WO2022185637A1 - 固体電解質材料およびこれを用いた電池 - Google Patents
固体電解質材料およびこれを用いた電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to solid electrolyte materials and batteries using the same.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses an all-solid battery using a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a solid electrolyte material represented by Li 6-3z Y z X 6 (where 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2 is satisfied and X is Cl or Br).
- the present disclosure provides a new solid electrolyte material with high utility.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present disclosure contains Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O, and the molar ratio of O to Y is greater than 0 and 0.60 or less.
- a new highly useful solid electrolyte material can be realized.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery 1000 according to a second embodiment.
- 2 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3 and Reference Example 1.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a pressure forming die 300 used to evaluate the ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte materials.
- 4 is a graph showing a Cole-Cole plot obtained by impedance measurement of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment contains Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O, and the molar ratio of O to Y is greater than 0 and 0.60 or less.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is a highly useful new solid electrolyte material.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may for example have a practical lithium ion conductivity, for example a high lithium ion conductivity.
- high lithium ion conductivity is, for example, 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm or more. That is, the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can have an ionic conductivity of, for example, 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm or more.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be used to obtain an all-solid battery with excellent charge/discharge characteristics.
- the all-solid-state battery may be a primary battery or a secondary battery.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment does not substantially contain sulfur.
- the fact that the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment does not substantially contain sulfur means that the solid electrolyte material does not contain sulfur as a constituent element except sulfur that is unavoidably mixed as an impurity. In this case, sulfur mixed as an impurity in the solid electrolyte material is, for example, 1 mol % or less. From the viewpoint of safety, it is desirable that the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment does not contain sulfur.
- a solid electrolyte material that does not contain sulfur does not generate hydrogen sulfide even when exposed to the atmosphere, so it is excellent in safety.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte disclosed in Patent Document 1 can generate hydrogen sulfide when exposed to the atmosphere.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may consist essentially of Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment consists essentially of Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment consists essentially of Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment consists essentially of Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may consist of Li, Zr, Y, Cl, and O only.
- the molar ratio of O to Y in the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be more than 0 and 0.55 or less.
- the molar ratio of O to Y in the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.50, and more than or equal to 0.01 and 0.50. It may be below.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment contains Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Al, Sc, Ga, Bi, La, Sm, Hf, Ta, and Nb. It may further include at least one selected from the group consisting of
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be obtained using Cu-K ⁇ .
- the obtained X-ray diffraction pattern 15.5° or more and 16.0° or less, 16.7° or more and 16.9° or less, 17.5° or more and 17.7° or less, 20.1° or more and 20.3° or less, 22.3° or more and 22.5° or less, 31.4° or more and 31.6° or less, 35.5° or more and 35.8° or less, 46.9° or more and 47 Diffraction peaks may be present in each of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ ranges of 0.2° or less and 48.9° or more and 49.1° or less.
- Such solid electrolyte materials have high lithium ion conductivity.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be obtained using Cu-K ⁇ .
- the obtained X-ray diffraction pattern 15.5° or more and 15.7° or less, 16.7° or more and 16.9° or less, 17.5° or more and 17.7° or less, 20.1° or more and 20.3° or less, 22.3° or more and 22.5° or less, 31.4° or more and 31.6° or less, 35.6° or more and 35.8° or less, 47.0° or more and 47 Diffraction peaks may be present in each of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ ranges of 0.2° or less and 48.9° or more and 49.1° or less.
- Such solid electrolyte materials have high lithium ion conductivity.
- a diffraction peak in an X-ray diffraction pattern is also simply called a "peak".
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment was obtained by X It can be obtained by line diffraction measurements.
- the angle of the peak is the angle indicating the maximum intensity of the mountain-shaped portion having an SN ratio of 3 or more and a half width of 10° or less.
- the half-value width is the width represented by the difference between two diffraction angles at which the intensity is half the value of IMAX , where IMAX is the maximum intensity of the peak.
- SNR is the ratio of signal S to background noise N.
- the molar ratio of Zr to Y may be 0.7 or more and 1.1 or less.
- the molar ratio of Li to Y may be 4.4 or more and 5.6 or less.
- the molar ratio of Cl to Y may be 7.7 or more and 12.7 or less.
