WO2021054119A1 - 合金部材の製造方法、および合金部材 - Google Patents
合金部材の製造方法、および合金部材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021054119A1 WO2021054119A1 PCT/JP2020/033200 JP2020033200W WO2021054119A1 WO 2021054119 A1 WO2021054119 A1 WO 2021054119A1 JP 2020033200 W JP2020033200 W JP 2020033200W WO 2021054119 A1 WO2021054119 A1 WO 2021054119A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/20—Cooling means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an alloy member manufactured by a layered manufacturing method, and an alloy member obtained by this manufacturing method.
- High high entropy alloy
- MPEA multi-principal element alloy
- Patent Document 1 contains each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less.
- an alloy member having a chemical composition in which the balance is composed of unavoidable impurities and in which extremely small particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less are dispersed and precipitated in the parent phase crystal grains.
- Patent Document 1 by performing a predetermined heat treatment on a molding member produced by a laminated molding method, a fine structure in which nanoscale microparticles are dispersed and precipitated in a matrix crystal grain can be obtained, and as a result, a fine structure is obtained. It is said that it is possible to provide an alloy member having improved mechanical strength, significantly improved ductility, and improved corrosion resistance.
- Patent Document 1 According to the technique according to Patent Document 1, it is possible to obtain a laminated molding member having excellent tensile strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. However, in order to apply this alloy member to a harsher usage environment, further improvement in corrosion resistance has been required.
- Patent Document 1 has a cooling step of performing air cooling or water cooling after performing a pseudo-solution heat treatment. At this time, it is stated that by quickly cooling the temperature range of 900 to 800 ° C. after the pseudo-solution heat treatment, the average particle size of the ultra-small particles is different, which makes it possible to increase the mechanical strength and ductility. There is. However, no further studies have been conducted on the cooling process, and there is still room for study to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an alloy member manufactured by a layered manufacturing method, a method for producing the alloy member having higher mechanical strength and ductility, and further high corrosion resistance, and an alloy member. is there.
- the method for producing an alloy member of the present invention contains each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less.
- the molding member is heated and held in a temperature range of 1080 ° C. or higher and 1180 ° C. or lower.
- a method for manufacturing an alloy member which comprises a heat treatment step and a forced cooling step of cooling the shaped member after the heat treatment in a temperature range from the holding temperature to 800 ° C. at a cooling rate of 110 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less. Is.
- the method for producing an alloy member of the present invention contains each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Ti in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo is more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less.
- the laminated molding process of forming the molding member and the heating of the molding member are performed in the temperature range of 1080 ° C. or higher and 1180 ° C. or lower.
- a method for manufacturing an alloy member which comprises an aging treatment step of performing an aging treatment in a temperature range of 500 ° C. or higher and lower than 900 ° C.
- the alloy member of the present invention contains each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less.
- the balance is an alloy member composed of unavoidable impurities, the crystal structure of the matrix is equiaxed crystals, and extremely small particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less are dispersed and precipitated in the crystal grains of the matrix, and the mother phase. It is an alloy member in which the amount of hexagonal precipitates formed at the grain boundaries of the phase is less than 1% by volume.
- an alloy member manufactured by a layered manufacturing method a method for producing the alloy member having higher mechanical strength and ductility, and further high corrosion resistance, and an alloy member.
- An example of the fine structure of the alloy member according to the present invention is (a) a scanning electron microscope image (SEM image) and (b) a scanning electron microscope image (STEM image). These are (a) (b) scanning electron microscope images (SEM images) before and after the corrosion resistance test and (c) scanning transmission electron microscope images (STEM images) showing an example of the fine structure of the alloy member according to the comparative example.
- an alloy member having excellent shape controllability and ductility without sacrificing the characteristics of HEA.
- the present inventors have diligently studied the alloy composition and manufacturing method in order to develop an HEA member (hereinafter referred to as an alloy member) having excellent shape controllability and ductility without sacrificing the characteristics of HEA.
- an alloy member having excellent shape controllability and ductility without sacrificing the characteristics of HEA.
