WO2023008300A1 - 絶縁体およびスパークプラグ - Google Patents
絶縁体およびスパークプラグ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023008300A1 WO2023008300A1 PCT/JP2022/028314 JP2022028314W WO2023008300A1 WO 2023008300 A1 WO2023008300 A1 WO 2023008300A1 JP 2022028314 W JP2022028314 W JP 2022028314W WO 2023008300 A1 WO2023008300 A1 WO 2023008300A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
- H01T13/38—Selection of materials for insulation
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
- C04B35/117—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/58—Testing
- H01T13/60—Testing of electrical properties
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3206—Magnesium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3215—Barium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3224—Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide
- C04B2235/3227—Lanthanum oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3418—Silicon oxide, silicic acids or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. silica sol, fused silica, silica fume, cristobalite, quartz or flint
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- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
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- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
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- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6567—Treatment time
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a spark plug insulator used in an internal combustion engine, and a spark plug provided with this insulator.
- Spark plugs are used as ignition means for internal combustion engines such as automobile engines.
- a spark plug consists mainly of a shaft-shaped center electrode, an insulator extending axially and holding the center electrode at its tip, a cylindrical metal shell holding the insulator inside, and a metal shell joined to the metal shell. and a ground electrode.
- An insulator used in a spark plug is made of, for example, an alumina sintered body containing alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) as a main component. Heat resistance, mechanical strength, and the like can be improved by forming the insulator from an alumina sintered body.
- the alumina sintered body contains a sintering aid for the purpose of reducing the firing temperature and improving the sinterability.
- Components contained in the sintering aid include, for example, a silicon (Si) component, a barium (Ba) component, a magnesium (Mg) component, a calcium (Ca) component, and the like.
- a silicon (Si) component a barium (Ba) component
- a magnesium (Mg) component a calcium (Ca) component
- auxiliary component includes, for example, a silicon (Si) component, a barium (Ba) component, a magnesium (Mg) component, a calcium (Ca) component, and the like.
- oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), barium oxide (BaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).
- an insulator that constitutes a spark plug must contain a rare earth element (RE) component, a Si component, and Mg and Ba among Group 2 elements of the periodic table based on the IUPAC 1990 recommendation. and a group 2 element (2A) component containing at least one element other than Mg and Ba, and the rare earth element (RE) component is dispersed so as to satisfy predetermined conditions, 95.0% It is disclosed that it is formed of an alumina-based sintered body having the above theoretical density ratio.
- RE rare earth element
- the spark plug may be exposed to a higher temperature environment (for example, about 900° C.) than the conventional one. Assuming that the spark plug is placed in such a high-temperature environment, there is a possibility that a spark plug having sufficient withstand voltage performance cannot be obtained unless the insulation performance of the insulator is further improved.
- This insulator contains alumina as a main component and further contains subcomponents, the subcomponents being a silicon (Si) component, a magnesium (Mg) component, a barium (Ba) component, a calcium (Ca) component, and a rare earth component, and the content ratio (% by mass) of the subcomponents relative to the total mass when these components are converted to oxides satisfies the following relational expressions (1) to (5).
- the content ratio (% by mass) of the alumina with respect to the total mass of the insulator is in the range of 91.0% by mass or more and 97.0% by mass or less. good.
- the withstand voltage performance of the insulator can be further improved.
- the content ratio (% by mass) of the secondary component with respect to the total mass when the Ba component and the rare earth component are converted to oxides are further described in the following (a) and The relational expression (b) may be satisfied.
- the withstand voltage performance of the insulator can be further improved.
- the content ratio (% by mass) of the secondary component with respect to the total mass when the Ba component and the rare earth component are converted to oxides are further defined by the following (A) and The relational expression (B) may be satisfied.
- the withstand voltage performance of the insulator can be further improved.
- the rare earth component may be a lanthanum (La) component.
- the withstand voltage performance of the insulator can be further improved.
- This spark plug includes an insulator according to one aspect of the present disclosure, a metal shell having a tubular shape and accommodating at least part of the insulator therein, and a tip end of the insulator.
- a center electrode is provided, and a ground electrode is joined to the metal shell and forms a gap with the center electrode.
- FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the appearance and internal configuration of a spark plug according to one embodiment
- FIG. It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the withstand voltage measuring apparatus used for the high temperature withstand voltage test of a present Example.
- 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the test piece used in the high-temperature withstand voltage test.
- the spark plug 1 will be described as an example. Also, in this embodiment, a method for manufacturing the insulator 50 that constitutes the spark plug 1 will be described.
- the spark plug 1 has an insulator 50 and a metal shell 30 .
- the insulator 50 is a substantially cylindrical member extending in the longitudinal direction of the spark plug 1 .
- a shaft hole 50 a extending along the axis O is formed in the insulator 50 .
- the insulator 50 is made of a material with excellent insulation, heat resistance, and thermal conductivity.
- the insulator 50 is made of alumina-based ceramic or the like.
- a center electrode 20 is provided at the tip portion 51 of the insulator 50 .
- the side on which the center electrode 20 is provided is the front end side of the spark plug 1 or the insulator 50, and the other end side is the rear end side.
- the lower side of the drawing is the leading end side
- the upper side of the drawing is the rear end side.