- the molar ratio of Li to Y is 4.4 or more and 5.6 or less, and the molar ratio of Zr to Y is 0.7 or more and 1.1 or less. and the molar ratio of Cl to Y may be 7.7 or more and 12.7 or less.
- the molar ratio of Li to Y is calculated by the formula: (substance amount of Li)/(substance amount of Y).
- the molar ratio of Zr to Y is calculated by the formula: (Amount of substance of Zr)/(Amount of substance of Y).
- the molar ratio of Cl to Y is calculated by the formula: (substance amount of Cl)/(substance amount of Y).
- the molar ratio of Li to Y may be expressed as "molar ratio x”.
- the molar ratio of Zr to Y is sometimes expressed as "molar ratio y.”
- the molar ratio of Cl to Y is sometimes denoted as "molar ratio z.”
- the molar ratio x is 4.97 or more and 5.02 or less
- the molar ratio y is 0.85 or more and 0.94 or less
- the ratio z may be greater than or equal to 8.54 and less than or equal to 11.34.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is not limited. Examples of such shapes are acicular, spherical, or ellipsoidal.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be particles.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be formed to have a pellet or plate shape.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment when the shape of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is particulate (eg, spherical), the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. good. This allows the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment and other materials, such as active materials, to be well dispersed.
- the median diameter of particles means the particle diameter (d50) corresponding to 50% of the cumulative volume in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- a volume-based particle size distribution can be measured by a laser diffraction measurement device or an image analysis device.
- the median diameter may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. good.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may have a smaller median diameter than the active material.
- a solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be manufactured by the following method.
- raw material powders of halides are prepared and mixed so as to have the desired composition.
- YCl3 raw powder, LiCl raw powder, and ZrCl4 raw powder are mixed.
- the obtained mixed powder is fired in an inert gas atmosphere (for example, an argon atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 60° C. or lower) in which the oxygen concentration and water concentration are adjusted.
- the firing temperature may be, for example, in the range of 200°C or higher and 650°C or lower.
- the resulting reaction product is left to stand in an atmosphere with a relatively high dew point (for example, an argon atmosphere with a dew point of -30°C), and then fired at a temperature above the melting point (for example, 550°C).
- a relatively high dew point for example, an argon atmosphere with a dew point of -30°C
- the raw material powders may be mixed in a pre-adjusted molar ratio so as to compensate for compositional changes that may occur in the synthesis process.
- the amount of oxygen in the solid electrolyte material is determined by selecting the raw material powder, the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere, the water concentration in the atmosphere, and the reaction time. A desired solid electrolyte material is thus obtained.
- the fired product obtained in the first firing may be used as the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the oxygen contained in the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is taken in from the above atmosphere having a relatively high dew point.
- the composition of the solid electrolyte material can be determined, for example, by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, ion chromatography, or non-dispersive infrared absorption.
- the composition of Li, Zr, and Y can be determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- the composition of Cl can be determined by ion chromatography
- O can be measured by non-dispersive infrared absorption.
- the second embodiment describes a battery using the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- a battery according to the second embodiment includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer.
- the electrolyte layer is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode contains the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the battery according to the second embodiment contains the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment, it has excellent charge/discharge characteristics.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery 1000 according to the second embodiment.
- a battery 1000 includes a positive electrode 201 , an electrolyte layer 202 and a negative electrode 203 .
- Electrolyte layer 202 is disposed between positive electrode 201 and negative electrode 203 .
- the positive electrode 201 contains positive electrode active material particles 204 and solid electrolyte particles 100 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains an electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte material is, for example, a solid electrolyte material.
- the negative electrode 203 contains negative electrode active material particles 205 and solid electrolyte particles 100 .
- the solid electrolyte particles 100 are particles containing the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte particles 100 may be particles made of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment, or particles containing the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment as a main component.
- particles containing the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment as a main component means particles in which the component contained in the largest molar ratio is the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the positive electrode 201 contains a material that can occlude and release metal ions (eg, lithium ions).
- the positive electrode 201 contains, for example, a positive electrode active material (eg, positive electrode active material particles 204).
