外添糖質あり、安定剤0%)を用いて、均一化処理に使用する均一化圧、及び発酵処理に使用する温度として、表1に記載する条件を使用する以外は、実施例1に記載する方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例6~8)を得た。
実施例3と同じ処方からなる原料乳(脂肪分及び外添糖質あり、安定剤0%)を用いて、発酵終了pHとして、表1に記載する条件を使用する以外は、実施例1と同じ方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例9~12)を得た。
実施例1と同じ処方からなる原料乳(外添糖質0%、安定剤0%)を用いて、発酵終了pHとして、表1に記載する条件を使用する以外は、実施例1と同じ方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例13~14)を得た。
実施例1と同じ組成となるように、クリーム、脱脂粉乳に代えて牛乳(UHT殺菌済み、均質化済み)及びハイヒート脱脂粉乳、並びに水からなる原料乳(外添糖質0%、安定剤0%)を調製し、実施例1と同じ方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例15)を得た。
実施例1と同じ組成となるように、クリーム、脱脂粉乳に代えて牛乳(UHT殺菌済み、均質化済み)及びハイヒート脱脂粉乳、並びに水からなる原料乳(外添糖質0%、安定剤0%)を調製し、発酵温度として表1に記載する条件を使用する以外は、実施例15と同じ方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(実施例16)を得た。
実施例1と同じ処方からなる原料乳(外添糖質0%、安定剤0%)を用いて、発酵終了pHとして、表2に記載する条件を使用する以外は、実施例1と同じ方法及び条件で、固形状のセットタイプの殺菌発酵乳(比較例1~6)を得た。
前述する製造例において製造した実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳について、カードテンション(硬度)、撹拌後粒径、遠心離水、及び食感(滑らかさ)を、下記の方法を用いて評価した。
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳の各々について、前記製造工程で85℃の熱湯に1時間浸漬後、氷冷水に30分間浸漬して品温を5℃に調整した後に、カードメーターMAX ME-500(アイテクノエンジニアリング社製)を用いて、カードテンション(硬度)を測定した。
具体的には、100gの錘を付けたヨーグルトナイフを被験試料(殺菌発酵乳)の天面に静置し、被験試料を継続的に上昇させて、2g/秒程度で加重しながら、この加重の経過時間に合わせて、この加重の測定値を曲線で描写した。このとき、加重の経過時間(秒)を縦軸、加重の測定値を横軸とし、縦軸の10gと横軸の4秒を同じ距離として描写した。被験試料が破断に至った場合、被験試料の天面からヨーグルトナイフが侵入することで、この時間-加重曲線に変曲点(破断点)が生じる。この破断に至るまでの加重をカードテンション(g)とした。
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳の各々について、前記製造工程でカップ容器ごと85℃の熱湯に1時間浸漬後、氷冷水に30分間浸漬して品温を5℃に調整した後に、下記に記載する撹拌処理に供し、得られた撹拌処理物について、レーザ回折式粒度分布測定装SALD-2200(島津製作所社製)を用いて、粒径を測定した。
各殺菌発酵乳(被験試料)500gを、円柱形ステンレスバット(底面積123cm2)に入れて、撹拌機(スリーワンモーターFBLh1200M:新東科学社製)(パドル形状:T字型、パドル半径:6cm)を用いて、室温(25℃)環境下で、回転数150rpmで1分間撹拌処理した。
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳の各々について、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置SALD-2200(島津製作所製)を用いて、殺菌発酵乳の平均粒径および標準偏差を測定した。具体的には、殺菌発酵乳をイオン交換水で希釈し、この回折・散乱の光強度の分布の最大値が35~75%になるように調整した。そして、粒度分布測定装置用のソフトウェアWingSALD IIを用いて、この光強度の分布を解析し、平均粒径±標準偏差を求めた。
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳の各々について、前記製造工程でカップ容器ごと85℃の熱湯に1時間浸漬後、氷冷水に30分間浸漬して品温を5℃に調整した後に、下記に記載する遠心処理に供し、得られた遠心処理物について、下記の測定方法によりおり離水量(%)を算出した。
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳(品温5℃)の各々について、40gを遠沈管に計りとり、3000rpm、5℃、10分の条件で遠心分離機LCX-100(TOMY社製)を用いて遠心分離する。
遠心後、得られた遠心処理物について、上層に分離した液体の重量を測定し、以下の数式にて離水量(%)を算出した。
離水量(%)=分離した液体の重量(g)÷40(g)×100
実施例1~16、及び比較例1~6の殺菌発酵乳の各々について、前記製造工程で85℃の熱湯に1時間浸漬後、氷冷水に30分間浸漬して品温を5℃に調整した後に、専門パネル5名に食べてもらい、食感(滑らかさ)を評価してもらった。
なお、専門パネルは、発酵乳の開発研究に携わり、日常的に固形状のセットタイプの発酵乳の食感を評価している専門家である。各専門パネルに、1回あたり各殺菌発酵乳10gを口に入れてもらい、口当たりと舌で感じるザラツキ感の有無を指標として、滑らかさを評価してもらった。口当たりの良し悪しは、口に入れ、舌で触ったときに、トロっと崩れる感覚が感じられる場合を「口当たり良好」と評価し、口に入れ、舌で触っても粒が残る場合を「口当たり不良」と評価した。