- a terminal fitting 53 is attached to the other end (that is, rear end) of the insulator 50 .
- a conductive glass seal 55 is provided between the center electrode 20 and the terminal fitting 53 .
- the center electrode 20 is held through the shaft hole 50 a of the insulator 50 with its tip protruding from the tip 51 of the insulator 50 .
- the center electrode 20 has an electrode base material 21 and a core material 22 .
- the electrode base material 21 is made of, for example, a metal material such as a Ni-based alloy containing Ni (nickel) as a main component. Al (aluminum) etc. are mentioned as an alloying element added to a Ni-based alloy.
- the core material 22 is embedded inside the electrode base material 21 .
- the core material 22 can be formed of a metal material (for example, Cu (copper) or a Cu alloy) that is superior in thermal conductivity to the electrode base material. Electrode base material 21 and core material 22 are integrated by forging. Note that this configuration is an example, and the core member 22 may not be provided. That is, the center electrode 20 may be formed only of the electrode base material.
- the metal shell 30 is a substantially cylindrical member fixed to a screw hole of the internal combustion engine.
- the metal shell 30 is provided so as to partially cover the insulator 50 .
- the gap between the metal shell 30 and the insulator 50 on the rear end side is filled with talc 61 .
- the metal shell 30 is made of a conductive metal material. Examples of such metal materials include low-carbon steel, metal materials containing iron as a main component, and the like.
- the metal shell 30 mainly includes a caulking portion 31, a tool engaging portion 32, a curved portion 33, a seat portion 34, a body portion 36, and the like, in order from the rear end side.
- the tool engaging portion 32 is a portion with which a tool such as a wrench is engaged when attaching the metal shell 30 to the screw hole of the internal combustion engine.
- a caulking portion 31 is formed on the rear end side of the tool engaging portion 32 .
- the caulking portion 31 is bent radially inward toward the rear end side.
- the seat portion 34 is positioned between the tool engaging portion 32 and the body portion 36, and an annular gasket is arranged on the tip side thereof. With the spark plug 1 attached to the internal combustion engine, the seat 34 presses the annular gasket against the engine head (not shown).
- a thin curved portion 33 is formed between the tool engaging portion 32 and the seat portion 34 .
- the trunk portion 36 is located on the tip portion 51 side of the insulator 50 .
- the ground electrode 11 is attached to the tip portion side of the metal shell 30 (the side where the trunk portion 36 is located).
- the ground electrode 11 is joined to the metal shell 30 by welding or the like.
- the ground electrode 11 is a plate-like body bent into a substantially L shape as a whole, and its base end side is joined and fixed to the front end surface of the metal shell 30 .
- the tip of the ground electrode 11 extends to a position through which an imaginary extension line of the axis O of the insulator 50 passes.
- a noble metal tip (not shown) facing the front end surface of the center electrode 20 is welded to the surface on the side of the center electrode 20 in the vicinity of the front end portion of the ground electrode 11 .
- the tip of the ground electrode 11 is arranged to face the tip of the center electrode 20, and the tip of the ground electrode 11 (specifically, the noble metal tip welded to the ground electrode 11) and the center electrode are separated. A gap is formed in which a spark discharge occurs between the tip of 20 .
- the ground electrode 11 is formed using, for example, a metal material such as a Ni-based alloy containing Ni (nickel) as a main component as an electrode base material.
- a metal material such as a Ni-based alloy containing Ni (nickel) as a main component as an electrode base material.
- Al (aluminum) etc. are mentioned as an alloying element added to a Ni-based alloy.
- the ground electrode 11 may contain at least one element selected from Mn (manganese), Cr (chromium), Al (aluminum), and Ti (titanium) as a component other than Ni.
- the insulator 50 is made of an alumina sintered body containing alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) as a main component.
- the alumina sintered body forming the insulator 50 contains alumina as a main component.
- containing alumina as a main component means that among various compounds contained in the insulator 50, the content of alumina is the largest.
- most of the Al component exists as alumina crystals. Therefore, the fact that the alumina content in the insulator 50 is the highest is, for example, the sum of the elements detected when the alumina sintered body forming the insulator 50 is subjected to fluorescent X-ray analysis and converted to oxide. This can be confirmed by the fact that the mass ratio of the Al component to the mass in terms of oxide is the largest.
- part of the Al component may exist in crystals other than alumina.
- the content ratio (mass %) of alumina ( Al2O3 ), which is the main component, is 91.5 % with respect to the total mass of the insulator. It is preferably in the range of 0% by mass or more and 97.0% by mass or less.
- the content ratio of alumina to the total mass of the insulator is obtained by, for example, polishing an arbitrary cut surface of an alumina sintered body obtained by cutting the insulator 50 perpendicularly to the axis O, and polishing the polished surface. It can be calculated as the mass ratio of the Al component in terms of oxide to the total mass of elements detected in X-ray analysis in terms of oxide.
- the withstand voltage performance and mechanical strength can be further improved. If the content of alumina exceeds 97.0% by mass, the sinterability may deteriorate and sufficient withstand voltage performance may not be obtained. Further, if the content of alumina is less than 91.0% by mass, the proportion of the glass phase relatively increases. path increases, there is a risk that sufficient withstand voltage performance cannot be obtained.
