WO2022190788A1 - センサ装置 - Google Patents
センサ装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022190788A1 WO2022190788A1 PCT/JP2022/005985 JP2022005985W WO2022190788A1 WO 2022190788 A1 WO2022190788 A1 WO 2022190788A1 JP 2022005985 W JP2022005985 W JP 2022005985W WO 2022190788 A1 WO2022190788 A1 WO 2022190788A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/772—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising A/D, V/T, V/F, I/T or I/F converters
- H04N25/773—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising A/D, V/T, V/F, I/T or I/F converters comprising photon counting circuits, e.g. single photon detection [SPD] or single photon avalanche diodes [SPAD]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
- H04N25/44—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by partially reading an SSIS array
- H04N25/443—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by partially reading an SSIS array by reading pixels from selected 2D regions of the array, e.g. for windowing or digital zooming
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/47—Image sensors with pixel address output; Event-driven image sensors; Selection of pixels to be read out based on image data
Definitions
- This technology relates to a sensor device, and in particular to a sensing technology for realizing a spike camera that imitates the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 below disclose techniques for forming an image by calculating a spike train signal that mimics the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- the human eye obtains a signal called a spike train in response to light reception.
- This spike train is obtained as a signal in which the interval between spikes varies depending on the intensity of received light. Specifically, when the intensity of received light is high, the interval between spikes narrows.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a method of calculating a signal of a spike train corresponding to light reception, they do not disclose a specific hardware configuration for realizing the method.
- This technology was created in view of the above circumstances, and aims to realize a spike camera that imitates the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- a sensor device detects a SPAD element and a photon-receiving reaction by the SPAD element, outputs a pulse indicating the photon-receiving reaction, and detects the state of itself according to the pulse output from the photon-receiving reaction. and a pulse counter for counting the number of pulses output by the detection unit.
- the sensor device it is possible to adopt a configuration in which a plurality of pixels each having the SPAD element, the detection section, and the pulse counting section are arranged two-dimensionally. This makes it possible to realize a spike camera capable of acquiring a two-dimensional captured image.
- the pixel includes the detection result of the photon reception reaction by the detection unit in the pixel and the detection unit in a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the pixel. It is possible to adopt a configuration having a calculation unit that performs calculation for obtaining an output value of the own pixel based on the detection result of the photon reception reaction by the .
- the role of horizontal cells in the human eye can be reproduced by obtaining the output value of the own pixel by considering not only the own pixel but also the photon reception response of at least other adjacent pixels.
- the computing unit outputs the pulse on the condition that the detection unit of the own pixel and the detection units of the predetermined number of other pixels have detected the photon reception reaction.
- a configuration is possible in which the counting unit counts the pulses. As described above, by executing the pulse count of the own pixel on the condition that a predetermined number of other pixels in the neighborhood including the adjacent other pixels detect the photon reception reaction, the roles of the horizontal cells in the human eye can be determined. can be reproduced.
- the arithmetic unit may be configured to determine whether or not the condition is satisfied using an AND gate circuit. This makes it possible to appropriately determine conditions using a digital logic circuit.
- the calculation unit determines the number of pulses output by the detection unit in each of the predetermined number of other pixels with respect to the count value of the pulses output by the detection unit in the own pixel. It is possible to adopt a configuration in which the count value is reflected. As described above, the role of horizontal cells in the human eye can be reproduced by reflecting the pulse count values of a predetermined number of neighboring pixels including adjacent pixels on the pulse count value of the own pixel.
- the sensor device it is possible to adopt a configuration in which the predetermined number of other pixels are selected by a kernel. This makes it possible to variably set which pixel is used as another pixel that affects the output value of its own pixel, using the kernel.
- the pulse counting section may be configured to output a signal when the count number of pulses reaches or exceeds a threshold. As a result, it is possible to output a value indicating whether or not the luminance is equal to or higher than a certain value as the output value of the pixel.
- the pulse counting section may be configured to count the number of pulses using a digital counter. This makes it possible to properly perform pulse counting using a digital logic circuit.
- the pulse counting section may be configured to count the number of pulses by an analog counter.
- an analog counter By using an analog counter, it is possible to count the number of pulses with a simple configuration.
- the analog counter may be configured as a counter using a capacitor whose charge amount changes according to the output of the pulse from the detection unit.
- the sensor device can be configured to include a row control circuit that reads the output values of the pixels for each pixel row. Thereby, the output values of the pixels are read out by the scanning method.
- the sensor device can be configured to read out the output values of the pixels by an arbiter method.
- an arbiter method By adopting the arbiter method, it becomes possible to quickly read out the value of a pixel that has undergone a photon reception reaction according to a predetermined mode.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration example of a sensor device as a first embodiment according to the present technology
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the outline of the internal configuration of a pixel included in the sensor device as the first embodiment
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating characteristics of spike trains
- 4 is a diagram exemplifying the circuit configuration of a spike output section included in the sensor device as the first embodiment
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining an internal configuration example of a computing unit, a counting unit, and an output unit included in the sensor device as the first embodiment
- FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of a pixel as a first example of the second embodiment
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of a pixel as a second example of the second embodiment
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an example of the internal configuration of a sensor device as a third embodiment
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of a pixel included in a sensor device as a third embodiment
- 10 is a diagram showing an internal configuration example of the AER logic circuit shown in FIG. 9
- FIG. It is the figure which illustrated the circuit structure of the spike output part as a modification.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of an example of a kernel
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram of an example of calculation based on coefficients of the kernel shown in FIG. 11
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration example in which pixel selection by a kernel is realized by an analog method
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of another example of an analog counter;
- First Embodiment> (1-1. Overall configuration of the sensor device) (1-2. Overview of pixel configuration) (1-3. Configuration of spike output section) (1-4. Configuration of calculation unit, counting unit, and output unit) ⁇ 2.
- Second Embodiment> ⁇ 3.
- Third Embodiment> ⁇ 4.
- Variation> ⁇ 5. Summary of Embodiments> ⁇ 6. This technology>
- the pixel array section 2 has a configuration in which a plurality of pixels 20 are arranged two-dimensionally in rows and columns.
- the row direction refers to the horizontal pixel arrangement direction
- the column direction refers to the vertical pixel arrangement direction.
- the row direction is the horizontal direction
- the column direction is the vertical direction.
- Each pixel 20 has a photoelectric conversion element (photodetector) that performs photoelectric conversion. Specifically, in the sensor device 1 of this example, each pixel 20 has a SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) element (SPAD element 21 described later) as a photodetector.
- SPAD Single Photon Avalanche Diode
- a row control line WORD is wired along the row direction for each pixel row with respect to the matrix-like pixel arrangement, and a vertical signal line Li is arranged along the column direction for each pixel column. Wired.
- the row control line WORD transmits a word signal for driving when reading signals from the pixels 20 .
- One end of each row control line WORD is connected to an output terminal corresponding to each row of the row control circuit 3 .
- the row control circuit 3 includes, for example, a timing generator that generates various timing signals, a shift register, an address decoder, and the like, and drives the pixels 20 by outputting word signals through row control lines WORD. It controls signal readout from the pixels 20 . Specifically, the row control circuit 3 in this example causes the signal reading from the pixels 20 to be executed row by row.
- the vertical signal lines Li are wirings for transmitting signals read out from the pixels 20 to the signal processing/output circuit 4 , and one end of each vertical signal line Li is connected to each column of the signal processing/output circuit 4 . connected to the corresponding output.
- the signal processing/output circuit 4 acquires signals read from the pixels 20 through the vertical signal lines Li, performs predetermined signal processing, and outputs the signals.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the outline of the internal configuration of the pixel 20. As shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the pixel 20 has a spike output section 20a, a computing section 24, a counting section 25, and an output section .
- the spike output unit 20a has a SPAD element 21 and is configured to output spikes at intervals according to the received light intensity.
- the object of the present embodiment is to realize a spike camera that imitates the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- the human eye obtains a signal called a spike train in response to light reception.
