WO2021261358A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and more particularly to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing a Si-based active material and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a Si-based active material containing silicon (Si) or a carbon-based active material such as graphite is used as a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. It is known that Si-based active materials can occlude more lithium ions per unit mass than carbon-based active materials such as graphite. In particular, a Si-based active material in which Si particles are dispersed in an oxide phase containing silicon oxide or lithium silicate has a smaller volume change due to occlusion of lithium ions than when Si is used alone, and thus is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Suitable for the negative electrode active material of.
- Patent Document 1 describes silicon oxide represented by SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and a lithium silicate phase represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2).
- a negative electrode active material composed of a silicon-lithium silicate composite in which a silicon phase is dispersed is disclosed.
- an object of the present disclosure is to provide a negative electrode that has both battery capacity and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is one aspect of the present disclosure, has a band-shaped negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer contains a first Si-based active material and a second Si-based active material, and both the first Si-based active material and the second Si-based active material are in the oxide phase. It has a structure in which Si particles are dispersed, and the content of Si particles in the first Si-based active material is higher than the content of Si particles in the second Si-based active material, and is present in the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the ratio of the mass of the first Si-based active material to the total mass of the first Si-based active material and the second Si-based active material is larger in the central portion than at the end portion in the width direction of the negative electrode current collector. It is characterized by that.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to one aspect of the present disclosure is characterized by comprising the negative electrode for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the positive electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the negative electrode which is one aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having both battery capacity and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is an axial sectional view of a cylindrical secondary battery which is an example of an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a first Si-based active material and a second Si-based active material in an example of the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a front view of the negative electrode which is an example of the embodiment.
- a cylindrical battery in which a wound electrode body is housed in a cylindrical battery case is illustrated, but the electrode body is not limited to the wound type, and a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are interposed via a separator. It may be a laminated type which is laminated alternately.
- the battery case is not limited to a cylindrical shape, and may be, for example, a square shape, a coin shape, or a pouch type composed of a laminated sheet including a metal layer and a resin layer.
- FIG. 1 is an axial sectional view of a cylindrical secondary battery 10 which is an example of an embodiment.
- an electrode body 14 and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) are housed in an exterior body 15.
- the electrode body 14 has a winding structure in which the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 are wound via the separator 13.
- the sealing body 16 side will be referred to as “top” and the bottom side of the exterior body 15 will be referred to as “bottom”.
- the inside of the secondary battery 10 is sealed by closing the opening end of the upper part of the exterior body 15 with the sealing body 16.
- Insulating plates 17 and 18 are provided above and below the electrode body 14, respectively.
- the positive electrode lead 19 extends upward through the through hole of the insulating plate 17 and is welded to the lower surface of the filter 22 which is the bottom plate of the sealing body 16.
- the cap 26, which is the top plate of the sealing body 16 electrically connected to the filter 22, serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 20 extends to the bottom side of the exterior body 15 through the outside of the insulating plate 18 and is welded to the inner surface of the bottom portion of the exterior body 15.
- the exterior body 15 serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- the exterior body 15 is, for example, a bottomed cylindrical metal exterior can.
- a gasket 27 is provided between the exterior body 15 and the sealing body 16 to ensure the internal airtightness of the secondary battery 10.
- the exterior body 15 has a grooved portion 21 that supports the sealing body 16 and is formed by pressing, for example, a side surface portion from the outside.
- the grooved portion 21 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the exterior body 15, and the sealing body 16 is supported on the upper surface thereof via the gasket 27.
- the sealing body 16 has a filter 22, a lower valve body 23, an insulating member 24, an upper valve body 25, and a cap 26, which are laminated in order from the electrode body 14 side.
- Each member constituting the sealing body 16 has, for example, a disk shape or a ring shape, and each member except the insulating member 24 is electrically connected to each other.
- the lower valve body 23 and the upper valve body 25 are connected to each other at the central portion thereof, and an insulating member 24 is interposed between the peripheral portions thereof.
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, the separator 13, and the non-aqueous electrolyte constituting the secondary battery 10 will be described in detail, and in particular, the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode mixture layer constituting the negative electrode 12 will be described in detail.
- the positive electrode 11 has a band-shaped positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector. As shown in FIG. 1, the positive electrode 11 may have positive electrode mixture layers 32 on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 30. As the positive electrode current collector 30, a metal foil stable in the potential range of the positive electrode 11 such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 32 may contain, for example, a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive agent, and the like.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like is applied onto the positive electrode current collector 30, dried, and then compressed to form a positive electrode mixture layer 32.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like is applied onto the positive electrode current collector 30, dried, and then compressed to form a positive electrode mixture layer 32.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like is applied onto the positive electrode current collector 30, dried, and then compressed to form a positive electrode mixture layer 32.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material include lithium transition metal composite oxides containing transition metal elements such as Co, Mn, and Ni.