- the alumina contained in the insulator 50 is derived from alumina powder or the like added to the raw material of the alumina sintered body.
- the alumina sintered body forming the insulator 50 further contains subcomponents in addition to alumina.
- the subcomponents are mainly derived from sintering aids for reducing the firing temperature and improving the sinterability. That is, subcomponents include auxiliary components.
- the subcomponents include silicon (Si) component, magnesium (Mg) component, barium (Ba) component, calcium (Ca) component, rare earth component, and the like.
- the content ratio R (% by mass) of the subcomponents to the total mass when these components are converted to oxides satisfies the following relational expressions (1) to (5).
- the above content ratio R is the amount of each element (Si, Mg, Ba, Ca , rare earth elements) is the mass ratio (% by mass) when the detected value is converted to oxide.
- the Si component exists in the alumina sintered body in the form of oxides, ions, and the like. Since the Si component melts during sintering and usually produces a liquid phase, it functions as a sintering aid that promotes densification of the alumina sintered body.
- the Si component exists as a glass phase after sintering, or as crystals other than alumina together with other elements such as Al.
- oxides of Si component examples include SiO 2 . Therefore, the content ratio R SiO2 (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of subcomponents when the Si component is converted to oxide is: (mass of Si component content converted to SiO2 ) / (each subcomponent converted to oxide It can also be said that it is the total mass when
- the Si component contained in the insulator 50 is derived from SiO 2 powder or the like contained in the raw materials when manufacturing the alumina sintered body.
- the Mg component, Ba component, and Ca component exist in the alumina sintered body in the form of oxides, ions, and the like. Each of these components melts during sintering and usually produces a liquid phase, and functions as a sintering aid that promotes densification of the alumina sintered body. Each of these components exists as a glass phase after sintering, or as crystals other than alumina together with other elements such as Al.
- MgO is an example of an oxide of the Mg component. Therefore, the content ratio R MgO (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of the subcomponents when the Mg component is converted to oxide is (mass of Mg component converted to MgO)/(each subcomponent converted to oxide It can also be said that it is the total mass of time).
- the Mg component contained in the insulator 50 originates from MgCO 3 powder, MgO powder, etc. contained in raw materials for manufacturing the alumina sintered body.
- the Ba component oxide is BaO. Therefore, the content ratio R BaO (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of the subcomponents when the Ba component is converted to oxide is: (mass of Ba component content converted to BaO) / (each subcomponent converted to oxide It can also be said that it is the total mass of time).
- the Ba component contained in the insulator 50 is derived from BaCO 3 powder, BaO powder, etc. contained in raw materials for manufacturing the alumina sintered body.
- Ca component oxides include, for example, CaO. Therefore, the content ratio R CaO (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of the subcomponents when the Ca component is converted to oxide is: (mass when the content of Ca component is converted to CaO) / (each subcomponent is converted to oxide It can also be said that it is the total mass of time).
- the Ca component contained in the insulator 50 is derived from CaCO3 powder, CaO powder, etc. contained in the raw materials for manufacturing the alumina sintered body.
- a strontium (Sr) component may be included instead of the Ca component.
- SrO is an example of an oxide of Sr component. Therefore, when the Sr component is converted to an oxide, the content ratio R SrO (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of the subcomponents is (mass of the content of the Sr component converted to SrO)/(each subcomponent converted to an oxide) It can also be said that it is the total mass of time).
- Rare earth elements exist in the alumina sintered body in the form of oxides, ions, and the like.
- the rare earth component suppresses excessive grain growth of alumina during sintering, and together with the Si component forms a rare earth glass (for example, La—Si glass) at the grain boundary to form a grain boundary glass phase. It can raise the melting point. Thereby, the withstand voltage characteristic of the obtained insulator 50 can be improved.
- rare earth elements contained in rare earth components include lanthanoid elements, scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y).
- Lanthanide elements include, for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb ), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu).
- the rare earth component includes one or more of these rare earth elements.
- the insulator 50 preferably contains a lanthanum (La) component among the rare earth components containing the above rare earth elements.
- the La component produces crystals such as LaAl 11 O 18 together with Al during sintering, thereby suppressing excessive grain growth of alumina and improving mechanical strength.
- La component oxides examples include La 2 O 3 . Therefore, the content ratio R La2O3 (% by mass) with respect to the total mass of the subcomponents when the La component is converted to oxide is given by (the mass obtained by converting the content of the La component into La 2 O 3 )/(each subcomponent is oxidized It can also be said that it is the total mass when converted to the object).
- the La component contained in the insulator 50 is derived from La(OH) 3 powder, La 2 O 3 powder, or the like contained in raw materials for manufacturing the alumina sintered body.
- the insulator 50 contains alumina as its main component. Further, the insulator 50 contains, as subcomponents, a silicon (Si) component, a magnesium (Mg) component, a barium (Ba) component, a calcium (Ca) component, and a rare earth component in the above content ratios. .
- the spark plug 1 manufactured using such an insulator 50 can maintain withstand voltage performance at high temperatures for a long period of time.
- the content ratio R SiO2 of the Si component in the subcomponent is 15.5 (mass %) or more, it is possible to suppress deterioration of the sinterability of the alumina sintered body.