- This spike train is obtained as a signal in which the interval between spikes varies depending on the intensity of received light.
- FIG. 3 illustrates spike train characteristics. As shown in the figure, in the spike train, the higher the intensity of received light, the narrower the interval between spikes.
- the spike output section 20 a has a SPAD element 21 , a quench section 22 and a detection section 23 .
- an avalanche phenomenon occurs and the voltage on the signal line Vi1 changes. Since a voltage drop corresponding to the current occurs in the quench section 22, the voltage across the terminals of the SPAD element 21 drops to the breakdown voltage, and the avalanche phenomenon stops.
- the detection unit 23 has a switching unit 23a, an amplification unit 23b, and an initialization unit 23c, detects the photon reception reaction by the SPAD element 21 as the avalanche phenomenon, and outputs a pulse indicating the photon reception reaction. At the same time, it is configured to reset its own state to a detectable state of photon reception reaction according to the output of the pulse.
- the switching unit 23a performs switching between a detection operation of detecting a photon reception reaction in the SPAD element 21 and a reset operation of resetting its own internal state.
- the amplification section 23b amplifies the detection signal obtained by the switching section 23a when the photon reception reaction in the SPAD element 21 is detected, and outputs it as an output voltage Vout. This output voltage Vout is output as a pulse voltage.
- the initialization unit 23c changes the voltage level in the detection unit 23 during the above reset operation so that the detection unit 23 can detect the photon reception reaction again.
- the calculation unit 24 automatically detects the photon reception reaction by the detection unit 23 in the own pixel and the detection results of the photon reception reaction by the detection unit 23 in a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the own pixel. Calculations are performed to obtain pixel output values. Specifically, the calculation unit 24 in this example causes the counting unit 25 to count pulses on the condition that the detection unit 23 of the own pixel and the detection units 23 of the predetermined number of other pixels detect photon reception reactions. configured to run.
- the role of horizontal cells in the human eye can be reproduced by obtaining the output value of the own pixel by considering not only the own pixel but also the photon reception response of at least other adjacent pixels. .
- the counting unit 25 counts the number of pulses output by the detecting unit 23.
- the counting unit 25 on the condition that the detection unit 23 of the own pixel and the detection units 23 of the predetermined number of other pixels detect the photon reception reaction, The pulse output by the detection unit 23 in the own pixel is counted.
- the output section 26 outputs the output value of the counting section 25 as the output value of the pixel 20 .
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating the circuit configuration of the spike output section 20a.
- a P-MOS transistor 10 is an example of the quench section 22 shown in FIG.
- an element corresponding to a load element for the SPAD element 21 may be used, and a resistor may be arranged instead of the transistor 10.
- FIG. 1 a constituent element of the quench section 22
- an element corresponding to a load element for the SPAD element 21 may be used, and a resistor may be arranged instead of the transistor 10.
- the detection section 23 has transistors 11, 12, 13, and 14, an inverter 15, and a pulse generator 16, as shown.
- Transistors 11 and 13 are P-MOS transistors
- transistors 12 and 14 are N-MOS transistors.
- the sources of the transistors 10, 11, and 13 are connected to the power supply voltage Vdd.
- the drain of transistor 10 is connected to the cathode of SPAD element 21 .
- the cathode of the SPAD element 21 is connected to the source of the transistor 12 via the signal line Vi1.
- a voltage Van is applied to the anode of the SPAD element 21 .
- the value of the voltage Van can be determined so that a reverse voltage equal to or higher than the breakdown voltage is applied between the cathode and anode (between terminals) of the SPAD element 21 .
- the drain of transistor 12 is connected to the drain of transistor 11 and the gate of transistor 13 .
- a signal line Vi2 connects the connection point between the drains of the transistors 11 and 12 and the gate of the transistor 13 .
- the drain of the transistor 13 is connected to the input terminal of the inverter 15 and the drain of the transistor 14 via the signal line Vi3.
- An output terminal of the inverter 15 is connected to an output line of the output voltage Vout.
- the output terminal of inverter 15 is also connected to the input terminal of pulse generator 16 .
- the output terminal of the inverter 15 is also connected to the gates of the transistors 11 and 12 via the signal line FB.
- the gate of transistor 14 is connected to the output terminal of pulse generator 16 via signal line INI.
- the source of transistor 14 is connected to ground (GND) potential.
- ground potential for example, the reference potential of the spike output section 20a, the reference potential of the signal line, and the ground potential can be used.
- the type of potential used as the ground potential does not matter. It should be noted that the drawing shows a parasitic capacitance Cp between the signal line Vi3 and the ground potential.
- the sources of the transistors 10, 11, and 13 may all be connected to a common power supply voltage Vdd. Further, the source of at least one of the transistors 10, 11, and 13 may be connected to different power supply voltages.
- the spike output section 20a configured as described above will be described.
- the SPAD element 21 reacts with photons and the current between the cathode/anode of the SPAD element 21 increases, the voltage of the signal line Vi1 decreases according to the voltage drop between the source/drain of the transistor 10 . Therefore, the voltage of the signal line Vi2 connected to the signal line Vi1 through the transistor 12 changes from HIGH to LOW.
- a LOW voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor 13, the source/drain of the transistor 13 is turned on, and the voltage of the signal line Vi3 is pulled up to HIGH by the power supply voltage Vdd.
- a LOW level (negative polarity) pulse is output as the output voltage Vout when a photon reception reaction is detected.
- a LOW voltage is applied to the gates of the transistors 11 and 12 . Accordingly, the P-MOS transistor between the source and the drain of the transistor 11 is turned on, and the N-MOS transistor between the drain and the source of the transistor 12 is turned off. Therefore, the signal line Vi2 is electrically disconnected from the signal line Vi1, and the voltage is raised to HIGH by the power supply voltage Vdd. Since a HIGH voltage is applied to the gate of transistor 13, the source/drain of transistor 13 is turned off.
- the pulse generator 16 When the output voltage of the inverter 15 becomes LOW, the pulse generator 16 outputs a HIGH level (positive polarity) pulse to the signal line INI with a predetermined time delay. As a result, a HIGH level voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor 14, and the drain/source of the transistor 14 is turned on. Therefore, the signal line Vi3 is initialized by the ground potential and becomes a LOW voltage. When the voltage of the signal line Vi3 becomes LOW, the output voltage of the inverter 15 becomes HIGH. Therefore, the LOW level period of the output voltage Vout ends. That is, one pulse output ends. The LOW level period of the output voltage Vout, that is, photon The length of the pulse that indicates the response to light reception can be varied.
- the spike output section 20a resets the voltage in the circuit each time a pulse is output in response to the photon reception reaction. Therefore, even when high illuminance light is incident on the SPAD element 21, that is, even when the number of photon-receiving reactions per unit time increases, the detecting unit 23 can appropriately detect each photon-receiving reaction. can be done.
- the spike output unit 20a configured as described above, the interval between the pulses output by the detection unit 23 becomes narrower as the illuminance (in other words, intensity) of the light incident on the SPAD element 21 increases. That is, the spike output section 20a is configured to output a signal having the same characteristics as the spike train shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining an internal configuration example of the calculation unit 24, the counting unit 25, and the output unit 26.
- the calculation unit 24 causes the spike output unit 20a (detection unit 23) in the own pixel and the spike output unit 20a (detection unit 23) in a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the own pixel to detect photon reception reactions. It has a logic circuit for causing the counting unit 25 to count pulses on condition that it is detected.
- the predetermined number of other pixels is three.
- a case is shown in which two NOR gate circuits 24a and one AND gate circuit 24b are provided as logic circuits for taking
- one NOR gate circuit 24a receives the outputs of the spike output sections 20a of the own pixel and one of the other pixels
- the other NOR gate circuit 24a receives the spike output sections 20a of the remaining two other pixels. is input.
- the output of each NOR gate circuit 24a is input to the AND gate circuit 24b.
- the counting section 25 has a digital counter 25a and an output selecting section 25b.