- Examples of the lithium transition metal composite oxide include Li x CoO 2 , Li x NiO 2 , Li x MnO 2 , Li x Co y Ni 1-y O 2 , Li x Co y M 1-y O z , and Li x.
- Ni 1-y M y O z Li x Mn 2 O 4, Li x Mn 2-y M y O 4, LiMPO 4, Li 2 MPO 4 F (M is, Na, Mg, Sc, Y , Mn, Fe , Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and at least one of B, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.9, 2.0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2. 3) can be exemplified. These may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used by mixing a plurality of types.
- the positive electrode active material Li x NiO 2, Li x Co y Ni 1-y O 2, Li x Ni 1-y M y O z
- M is at least one of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ .
- Inorganic compound particles such as aluminum oxide and lanthanoid-containing compounds may be adhered to the surface of the particles of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- Examples of the conductive agent contained in the positive electrode mixture layer 32 include carbon materials such as carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), Ketjen black, and graphite. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer 32 examples include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide (PI), acrylic resins, and polyolefins.
- fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide (PI), acrylic resins, and polyolefins.
- system resins These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, these resins may be used in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the like.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the negative electrode 12 has a band-shaped negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector. As shown in FIG. 1, the negative electrode 12 may have negative electrode mixture layers 36 on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 34. As the negative electrode current collector 34, a metal foil stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 12 such as copper, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 36 may contain, for example, a negative electrode active material, a binder, and the like.
- a fluororesin such as PTFE or PVdF, a PAN, PI, an acrylic resin, a polyolefin resin or the like may be used as in the case of the positive electrode 11.
- Styrene-butadiene rubber SBR
- the negative electrode mixture layer may contain CMC or a salt thereof, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or a salt thereof, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the like.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 36 contains a first Si-based active material 40 and a second Si-based active material 50 as exemplified in FIG. 2 as a negative electrode active material (hereinafter, first Si-based active material). And the second Si-based active material may be collectively referred to as Si-based active material).
- the first Si-based active material 40 contains at least an oxide phase 42 and Si particles 44, and has a structure in which Si particles 44 are dispersed in the oxide phase 42.
- the first Si-based active material 40 may further include a conductive coating 48 that covers the surface of the mother particles 46 composed of the oxide phase 42 and the Si particles 44.
- the second Si-based active material 50 contains at least an oxide phase 52 and Si particles 54, and has a structure in which the Si particles 54 are dispersed in the oxide phase 52.
- the second Si-based active material 50 may further include a conductive coating 58 that covers the surface of the mother particles 56 composed of the oxide phase 52 and the Si particles 54.
- the Si particles 44 and 54 may be dispersed substantially uniformly in the oxide phases 42 and 52, respectively. That is, the mother particles 46 and 56 have a sea-island structure in which fine Si particles 44 and 54 are dispersed in the oxide phases 42 and 52, respectively, and the Si particles 44 and 54 are unevenly distributed in a part of the region in an arbitrary cross section. It may be scattered substantially uniformly without doing so.
- the average particle size of the Si particles 44 and 54 is preferably 200 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the Si particles 44 and 54 is measured by observing the cross section of the negative electrode mixture layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and specifically, SEM or TEM. It is obtained by measuring the diameter of the circumscribing circle of any 100 particles selected from the image and averaging the measured values.
- the oxide phases 42 and 52 may contain a metal oxide containing at least Si as a main component (the component having the largest mass). Further, the oxide phases 42 and 52 may be composed of a set of particles finer than the Si particles 44 and 54. The oxide phases 42 and 52 may contain, for example, at least one of Li, Si, Al, and B.
- the oxide phases 42 and 52 may contain at least one of lithium silicate and silicon oxide as a main component.
- the lithium silicate is preferably represented by, for example, Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2).
- the content of the main component is preferably more than 50% by mass with respect to the total mass of the oxide phases 42 and 52, and is 80. It is more preferably by mass% or more, and may be substantially 100% by mass.
- the silicon oxide may be, for example, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).
- SiO 2 silicon dioxide
- the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 have, for example, a structure in which Si particles 44 and 54 are dispersed in an amorphous SiO 2 matrix, and the SiO It is represented by x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5).
- the SiO 2 is mainly changed to Li 4 SiO 4 by the first charge.