- the content ratio R SiO2 of the Si component in the auxiliary component is 55.1 (mass%) or less, the grain boundary glass phase in the alumina sintered body increases and the performance of the insulator deteriorates. can be suppressed.
- the content ratio R MgO of the Mg component in the subcomponents is 0.6 (mass %) or more, it is possible to suppress deterioration in performance of the insulator due to abnormal grain growth of alumina. In addition, since the content ratio R MgO of the Mg component in the subcomponent is 7.4 (mass %) or less, it is possible to suppress deterioration in performance of the insulator.
- the content ratio R BaO of the Ba component in the subcomponent is 26.7 (mass %) or more, deterioration of the performance of the insulator can be suppressed. Moreover, since the content ratio R BaO of the Ba component in the subcomponent is 68.5 (mass %) or less, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the sinterability of the alumina sintered body.
- the content ratio R 2 CaO of the Ca component in the subcomponent is 1.1 (mass %) or more, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the sinterability of the alumina sintered body. Moreover, since the content ratio R 2 CaO of the Ca component in the subcomponent is 32.4 (mass %) or less, it is possible to suppress deterioration in performance of the insulator.
- the content ratio R REE of the rare earth component in the subcomponents is 11.4 (mass %) or more, it is possible to suppress deterioration of the performance of the insulator.
- the content ratio R REE of the rare earth component in the accessory component is 46.5 (mass %) or less, it is possible to suppress deterioration of the sinterability of the alumina sintered body.
- the Ba component content R BaO and the rare earth component content R REE in the subcomponents are as follows. (a) 29.1 ⁇ (R BaO ) ⁇ 52.5 (b) 12.4 ⁇ (R REE ) ⁇ 41.5 According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the withstand voltage performance of the insulator 50 at high temperatures, as shown in Examples described later.
- the content ratios of the Si component, Mg component, and Ca component in the subcomponents can be, for example, as follows (Table 1). (c) 21.0 ⁇ (R SiO2 ) ⁇ 43.6 (d) 1.7 ⁇ (R MgO ) ⁇ 2.3 (e) 1.1 ⁇ (R CaO ) ⁇ 15.5
- the Ba component content R BaO and the rare earth component content R REE in the subcomponents are as follows. (A) 30.6 ⁇ (R BaO ) ⁇ 35.3 (B) 17.4 ⁇ (R REE ) ⁇ 29.7 According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the withstand voltage performance of the insulator 50 at high temperatures, as shown in Examples described later.
- the content ratios of the Si component, Mg component, and Ca component in the subcomponents can be, for example, as follows (Table 1). (C) 29.9 ⁇ (R SiO2 ) ⁇ 42.3 (D) 1.9 ⁇ (R MgO ) ⁇ 2.3 (E) 1.1 ⁇ (R CaO ) ⁇ 8.4
- the insulator 50 may contain components other than alumina and the above subcomponents.
- Such components include, for example, components derived from unavoidable impurities such as sodium (Na) components.
- raw material powder that is the raw material of the insulator 50 is prepared.
- raw material powders include alumina powder, Si compound powder, Mg compound powder, Ba compound powder, Ca compound powder, and rare earth element compound powder.
- Alumina powder may contain unavoidable impurities (such as Na), so it is preferable to use high-purity alumina powder.
- the purity of alumina powder is preferably 99.5% or higher.
- the alumina powder it is preferable to use, for example, a powder having an average particle size within the range of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less. Thereby, a dense alumina sintered body can be obtained.
- the Si compound powder is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted to a Si component by firing.
- Examples include Si oxides (including composite oxides), hydroxides, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates and various inorganic powders such as phosphate.
- SiO2 powder and the like can be mentioned.
- the amount used is determined in terms of mass % of oxide when converted to oxide.
- the purity and average particle size of the Si compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- the Mg compound powder is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted to a Mg component by firing.
- Mg oxides including composite oxides
- hydroxides carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates
- various inorganic powders such as phosphate.
- MgO powder, MgCO3 powder, etc. can be mentioned.
- the amount used is determined in terms of mass % in terms of oxide.
- the purity and average particle size of the Mg compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- the Ba compound powder is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted to a Ba component by firing. and various inorganic powders such as phosphate. Specifically, BaO powder, BaCO3 powder , etc. can be mentioned. When a powder other than an oxide is used as the Ba compound powder, the amount used is determined in terms of mass % of oxide when converted to oxide. The purity and average particle size of the Ba compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- the Ca compound powder is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted to a Ca component by firing.
- Examples include Ca oxides (including composite oxides), hydroxides, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and various inorganic powders such as phosphate.
- CaO powder, CaCO3 powder, etc. can be mentioned.
- the amount used is determined in terms of oxide-equivalent mass % when converted to oxide.
- the purity and average particle size of the Ca compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- the rare earth element compound powder is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted into a rare earth component by firing.
- Examples include rare earth element oxides (including composite oxides), hydroxides, carbonates, chlorides and sulfates. , nitrates, and phosphates.
- La 2 O 3 powder, Y 2 O 3 powder, Nd 2 O 3 powder, Yb 2 O 3 powder and the like can be mentioned.