- positive electrode active materials are lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanion materials, fluorinated polyanion materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxyfluorides, transition metal oxysulfides, or transition metal oxynitrides.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides are LiNi1 -dfCodAlfO2 (where 0 ⁇ d , 0 ⁇ f , and 0 ⁇ (d+f) ⁇ 1 ) or LiCoO2.
- the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more. Such good dispersion improves the charge-discharge characteristics of the battery.
- the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a median diameter of 100 ⁇ m or less. Due to the rapid diffusion of lithium, the battery can operate at high power. As described above, the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a larger median diameter than the solid electrolyte particles 100 .
- the ratio of the volume of the positive electrode active material particles 204 to the total volume of the positive electrode active material particles 204 and the solid electrolyte particles 100 is 0.30 or more and 0.95. There may be:
- the positive electrode 201 may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains an electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte material may be the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be a solid electrolyte layer.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be composed only of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment. Alternatively, it may be composed only of a solid electrolyte material different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- solid electrolyte materials different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment include Li 2 MgX′ 4 , Li 2 FeX′ 4 , Li(Al, Ga, In)X′ 4 , Li 3 (Al, Ga, In ) X′ 6 , or LiI.
- X' is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- the notation "(A, B, C)" in the chemical formula means "at least one selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C".
- “(Al, Ga, In)” is synonymous with “at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, and In.”
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is hereinafter referred to as the first solid electrolyte material.
- a solid electrolyte material different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is called a second solid electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain not only the first solid electrolyte material but also the second solid electrolyte material.
- the first solid electrolyte material and the second solid electrolyte material may be uniformly dispersed.
- a layer made of the first solid electrolyte material and a layer made of the second solid electrolyte material may be stacked along the stacking direction of battery 1000 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 may have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less in order to suppress a short circuit between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 and increase the output of the battery.
- the negative electrode 203 contains a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions (eg, lithium ions).
- the negative electrode 203 contains, for example, a negative electrode active material (eg, negative electrode active material particles 205).
- Examples of negative electrode active materials are metal materials, carbon materials, oxides, nitrides, tin compounds, or silicon compounds.
- the metal material may be a single metal or an alloy.
- Examples of metallic materials are lithium metal or lithium alloys.
- Examples of carbon materials are natural graphite, coke, ungraphitized carbon, carbon fibers, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, or amorphous carbon. From the viewpoint of capacity density, suitable examples of negative electrode active materials are silicon (ie, Si), tin (ie, Sn), silicon compounds, or tin compounds.
- the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more. Such good dispersion improves the charge-discharge characteristics of the battery.
- the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a median diameter of 100 ⁇ m or less. Due to the rapid diffusion of lithium, the battery can operate at high power. As described above, the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a larger median diameter than the solid electrolyte particles 100 .
- the ratio of the volume of negative electrode active material particles 205 to the total volume of negative electrode active material particles 205 and solid electrolyte particles 100 is 0.30 or more and 0.95. It may be below.
- the negative electrode 203 may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 contains a second solid electrolyte material in order to enhance ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and electrochemical stability. may be
- the second solid electrolyte material may be a halide solid electrolyte.
- halide solid electrolytes are Li 2 MgX' 4 , Li 2 FeX' 4 , Li(Al,Ga,In)X' 4 , Li 3 (Al,Ga,In)X' 6 or LiI.
- X' is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- the second solid electrolyte material may be a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- sulfide solid electrolytes are Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 , Li 2 S-B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S-GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , or Li10GeP2S12 . _
- the second solid electrolyte material may be an oxide solid electrolyte.
- oxide solid electrolytes are (i) NASICON - type solid electrolytes such as LiTi2(PO4)3 or elemental substitutions thereof; (ii) perovskite-type solid electrolytes such as (LaLi) TiO3 ; ( iii) LISICON - type solid electrolytes such as Li14ZnGe4O16 , Li4SiO4 , LiGeO4 , or elemental substitutions thereof; ( iv) garnet - type solid electrolytes such as Li7La3Zr2O12 or elemental substitutions thereof; or (v) Li 3 PO 4 or its N-substitution.