[総合評価]
〇:3回の試食を通して、全般的に口当たりが良好で、且つザラツキ感を感じない(食感が滑らか)。
△:3回の試食を通して、全般的に口当たりが良好であるものの、ややザラツキ感を感じる。
×:3回の試食を通して、口当たりに関わらず、全般的に明確なザラツキ感を感じる、又はザラツキ感は感じないものの、口当たりが不良である。
また、実施例1~16と比較例1~6の食感(〇、×)を、カードテンション(g)を横軸に、撹拌後粒径(μm)を縦軸にしたグラフにスポットしたグラフを、図1に示す。
Y ≦ -0.82X + 183
Claims (8)
- カードテンション(X)及び撹拌後粒径(Y)が下記の条件を満たすことを特徴とする、セットタイプの殺菌発酵乳:
カードテンション(X):20g~220g、
撹拌後粒径(Y):166.5μm~2.5μm、
Y ≦ -0.82X + 183。 - カードテンション(X)が35g以上である、請求項1に記載する殺菌発酵乳。
- 脂肪分を6質量%以下、及び無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%の割合で含有し、pHが3.8~5.4である、請求項1又は2に記載する殺菌発酵乳:
但し、無脂乳固形分が15質量%以上であり、且つ脂肪分の含有量が0.5質量%以下である殺菌発酵乳、又は無脂乳固形分が15質量%以上であり、且つ外添糖質を含まない殺菌発酵乳のpHは、3.8~4.5である。 - 糖質含有量が15質量%以下である、請求項3に記載する殺菌発酵乳。
- 乳酸菌を添加した原料乳ミックスを、容器中でpHが3.8~5.4になるまで、37~43℃で発酵させる工程、及び
得られた発酵乳を、容器ごと、加熱処理する工程
を有する、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載する殺菌発酵乳の製造方法。 - 前記原料乳ミックスは、乳酸菌の添加前に、均質化処理、及び殺菌処理がされてなるものである、請求項5に記載する製造方法。
- 前記原料乳ミックスは、脂肪分を6質量%以下、及び無脂乳固形分を8~16質量%の割合で含有するものである、請求項5又は6に記載する製造方法:
但し、原料乳ミックスが、無脂乳固形分の含量が15質量%以上であり、且つ脂肪分の含有量が0.5質量%以下であるか、又は無脂乳固形分の含量が15質量%以上であり、且つ外添糖質を含まないものである場合は、pHが3.8~4.5になるまで発酵する。 - 前記原料乳ミックスは、糖質を15質量%以下の割合で含有するものである、請求項7に記載する製造方法。
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61132140A (ja) * | 1984-12-01 | 1986-06-19 | Morinaga Milk Ind Co Ltd | 殺菌ヨ−グルトの製造法 |
| JP2017169477A (ja) * | 2016-03-23 | 2017-09-28 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 発酵乳の製造方法 |
| WO2018041869A1 (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-03-08 | Chr. Hansen A/S | Process for producing a heat-treated fermented milk product |
| WO2019189551A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | 株式会社明治 | 殺菌発酵乳の製造方法 |
| CN112889917A (zh) * | 2021-02-07 | 2021-06-04 | 厦门欧凯科技有限公司 | 一种常温凝固型酸奶稳定剂、常温凝固型酸奶及其制备方法 |
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- 2023-09-13 CN CN202380065555.1A patent/CN119855499A/zh active Pending
- 2023-09-13 WO PCT/JP2023/033459 patent/WO2024058229A1/ja not_active Ceased
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Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61132140A (ja) * | 1984-12-01 | 1986-06-19 | Morinaga Milk Ind Co Ltd | 殺菌ヨ−グルトの製造法 |
| JP2017169477A (ja) * | 2016-03-23 | 2017-09-28 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 発酵乳の製造方法 |
| WO2018041869A1 (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-03-08 | Chr. Hansen A/S | Process for producing a heat-treated fermented milk product |
| WO2019189551A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | 株式会社明治 | 殺菌発酵乳の製造方法 |
| CN112889917A (zh) * | 2021-02-07 | 2021-06-04 | 厦门欧凯科技有限公司 | 一种常温凝固型酸奶稳定剂、常温凝固型酸奶及其制备方法 |
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