- the amount used is determined in terms of mass % of oxide when converted to oxide.
- the purity and average particle size of the rare earth element compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- the La compound powder which is an example of the rare earth element compound powder, is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted into an La component by firing. , chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates. Specifically , La2O3 powder etc. can be mentioned. When a powder other than an oxide is used as the La compound powder, the amount used is determined in terms of mass % of oxide when converted to oxide. The purity and average particle size of the La compound powder are basically the same as those of the alumina powder.
- a hydrophilic binder for example, is added to the solvent as a binder.
- a raw material powder and a binder are mixed in a solvent to obtain a raw material slurry.
- the mixing ratio of each powder can be set to be the same as the content ratio of each component in the alumina sintered body forming the insulator 50, for example. This mixing is preferably carried out for, for example, 8 hours or longer so that the raw material powders are uniformly mixed and the resulting sintered body can be highly densified.
- Examples of the solvent used here include water and alcohol.
- Examples of hydrophilic binders used here include polyvinyl alcohol, water-soluble acrylic resins, gum arabic, and dextrin. One of these hydrophilic binders and solvents may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
- the hydrophilic binder and the solvent are used in an amount of 0.1 to 5.0 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 3.0 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the raw material powder.
- water is used as the solvent, it is 40 to 120 parts by weight, preferably 50 to 100 parts by weight.
- this raw material slurry is spray-dried by a spray drying method or the like to be granulated to have an average particle size of 50 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 70 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the granules are press-molded by, for example, a rubber press or a mold press.
- a rubber press or a mold press As a result, for example, an unfired compact of the insulator 50 having a shape as shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.
- the unsintered compact thus obtained is trimmed in shape by grinding its outer surface.
- the unfired compact that has been ground and shaped into the desired shape is fired.
- the firing temperature can be, for example, within the range of 1400-1700°C, preferably within the range of 1500-1650°C.
- the temperature is raised from room temperature to a predetermined sintering temperature in an air atmosphere at a temperature elevation rate of 5 to 15° C./min, for example.
- the sintering is performed at this sintering temperature for, for example, 1 to 15 hours, preferably 3 to 12 hours. Thereafter, the temperature is lowered from this firing temperature to room temperature, for example, at a rate of 3 to 20° C./min. Thereby, an alumina sintered body is obtained.
- the heating rate By setting the heating rate to 5 to 15° C./min, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of cracks due to the volatilization of the organic components in the unfired molded body. strength can be ensured.
- the firing temperature When the firing temperature is within the range of 1400 to 1700 ° C., it has good sinterability even if it contains a relatively large amount of Ba component, and since abnormal grain growth of the alumina component is difficult to occur, dense alumina A sintered body can be obtained. Further, when the firing time is 1 to 15 hours, abnormal grain growth of the alumina component is unlikely to occur, and the sintered body is easily sufficiently densified. Further, when the temperature drop rate is 3 to 20° C./min, alumina crystals and Ba component-containing crystals having desired particle sizes are easily formed.
- the spark plug can be used in an environment exposed to a high temperature of, for example, about 900°C. is used, an alumina sintered body having sufficient withstand voltage performance can be obtained.
- an insulator 50 made of an alumina sintered body is obtained.
- This insulator 50 is used as one of the parts when manufacturing the spark plug 1 . Since a conventionally known manufacturing method can be applied to manufacturing the spark plug 1 having the insulator 50, detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the spark plug 1 includes the tubular insulator 50 .
- This insulator contains alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) as a main component and further contains subcomponents.
- Subcomponents include a silicon (Si) component, a magnesium (Mg) component, a barium (Ba) component, a calcium (Ca) component, and a rare earth component.
- the content ratio (% by mass) of the subcomponents relative to the total mass when these components are converted to oxides satisfies the following relational expressions (1) to (5).
- An insulator in which the content ratio of each component in the subcomponents satisfies the above conditions, for example, even when used in a high temperature environment of about 900 ° C., the voltage value (kV/mm) at the time of dielectric breakdown occurs. is 45 or higher, which is a sufficient withstand voltage performance. That is, since the spark plug 1 according to the present embodiment includes the insulator 50 having excellent insulation performance, it has sufficient withstand voltage performance even when the temperature inside the combustion chamber is maintained at a high temperature of about 900°C. can have Therefore, it is possible to obtain a spark plug that does not cause any problem in terms of performance even when the temperature in the combustion chamber is maintained at a higher temperature in order to increase the output of the internal combustion engine and improve the fuel efficiency.
- a test piece of an insulator was prepared for use in a high-temperature withstand voltage test.
- Alumina powder, SiO 2 powder, MgCO 3 powder, BaCO 3 powder, CaCO 3 powder, and La(OH) 3 powder were mixed in a predetermined ratio to obtain a raw material powder.
- Water as a solvent and a hydrophilic binder were added to this raw material powder to prepare a raw material slurry.
- raw material slurries were prepared by using a powder containing a Y component, a powder containing a Nd component, and a powder containing a Yb component as raw material powders.
- a raw material slurry was prepared using a powder containing an Sr component as a raw material powder.