- NASICON - type solid electrolytes such as LiTi2(PO4)3 or elemental substitutions thereof
- perovskite-type solid electrolytes such as (LaLi) TiO3 ;
- LISICON - type solid electrolytes such as Li14ZnGe4O16 , Li4SiO4 , LiGeO4
- the second solid electrolyte material may be an organic polymer solid electrolyte.
- organic polymer solid electrolytes are polymeric compounds and lithium salt compounds.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure. Since a polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure can contain a large amount of lithium salt, the ionic conductivity can be further increased.
- lithium salts are LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3, LiN(SO2CF3)2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ). ( SO2C4F9 ) , or LiC ( SO2CF3 ) 3 .
- One lithium salt selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these may be used.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 is a non-aqueous electrolyte, a gel electrolyte, or a It may contain an ionic liquid.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents examples include cyclic carbonate solvents, chain carbonate solvents, cyclic ether solvents, chain ether solvents, cyclic ester solvents, chain ester solvents, or fluorine solvents.
- cyclic carbonate solvents are ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or butylene carbonate.
- linear carbonate solvents are dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate.
- examples of cyclic ether solvents are tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, or 1,3-dioxolane.
- linear ether solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane or 1,2-diethoxyethane.
- An example of a cyclic ester solvent is ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- An example of a linear ester solvent is methyl acetate.
- fluorosolvents are fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethyl methyl carbonate, or fluorodimethylene carbonate.
- non-aqueous solvent selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more non-aqueous solvents selected from these may be used.
- lithium salts are LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3, LiN(SO2CF3)2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ). ( SO2C4F9 ) , or LiC ( SO2CF3 ) 3 .
- One lithium salt selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is, for example, in the range of 0.5 mol/liter or more and 2 mol/liter or less.
- a polymer material impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte can be used as the gel electrolyte.
- examples of polymeric materials are polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, or polymers with ethylene oxide linkages.
- ionic liquids examples include (i) aliphatic chain quaternary salts such as tetraalkylammonium or tetraalkylphosphonium; (ii) aliphatic cyclic ammoniums such as pyrrolidiniums, morpholiniums, imidazoliniums, tetrahydropyrimidiniums, piperaziniums, or piperidiniums; or (iii) nitrogen-containing heterogeneous compounds such as pyridiniums or imidazoliums. It is a ring aromatic cation.
- Examples of anions contained in the ionic liquid are PF 6 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , SbF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , SO 3 CF 3 ⁇ , N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ , N(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2- , N( SO2CF3 ) ( SO2C4F9 ) - , or C ( SO2CF3 ) 3- .
- the ionic liquid may contain a lithium salt.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, Polyacrylic acid hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyether sulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber , or carboxymethyl cellulose.
- Copolymers can also be used as binders.
- binders are tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid , and hexadiene.
- a mixture of two or more selected from these may be used as the binder.
- At least one selected from the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a conductive aid in order to increase electronic conductivity.
- Examples of conductive aids are (i) graphites such as natural or artificial graphite; (ii) carbon blacks such as acetylene black or ketjen black; (iii) conductive fibers such as carbon or metal fibers; (iv) carbon fluoride, (v) metal powders such as aluminum; (vi) conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; (vii) conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or (viii) conductive polymeric compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, or polythiophene. From the viewpoint of cost reduction, the above (i) or (ii) may be used.
- Examples of the shape of the battery according to the second embodiment are coin-shaped, cylindrical, rectangular, sheet-shaped, button-shaped, flat-shaped, and laminated.
- a material for forming a positive electrode, a material for forming an electrolyte layer, and a material for forming a negative electrode are prepared, and the positive electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode are arranged in this order by a known method. It may also be manufactured by making laminated laminates.
- Example 1 [Preparation of Solid Electrolyte Material]
- a dry argon atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 60° C. or less and an oxygen concentration of 0.1% by volume or less
- YCl 3 , ZrCl 4 and LiCl as raw material powders were converted to YCl 3 : ZrCl 4 :LiCl was prepared to have a molar ratio of about 1:1:5.
- These raw powders were ground and mixed in a mortar.
- the resulting mixture was calcined at 550° C. for 2 hours in a closed SUS container in a dry argon atmosphere, and then pulverized in a mortar.