- the digital counter 25a has a configuration in which at least three or more D flip-flops are connected in series in this example. Specifically, each of the D flip-flops except for the D flip-flop in the last stage has its own D terminal and Q-bar terminal connected, and the connection point between the D terminal and the Q-bar terminal is the clock for the D flip-flop in the next stage. connected to the terminal.
- the output of the AND gate circuit 24b in the calculation unit 24 is input to the clock terminal of the D flip-flop in the foremost stage. This enables the digital counter 25a to count the number of times the output of the AND gate circuit 24b becomes HIGH.
- the number of photon-receiving reactions of the own pixel is counted on the condition that not only the own pixel but also the predetermined number of other pixels simultaneously detect the photon-receiving reaction.
- the count value of the digital counter 25a can be reset by an external reset signal (Reset in the figure).
- the configuration of the digital counter 25a is not limited to the one illustrated above, and other known configurations can be adopted.
- the output selection unit 25b determines whether or not the count value of the digital counter 25a has reached or exceeded a predetermined value. Output to the output unit 26 .
- the outputs of the D flip-flops of the second and subsequent stages in the digital counter 25a are input to the output selector 25b.
- the output unit 26 outputs the output signal of the output selection unit 25b to the vertical signal line Li according to the input of the word signal via the row control line WORD.
- the output section 26 of this example includes a transistor 26a formed of an N-MOS transistor whose gate is supplied with an output signal from the output selection section 25b, and a transistor formed of an N-MOS transistor whose gate is connected to the row control line WORD. 26b, and a series connection circuit of these transistors 26a and 26b is inserted between the vertical signal line Li and the ground potential.
- a word signal is input to the gate of the transistor 26b via the row control line WORD, so that the output signal from the output selector 25b is output to the vertical signal line Li via the transistors 26a and 26b.
- the reset timing of the count value in the digital counter 25a is the timing when the output value of its own pixel is read in response to the supply of the word signal.
- the output selection unit 25b is provided and the signal indicating that the count value of the digital counter 25a is equal to or greater than the predetermined threshold value is used as the output signal of the pixel 20.
- the output selection unit 25b is not provided. It is also possible to employ a configuration in which the signal indicating the count value of the digital counter 25a is used as the output signal of the pixel 20. FIG.
- Second Embodiment> Next, a second embodiment will be described.
- the second embodiment uses an analog counter for counting pulses indicating that a photon reception reaction has been detected.
- the same reference numerals will be given to the same parts as those already explained, and the explanation will be omitted.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of a pixel 20A as a first example of the second embodiment.
- the pixel 20A differs from the pixel 20 in that a counting section 25A is provided instead of the counting section 25.
- FIG. The counting section 25A is different in that an analog counter 25aA is provided in place of the digital counter 25a, and a comparator 25bA is provided in place of the output selection section 25b.
- the analog counter 25aA has a discharge section DS including a first capacitor C1, a first switch SW1, and a second switch SW2, a reset transistor Trs, a second capacitor C2, and an operational amplifier OP.
- the first switch SW1 is configured to switch between a state in which one end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to the power supply voltage Vdd and a state in which it is grounded.
- the second switch SW2 is configured to switch between a state in which the other end of the first capacitor C1 is grounded and a state in which it is connected to one end of the second capacitor C2.
- the output signal of the calculation unit 24 is supplied as a switching control signal to the first switch SW1 and the second switch SW2.
- the first switch SW1 connects one end of the first capacitor C1 to the power supply voltage Vdd when the output signal of the calculation unit 24 is HIGH, and connects one end of the first capacitor C1 when the output signal is LOW. Acts like a ground.
- the second switch SW2 grounds the other end of the first capacitor C1 when the output signal of the computing unit 24 is HIGH, and grounds the other end of the first capacitor C1 when the output signal is LOW. to connect to one end of the
- One end of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier OP, and the other end of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier OP.
- a reference voltage VREF is input to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier OP.
- a P-MOS transistor is used as the reset transistor Trs in this example, and is connected in parallel to the second capacitor C2.
- the gate of the reset transistor Trs is connected to the supply line of the reset signal xRST.
- the reset signal xRST is a signal that is turned ON/OFF in units of rows, for example, like the word signal described above. Alternatively, the reset signal xRST may be a signal that is globally controlled for all pixels simultaneously.
- an output voltage indicating the count result is obtained at the connection point between the other end of the second capacitor C2 and the output terminal of the operational amplifier OP.
- the second capacitor C2 is fully charged by the reset operation of the reset transistor Trs.
- the first capacitor C1 is charged with electric charges according to the power supply voltage Vdd by the operations of the first switch SW1 and the second switch SW2. That is, the first capacitor C1 is charged with electric charge for one output pulse from the calculation unit 24 .
- the output of the calculation unit 24 changes from HIGH to LOW, the first capacitor C1 is grounded at one end and connected to one end of the second capacitor C2 at the other end.
- the pulse output from the calculation unit 24 after the first capacitor C1 is charged with the charge for one output pulse, the charge charged in the first capacitor C1 is transferred to the second capacitor C1. pulled out from capacitor C2. As a result, the charge in the second capacitor C2 is discharged by the number corresponding to the number of pulse outputs from the computing section 24. FIG. That is, the voltage across the terminals of the second capacitor C2 indicates the number of times the pulse is generated.
- the output voltage of the analog counter 25aA is input to the non-inverting input terminal of the comparator 25bA, and the predetermined threshold voltage Vth is input to the inverting input terminal of the comparator 25bA.
- the voltage becomes HIGH.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of a pixel 20B as a second example of the second embodiment.
- This second example uses an analog counter to count the number of pulses in the same way as in the first example. The difference is that the pulse count value output by the spike output unit 20a in each of the predetermined number of other pixels is reflected.
- the pixel 20B differs from the pixel 20A in that the calculation/counting unit 30 is provided instead of the calculation unit 24 and the counting unit 25A.
- the calculation/counting unit 30 includes a second capacitor C2, an operational amplifier OP, a second capacitor C2, and a comparator 25bA, as well as a plurality of discharge units DS, in the same manner as the counting unit 25A.
- n+1 discharge units DS including one for the own pixel are provided, where n is the predetermined number (n is a natural number of 2 or more).
- the output voltage Vout of the spike output section 20a in one corresponding pixel 20B is input to each discharge section DS as a switching control signal for the first switch SW1 and the second switch SW2.
- the first switch SW1 and the second switch SW2 of each discharge section DS operate as follows with respect to the HIGH/LOW change of the corresponding output voltage Vout.
- each first switch SW1 connects one end of the first capacitor C1 to the power supply voltage Vdd when the corresponding output voltage Vout is LOW (that is, photon reception reaction detection), and connects the first capacitor C1 to the power supply voltage Vdd when the output voltage Vout is HIGH. It operates to ground one end of one capacitor C1.
- Each second switch SW2 grounds the other end of the first capacitor C1 when the corresponding output voltage Vout is LOW, and connects the other end of the first capacitor C1 to the second capacitor C2 when the output voltage Vout is HIGH. to connect to one end of the
- the charge in the second capacitor C2 in this case is discharged by the discharge section DS of the pixel 20B in which the photon reception reaction is detected. That is, in the calculating/counting unit 30, the pulse count value output by the spike output unit 20a of each of n other pixels is reflected in the pulse count value output by the spike output unit 20a of the own pixel. Become. In this way, by reflecting the pulse count values of a predetermined number of neighboring pixels including adjacent pixels on the pulse count value of the own pixel, it is possible to reproduce the role of horizontal cells in the human eye.
- the comparator 25bA is provided after the analog counter, but it is also possible to output a signal indicating the count value of the analog counter to the output unit 26 without providing the comparator 25bA.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration example of the sensor device 1C as the third embodiment. As shown, the sensor device 1C includes a pixel array section 2C, an x arbiter 5x and a y arbiter 5y forming arbiters, and an output section 6. FIG. The pixel array section 2C differs from the pixel array section 2 in that pixels 20C are provided in place of the pixels 20 .