- the obtained raw material slurry was spray-dried by a spray-drying method to granulate a powder having an average particle size of about 100 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is a value measured by a laser diffraction method using a Microtrac particle size distribution analyzer (MT-3000) (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- This powder was press-molded to form a disk-shaped unfired compact with a depressed center, which is the original shape of the insulator test piece 70 (see the dashed line frame in FIG. 2).
- the outer thickness (t1) was 1 mm
- the recessed portion thickness (t2) was 0.2 mm.
- This unfired compact was heated from room temperature to a sintering temperature of 1500°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min in an air atmosphere, and held at this sintering temperature for 10 hours. After that, the temperature was lowered at a rate of 3 to 20° C./min to room temperature. Thus, an insulator test piece 70 made of an alumina sintered body was obtained.
- test pieces 70 a plurality of insulator test pieces 70 (hereinafter also simply referred to as test pieces 70) having different blending ratios of various powders contained in the raw material powder were produced.
- Each test piece 70 is an example (No. 1 to No. 30 and No. 49 to No. 60), a comparative example (No. 31 to No. 47), and a reference example (No. 61 and No. 62 )are categorized.
- Table 1 shows the compounding ratios (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P La2O3 ) of the test pieces 70 of Examples (No. 1 to No. 30).
- Table 2 shows the compounding ratios (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P La2O3 ) of the respective test pieces 70 of the comparative examples (No. 31 to No. 47).
- Table 3 shows examples (No. 49 to No. 60) of test pieces 70 produced using raw material slurries using powders containing Y component, powder containing Nd component, and powder containing Yb component as raw material powders.
- P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P Y2O3 or P Nd2O3 or P Yb2O3 P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P Y2O3 or P Nd2O3 or P Yb2O3 ).
- Table 4 shows the compounding ratios of various powders (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P SrO , P La2O3 ).
- the mixing ratio shown in each table was calculated using the measurement method described later.
- test pieces 70 Using each of these test pieces 70, the test described later was performed.
- the content ratios P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P La2O3 (or P Y2O3 or P Nd2O3 ) of the Si component, Mg component, Ba component, Ca component, and rare earth component when converted to oxides, respectively or P Yb2O3 ) were determined respectively.
- Table 1 shows the numbers corresponding to Examples among the plurality of test pieces produced. 1 to No. 30, the blending ratio of each component (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P La2O3 ) is shown.
- Table 2 shows No. 1 corresponding to the comparative example among the plurality of prepared test pieces. 31 to No. 47, the blending ratio of each component (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P La2O3 ) is shown.
- Table 3 shows the number corresponding to the example among the plurality of test pieces produced. 49 to No.
- the blending ratio of each component (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P CaO , P Y2O3 (or P Nd2O3 or P Yb2O3 )) is shown.
- Table 4 shows No. 1, which corresponds to the reference example, among the plurality of prepared test pieces.
- the blending ratio of each component (P Al2O3 , P SiO2 , P MgO , P BaO , P SrO , P La2O3 ) is shown.
- the ratio (wt%) of each component shown in Tables 1 to 4 excluding the main component alumina is used as the total auxiliary agent, and the ratio (wt%) of each component when the total auxiliary agent is 100% ) was calculated.
- the ratio of each component calculated here corresponds to the content ratio with respect to the total mass of subcomponents when each component contained in the auxiliary agent is converted to oxide.
- Table 1 shows the numbers corresponding to Examples among the plurality of test pieces produced. 1 to No. 30, the content ratio of each subcomponent (R SiO2 , R MgO , R BaO , R CaO , R La2O3 ) is shown.
- Table 2 shows No. 1 corresponding to the comparative example among the plurality of prepared test pieces. 31 to No. 47, the content ratio of each subcomponent (R SiO2 , R MgO , R BaO , R CaO , R La2O3 ) is shown.
- Table 3 shows the number corresponding to the example among the plurality of test pieces produced. 49 to No. 60, the content ratio of each subcomponent (R SiO2 , R MgO , R BaO , R CaO , R Y2O3 (or R Nd2O3 or R Yb2O3 )) is shown.
- the withstand voltage measuring device 100 mainly includes a heating box 120, electrodes 123a and 123b, alumina insulator cylinders 124a and 124b, a heater 126, a high voltage generator (CDI power source) 127, and the like.
- the test piece 70 was sandwiched between the electrode 123a connected to the high voltage generator 127 and the grounded electrode 123b. In this state, the inside of the heating box 120 was heated by the heater 126 so that the temperature inside the box was 900.degree. Then, a voltage was applied between the electrodes 123a and 123b, and the voltage was gradually increased. The rate of voltage increase was set to 0.5 kV/s.
- the applied voltage was increased as described above, and the voltage value (kV/mm) was measured when dielectric breakdown occurred in the test piece 70, that is, when the test piece 70 penetrated and the voltage could not be increased.
- the voltage value at this time was evaluated as the voltage value at the occurrence of dielectric breakdown.
- Tables 1 to 4 show evaluation results of this withstand voltage test.
- test pieces 70 corresponding to the examples gave good results in the withstand voltage test. rice field. That is, for any test piece 70, the voltage value (kV/mm) at the occurrence of dielectric breakdown was 45 or higher.