- a solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was obtained.
- composition analysis of solid electrolyte material The contents of Li and Y per unit weight of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 were measured by high frequency inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a high frequency inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (iCAP7400 manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific). was done.
- the Cl content of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured by ion chromatography using an ion chromatograph (ICS-2000 manufactured by Dionex). Based on the contents of Li, Zr, Y, and Cl obtained from these measurement results, the molar ratio of Li:Zr:Y:Cl was calculated. As a result, the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 had a molar ratio of Li:Zr:Y:Cl of 5.00:0.94:1.0:11.34.
- the mass of O with respect to the mass of the entire solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured by a non-dispersive infrared absorption method using an oxygen/nitrogen/hydrogen analyzer (manufactured by Horiba, EMGA-930). As a result, the mass of O with respect to the mass of the entire solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was 0.02%. Based on this, the molar ratio of O to Y was calculated. As a result, the molar ratio of O to Y in the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was 0.01.
- a thermal analyzer (Q1000, manufactured by TA Instruments) was used to measure the melting point.
- the solid electrolyte material (about 5 mg) according to Example 1 was weighed and heated from room temperature to 550° C. at a heating rate of 10 K/min. An endothermic peak was observed at that time.
- a two-dimensional graph was created with temperature on the horizontal axis and calorific value on the vertical axis. A straight line connects two points on the graph where the solid electrolyte material neither generates heat nor absorbs heat, and this was used as a baseline.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of thermal analysis of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured using an X-ray diffractometer (MiniFlex 600, manufactured by RIGAKU) in a dry environment with a dew point of -45°C or lower. Cu-K ⁇ radiation (wavelength 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ ) was used as the X-ray source.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a pressure forming die 300 used to evaluate the ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte materials.
- the pressure forming die 300 had a punch upper part 301 , a frame mold 302 and a punch lower part 303 .
- the frame form 302 was made of insulating polycarbonate. Both the punch upper portion 301 and the punch lower portion 303 were made of electronically conductive stainless steel.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured by the following method.
- the solid electrolyte material powder 101 according to Example 1 was filled inside the pressure molding die 300 . Inside the pressing die 300 , a pressure of 300 MPa was applied to the solid electrolyte material powder 101 according to Example 1 using the punch upper part 301 .
- the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured at room temperature using a potentiostat (Princeton Applied Research, VersaSTAT 4) via the upper punch 301 and the lower punch 303. of impedance was measured. Although not shown, a working electrode and a potential measuring terminal were connected to the punch upper portion 301 , and a counter electrode and a reference electrode were connected to the punch lower portion 303 .
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a Cole-Cole plot obtained by impedance measurement of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1.
- the real value of the impedance at the measurement point where the absolute value of the phase of the complex impedance was the smallest was regarded as the resistance value of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 against ion conduction. See the arrow R SE shown in FIG. 4 for the real value.
- S is the contact area of the solid electrolyte material with the punch upper part 301 (equal to the cross-sectional area of the hollow part of the frame mold 302 in FIG. 3).
- R SE is the resistance value of the solid electrolyte material in impedance measurement.
- t is the thickness of the solid electrolyte material to which pressure is applied (equal to the thickness of the layer formed from the solid electrolyte material powder 101 in FIG. 3).
- the solid electrolyte material (100 mg) according to Example 1 the above-mentioned mixture (10.0 mg), and aluminum powder (14.7 mg) are laminated in order, A laminate was obtained.
- a pressure of 300 MPa was applied to the laminate to form a positive electrode and a solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte layer had a thickness of 500 ⁇ m.
- a metal In foil was laminated on the solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte layer was sandwiched between the metal In foil and the positive electrode.
- the metal In foil had a thickness of 200 ⁇ m.
- a pressure of 80 MPa was applied to the metal In foil to form a negative electrode.
- the battery according to Example 1 had an initial discharge capacity of 723 ⁇ Ah.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the initial discharge characteristics of the battery according to Example 1.
- Example 2 the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was allowed to stand in an atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 30° C. and an oxygen concentration of 20.9% by volume or less for about 10 minutes. Then, the reactants were calcined at 550° C. for 1 hour in a closed SUS container in a dry argon atmosphere, and then pulverized in a mortar. Thus, a solid electrolyte material according to Example 2 was obtained.