- Each pixel 20C is configured to be capable of outputting an x-direction (row-direction) request Reqx as a readout request to the x arbiter 5x and capable of receiving an acknowledgment Ackx as an acknowledgment from the x arbiter 5x. . Further, each pixel 20C can output a y-direction (column-direction) request Reqy as a readout request to the y-arbiter 5y, and can receive a y-direction acknowledgment Acky as an acknowledgment from the y-arbiter 5y. It is configured.
- At least one of the x arbiter 5x and the y arbiter 5y is provided with an address decoder for generating address information (ADDRESS) for specifying the pixel 20C that issued the read request.
- ADRESS address information
- the x arbiter 5x has an address decoder, but the y arbiter 5y may have an address decoder.
- the output unit 6 can receive a request AReqx, which is a request made by the x arbiter 5x in response to the request Reqx from the pixel 20C, and a request AReqy made by the y arbiter 5y in response to the request Reqy from the pixel 20C, It is possible to transmit an acknowledgment AAckx to the x arbiter 5x and an acknowledgment AAcky to the y arbiter 5y.
- the output unit 6 exchanges the request AReqx, the acknowledgment AAckx, the request AReqy, and the acknowledgment AAcky with the x arbiter 5x and the y arbiter 5y, respectively, to an external device (external chip) of the sensor device 1C.
- the output unit 6 transmits a request CHIPReq to the external device and receives an acknowledgment CHIPAck from the external device.
- the specific processes performed by the x arbiter 5x, the y arbiter 5y, and the output unit 6 are the same as those described in Reference 1 below.
- the specific processing of these x arbiter 5x, y arbiter 5y, and output unit 6 is not limited to that described in reference 1. Any device that outputs the address information of In the arbiter method, not only the address information of the pixel 20C that issued the read request but also the time stamp indicating the time when the request was made (in other words, the time when the event occurred) can be used.
- ⁇ Reference 1 Event-Based Neuromorphic Systems, Shih-Chi Liu et, al., ISBN-13: 978-0470018491
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the pixel 20C.
- a pixel 20C differs from the pixel 20A shown in FIG. 6 in that an AER (Address Event Representation) logic circuit 27 is provided in place of the output section 26 .
- the AER logic circuit 27 receives the output signal of the comparator 25bA in the counting section 25A, and outputs a request Reqx and a request Reqy to the x arbiter 5x and the y arbiter 5y respectively in response to the output signal becoming HIGH. .
- the AER logic circuit 27 sends the reset signal xrst to the gate of the reset transistor Trs of the counter 25A in response to receiving the acknowledgments Ackx and Acky from the x arbiter 5x and the y arbiter 5y in response to the requests Reqx and Reqy. Output.
- the count value of the analog counter 25aA is reset each time an event is read, and a new event can be detected.
- the output signal (output voltage) of the comparator 25bA is indicated as "Vco".
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an internal configuration example of the AER logic circuit 27.
- the AER logic circuit 27 employs a general AER logic configuration.
- a request Reqx to the x arbiter 5x is made.
- the reset signal xrst is output in response to receiving the acknowledgment Acky from the y arbiter 5y and the acknowledgment Ackx from the x arbiter 5x.
- FIG. 9 shows a configuration example corresponding to the case of using the counting unit 25A
- the arbiter method uses the calculating/counting unit 30 (FIG. 7) or the counting unit 25 (FIG. 5) having the digital counter 25a. It can also be applied when using
- an AER logic circuit 27 is provided in place of the output unit 26, and the reset signal xrst from the AER logic circuit 27 is output to the gate of the reset transistor Trs. good.
- an AER logic circuit 27 is provided instead of the output unit 26 .
- the AER logic circuit 27 is configured to output requests Reqx and Reqy to the x arbiter 5x and the y arbiter 5y respectively in response to the output signal from the output selector 25b of the counter 25 becoming HIGH.
- the embodiments are not limited to the specific examples illustrated above, and various modifications can be made.
- the spike output section 20a can be replaced with a spike output section 20aD as illustrated in FIG.
- the spike output section 20aD has a reduced number of transistors compared to the spike output section 20a.
- the spike output section 20aD comprises a SPAD element 21, a resistor R1, a transistor 10, a transistor 40, a transistor 41, a transistor 42, a transistor 43, an inverter 15 and a pulse generator 16D.
- the pulse generator 16D includes a delay device D3 and a NAND gate circuit NP as internal components.
- Transistor 10, transistor 40, transistor 41, and transistor 42 are P-MOS transistors.
- the transistor 43 is an N-MOS transistor.
- the transistor 10 corresponds to the load element of the SPAD element 21, as in the case of the spike output section 20a.
- the sources of the transistor 10 and the transistor 41 are connected to the power supply voltage Vdd.
- the drain of transistor 10 is connected to the gate of transistor 42 via signal line Vi1.
- the drain of transistor 10 is also connected to the source of transistor 40 .
- a resistor R 1 is connected between the drain of transistor 40 and the cathode of SPAD element 21 .
- a voltage Van is applied to the anode of the SPAD element 21 .
- the source of transistor 42 is connected to the drain of transistor 41 .
- the drain of the transistor 42 is connected to the inverter 15 via the signal line Vi3.
- the drain of transistor 42 is also connected to the drain of transistor 43 .
- the source of transistor 43 is connected to ground potential.
- a gate of the transistor 43 is connected to the output terminal of the NAND gate circuit NP and the gate of the transistor 41 .
- the output terminal of the inverter 15 is connected to the output line of the output voltage Vout.
- the delay device D3 is connected between the output line of the output voltage Vout and one input terminal of the NAND gate circuit NP.
- the other input terminal of the NAND gate circuit NP is connected to the terminal xRST.
- the spike output section 20aD configured as described above will be described.
- the SPAD element 21 reacts with photons, the cathode/anode current increases, and the voltage drop between the source/drain of the transistor 10 causes the voltage of the signal line Vi1 to go LOW. Therefore, a LOW voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor 42, and the source/drain of the transistor 42 is turned on. Accordingly, the current flowing between the source/drain of the transistor 41 increases. Therefore, the gate-source voltage of the transistor 41 increases due to the Id-Vgs characteristic.
- the gate/source of the transistor 41 is also turned on. Since both the transistor 41 and the transistor 42 are turned on, the voltage of the signal line Vi3 is raised to HIGH by the power supply voltage Vdd.
- the inverter 15 receives a HIGH voltage, it outputs a LOW voltage as the output voltage Vout.
- the spike output section 20aD outputs a LOW level (negative polarity) pulse as the output voltage Vout when detecting a photon reception reaction.
- the polarity of the pulse output when detecting the photon reception reaction is not particularly limited.
- the NAND gate circuit NP When the output voltage Vout becomes LOW, the voltage of one input terminal of the NAND gate circuit NP also becomes LOW with a delay. Therefore, the NAND gate circuit NP outputs a HIGH voltage to the signal line INI. A HIGH voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor 43 to turn on the drain/source of the transistor 43 . Also, the transistor 41 is also turned off between the drain and the source, thereby suppressing the through current from the power supply to the ground. Therefore, the voltage of the signal line Vi3 is initialized by the ground potential and becomes LOW. When the voltage of the signal line Vi3 becomes LOW, the inverter 15 outputs a HIGH voltage as the output voltage Vout. Therefore, the spike output section 20aD stops outputting the LOW level pulse.
- At least one of the transistor 40 and the resistor R1 may be omitted from the spike output section 20aD.
- the output value of the own pixel is the detection result of the photon reception reaction of the own pixel and the detection result of the photon reception reaction of a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the own pixel.
- the predetermined number of other pixels are fixed, but these predetermined number of other pixels may be variable.
- the predetermined number of other pixels can be selected by the kernel Kn.
- the position of each pixel is defined by (i, j) coordinates.
- the value of i in the leftmost pixel row is "0" and the value of i increases as the position shifts to the right from there.