- the shape controllability is better and mechanical than the conventional HEA member by ordinary forging.
- An alloy member having excellent strength, ductility and corrosion resistance could be obtained. That is, it was found that the heat treatment in the temperature range of 1080 ° C. or higher and 1180 ° C.
- a member shape can be freely formed and a near-net-shaped alloy member can be obtained, and this alloy member has good mechanical properties (for example, a tensile strength of 1100 MPa or more and a fracture of 10% or more). It was confirmed that it had an elongation). It was also confirmed that it showed a high pitting corrosion potential and had excellent corrosion resistance. However, as a result of conducting a corrosion resistance test on a mechanical device using this alloy member, it was found that further corrosion resistance is desired under harsh conditions such as a high concentration acid environment.
- the present inventors have repeatedly investigated and studied the relationship between the fine structure of the alloy member derived from the manufacturing method and various properties. As a result, it was found that intergranular corrosion occurs starting from the hexagonal precipitates that occur at the grain boundaries after heat treatment. As a result of further studies, it was found that the amount of the hexagonal precipitates can be reduced by controlling the cooling rate after the heat treatment, and the present invention was conceived.
- the hexagonal precipitate refers to an intermetallic compound containing a hexagonal precipitate formed as a stable phase in an alloy member (hereinafter, referred to as a hexagonal precipitate).
- the method for manufacturing an alloy member of the present invention is as follows. (1) Each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti is contained in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo is contained in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less, and the balance is an unavoidable impurity.
- an aging treatment step of performing the aging treatment in a temperature range of 500 ° C. or higher and lower than 900 ° C. can be included. That is, the method for manufacturing an alloy member of the present invention is (2) Each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti is contained in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo is contained in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less, and the balance is an unavoidable impurity.
- the cooling rate range in the forced cooling step is set to 110 ° C./min or more and less than 600 ° C./min. Within this cooling rate range, cooling in the furnace mainly using high-pressure gas becomes possible, and the cooling step can be immediately started in the inert gas atmosphere in the furnace after the heat treatment.
- at least one inert gas of nitrogen, argon, and helium having an atmospheric pressure or higher can be used. By performing gas cooling with such an inert gas, it is possible to cool the alloy member in the furnace after the heat treatment, and it is possible to prevent deterioration due to surface oxidation of the alloy member or the like.
- the cooling rate range in the forced cooling step is set to 600 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less. Within this cooling rate range, cooling in the bath is possible mainly by immersion using a liquid, and the immersion time can be adjusted after the heat treatment to carry out the cooling step.
- any one of a salt bath, a quenching oil, and a polymer aqueous solution can be used. By performing immersion cooling with such a liquid, it is possible to achieve a higher cooling rate than gas cooling with an inert gas. This makes it possible to more reliably cool the entire alloy member having a large heat capacity at a high cooling rate.
- the heating rate in the heating process from 800 ° C. to 1080 ° C. can be set to 5 ° C./min or more.
- the temperature rise rate it is possible to suppress the formation of hexagonal precipitates in the temperature raising step and to more reliably suppress the amount of hexagonal precipitates after the heat treatment.
- a laser beam or an electron beam can be used as a heat source used in the additive manufacturing method in the additive manufacturing step.
- laminated molding can be performed in a vacuum, and impurities such as oxygen and nitrogen in the alloy member due to the atmosphere can be reduced.
- heat treatment can also be performed in a liquid. That is, each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti is contained in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo is contained in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less, and the balance is from unavoidable impurities.
- a method for manufacturing an alloy member which comprises a forced cooling step of immersing the heat-treated molding member in a liquid and cooling the temperature range from the holding temperature to 800 ° C. at a cooling rate of 600 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less.
- the liquid used in the heat treatment step is preferably any one of a salt bath, a quenching oil, and an aqueous polymer solution.
- the alloy member of the present invention is (10) Each element of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti is contained in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo is contained in the range of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less, and the balance is an unavoidable impurity. It is an alloy member composed of, and the crystal structure of the matrix is equiaxed, and in the crystal grains of the matrix, extremely small particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less are dispersed and precipitated, and the crystal grains of the matrix are dispersed. It is characterized in that the amount of hexagonal crystal precipitates generated at the boundary is less than 1% by volume.