- the oxide phases 42 and 52 before the first charge may both be a lithium silicate phase or both may be a silicon oxide phase, but the oxide phase 42 contains lithium silicate as a main component. It is preferable that the oxide phase 52 contains silicon oxide as a main component. That is, the first Si-based active material 40 is a particle in which Si particles 44 are dispersed in a lithium silicate phase, and the second Si-based active material 50 is a particle in which Si particles 54 are dispersed in a silicon oxide phase. Is preferable. In this case, the effect of improving the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery becomes more remarkable.
- the content of Si particles 44 in the first Si-based active material 40 is higher than the content of Si particles 54 in the second Si-based active material 50.
- the content of the Si particles 44 in the first Si-based active material 40 means the ratio of the mass of the Si particles 44 to the mass of the mother particles 46, and is preferably 40% by mass to 70% by mass, preferably 40% by mass. % To 60% by mass is more preferable.
- the content of the Si particles 54 in the second Si-based active material 50 means the ratio of the mass of the Si particles 54 to the mass of the mother particles 56, preferably 20% by mass to 40% by mass, and 25% by mass. -35% by mass is more preferable.
- the content of Si particles 44 in the first Si-based active material 40 is 40% by mass or more, and the content of Si particles 54 in the second Si-based active material 50 is less than 40% by mass. be able to.
- the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 may be composed of only the mother particles 46 and 56, respectively, or may be composed of conductive coatings 48 and 58 made of a material having higher conductivity than the oxide phases 42 and 52, respectively. It may be present on the surface of the particles 46, 56.
- the conductive material constituting the conductive coatings 48 and 58 can be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon material, a metal, and a metal compound, and it is preferable to use a carbon material.
- a method of carbon-coating the surface of the mother particles 46, 56 a CVD method using acetylene, methane, etc., a method of mixing coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin, etc.
- a carbon coating layer may be formed by fixing a conductive agent such as carbon black or Ketjen black to the surface of the mother particles 46, 56 using a binder.
- the conductive coatings 48 and 58 may be formed so as to cover substantially the entire surface of the mother particles 46 and 56.
- the thickness of the conductive coatings 48 and 58 is preferably 1 nm to 200 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 100 nm, in consideration of ensuring conductivity and diffusivity of lithium ions to the mother particles 46 and 56. If the thickness of the conductive coatings 48 and 58 becomes too thin, the conductivity decreases and it becomes difficult to uniformly coat the mother particles 46 and 56. On the other hand, if the thickness of the conductive coatings 48 and 58 becomes too thick, the diffusion of lithium ions into the mother particles 46 and 56 is hindered and the capacity tends to decrease.
- the thicknesses of the conductive coatings 48 and 58 can be measured by observing the cross section of the particles using SEM, TEM, or the like.
- the volume-based median diameter (D50) of the first Si-based active material 40 and the D50 of the second Si-based active material 50 may be, for example, 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the volume-based median diameter (D50) is a particle size at which the volume integration value is 50% in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction / scattering method, and is also called a 50% particle size or a medium diameter.
- the D50 of the first Si-based active material 40 may be larger than the D50 of the second Si-based active material 50.
- the D50 of the first Si-based active material 40 is preferably 7 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- the D50 of the second Si-based active material 50 is preferably 2 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m.
- the D50 of the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 may be smaller than the D50 of the carbon-based active material described later.
- the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 can be produced, for example, through the following steps 1 to 3.
- Si particles and an inorganic compound containing Si such as lithium silicate and silicon oxide are mixed at a predetermined mass ratio.
- the inorganic compound becomes the oxide phases 42 and 52.
- the mixing ratio of Si particles is higher than in the case of producing the second Si-based active material 50.
- the raw material powder is pulverized and mixed using a ball mill or the like in an inert atmosphere, and then heat-treated (sintered) at, for example, 500 ° C. to 700 ° C.
- mother particles 46 and 56 in which Si particles 44 and 54 are dispersed in the oxide phases 42 and 52 can be obtained.
- the mother particles 46 and 56 are mixed with a carbon material such as coal pitch and heat-treated under an inert atmosphere.
- Si-based active materials 40, 50 having conductive coatings 48, 58 such as a carbon coating formed on the surfaces of the mother particles 46, 56 can be obtained.
- the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 can occlude more lithium ions than the carbon-based active materials, it is possible to increase the capacity of the battery by using the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 as the negative electrode active material. can. Since the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 have a larger volume change due to charging and discharging than the carbon-based active materials, it is preferable to use the carbon-based active materials and the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 together.
- graphite conventionally used as a negative electrode active material for example, natural graphite such as scaly graphite, lumpy graphite, earthy graphite, lumpy artificial graphite (MAG), mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB). Artificial graphite and the like can be used.