- the value of j it is assumed that the value of j in the uppermost pixel row is set to "0", and the value of j increases as the pixel row shifts downward from there.
- coefficients are set for each pixel position, for example, as shown on the right side of the figure.
- the setting of the kernel Kn as described above be realized programmably instead of hardwired.
- it can be easily realized by providing an enable circuit for switching between valid/invalid of the detection result of each pixel.
- the coefficient of kernel Kn is defined by the absolute value of the current source.
- the transistor on the P-MOS side will turn on, allowing current from its current source (
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram of another example of the analog counter.
- the case where the spike output section 20aD is used as the configuration for outputting the spike train is exemplified, but other configurations such as the spike output section 20a may be used.
- a first NOR gate circuit for inputting the output voltage Vout from the inverter 15 and a second NOR gate circuit for inputting the delayed output voltage Voutd obtained by delaying the output voltage Vout with a delay device D3 are provided, as shown in the figure. input the output of the first NOR gate circuit to the second NOR gate circuit, and input the output of the second NOR gate circuit to the first NOR gate circuit.
- the spike output section 20aD outputs a pulse
- a pulse is generated in the output voltage Vi5 of the first NOR gate circuit to discharge the charge of the capacitor Cdelta in the latter stage.
- the pulse After the pulse is generated, it is connected to the output of an operational amplifier connected to a transistor controlled by the output voltage Vi5' of the second NOR gate circuit, and the voltage Vdelta charges the capacitor Cdelta.
- the analog voltage fluctuates depending on how many times the charge of the capacitor Cout initialized by RST in the figure is extracted. , the output voltage Vout' is controlled.
- the sensor device (same 1, 1C) of the embodiment detects the photon reception reaction by the SPAD element (same 21) and the SPAD element, outputs a pulse indicating the photon reception reaction, and outputs the pulse.
- a detection unit (23) resets its own state to a state in which photon reception reaction can be detected, and a pulse counting unit (counting units 25, 25A, calculation/counting unit 30) counts the number of pulses output by the detection unit.
- the detection unit By configuring the detection unit to perform the above resetting, it is possible to properly obtain a spike train even in a high illuminance state, and the pulse counter unit calculates the number of spikes in the spike train (number of pulses) can be properly counted. Therefore, it is possible to realize a spike camera that imitates the photosensitivity of the human eye.
- a plurality of pixels each having a SPAD element, a detection section, and a pulse counting section are arranged two-dimensionally.
- a spike camera capable of acquiring a two-dimensional captured image can be realized.
- each pixel includes the detection result of the photon reception reaction by the detection unit in its own pixel, and the detection result of the photon reception reaction by the detection units in a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the own pixel. It has a calculation unit (24, calculation/counting unit 30) for obtaining the output value of its own pixel based on the detection result (see FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 14).
- the role of horizontal cells in the human eye can be reproduced by obtaining the output value of the own pixel by considering not only the own pixel but also the photon reception response of at least other adjacent pixels. Therefore, it is possible to improve the reproducibility of the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- the computing unit (24) sends the pulse counting unit to Pulse counting is executed (see FIGS. 5, 6, etc.).
- the pulse count of the own pixel on the condition that a predetermined number of other pixels in the neighborhood including the adjacent other pixels detect the photon reception reaction, the roles of the horizontal cells in the human eye can be determined. can be reproduced. Therefore, it is possible to improve the reproducibility of the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- the arithmetic section uses an AND gate circuit to determine whether or not the condition is established. Accordingly, it is possible to appropriately perform condition determination using a digital logic circuit.
- the calculation unit calculates the number of pulses output by the detection unit of each of the predetermined number of other pixels with respect to the count value of the pulses output by the detection unit of the own pixel.
- the count value is reflected (see FIGS. 7, 14, etc.).
- the role of horizontal cells in the human eye can be reproduced by reflecting the pulse count values of a predetermined number of neighboring pixels including adjacent pixels on the pulse count value of the own pixel. Therefore, it is possible to improve the reproducibility of the photosensitive characteristics of the human eye.
- a predetermined number of other pixels are selected by the kernel (see FIGS. 12 to 14).
- the kernel see FIGS. 12 to 14.
- the pulse counting units (the counting units 25 and 25A and the calculation/counting unit 30) output a signal when the number of pulses counted exceeds the threshold value (FIGS. 5 and 5). 6, 7, 14, 15, etc.). As a result, it is possible to output a value indicating whether or not the luminance is equal to or higher than a certain value as the output value of the pixel.
- the pulse counter counts the number of pulses with a digital counter. This allows proper pulse counting using digital logic circuits.
- the pulse counting section counts the number of pulses by an analog counter.
- an analog counter By using an analog counter, the number of pulses can be counted with a simple configuration.
- the analog counter is a counter using a capacitor (second capacitor C2) whose charge amount changes according to the pulse output from the detection unit.
- the sensor device (same 1) of the embodiment includes a row control circuit (same 3) for executing readout of pixel output values for each pixel row.
- the output values of the pixels are read out by the scanning method. Since the existing circuit configuration for reading pixel values by the scanning method can be used, the cost of the sensor device can be reduced.
- the output value of the pixel is read out by the arbiter method.
- the arbiter method it is possible to quickly read out the value of a pixel having a photon-receiving reaction according to a predetermined mode.
- a SPAD element a detection unit that detects the photon-receiving reaction by the SPAD element, outputs a pulse indicating the photon-receiving reaction, and resets itself to a state in which the photon-receiving reaction can be detected in accordance with the output of the pulse;
- a sensor device comprising: a pulse counter that counts the number of pulses output by the detector.
- the pixel is based on the result of detection of the photon-receiving reaction by the detection unit in the own pixel and the detection result of the photon-receiving reaction by the detection unit in a predetermined number of other pixels including at least other pixels adjacent to the own pixel.
- the sensor device according to (2) above further comprising a computing unit that performs computation for obtaining an output value of its own pixel.
- the calculating unit causes the pulse counting unit to count the pulses on condition that the detecting unit of the own pixel and the detecting units of the predetermined number of other pixels detect the photon reception reaction.
- the calculation unit reflects the count value of the pulse output by the detection unit in each of the predetermined number of other pixels on the count value of the pulse output by the detection unit in the own pixel. sensor device.
- the pulse counting section outputs a signal when the count number of the pulses reaches or exceeds a threshold.
- the pulse counting section counts the number of pulses using a digital counter.
- the pulse counting section counts the number of pulses by an analog counter.