- the alloy member has at least one of a face-centered cubic structure and a simple cubic structure. Such a crystal structure is effective in imparting ductility required as a matrix in that it is excellent in deformability.
- the alloy member preferably has a tensile strength of 1100 MPa or more, a breaking elongation of 10% or more, and a 10% boiling sulfuric acid corrosion rate of 5 mm / year or less.
- the upper limit of the tensile strength is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1500 MPa or more.
- the upper limit of the elongation at break is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 30%. Corrosion resistance is superior to that of conventional products, and for example, it can exhibit 10 times more corrosion resistance.
- the alloy member of the present invention is excellent in mechanical properties and ductility, and is more excellent in corrosion resistance in a harsh environment.
- FIG. 1 is a process diagram showing an example of a method for manufacturing an alloy member according to the present invention.
- the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a laminated molding step, a heat treatment (may be referred to as pseudo-solution heat treatment in the present invention) step, and a forced cooling step.
- a heat treatment may be referred to as pseudo-solution heat treatment in the present invention
- a forced cooling step may be referred to as pseudo-solution heat treatment in the present invention
- an alloy powder 20 having a desired HEA composition (Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Ti-Mo) is prepared.
- the alloy powder 20 to be used can be obtained, for example, by an atomizing method.
- the atomizing method There are no particular restrictions on the atomizing method, and the conventional method can be used.
- a gas atomizing method vacuum gas atomizing method, electrode-induced dissolution type gas atomizing method, etc.
- a centrifugal force atomizing method disk atomizing method, plasma rotating electrode atomizing method, etc.
- a plasma atomizing method or the like can be preferably used.
- the HEA composition of the present invention contains 5 elements of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ti as main components in the range of 5 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, and Mo as a sub component of more than 0 atomic% and 8 atomic% or less.
- the balance is composed of unavoidable impurities.
- the chemical composition is as follows: Co is 20 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less, Cr is 10 atomic% or more and 25 atomic% or less, Fe is 10 atomic% or more and 25 atomic% or less, and Ni is 15 atomic% or more and 30 atomic% or less. In the following, Ti may be contained in an amount of 5 atomic% or more and 15 atomic% or less.
- the chemical composition is as follows: Co is 25 atomic% or more and 33 atomic% or less, Cr is 15 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less, Fe is 15 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less, and Ni is 17 atomic% or more and 28 atomic% or less.
- Ti may be contained in an amount of 5 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less, and Mo may be contained in an amount of 1 atomic% or more and 7 atomic% or less.
- the chemical composition is as follows: Co is 25 atomic% or more and less than 30 atomic%, Cr is 15 atomic% or more and less than 20 atomic%, Fe is 15 atomic% or more and less than 20 atomic%, and Ni is 23 atomic% or more and 28 atomic% or more.
- Ti may be contained in an amount of 7 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less, and Mo may be contained in an amount of 1 atomic% or more and 7 atomic% or less.
- the chemical composition is as follows: Co is 30 atomic% or more and 33 atomic% or less, Cr is 20 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less, Fe is 20 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less, and Ni is 17 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less. Less than, Ti may be contained in an amount of 5 atomic% or more and less than 7 atomic%, and Mo may be contained in an amount of 1 atomic% or more and 3 atomic% or less.
- the Co component is more preferably 25 atomic% or more and less than 30 atomic%
- the Cr component is more preferably 15 atomic% or more and less than 20 atomic%
- the Fe component is more preferably 15 atomic% or more and less than 20 atomic%
- Ni component is more preferably 23 atomic% or more and 28 atomic% or less
- Ti component is more preferably 7 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less
- Mo component is 1 atomic% or more. 7 atomic% or less is more preferable.