- Example 3 the time the reactants were placed in an atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 30° C. and an oxygen concentration of 20.9% by volume or less was 90 minutes instead of about 10 minutes.
- a solid electrolyte material according to Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the element ratio (molar ratio), melting point, X-ray diffraction, and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte materials of Examples 2 and 3 were measured. The measurement results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 2 and 3; 6 is a graph showing the results of thermal analysis of solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 2 and 3.
- the mass of O with respect to the mass of the entire solid electrolyte material according to Examples 2 and 3 was 0.16% and 1.48%, respectively.
- Batteries according to Examples 2 and 3 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 2 and 3.
- ⁇ Reference example 1> As in Example 2, except that the time the reactants were placed in an atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 30° C. and an oxygen concentration of 20.9% by volume or less was 540 minutes instead of about 10 minutes. , a solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1 was obtained.
- Example 2 is a graph showing an X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of thermal analysis of the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1.
- the melting point of the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1 could not be measured.
- a battery according to Reference Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the initial discharge characteristics of the battery according to Reference Example 1.
- Reference Example 2 As Reference Example 2, the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte material composed of Li, Y, Cl, and O and having a molar ratio of O to Y in the range of more than 0 and 0.50 or less was confirmed.
- a solid electrolyte material of a reference example was produced by the following method.
- YCl 3 and LiCl as raw material powders were prepared in an argon atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 60° C. or less and an oxygen concentration of 0.1% by volume or less in a YCl 3 :LiCl molar ratio of 1:3. These raw powders were ground and mixed in a mortar. The resulting mixture was calcined in an alumina crucible at 550° C. for 1 hour and then ground in a mortar. The resulting reactants were placed in an argon atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 30° C. and an oxygen concentration of 20.9% by volume for about 10 minutes. Furthermore, it was calcined at 550° C.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the element ratio (molar ratio) and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 2 were measured. The measurement results are shown in Table 1. The mass of O with respect to the mass of the entire solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 2 was 0.22%.
- the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3 have a high ionic conductivity of 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm or more near room temperature.
- the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3 have a higher ionic conductivity than the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 1.