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Abstract
Description
上記非特許文献1,2では、受光に応じたスパイク列の信号を演算する手法については開示されているものの、それを実現する具体的なハードウエア構成については開示がない。
検出部が上記のリセットを行う構成とされることで、高照度状態においてもスパイク列を適正に得ることが可能となり、また、上記のパルス計数部により、スパイク列におけるスパイクの数(パルス数)を適切にカウントすることが可能となる。
これにより、二次元の撮像画像を取得可能なスパイクカメラを実現することが可能となる。
自画素のみでなく少なくとも隣接する他画素のフォトン受光反応も考慮して自画素の出力値を得るようにすることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
上記のように自画素のみでなく隣接他画素を含む近傍所定数の他画素がフォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に自画素のパルスカウントを実行することで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
これにより、デジタル論理回路を用いて適切に条件判定を行うことが可能となる。
上記のように自画素のパルスカウント値に対し隣接他画素を含む近傍所定数の他画素のパルスカウント値を反映させることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
これにより、自画素の出力値に影響させる他画素として何れの画素を用いるかをカーネルにより可変設定することが可能となる。
これにより、画素の出力値として輝度が一定以上であるか否かを表す値を出力することが可能となる。
これにより、デジタル論理回路を用いてパルスカウントを適切に行うことが可能となる。
アナログのカウンタを用いることでパルスの数を簡易な構成によりカウントすることが可能となる。
上記のような容量を用いたカウンタとすることで、簡易な構成によりパルスカウントを実現することが可能となる。
これにより、画素の出力値はスキャン方式により読み出される。
アービタ方式を採用することで、所定態様によるフォトン受光反応のあった画素の値を迅速に読み出すことが可能となる。
<1.第一実施形態>
(1-1.センサ装置の全体構成)
(1-2.画素の構成概要)
(1-3.スパイク出力部の構成)
(1-4.演算部、計数部、及び出力部の構成)
<2.第二実施形態>
<3.第三実施形態>
<4.変形例>
<5.実施形態のまとめ>
<6.本技術>
(1-1.センサ装置の全体構成)
図1は、本技術に係る第一実施形態としてのセンサ装置1の内部構成例を示したブロック図である。
図示のようにセンサ装置1は、画素アレイ部2、行制御回路3、信号処理・出力回路4を備えている。
行制御線WORDは、画素20から信号を読み出す際の駆動を行うためのワード信号を伝送する。各行制御線WORDの一端は、行制御回路3の各行に対応した出力端に接続されている。
図2は、画素20の内部構成の概要を説明するための図である。
図2に示すように画素20は、スパイク出力部20a、演算部24、計数部25、及び出力部26を有している。
図3は、スパイクトレインの特性を例示している。
図示のようにスパイクトレインにおいては、受光の強度が高いほどスパイクの間隔が狭まるものとなる。
スパイク出力部20aは、SPAD素子21と共に、クエンチ部22と検出部23とを有している。
スパイク出力部20aにおいて、SPAD素子21にフォトンが入射されると、アバランシェ現象が発生し、信号線Vi1における電圧が変化する。クエンチ部22では、電流に応じた電圧降下が発生するため、SPAD素子21の端子間電圧は、降伏電圧まで低下し、アバランシェ現象が停止する。
切替部23aは、SPAD素子21におけるフォトン受光反応の検出を行う検出動作と、自身の内部状態をリセットするリセット動作との切り替えを行う。
増幅部23bは、SPAD素子21におけるフォトン受光反応が検出された際に切替部23aで得られる検出信号を増幅して、出力電圧Voutとして出力する。この出力電圧Voutは、パルス電圧として出力される。
初期化部23cは、上記のリセット動作時に検出部23内の電圧レベルを変更し、検出部23が再度フォトン受光反応を検出できるようにする。
具体的に、本例における演算部24は、自画素における検出部23と、上記所定数の他画素の検出部23とがフォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に計数部25にパルスのカウントを実行させるように構成される。
ここで、自画素のみでなく少なくとも隣接する他画素のフォトン受光反応も考慮して自画素の出力値を得るようにすることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
図4は、スパイク出力部20aの回路構成を例示した回路図である。
図中、P-MOSトランジスタによるトランジスタ10は、図2に示したクエンチ部22の一例である。なお、クエンチ部22の構成素子としては、SPAD素子21に対する負荷素子に相当するものが用いられればよく、トランジスタ10の代わりに抵抗器を配置することもできる。
ここで、トランジスタ10、トランジスタ11、及びトランジスタ13のソースは、何れも共通の電源電圧Vddに接続されていてもよい。また、トランジスタ10、トランジスタ11、及びトランジスタ13のうち、少なくとも何れかのソースは、異なる電源電圧に接続されていてもよい。
SPAD素子21がフォトンと反応し、SPAD素子21のカソード/アノード間の電流が増えると、トランジスタ10のソース/ドレイン間における電圧降下に応じて、信号線Vi1の電圧が低下する。このため、信号線Vi1に対しトランジスタ12を介して接続された信号線Vi2の電圧がHIGHからLOWに変化する。トランジスタ13のゲートにLOWの電圧が印加されると、トランジスタ13のソース/ドレイン間がオンとなり、信号線Vi3の電圧が電源電圧VddによってHIGHに引き上げられる。信号線Vi3よりHIGHの信号を入力されたインバータ15は、LOWの信号を出力する。このように本例のスパイク出力部20aでは、フォトン受光反応の検出時に出力電圧VoutとしてLOWレベル(負極性)のパルスが出力される。
パルス生成器16にインバータ15よりLOWレベルのパルスが入力されてから、パルス生成器16がHIGHレベルのパルスを生成するまでの時間遅れを調整することによって、出力電圧VoutのLOWレベル期間、すなわちフォトン受光反応を示すパルスの長さを変えることができる。
図5は、演算部24、計数部25、及び出力部26の内部構成例を説明するための図である。
演算部24は、自画素におけるスパイク出力部20a(検出部23)と、少なくとも自画素に隣接する他画素を含む所定数の他画素におけるスパイク出力部20a(検出部23)とがフォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に計数部25にパルスのカウントを実行させるための論理回路を有する。
図5では説明上の例として、上記所定数の他画素が三つであり、演算部24にはこれら三つの他画素と自画素の計四つの画素20のスパイク出力部20aによる出力パルスのANDをとるための論理回路として、二つのNORゲート回路24aと一つのANDゲート回路24bとが設けられた場合を示している。この場合、一方のNORゲート回路24aには自画素と何れか一つの他画素のスパイク出力部20aの出力が入力され、他方のNORゲート回路24aには残余の二つの他画素のスパイク出力部20aの出力が入力される。そして、ANDゲート回路24bには、それぞれのNORゲート回路24aの出力が入力される。
これにより、デジタルカウンタ25aは、ANDゲート回路24bの出力がHIGHとなった回数をカウントすることが可能とされる。すなわち、自画素のみでなく上記所定数の他画素が同時にフォトン受光反応を検出した回数をカウント可能なものである。これは、自画素のみでなく上記所定数の他画素が同時にフォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に、自画素のフォトン受光反応の回数がカウントされると換言できる。
出力選択部25bには、デジタルカウンタ25aにおける2段目以降の各Dフリップフロップの出力が入力される。出力選択部25bにおいては、何れの段のDフリップフロップの出力を判定基準とするかが定められ、該判定基準とされた段のDフリップフロップの出力がHIGHとなったことに応じて、出力部26に対する信号出力を行う。これは、カウント値が予め定められた閾値(2以上の自然数)以上となったら、その旨を示す信号を出力部26に出力するものと換言できる。
行制御線WORDを介してトランジスタ26bのゲートにワード信号が入力されることで、出力選択部25bによる出力信号がトランジスタ26a及び26bを介して垂直信号線Liに出力される。
これにより、1フレーム期間内でデジタルカウンタ25aのカウント値が所定閾値以上となれば、その旨を示す信号が画素20の出力信号として垂直信号線Liを介して読み出される。
続いて、第二実施形態について説明する。第二実施形態は、フォトン受光反応が検出されたことを示すパルスのカウントにアナログカウンタを用いるものである。
なお、以下の説明において、既に説明済みとなった部分と同様となる部分については同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