- each test piece 70 corresponding to the comparative examples had poor withstand voltage performance. That is, the voltage value (kV/mm) at the occurrence of dielectric breakdown was less than 45 for all test pieces 70 .
- the content ratio of each subcomponent (R SiO2 , R MgO , R BaO , R CaO , R REE ) (% by mass) is determined by the following relational expressions (1) to (5): It was confirmed that the withstand voltage performance of the insulator at a high temperature of about 900° C. can be further improved by satisfying all the conditions. (1) 15.5 ⁇ (R SiO2 ) ⁇ 55.1 (2) 0.6 ⁇ (R MgO ) ⁇ 7.4 (3) 26.7 ⁇ (R BaO ) ⁇ 68.5 (4) 1.1 ⁇ (R CaO ) ⁇ 32.4 (5) 11.4 ⁇ (R REE ) ⁇ 46.5
- test piece No. 1 to No. 16 better results (results of evaluation A or B) were obtained in the withstand voltage test. That is, for any test piece 70, the voltage value (kV/mm) at the occurrence of dielectric breakdown was 55 or higher.
- the content ratio R BaO of the Ba component and the content ratio R REE (specifically, R La2O3 ) of the rare earth component in the subcomponents have the following relationships (a) and (b): It was confirmed that the withstand voltage performance of the insulator at a high temperature of about 900° C. can be further improved by satisfying the formula. (a) 29.1 ⁇ (R BaO ) ⁇ 52.5 (b) 12.4 ⁇ (R REE ) ⁇ 41.5
- test piece No. 1 to No. 10 a better result (result of A evaluation) was obtained in the withstand voltage test. That is, for any test piece 70, the voltage value (kV/mm) at the occurrence of dielectric breakdown was 60 or more.
- the content ratio R BaO of the Ba component and the content ratio R REE (specifically, R La2O3 ) of the rare earth component in the subcomponents have the following relationships (A) and (B): It was confirmed that the withstand voltage performance of the insulator at a high temperature of about 900° C. can be further improved by satisfying the formula. (A) 30.6 ⁇ (R BaO ) ⁇ 35.3 (B) 17.4 ⁇ (R REE ) ⁇ 29.7
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Abstract
Description
(1)15.5≦(Si成分の含有割合)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(Mg成分の含有割合)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(Ca成分の含有割合)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦46.5
(a)29.1≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦52.5
(b)12.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦41.5
(A)30.6≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦35.3
(B)17.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦29.7
先ず、スパークプラグ1の全体構成について、図1を参照しながら説明する。スパークプラグ1は、絶縁体50および主体金具30を備えている。
続いて、スパークプラグ1を構成する絶縁体50のより具体的な構成について説明する。絶縁体50は、アルミナ(Al2O3)を主成分とするアルミナ焼結体により形成されている。
(1)15.5≦(Si成分の含有割合)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(Mg成分の含有割合)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(Ca成分の含有割合)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦46.5
(a)29.1≦(RBaO)≦52.5
(b)12.4≦(RREE)≦41.5
上記の構成によれば、後述の実施例に示すように、高温下における絶縁体50の耐電圧性能をより向上させることができる。
(c)21.0≦(RSiO2)≦43.6
(d)1.7≦(RMgO)≦2.3
(e)1.1≦(RCaO)≦15.5
(A)30.6≦(RBaO)≦35.3
(B)17.4≦(RREE)≦29.7
上記の構成によれば、後述の実施例に示すように、高温下における絶縁体50の耐電圧性能をより一層向上させることができる。
(C)29.9≦(RSiO2)≦42.3
(D)1.9≦(RMgO)≦2.3
(E)1.1≦(RCaO)≦8.4
以下では、絶縁体50の製造方法について説明する。
以上のように、本実施形態にかかるスパークプラグ1は、筒状の絶縁体50を備えている。この絶縁体は、アルミナ(Al2O3)を主成分として含有するとともに、副成分をさらに含有する。副成分は、シリコン(Si)成分、マグネシウム(Mg)成分、バリウム(Ba)成分、カルシウム(Ca)成分、および希土類成分を含んでいる。これらの各成分を酸化物換算したときの副成分の総質量に対する含有割合(質量%)は、それぞれ以下の(1)から(5)の関係式を満たしている。
(1)15.5≦(Si成分の含有割合)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(Mg成分の含有割合)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(Ca成分の含有割合)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦46.5
以下、本発明の一実施例について説明する。なお、本発明は、以下の実施例に限定はされない。
先ず、高温耐電圧試験に使用するための絶縁体の試験片を作製した。アルミナ粉末と、SiO2粉末と、MgCO3粉末と、BaCO3粉末と、CaCO3粉末と、La(OH)3粉末とを所定の割合で混合して原料粉末とした。この原料粉末に、溶媒としての水、および親水性結合剤を添加して原料スラリーを調製した。
作製した各試験片70を切断して切断面を研磨して、研磨面を得た。この研磨面を、蛍光X線分析して、検出された各元素(Al、Si、Mg、Ba、Ca、希土類元素(すなわち、La、Y、Nd、またはYb))を酸化物換算したときの合計質量に対するAl成分の酸化物換算したときの質量の割合を算出した。5箇所において同様の測定を行い、得られた値の算術平均を算出し、Al成分の含有割合PAl2O3を求めた。同様にして、Si成分、Mg成分、Ba成分、Ca成分、および希土類成分をそれぞれ酸化物換算したときの含有割合PSiO2、PMgO、PBaO、PCaO、PLa2O3(またはPY2O3またはPNd2O3またはPYb2O3)をそれぞれ求めた。