- the D50 of graphite may be, for example, 18 ⁇ m to 24 ⁇ m.
- the content of the Si-based active materials 40 and 50 is preferably 2% by mass to 20% by mass, more preferably 3% by mass to 15% by mass, and 4% by mass to 10% by mass with respect to the total mass of the negative electrode active material. Is particularly preferable. That is, the mixing ratio of the carbon-based active material and the Si-based active material is preferably 98: 2 to 80:20, more preferably 97: 3 to 85:15, and particularly 96: 4 to 90:10 in terms of mass ratio. preferable. When the mass ratio of the carbon-based active material and the Si-based active material 40, 50 is within the range, it becomes easy to improve the charge / discharge cycle characteristics more remarkably while increasing the capacity.
- FIG. 3 is a front view of the negative electrode 12 which is an example of the embodiment, in which the end portion 34a is a region at both ends of the band-shaped negative electrode current collector 34 in the width direction, and the central portion 34b is the width of the negative electrode current collector 34.
- the ratio of the lengths (hereinafter referred to as widths) in the width direction of one end portion 34a, the central portion 34b, and the other end portion 34a can be, for example, 1: 8: 1 to 3: 4: 3.
- the ratio of the mass of the first Si-based active material 40 to the total mass of the first Si-based active material 40 and the second Si-based active material 50 is centered with respect to the end portion 34a.
- Part 34b is large.
- the central portion 34b whose negative electrode potential is lower than that of the end portion 34a due to repeated charging and discharging, contains a large amount of the first Si-based active material 40, thereby charging and discharging the first Si-based active material 40. Can be reduced to suppress side reactions and improve charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the first Si-based active material 40 which has a high content of Si particles 44, is advantageous for increasing the capacity, but it has a large expansion and contraction during charging and discharging, and side reactions are likely to occur on the surface.
- the negative electrode 12 expands and contracts due to charging and discharging, and the electrolytic solution is repeatedly intruded and discharged, and a concentration gradient of lithium ions in the electrolytic solution is generated inside the electrode body 14 along the width direction of the negative electrode current collector 34. In the central portion 34b, the concentration of lithium ions in the electrolytic solution is higher than that in the end portion 34a.
- the negative electrode potential during charging and discharging becomes high at the end portion 34a and low at the central portion 34b, so that a large amount of the first Si-based active material 40 is provided in the central portion 34b where side reactions are unlikely to occur.
- the negative electrode 12 can be manufactured, for example, through the following steps 1 to 3. (1) By mixing the first Si-based active material 40 and the second Si-based active material 50, the first with respect to the total mass of the first Si-based active material 40 and the second Si-based active material 50. A Si-based active material A having a high mass ratio of the Si-based active material 40 and a Si-based active material B having a low ratio of the mass of the Si-based active material 40 are prepared. The Si-based active material A may contain substantially only the first Si-based active material, and the Si-based active material B may substantially contain only the second Si-based active material.
- Si-based active material A and carbon-based active material are mixed at an appropriate ratio to prepare a negative electrode active material A, and this is mixed with a binder, a thickener, etc. at an appropriate ratio to make water. Is used as a dispersion medium to prepare a negative electrode mixture slurry A.
- Si-based active material B and carbon-based active material are mixed at an appropriate ratio to prepare a negative electrode active material B, and this is mixed with a binder, a thickener, etc. at an appropriate ratio to make water. Is used as a dispersion medium to prepare a negative electrode mixture slurry B.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry A is applied to the central portion 34b and dried, and then the negative electrode mixture slurry B is applied to the end portion 34a, dried, compressed and the negative electrode is compressed.
- the negative electrode 12 can be manufactured by forming the mixture layer 36. After applying the negative electrode mixture slurry A, the negative electrode mixture slurry B may be applied without being dried, and then dried and compressed to form the negative electrode mixture layer 36. Further, the negative electrode mixture slurry B may be applied to the end portion 34a and then the negative electrode mixture slurry A may be applied to the central portion 34b.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating property can be used as the separator 13.
- the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator 13 may have either a single-layer structure or a laminated structure. A heat-resistant layer or the like may be formed on the surface of the separator 13.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, amides such as dimethylformamide, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- halogen substituent examples include a fluorinated cyclic carbonate ester such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a fluorinated chain carbonate ester, and a fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester
- esters examples include cyclic carbonate esters such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and methylpropyl carbonate.
- cyclic carbonate esters such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and methylpropyl carbonate.
- GBL ⁇ -butyrolactone
- VL ⁇ -valerolactone
- MP methyl propionate
- a chain carboxylic acid ester such as ethyl propionate, and the like.
- ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahexyl, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4.