- the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3 have higher ionic conductivity than the solid electrolyte material according to Reference Example 2, which does not contain zirconium.
- the batteries according to Examples 1 to 3 were charged and discharged at 25°C.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the present disclosure has practical lithium ion conductivity and is suitable for providing batteries that can be charged and discharged satisfactorily.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present disclosure is used, for example, in all-solid lithium ion secondary batteries.
- REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 100 solid electrolyte particles 101 solid electrolyte material powder 201 positive electrode 202 electrolyte layer 203 negative electrode 204 positive electrode active material particles 205 negative electrode active material particles 300 pressure molding die 301 frame mold 302 lower punch 303 upper punch 1000 battery
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Abstract
Description
第1実施形態による固体電解質材料は、Li、Zr、Y、Cl、およびOを含み、Yに対するOのモル比は、0超かつ0.60以下である。
第1実施形態による固体電解質材料は、下記の方法により製造され得る。
以下、第2実施形態が説明される。第1実施形態において説明された事項は、適宜、省略される。
(i)LiTi2(PO4)3またはその元素置換体のようなNASICON型固体電解質、
(ii)(LaLi)TiO3のようなペロブスカイト型固体電解質、
(iii)Li14ZnGe4O16、Li4SiO4、LiGeO4、またはその元素置換体のようなLISICON型固体電解質、
(iv)Li7La3Zr2O12またはその元素置換体のようなガーネット型固体電解質、
または
(v)Li3PO4またはそのN置換体
である。
(i)テトラアルキルアンモニウムまたはテトラアルキルホスホニウムのような脂肪族鎖状4級塩類、
(ii)ピロリジニウム類、モルホリニウム類、イミダゾリニウム類、テトラヒドロピリミジニウム類、ピペラジニウム類、またはピペリジニウム類のような脂肪族環状アンモニウム、または
(iii)ピリジニウム類またはイミダゾリウム類のような含窒ヘテロ環芳香族カチオンである。
(i)天然黒鉛または人造黒鉛のようなグラファイト類、
(ii)アセチレンブラックまたはケッチェンブラックのようなカーボンブラック類、
(iii)炭素繊維または金属繊維のような導電性繊維類、
(iv)フッ化カーボン、
(v)アルミニウムのような金属粉末類、
(vi)酸化亜鉛またはチタン酸カリウムのような導電性ウィスカー類、
(vii)酸化チタンのような導電性金属酸化物、または
(viii)ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、またはポリチオフェンのような導電性高分子化合物
である。低コスト化の観点から、上記の(i)または(ii)が使用されてもよい。
[固体電解質材料の作製]
-60℃以下の露点および0.1体積%以下の酸素濃度を有するアルゴン雰囲気(以下、「乾燥アルゴン雰囲気」という。)中で、原料粉としてYCl3、ZrCl4、およびLiClが、YCl3:ZrCl4:LiCl=1:1:5程度のモル比となるように用意された。これらの原料粉が、乳鉢中で粉砕され、混合された。得られた混合物は、乾燥アルゴン雰囲気中で、SUS製密閉容器の中で、550℃で2時間焼成された後、乳鉢中で粉砕された。このようにして、実施例1による固体電解質材料が得られた。
実施例1による固体電解質材料の単位重量あたりのLiおよびYの含有量は、高周波誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析装置(Thermo Fisher Scientific製、iCAP7400)を用いて、高周波誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法により測定された。実施例1による固体電解質材料のClの含有量は、イオンクロマトグラフ装置(Dionex製、ICS-2000)を用いて、イオンクロマトグラフィー法により測定された。これらの測定結果から得られたLi、Zr、Y、およびClの含有量をもとに、Li:Zr:Y:Clのモル比が算出された。その結果、実施例1による固体電解質材料は、5.00:0.94:1.0:11.34のLi:Zr:Y:Clのモル比を有していた。
融点の測定には、熱分析装置(T.A.インスツルメント製、Q1000)が用いられた。窒素雰囲気中で、実施例1による固体電解質材料(約5mg)を測り取り、10K/minの昇温速度で常温から550℃まで加熱した。そのときの吸熱ピークが観測された。得られたデータをもとに、横軸を温度、縦軸を発熱量として二次元グラフが作成された。固体電解質材料が発熱も吸熱もしていないグラフ上の2点を直線で結び、これをベースラインとした。次いで、吸熱ピークの変曲点における接線とベースラインの交点を融点とした。その結果、実施例1による固体電解質材料の融点は、477.1℃であった。図6は、実施例1による固体電解質材料の熱分析の結果を示すグラフである。
-45℃以下の露点を有するドライ環境で、X線回折装置(RIGAKU社、MiniFlex600)を用いて、実施例1による固体電解質材料のX線回折パターンが測定された。X線源として、Cu-Kα線(波長1.5405Åおよび1.5444Å)が使用された。
図3は、固体電解質材料のイオン伝導度を評価するために用いられる加圧成形ダイス300の模式図を示す。
σ=(RSE×S/t)-1 ・・・(1)
ここで、σは、イオン伝導度である。Sは、固体電解質材料のパンチ上部301との接触面積(図3において、枠型302の中空部の断面積に等しい)である。RSEは、インピーダンス測定における固体電解質材料の抵抗値である。tは、圧力が印加された固体電解質材料の厚み(図3において、固体電解質材料の粉末101から形成される層の厚みに等しい)である。
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気中で、実施例1による固体電解質材料および活物質であるLiCoO2が、70:30の体積比率となるように用意された。これらの材料をメノウ乳鉢で混合することで、合剤を得た。