(1)15.5≦(RSiO2)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(RMgO)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(RBaO)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(RCaO)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(RREE)≦46.5
各試験片70について、図2に示す耐電圧測定装置100を用いて、900℃における高温耐電圧試験を行った。耐電圧測定装置100は、主として、加熱ボックス120、電極123aおよび123b、アルミナ製碍筒124aおよび124b、ヒータ126、および高電圧発生装置(CDI電源)127などで構成される。
A:最良(絶縁破壊発生時の電圧値(kV/mm)が60以上)
B:より良好(絶縁破壊発生時の電圧値(kV/mm)が55以上60未満)
C:良好(絶縁破壊発生時の電圧値(kV/mm)が45以上55未満)
×:不良(絶縁破壊発生時の電圧値(kV/mm)が45未満)
(1)15.5≦(RSiO2)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(RMgO)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(RBaO)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(RCaO)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(RREE)≦46.5
(a)29.1≦(RBaO)≦52.5
(b)12.4≦(RREE)≦41.5
(A)30.6≦(RBaO)≦35.3
(B)17.4≦(RREE)≦29.7
11 :接地電極
20 :中心電極
30 :主体金具
50 :絶縁体
70 :絶縁体試験片
Claims (6)
- スパークプラグ用の筒状の絶縁体であって、
前記絶縁体は、アルミナを主成分として含有するとともに、副成分をさらに含有し、
前記副成分は、シリコン(Si)成分、マグネシウム(Mg)成分、バリウム(Ba)成分、カルシウム(Ca)成分、および希土類成分を含み、
これらの各成分を酸化物換算したときの前記副成分の総質量に対する含有割合(質量%)は、それぞれ下記(1)から(5)の関係式を満たしている、絶縁体。
(1)15.5≦(Si成分の含有割合)≦55.1
(2)0.6≦(Mg成分の含有割合)≦7.4
(3)26.7≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦68.5
(4)1.1≦(Ca成分の含有割合)≦32.4
(5)11.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦46.5 - 前記絶縁体の総質量に対する前記アルミナの含有割合(質量%)は、91.0質量%以上97.0質量%以下の範囲内である、請求項1に記載の絶縁体。
- 前記Ba成分および前記希土類成分を酸化物換算したときの前記副成分の総質量に対する含有割合(質量%)は、さらに、それぞれ下記(a)および(b)の関係式を満たしている、請求項1または2に記載の絶縁体。
(a)29.1≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦52.5
(b)12.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦41.5 - 前記Ba成分および前記希土類成分を酸化物換算したときの前記副成分の総質量に対する含有割合(質量%)は、さらに、それぞれ下記(A)および(B)の関係式を満たしている、請求項3に記載の絶縁体。
(A)30.6≦(Ba成分の含有割合)≦35.3
(B)17.4≦(希土類成分の含有割合)≦29.7 - 前記希土類成分は、ランタン(La)成分である、請求項1から4の何れか1項に記載の絶縁体。
- 請求項1から5の何れか1項に記載の絶縁体と、
筒状の形状を有し、前記絶縁体の少なくとも一部を内部に収容している主体金具と、
前記絶縁体の先端に配置されている中心電極と、
前記主体金具に接合され、前記中心電極との間でギャップを形成する接地電極と
を備えているスパークプラグ。
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| JP2022574406A JP7390501B2 (ja) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-21 | 絶縁体およびスパークプラグ |
| DE112022003710.5T DE112022003710T5 (de) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-21 | Isolator und zündkerze |
| CN202280050644.4A CN117751497A (zh) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-21 | 绝缘体和火花塞 |
| US18/575,062 US12322930B2 (en) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-21 | Insulator and spark plug |
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010135311A (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-06-17 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパークプラグ用アルミナ基焼結体及びその製造方法、並びにスパークプラグ及びその製造方法 |
| JP2011070929A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-07 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパークプラグ |
| JP2017062878A (ja) * | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009119097A1 (ja) | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
| JP5216917B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-03 | 2013-06-19 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
| JP6366555B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-24 | 2018-08-01 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
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2022
- 2022-07-21 WO PCT/JP2022/028314 patent/WO2023008300A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2022-07-21 US US18/575,062 patent/US12322930B2/en active Active
- 2022-07-21 DE DE112022003710.5T patent/DE112022003710T5/de active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010135311A (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-06-17 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパークプラグ用アルミナ基焼結体及びその製造方法、並びにスパークプラグ及びその製造方法 |
| JP2011070929A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-07 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパークプラグ |
| JP2017062878A (ja) * | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
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| CN117751497A (zh) | 2024-03-22 |
| US20240305070A1 (en) | 2024-09-12 |
| JPWO2023008300A1 (ja) | 2023-02-02 |
| US12322930B2 (en) | 2025-06-03 |
| JP7390501B2 (ja) | 2023-12-01 |
| DE112022003710T5 (de) | 2024-05-29 |
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