- -Cyclic ethers such as dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineole, crown ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether , Dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, pentyl phenyl ether, methoxy toluene, benzyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, o-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-diethoxy Chain ethers such as ethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl
- the electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (P (C 2 O 4) F 4), LiPF 6-x (C n F 2n + 1) x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, n is 1 or 2), LiB 10 Cl 10, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, chloroborane lithium, lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium, Li 2 B 4 O 7 , borates such as Li (B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ), LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 1 F 2l + 1 SO 2 ) (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2 ) ⁇ l , M is an integer of 0 or more ⁇ and other imide salts.
- lithium salt these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- LiPF 6 is preferably used from the viewpoint of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and the like.
- concentration of the lithium salt may be, for example, 0.8 mol to 1.8 mol per 1 L of the non-aqueous solvent.
- the positive electrode active material lithium cobalt aluminum-containing lithium nickelate represented by LiNi 0.91 Co 0.045 Al 0.045 O 2 was used.
- the positive electrode active material, acetylene black (AB), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) are mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 0.75: 0.6 to disperse N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- a positive electrode mixture slurry used as a medium was prepared.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to both sides of a long positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil by the doctor blade method, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is compressed with a roller to form a positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode mixture layer was formed on both sides.
- a positive electrode current collector on which a positive electrode mixture layer was formed was cut into a predetermined electrode size to prepare a positive electrode.
- the Si particles (3N, 10 ⁇ m pulverized product) and the lithium silicate particles (10 ⁇ m pulverized product) represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2) are contained in the Si particles.
- the particles were mixed so as to have a content of 52% by mass, and the particles were pulverized with a ball mill.
- the mixed powder was taken out in the inert atmosphere and heat-treated under the conditions of 600 ° C. for 4 hours under the inert atmosphere.
- the heat-treated powder (hereinafter referred to as mother particles) is pulverized by a jet mill, mixed with coal pitch, and heat-treated under the conditions of 800 ° C.
- the particles on which the conductive film was formed were crushed and classified using a sieve to obtain a first Si-based active material having a D50 of 11 ⁇ m in which Si particles were dispersed in a lithium silicate phase at a content of 52% by mass. Obtained.
- the amount of carbon coated is 5% by mass with respect to the total mass of the particles including the mother particles and the conductive coating.
- the particles on which the conductive film was formed were crushed and classified using a sieve to obtain a second Si-based active material having a D50 of 5 ⁇ m in which Si particles were dispersed in the silicon dioxide phase at a content of 30% by mass. Obtained.
- Negative electrode active material A carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) are mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 1: 1: 1, and water is used as a dispersion medium. Negative electrode mixture slurry A to be prepared was prepared.
- a mixture of graphite having a D50 of 22 ⁇ m and the above-mentioned second Si-based active material at a mass ratio of 96.2: 3.8 was used as the negative electrode active material B.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry B was prepared in the same manner as the above-mentioned preparation of the negative electrode mixture slurry A except that the negative electrode active material B was used instead of the negative electrode active material A.
- a negative electrode current collector made of copper foil was prepared, and the end, center, and end were set at a length ratio of 2: 6: 2 in the width direction.
- Negative electrode mixture slurry A is applied to the center of both sides of the negative electrode current collector by the doctor blade method, the coating film is dried, and then the negative electrode mixture slurry B is applied to both ends by the doctor blade method and applied.
- the film was dried and compressed with a roller to form a negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode current collector on which the negative electrode mixture layer was formed was cut to a predetermined electrode size to prepare a negative electrode.
- LiPF 6 is added to a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 20: 5: 75 (25 ° C., 1 atm). .Dissolved at a concentration of 3 mol / L. Further, vinylene carbonate (VC) was dissolved in the above mixed solvent at a concentration of 4% by mass to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte (electrolyte solution).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- ⁇ Comparative Example 1> In the production of the negative electrode, a mixture of graphite, a first Si-based active material, and a second Si-based active material at a mass ratio of 93.5: 5: 1.5 is used as the negative electrode active material C. board.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry C is prepared using the negative electrode active material C instead of the negative electrode active material A, and the negative electrode mixture slurry C is applied to the entire central portion and both ends of the negative electrode current collector to form a negative electrode mixture layer.