- the Co component is more preferably 30 atomic% or more and 33 atomic% or less
- the Cr component is more preferably 20 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less
- the Fe component is more preferably 20 atomic% or more and 23 atomic% or less
- Ni component is more preferably 17 atomic% or more and less than 23 atomic%
- Ti component is more preferably 5 atomic% or more and less than 7 atomic%
- Mo component is 1 atomic% or more. 3 atomic% or less is more preferable.
- the average particle size of the alloy powder 20 is preferably in the range of 10 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of handleability and filling property (the same applies hereinafter).
- the suitable average particle size differs depending on the method of layered manufacturing used in this method.
- the selective laser melting method (SLM) is 10 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less
- the electron beam melting method (Electron Beam Melting: EBM) is used. More preferably, it is 45 ⁇ m or more and 105 ⁇ m or less.
- EBM electron beam melting method
- the thickness is 50 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less.
- the alloy powder 20 tends to fly up in the next step of the laminated molding process, which causes a decrease in the shape accuracy of the alloy laminated model.
- the average particle size exceeds 200 ⁇ m, the surface roughness of the laminated model will increase in the next step, and the melting of the alloy powder 20 will be insufficient.
- the alloy additive manufacturing member having a desired shape (hereinafter, simply referred to as the modeling member) 101.
- the additive manufacturing method which forms a near-net-shaped alloy member by melting and solidifying instead of sintering (called melting and solidification)
- the additive manufacturing method a metal powder additive manufacturing method using the SLM method, the EBM method, and the LMD method can be preferably used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the configuration of the additive manufacturing apparatus 100 by the SLM method.
- the stage 102 is lowered by the thickness of one layer (for example, about 20 to 50 ⁇ m) of the modeling member 101 to be laminated.
- the alloy powder 105 is supplied from the powder supply container 104 onto the base plate 103 on the upper surface of the stage 102, and the alloy powder 105 is flattened by the recoater 160 to form a powder bed 107 (powder layer).
- the laser beam 109 output from the laser oscillator 108 is passed through the galvanometer mirror 110 and the unmelted powder on the base plate 103.
- 2D slice-shaped solidified layer 112 is formed by irradiating the data to form a micro-melted pond and moving the micro-melted pond to sequentially melt and solidify.
- the unmelted powder is collected in the collection container 111. By repeating this operation and laminating, the modeling member 101 is manufactured.
- the modeling member 101 is manufactured integrally with the base plate 103 and is covered with unmelted powder. At the time of taking out, after the irradiation of the laser beam is completed and the powder and the modeling member 101 are sufficiently cooled, the unmelted powder is collected, and the modeling member 101 and the base plate 103 are taken out from the powder additive manufacturing device 100. After that, the modeling member 101 is cut from the base plate 103 to obtain the modeling member 101.
- the matrix of the modeling member 101 had a structure in which fine columnar crystals (average width 50 ⁇ m or less) were forested along the stacking direction of the modeling member 101 (so-called quenching solidification structure).
- the above-mentioned modeling member 101 is heated by heating and heat-treated to be held at the maximum temperature (holding temperature) for a predetermined time.
- the holding temperature in the heat treatment process is in the temperature range of 1080 ° C or higher and 1180 ° C or lower (1080 ° C to 1180 ° C). It is preferably 1100 ° C to 1140 ° C. Below 1080 ° C, hexagonal precipitates are likely to precipitate and remain. Further, if the temperature exceeds 1180 ° C., defects such as coarsening of crystal grain size and partial melting are likely to occur.
- the holding time at the maximum temperature is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 24 hours or less, and more preferably 0.5 hours or more and 8 hours or less.
- it is 0.5 hours or more, the formation of hexagonal precipitates in the modeling member 101 can be suppressed, and when it is 24 hours or less, the coarsening of the crystal grain size can be suppressed.
- hexagonal precipitation occurs quickly in a temperature range (for example, from 800 ° C. to 1080 ° C.) where hexagonal crystal precipitation is likely to occur, for example, if the temperature rise rate is 5 ° C./min or more. It is suitable because the physical quantity can be reduced before the heat treatment. It is preferably 10 ° C./min or higher.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is about 1000 ° C./min from the viewpoint of ensuring temperature uniformity in the modeling member 101, particularly prevention of generation of overheated parts.