実施例1による電池は、25℃の恒温槽に配置された。86μA/cm2の電流密度で、3.7Vの電圧に達するまで、実施例1による電池が充電された。当該電流密度は、0.05Cレートに相当する。次に、同じく86μA/cm2の電流密度で、1.9Vの電圧に達するまで、実施例1による電池が放電された。
実施例2では、実施例1による固体電解質材料が、-30℃の露点および20.9体積%以下の酸素濃度を有する雰囲気中で約10分間静置された。次いで、反応物は、乾燥アルゴン雰囲気中で、SUS製密閉容器の中で、550℃で1時間焼成された後、乳鉢中で粉砕された。このようにして、実施例2による固体電解質材料が得られた。
-30℃の露点および20.9体積%以下の酸素濃度を有する雰囲気中で反応物が静置された時間を、約10分間ではなく540分間としたこと以外は、実施例2と同様にして、参考例1による固体電解質材料が得られた。
参考例2として、Li、Y、Cl、およびOからなり、Yに対するOのモル比が0超かつ0.50以下の範囲を満たす固体電解質材料についてのイオン伝導度を確認した。参考例の固体電解質材料は、以下のような方法で作製された。
表1から明らかなように、実施例1から3による固体電解質材料は、室温近傍において、2.5×10-4S/cm以上の高いイオン伝導性を有する。実施例1から3による固体電解質材料は、参考例1による固体電解質材料よりも高いイオン伝導度を有する。また、実施例1から3による固体電解質材料は、ジルコニウムを含まない参考例2による固体電解質材料よりも高いイオン伝導度を有する。
101 固体電解質材料の粉末
201 正極
202 電解質層
203 負極
204 正極活物質粒子
205 負極活物質粒子
300 加圧成形ダイス
301 枠型
302 パンチ下部
303 パンチ上部
1000 電池
Claims (8)
- Li、Zr、Y、Cl、およびOを含み、
Yに対するOのモル比は、0超かつ0.60以下である、
固体電解質材料。 - Yに対するOのモル比は、0超かつ0.50以下である、
請求項1に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Yに対するOのモル比は、0.01以上かつ0.50以下である、
請求項2に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Mg、Ca、Zn、Sr、Ba、Al、Sc、Ga、Bi、La、Sm、Hf、Ta、およびNbからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つをさらに含む、
請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Cu-Kαを用いたX線回折測定によって得られたX線回折パターンにおいて、15.5°以上かつ16.0°以下、16.7°以上かつ16.9°以下、17.5°以上かつ17.7°以下、20.1°以上かつ20.3°以下、22.3°以上かつ22.5°以下、31.4°以上かつ31.6°以下、35.5°以上かつ35.8°以下、46.9°以上かつ47.2°以下、および48.9°以上かつ49.1°以下である回折角2θの範囲のそれぞれにピークが存在する、
請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Cu-Kαを用いたX線回折測定によって得られたX線回折パターンにおいて、15.5°以上かつ15.7°以下、16.7°以上かつ16.9°以下、17.5°以上かつ17.7°以下、20.1°以上かつ20.3°以下、22.3°以上かつ22.5°以下、31.4°以上かつ31.6°以下、35.6°以上かつ35.8°以下、47.0°以上かつ47.2°以下、および48.9°以上かつ49.1°以下である回折角2θの範囲のそれぞれにピークが存在する、
請求項5に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Yに対するLiのモル比は、4.4以上かつ5.6以下であり、
Yに対するZrのモル比は、0.7以上かつ1.1以下であり、かつ
Yに対するClのモル比は、7.7以上かつ12.7以下である、
請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料。 - 正極と、
負極と、
前記正極および前記負極の間に設けられた電解質層と、を備え、
前記正極、前記負極、および前記電解質層からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つは、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料を含有する、
電池。
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| JP2011129312A (ja) | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-30 | Toyota Motor Corp | 硫化物固体電解質材料の製造方法、硫化物固体電解質材料およびリチウム電池 |
| WO2018025582A1 (ja) | 2016-08-04 | 2018-02-08 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料、および、電池 |
| WO2019135321A1 (ja) * | 2018-01-05 | 2019-07-11 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料、および、電池 |
| WO2020137392A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-26 | 2020-07-02 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料およびそれを用いた電池 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011129312A (ja) | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-30 | Toyota Motor Corp | 硫化物固体電解質材料の製造方法、硫化物固体電解質材料およびリチウム電池 |
| WO2018025582A1 (ja) | 2016-08-04 | 2018-02-08 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料、および、電池 |
| WO2019135321A1 (ja) * | 2018-01-05 | 2019-07-11 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料、および、電池 |
| WO2020137392A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-26 | 2020-07-02 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 固体電解質材料およびそれを用いた電池 |
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