- a negative electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Examples except that it was formed, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 2> In the production of the negative electrode, a mixture of graphite and the second Si-based active material at a mass ratio of 97.5: 2.5 was used as the negative electrode active material D, and graphite and the first Si-based active material were used. And were mixed at a mass ratio of 87.5: 12.5 and used as the negative electrode active material E. Except that the negative electrode mixture slurry D was prepared using the negative electrode active material D instead of the negative electrode active material A, and the negative electrode mixture slurry E was prepared using the negative electrode active material E instead of the negative electrode active material B. A negative electrode was prepared in the same manner as in the example to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 3> In the preparation of the negative electrode, a mixture of graphite and a second Si-based active material at a mass ratio of 94: 6 was used as the negative electrode active material F. A negative electrode mixture slurry F is prepared using the negative electrode active material F instead of the negative electrode active material A, and the negative electrode mixture slurry F is applied to the entire central portion and both ends of the negative electrode current collector to form a negative electrode mixture layer. A negative electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Examples except that it was formed, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared.
- the initial discharge capacity and charge / discharge cycle characteristics of each of the above batteries were evaluated by the following methods.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics show the relative value of each battery when the number of cycles in which the discharge capacity has plummeted is used as an index and the number of cycles in which the discharge capacity has plummeted in the embodiment is 100.
- Table 1 shows the composition (mass ratio) of the negative electrode active material at the end and center of the negative electrode together with the evaluation results, and the average composition of the entire negative electrode mixture layer.
- the batteries of Examples are superior in charge / discharge cycle characteristics as compared with the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and show a higher capacity than that of Comparative Example 3.
- the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are inadequate in one of the battery capacity and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics, whereas only the batteries of the examples realize both the battery capacity and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics. .. That is, in order to achieve both battery capacity and charge / discharge cycle characteristics, two types of Si-based active materials (first Si-based active material and second Si-based active material) having different Si particle contents are simply mixed. Not only should they be used, but each should be properly placed in the negative electrode mixture layer.
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、帯状の正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成された正極合剤層とを有する。図1に示すように、正極11は、正極集電体30の両面に正極合剤層32を有してもよい。正極集電体30としては、アルミニウム等の正極11の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合剤層32は、例えば、正極活物質、結着剤、導電剤等を含んでもよい。正極11は、例えば、正極集電体30上に、正極活物質、導電剤、結着剤等を含む正極合剤スラリーを塗布、乾燥させた後、圧縮して正極合剤層32を形成することにより製造できる。
負極12は、帯状の負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面に形成された負極合剤層とを有する。図1に示すように、負極12は、負極集電体34の両面に負極合剤層36を有してもよい。負極集電体34としては、銅等の負極12の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合剤層36は、例えば、負極活物質、結着剤等を含んでもよい。
(2)上記原料粉末を、不活性雰囲気下で、ボールミル等を用いて粉砕、混合した後、例えば500℃~700℃で熱処理(焼結)する。当該焼結体をD50が所定範囲となるように粉砕、分級することで、酸化物相42,52中にSi粒子44,54が分散した母粒子46,56が得られる。