画素20Aは、画素20と比較して、計数部25に代えて計数部25Aが設けられた点が異なる。計数部25Aは、デジタルカウンタ25aに代えてアナログカウンタ25aAが、出力選択部25bに代えてコンパレータ25bAが設けられた点が異なる。
ディスチャージ部DSにおいて、第一スイッチSW1は、第一キャパシタC1の一端を電源電圧Vddに接続する状態と接地させる状態とを切り替え可能に構成されている。第二スイッチSW2は、第一キャパシタC1の他端を接地させる状態と第二キャパシタC2の一端に接続する状態とを切り替え可能に構成されている。
第一スイッチSW1、及び第二スイッチSW2に対しては、演算部24の出力信号が切り替え制御信号として供給される。具体的に、第一スイッチSW1は、演算部24の出力信号がHIGHであれば第一キャパシタC1の一端を電源電圧Vddに接続し、該出力信号がLOWであれば第一キャパシタC1の一端を接地させるように動作する。また、第二スイッチSW2は、演算部24の出力信号がHIGHであれば第一キャパシタC1の他端を接地させ、該出力信号がLOWであれば第一キャパシタC1の他端を第二キャパシタC2の一端に接続させるように動作する。
リセットトランジスタTrsは、本例ではP-MOSトランジスタが用いられており、第二キャパシタC2に対して並列接続されている。リセットトランジスタTrsのゲートはリセット信号xRSTの供給ラインに接続されている。リセット信号xRSTは、例えば前述したワード信号のように行単位でON/OFFされる信号である。或いは、リセット信号xRSTは、全画素同時にグローバルに制御される信号の場合もある。
上記の動作により、演算部24からのパルス出力に応じては、第一キャパシタC1に出力パルス一つ分の電荷がチャージされた後、該第一キャパシタC1にチャージされた分の電荷が第二キャパシタC2から引き抜かれる。
この結果、第二キャパシタC2の充電電荷は、演算部24からのパルス出力回数に応じた分だけディスチャージされる。すなわち、第二キャパシタC2の端子間電圧が、パルスの発生回数を示すものとなる。
演算・計数部30は、計数部25Aと同様に第二キャパシタC2、オペアンプOP、第二キャパシタC2、及びコンパレータ25bAを備えると共に、ディスチャージ部DSを複数備えている。
この場合、各ディスチャージ部DSの第一スイッチSW1、第二スイッチSW2は、それぞれ対応する出力電圧VoutのHIGH/LOWの変化に対して次のように動作する。すなわち、各第一スイッチSW1は、対応する出力電圧VoutがLOW(つまりフォトン受光反応検出)であれば、第一キャパシタC1の一端を電源電圧Vddに接続し、出力電圧VoutがHIGHであれば第一キャパシタC1の一端を接地させるように動作する。また、各第二スイッチSW2は、対応する出力電圧VoutがLOWであれば第一キャパシタC1の他端を接地させ、出力電圧VoutがHIGHであれば第一キャパシタC1の他端を第二キャパシタC2の一端に接続させるように動作する。
このように自画素のパルスカウント値に対し隣接他画素を含む近傍所定数の他画素のパルスカウント値を反映させることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
第三実施形態は、アービタ方式により画素の出力値の読み出しを行うものである。
図8は、第三実施形態としてのセンサ装置1Cの内部構成例を示したブロック図である。
図示のようにセンサ装置1Cは、画素アレイ部2Cと、アービタを構成するxアービタ5x及びyアービタ5yと、出力部6とを備えている。画素アレイ部2Cは、画素20に代えて画素20Cを備える点が画素アレイ部2と異なる。各画素20Cは、xアービタ5xに対する読み出しリクエストとしてのx方向(行方向)のリクエストReqxを出力可能とされると共に、xアービタ5xからの肯定応答としての肯定応答Ackxを受信可能に構成されている。さらに各画素20Cは、yアービタ5yに対する読み出しリクエストとしてのy方向(列方向)のリクエストReqyを出力可能とされると共に、yアービタ5yからの肯定応答としてのy方向の肯定応答Ackyを受信可能に構成されている。
出力部6は、xアービタ5x、yアービタ5yとの間でそれぞれ上記のリクエストAReqxや肯定応答AAckx、リクエストAReqyや肯定応答AAckyのやりとりを行って、センサ装置1Cの外部装置(外部チップ)に対し、読み出しリクエストを行った画素20Cのアドレス情報(ADDRESS)を出力する。このアドレス情報の出力において、出力部6は、上記外部装置に対するリクエストCHIPReqの送信や、上記外部装置からの肯定応答CHIPAckの受信を行う。
但し、これらxアービタ5x、yアービタ5y、及び出力部6の具体的な処理は参考文献1に記載のものに限らず、少なくとも画素20Cからの読み出しリクエストを調停し、読み出しリクエストを行った画素20Cのアドレス情報を出力するものであればよい。
なお、アービタ方式において、読み出しリクエストを行った画素20Cのアドレス情報のみでなく該リクエストが行われた時刻(換言すれば、イベントの発生時刻)を示すタイムスタンプを扱う構成を採ることもできる。
・参考文献1:Event-Based Neuromorphic Systems, Shih-Chi Liu et,al., ISBN-13 : 978-0470018491
画素20Cは、図6に示した画素20Aと比較して、出力部26に代えてAER(Address Event Representation)ロジック回路27が設けられる点が異なる。
AERロジック回路27は、計数部25Aにおけるコンパレータ25bAの出力信号を入力し、該出力信号がHIGHとなったことに応じてリクエストReqx、リクエストReqyをそれぞれxアービタ5x、yアービタ5yに対して出力する。これは、自画素及び所定数の他画素におけるフォトン受光反応検出回数が所定閾値以上となったことを示す信号をイベント信号として入力し、該イベント信号の入力に応じてxアービタ5x、yアービタ5yにリクエストを行うものであると換言できる。
ここで、図9では、コンパレータ25bAの出力信号(出力電圧)を「Vco」と表記している。
図示のように本例では、AERロジック回路27として一般的なAERロジックの構成を採用している。本例では、図10の左側に示す構成により、イベントの発生(出力電圧VcoがHIGH)に応じて、yアービタ5yに対するリクエストReqyが出力され、その後、yアービタ5yからの肯定応答Ackyに応じてxアービタ5xに対するリクエストReqxが行われるものとなる。また、図10の右側の構成により、yアービタ5yからの肯定応答Ackyとxアービタ5xからの肯定応答Ackxとを受信したことに応じて、リセット信号xrstが出力される。
ここで、実施形態としては上記に例示した具体例に限定されるものではなく、多様な変形例としての構成を採り得る。
例えば、スパイク出力部20aについては、図11に例示するようなスパイク出力部20aDに置き換えることも可能である。このスパイク出力部20aDは、スパイク出力部20aと比較してトランジスタの数が削減されたものとなる。
トランジスタ10は、スパイク出力部20aの場合と同様、SPAD素子21の負荷素子に相当するものである。
SPAD素子21がフォトンと反応すると、カソード/アノード間の電流が増加し、トランジスタ10のソース/ドレイン間の電圧降下により信号線Vi1の電圧がLOWになる。このため、トランジスタ42のゲートにLOWの電圧が印加され、トランジスタ42のソース/ドレイン間はオンとなる。これに伴い、トランジスタ41のソース/ドレイン間に流れる電流が増加する。このため、Id-Vgs特性によってトランジスタ41のゲート/ソース間電圧が大きくなる。
図14に示すように、アナログ方式の場合、(i,j)=(0,0)から(2,2)までの各画素の出力を受け電流源を共通のノードへ接続するN-MOS、P-MOSのトランジスタと、電流の絶対値により決まる電流源と電流を蓄積する容量と、初期電圧(電荷)やリーク電流としてオフセットを規定する電流源と比較器とを設ける。カーネルKnの係数は電流源の絶対値で規定される。カーネルKnの係数が正であれば、P-MOS側のトランジスタがオンして、その電流源(|Aij|)からの電流を共通ノードへと流す。
カーネルKnの係数がゼロであれば、P-MOS、N-MOSの何れのトランジスタもオンせず、電流はゼロである。カーネルKnの係数が負であった場合は、N-MOS側のトランジスタがオンして共通ノードからある係数(|Aij|)で電流を引き抜く。最終的な電流値は、所定の閾値電圧Vthと比較され、閾値を超えたか否かで対象の画素の出力を行う。
図15は、アナログカウンタの別例についての説明図である。
ここでは、スパイク列を出力するための構成としてスパイク出力部20aDを用いる場合を例示しているが、スパイク出力部20a等の他の構成を用いるようにしてもよい。
スパイク出力部20aDがパルスを出力した際には、第一NORゲート回路の出力電圧Vi5にパルスが発生し、後段のキャパシタCdeltaの電荷をディスチャージする。パルスの発生後は、第二NORゲート回路の出力電圧Vi5’で制御されるトランジスタが接続されたオペアンプの出力へ接続され、電圧VdeltaでキャパシタCdeltaがチャージされる。この動作を繰り返すことで、図中のRSTにより初期化されたキャパシタCoutの電荷から何回引き抜いたかによってアナログ電圧が変動し、例えばN回の引き抜き動作によって「Vdd-N*Cdelta*Vdelta」の電圧に出力電圧Vout’が制御される。