(3)次に、母粒子46,56を石炭ピッチ等の炭素材料と混合して、不活性雰囲気下で熱処理する。こうして、母粒子46,56の表面に炭素被膜等の導電被膜48,58が形成されたSi系活物質40,50が得られる。
(1)第1のSi系活物質40と第2のSi系活物質50とを混合することで、第1のSi系活物質40及び第2のSi系活物質50の総質量に対する第1のSi系活物質40の質量の割合が高いSi系活物質Aと、この割合が低いSi系活物質Bを各々調製する。なお、Si系活物質Aが実質的に第1のSi系活物質のみを含み、Si系活物質Bが実質的に第2のSi系活物質のみを含んでもよい。
(2)Si系活物質Aと炭素系活物質とを適当な割合で混合して負極活物質Aを調製し、これと、結着剤、増粘剤等を適当な割合で混合して水を分散媒とする負極合剤スラリーAを調製する。同様に、Si系活物質Bと炭素系活物質とを適当な割合で混合して負極活物質Bを調製し、これと、結着剤、増粘剤等を適当な割合で混合して水を分散媒とする負極合剤スラリーBを調製する。
(3)負極集電体34の表面において、中央部34bに、負極合剤スラリーAを塗布、乾燥させた後、端部34aに、負極合剤スラリーBを塗布、乾燥させ、圧縮して負極合剤層36を形成することにより負極12を製造できる。なお、負極合剤スラリーAを塗布後、乾燥させずに負極合剤スラリーBを塗布してから乾燥、圧縮して負極合剤層36を形成してもよい。また、負極合剤スラリーBを端部34aに塗布した後に負極合剤スラリーAを中央部34bに塗布してもよい。
セパレータ13としては、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートを用いることができる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ13の材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン、セルロース等が好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造、積層構造のいずれであってもよい。セパレータ13の表面に、耐熱層等が形成されていてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含んでもよい。非水溶媒としては、例えばエステル類、エーテル類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類、及びこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒等を用いることができる。非水溶媒は、これら溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。ハロゲン置換体としては、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)等のフッ素化環状炭酸エステル、フッ素化鎖状炭酸エステル、フルオロプロピオン酸メチル(FMP)等のフッ素化鎖状カルボン酸エステル等が挙げられる。
エタン、1,2-ジブトキシエタン、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、1,1-ジメトキシメタン、1,1-ジエトキシエタン、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等の鎖状エーテル等が挙げられる。
[正極の作製]
正極活物質として、LiNi0.91Co0.045Al0.045O2で表されるコバルトアルミニウム含有ニッケル酸リチウムを用いた。当該正極活物質と、アセチレンブラック(AB)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、100:0.75:0.6の質量比で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を分散媒とする正極合剤スラリーを調製した。当該正極合剤スラリーをアルミニウム箔からなる長尺状の正極集電体の両面にドクターブレード法で塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、ローラーで塗膜を圧縮して、正極集電体の両面に正極合剤層を形成した。正極合剤層が形成された正極集電体を所定の電極サイズに切断して正極を作製した。
不活性雰囲気中で、Si粒子(3N、10μm粉砕品)と、Li2zSiO(2+z)(0<z<2)で表されるリチウムシリケート粒子(10μm粉砕品)とを、Si粒子の含有率が52質量%となるように混合し、ボールミルで粉砕処理した。その後、不活性雰囲気中で混合粉末を取り出し、不活性雰囲気下、600℃、4時間の条件で熱処理を行った。熱処理した粉末(以下、母粒子という)をジェットミルで粉砕した後、石炭ピッチと混合して、不活性雰囲気下、800℃、5時間の条件で熱処理を行い、母粒子の表面に炭素の導電被膜を形成した。炭素の被覆量は、母粒子及び導電被膜を含む粒子の総質量に対して2質量%である。導電被膜が形成された粒子を解砕し、篩を用いて分級して、リチウムシリケート相中に52質量%の含有率でSi粒子が分散した、D50が11μmの第1のSi系活物質を得た。
不活性雰囲気中で、Si粒子(3N、10μm粉砕品)と、二酸化ケイ素粒子(10μm粉砕品)とを、Si粒子の含有率が30質量%となるように混合し、ボールミルで粉砕処理した。その後、不活性雰囲気中で混合粉末を取り出し、不活性雰囲気下、600℃、4時間の条件で熱処理を行った。熱処理した粉末(以下、母粒子という)をジェットミルで粉砕した後、CVD法(1000℃)で母粒子の表面に炭素の導電被膜を形成した。炭素の被覆量は、母粒子及び導電被膜を含む粒子の総質量に対して5質量%である。導電被膜が形成された粒子を解砕し、篩を用いて分級して、二酸化ケイ素相中に30質量%の含有率でSi粒子が分散した、D50が5μmの第2のSi系活物質を得た。
Si系活物質の粒子断面をSEMで観察した結果、いずれにおいても、酸化物相中にSi粒子が略均一に分散していることが確認された。また、いずれにおいても、Si粒子の平均粒径は50nm未満であった。炭素被覆量は、CSアナライザーによって解析した。Si系活物質のD50は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(島津製作所製、SALD-2000A)を用いて測定した。分散媒に水を用い、粒子の屈折率を1.70-0.01iとして測定した。
D50が22μmの黒鉛と、上記第1のSi系活物質とを、91.7:8.3の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質Aとして用いた。負極活物質Aと、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)と、ポリアクリル酸(PAA)と、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)とを、100:1:1:1の質量比で混合し、水を分散媒とする負極合剤スラリーAを調製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を、20:5:75の体積比(25℃、1気圧)で混合した混合溶媒に対して、LiPF6を1.3モル/Lの濃度で溶解させた。さらに、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)を上記混合溶媒に対して4質量%の濃度で溶解させて、非水電解質(電解液)を調製した。
正極にアルミニウムリードを、負極にニッケルリードをそれぞれ取り付け、ポリエチレン製微多孔膜からなるセパレータを介して正極と負極を渦巻き状に巻回して巻回型電極体を作製した。この電極体を外装体内に収容し、ニッケルリードを当該外装体の底に溶接した。次に、アルミニウムリードを封口体に溶接し、上記電解液を注入した後、外装体の開口部を封口体で封止して、非水電解質二次電池を得た。
負極の作製において、黒鉛と、第1のSi系活物質と、第2のSi系活物質とを、93.5:5:1.5の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質Cとして用いた。負極活物質Aの代わりに負極活物質Cを用いて負極合剤スラリーCを調製し、負極集電体の中央部及び両端部の全面に負極合剤スラリーCを塗布して負極合剤層を形成したこと以外は、実施例と同様にして負極を作製して、非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
負極の作製において、黒鉛と、第2のSi系活物質とを、97.5:2.5の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質Dとして用い、黒鉛と、第1のSi系活物質とを、87.5:12.5の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質Eとして用いた。負極活物質Aの代わりに負極活物質Dを用いて負極合剤スラリーDを調製し、負極活物質Bの代わりに負極活物質Eを用いて負極合剤スラリーEを調製したこと以外は、実施例と同様にして負極を作製して、非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
負極の作製において、黒鉛と、第2のSi系活物質とを、94:6の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質Fとして用いた。負極活物質Aの代わりに負極活物質Fを用いて負極合剤スラリーFを調製し、負極集電体の中央部及び両端部の全面に負極合剤スラリーFを塗布して負極合剤層を形成したこと以外は、実施例と同様にして負極を作製して、非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
実施例及び比較例の各電池について、25℃の温度環境下、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電した後、4.2Vで電流値が1/50Cになるまで定電圧で充電し、その後、0.5Cの定電流で電池電圧が2.85Vになるまで放電を行った。この時の放電容量を初期放電容量とした。
実施例及び比較例の各電池を、25℃の温度環境下、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電した後、4.2Vで電流値が1/50Cになるまで定電圧で充電し、その後、0.5Cの定電流で電池電圧が2.85Vになるまで放電を行った。これを1サイクルの充放電として、充電容量に対する放電容量の割合である充放電効率を1サイクル毎に算出し、5サイクル続けて充放電効率が99.8%未満となった際のサイクル数を放電容量が急落したサイクル数とした。放電容量が急落したサイクル数が大きい電池は、充放電効率が高く維持されており、充放電サイクル特性が良好である。
Claims (4)
- 帯状の負極集電体と、前記負極集電体の表面に形成された負極合剤層とを有する非水電解質二次電池用負極であって、
前記負極合剤層は、第1のSi系活物質と、第2のSi系活物質とを含み、
前記第1のSi系活物質及び前記第2のSi系活物質は、いずれも、酸化物相中にSi粒子が分散する構造を有し、且つ、前記第1のSi系活物質における前記Si粒子の含有率は、前記第2のSi系活物質における前記Si粒子の含有率よりも高く、
前記負極合剤層において、前記第1のSi系活物質と前記第2のSi系活物質の総質量に対する前記第1のSi系活物質の質量の割合が、前記負極集電体の幅方向における端部に比べて中央部で大きい、非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 初回の充電前において、前記酸化物相は、ケイ酸リチウム、及び、酸化ケイ素の少なくとも一方を主成分とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 初回の充電前において、
前記第1のSi系活物質の前記酸化物相は、前記ケイ酸リチウムを主成分とし、
前記第2のSi系活物質の前記酸化物相は、前記酸化ケイ素を主成分とする、請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の負極と、正極と、非水電解質とを備えた、非水電解質二次電池。
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| JP2022531890A JP7638280B2 (ja) | 2020-06-25 | 2021-06-16 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
| US18/011,444 US20230246178A1 (en) | 2020-06-25 | 2021-06-16 | Negative electrode for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN202180044731.4A CN115917782B (zh) | 2020-06-25 | 2021-06-16 | 非水电解质二次电池用负极及非水电解质二次电池 |
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| JP2007317415A (ja) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極およびそれを用いたリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2019091615A (ja) * | 2017-11-14 | 2019-06-13 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2019142744A1 (ja) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2020066576A1 (ja) * | 2018-09-26 | 2020-04-02 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
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| JP2015230747A (ja) * | 2014-06-03 | 2015-12-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用電極 |
| WO2016136180A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-09-01 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極、及び非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP6609946B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-18 | 2019-11-27 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、その製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP6119796B2 (ja) * | 2015-05-14 | 2017-04-26 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP6699689B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-27 | 2020-05-27 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 負極の製造方法、負極および非水電解液二次電池 |
| JP6683221B2 (ja) * | 2018-07-26 | 2020-04-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 負極、非水電解液二次電池、および負極の製造方法 |
| DE102020111241A1 (de) * | 2020-04-24 | 2021-10-28 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Anode, Lithiumionenbatterie und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Anode |
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| JP2007317415A (ja) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極およびそれを用いたリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2019091615A (ja) * | 2017-11-14 | 2019-06-13 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2019142744A1 (ja) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
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| EP4174982A1 (en) | 2023-05-03 |
| CN115917782A (zh) | 2023-04-04 |
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