上記のように実施形態のセンサ装置(同1、1C)は、SPAD素子(同21)と、SPAD素子によるフォトン受光反応を検出してフォトン受光反応を示すパルスを出力すると共に、パルスの出力に応じて自身の状態をフォトン受光反応の検出可能状態にリセットする検出部(同23)と、検出部が出力するパルスの数をカウントするパルス計数部(計数部25、25A、演算・計数部30)と、を備えたものである。
検出部が上記のリセットを行う構成とされることで、高照度状態においてもスパイク列を適正に得ることが可能となり、また、上記のパルス計数部により、スパイク列におけるスパイクの数(パルス数)を適切にカウントすることが可能となる。
従って、人の目の感光特性を模したスパイクカメラを実現することができる。
これにより、二次元の撮像画像を取得可能なスパイクカメラを実現することができる。
自画素のみでなく少なくとも隣接する他画素のフォトン受光反応も考慮して自画素の出力値を得るようにすることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
従って、人の目の感光特性について再現性の向上を図ることができる。
上記のように自画素のみでなく隣接他画素を含む近傍所定数の他画素がフォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に自画素のパルスカウントを実行することで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
従って、人の目の感光特性について再現性の向上を図ることができる。
これにより、デジタル論理回路を用いて適切に条件判定を行うことができる。
上記のように自画素のパルスカウント値に対し隣接他画素を含む近傍所定数の他画素のパルスカウント値を反映させることで、人の目における水平細胞の役割を再現することが可能となる。
従って、人の目の感光特性について再現性の向上を図ることができる。
これにより、自画素の出力値に影響させる他画素として何れの画素を用いるかをカーネルにより可変設定することができる。
これにより、画素の出力値として輝度が一定以上であるか否かを表す値を出力することができる。
これにより、デジタル論理回路を用いてパルスカウントを適切に行うことができる。
アナログのカウンタを用いることでパルスの数を簡易な構成によりカウントすることができる。
上記のような容量を用いたカウンタとすることで、簡易な構成によりパルスカウントを実現することができる。
これにより、画素の出力値はスキャン方式により読み出される。
スキャン方式により画素値を読み出すための既存の回路構成を流用することができるため、センサ装置のコスト削減を図ることができる。
アービタ方式を採用することで、所定態様によるフォトン受光反応のあった画素の値を迅速に読み出すことができる。
なお本技術は以下のような構成も採ることができる。
(1)
SPAD素子と、
前記SPAD素子によるフォトン受光反応を検出して前記フォトン受光反応を示すパルスを出力すると共に、前記パルスの出力に応じて自身の状態を前記フォトン受光反応の検出可能状態にリセットする検出部と、
前記検出部が出力する前記パルスの数をカウントするパルス計数部と、を備えた
センサ装置。
(2)
前記SPAD素子、前記検出部、及び前記パルス計数部を有する画素が二次元に複数配列された
前記(1)に記載のセンサ装置。
(3)
前記画素は、自画素における前記検出部による前記フォトン受光反応の検出結果と、少なくとも自画素に隣接する他画素を含む所定数の他画素における前記検出部による前記フォトン受光反応の検出結果とに基づき自画素の出力値を得るための演算を行う演算部を有する
前記(2)に記載のセンサ装置。
(4)
前記演算部は、前記自画素における前記検出部と、前記所定数の他画素の前記検出部とが前記フォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に前記パルス計数部に前記パルスのカウントを実行させる
前記(3)に記載のセンサ装置。
(5)
前記演算部は、ANDゲート回路を用いて前記条件の成立有無を判定する
前記(4)に記載のセンサ装置。
(6)
前記演算部は、自画素における前記検出部が出力する前記パルスのカウント値に対し、前記所定数の他画素それぞれにおける前記検出部が出力する前記パルスのカウント値を反映させる
前記(3)に記載のセンサ装置。
(7)
前記所定数の他画素がカーネルにより選択される
前記(3)から(6)の何れかに記載のセンサ装置。
(8)
前記パルス計数部は、前記パルスのカウント数が閾値以上となった場合に信号出力を行う
前記(1)から(7)の何れかに記載のセンサ装置。
(9)
前記パルス計数部はデジタルカウンタにより前記パルスの数をカウントする
前記(1)から(8)の何れかに記載のセンサ装置。
(10)
前記パルス計数部はアナログカウンタにより前記パルスの数をカウントする
請求項1に記載のセンサ装置。
(11)
前記アナログカウンタは、前記検出部による前記パルスの出力に応じて充電量が変化する容量を用いたカウンタとされた
前記(10)に記載のセンサ装置。
(12)
前記画素の出力値の読み出しを画素行ごとに実行させる行制御回路を備えた
前記(2)から(11)の何れかに記載のセンサ装置。
(13)
アービタ方式により前記画素の出力値の読み出しを行う
前記(2)から(11)の何れかに記載のセンサ装置。
2、2C 画素アレイ部
3 行制御回路
4 信号処理・出力回路
5x xアービタ
5y yアービタ
6 出力部
20,20A,20B,20C 画素
20a,20aD スパイク出力部
21 SPAD素子
22 クエンチ部
23 検出部
24 演算部
24a NORゲート回路
24b ANDゲート回路
25,25A 計数部
25a デジタルカウンタ
25aA アナログカウンタ
25b 出力選択部
25bA コンパレータ
26 出力部
26a,26b トランジスタ
27 AERロジック回路
30 演算・計数部
C1 第一キャパシタ
SW1 第一スイッチ
SW2 第二スイッチ
DS ディスチャージ部
C2 第二キャパシタ
OP オペアンプ
Kn カーネル
Claims (13)
- SPAD素子と、
前記SPAD素子によるフォトン受光反応を検出して前記フォトン受光反応を示すパルスを出力すると共に、前記パルスの出力に応じて自身の状態を前記フォトン受光反応の検出可能状態にリセットする検出部と、
前記検出部が出力する前記パルスの数をカウントするパルス計数部と、を備えた
センサ装置。 - 前記SPAD素子、前記検出部、及び前記パルス計数部を有する画素が二次元に複数配列された
請求項1に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記画素は、自画素における前記検出部による前記フォトン受光反応の検出結果と、少なくとも自画素に隣接する他画素を含む所定数の他画素における前記検出部による前記フォトン受光反応の検出結果とに基づき自画素の出力値を得るための演算を行う演算部を有する
請求項2に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記演算部は、前記自画素における前記検出部と、前記所定数の他画素の前記検出部とが前記フォトン受光反応を検出したことを条件に前記パルス計数部に前記パルスのカウントを実行させる
請求項3に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記演算部は、ANDゲート回路を用いて前記条件の成立有無を判定する
請求項4に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記演算部は、自画素における前記検出部が出力する前記パルスのカウント値に対し、前記所定数の他画素それぞれにおける前記検出部が出力する前記パルスのカウント値を反映させる
請求項3に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記所定数の他画素がカーネルにより選択される
請求項3に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記パルス計数部は、前記パルスのカウント数が閾値以上となった場合に信号出力を行う
請求項1に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記パルス計数部はデジタルカウンタにより前記パルスの数をカウントする
請求項1に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記パルス計数部はアナログカウンタにより前記パルスの数をカウントする
請求項1に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記アナログカウンタは、前記検出部による前記パルスの出力に応じて充電量が変化する容量を用いたカウンタとされた
請求項10に記載のセンサ装置。 - 前記画素の出力値の読み出しを画素行ごとに実行させる行制御回路を備えた
請求項2に記載のセンサ装置。 - アービタ方式により前記画素の出力値の読み出しを行う
請求項2に記載のセンサ装置。
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| JP2022137595A (ja) | 2022-09-22 |
| CN116918344A (zh) | 2023-10-20 |
| US20240147099A1 (en) | 2024-05-02 |
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