- the heat treatment as described above is performed. It can be called a pseudo-solution heat treatment.
- a forced cooling step is performed on the modeling member after the heat treatment step.
- the temperature range from at least the holding temperature to 800 ° C. is forcibly cooled at a cooling rate of 110 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less.
- forced cooling is called forced cooling with the intention of controlling the cooling rate within a range that is faster than conventional air cooling and slower than water cooling.
- the low speed side can be performed at a cooling rate of 110 ° C./min or more and less than 600 ° C./min, more preferably 200 ° C./min or more and less than 600 ° C./min.
- the cooling rate can be 600 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less, more preferably 1000 ° C./min or more and 2000 ° C./min or less. If the cooling rate is less than 110 ° C./min (for example, furnace cooling or air cooling treatment), hexagonal precipitates are likely to be generated from the grain boundaries, which causes a problem that corrosion resistance is lowered. Further, at a cooling rate exceeding 2400 ° C./min (for example, immersion cooling in a water tank), deformation of the modeling member due to temperature unevenness that occurs during rapid cooling becomes a problem. In addition, it is better to continue forced cooling even when the temperature drops below 800 ° C. For example, it is preferable to cool the temperature range from 800 ° C. to room temperature at the above cooling rate.
- the cooling on the low speed side can be high-pressure gas cooling using at least one inert gas of nitrogen, argon, and helium having a pressure of atmospheric pressure or higher. ..
- immersion cooling using any one of a salt bath, a quenching oil, and a polymer aqueous solution can be applied.
- a specific description will be given.
- High pressure gas cooling In the case of high pressure gas cooling, a cooling rate range of approximately 110 ° C./min or more and less than 600 ° C./min can be implemented.
- a high pressure gas is introduced into the heat treatment furnace and ejected toward the modeling member 101, and the high pressure gas is ejected until the temperature inside the furnace reaches at least 800 ° C., and then in the range of room temperature to 800 ° C.
- the supply of high-pressure gas is stopped to cool.
- the high-pressure gas is a gas having a pressure of atmospheric pressure or higher, more preferably 0.2 MPa or higher, and the upper limit of the pressure is not particularly limited, but is set to 1.0 MPa or lower, for example, in compliance with the safety of the furnace body and related laws and regulations.
- the inert gas it is preferable to use nitrogen gas from the viewpoint of cost and availability, but a rare gas such as argon or helium can also be used for the purpose of preventing discoloration due to surface nitriding.
- Immersion cooling In the case of immersion cooling, a cooling rate range of about 600 ° C./min or more and 2400 ° C./min or less can be implemented.
- a dipping bath having a liquid temperature set to a set temperature selected from the room temperature to 800 ° C. is arranged in advance.
- Immersion bathtubs include, for example, bathtubs such as pools and bathtubs with a cooling device. Then, a dipping solution selected from molten salt, quenching oil, polymer aqueous solution and the like is mainly used according to the set temperature of the dipping bath.
- the modeling member 101 is transferred from the heat treatment furnace to an immersion bathtub and immersed to cool the molding member 101.
- the immersion time is preferably longer than the time required for the heat treatment step, for example, 1 hour or more. Further, from the viewpoint of ensuring productivity, the immersion time should be 24 hours or less.
- the above-mentioned high-pressure gas cooling and immersion cooling are referred to as a forced cooling step.
- a forced cooling step By providing this forced cooling process. It is possible to suppress the formation of hexagonal precipitates that preferentially occur at grain boundaries. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an alloy member in which nanoscale microparticles are dispersed and precipitated in the matrix crystal to form a fine structure and the formation of hexagonal precipitates is suppressed within 1% by volume. Here, it is preferable to determine the volume fraction (volume%) of the hexagonal precipitate by the cross-sectional evaluation of the modeling member 101.
- the length is 1 ⁇ m or more by a method such as electrolytic etching in a nitric acid-hydrochloric acid-based etching solution or a oxalic acid solution.
- a hexagonal precipitate having a size is revealed, and a cross-sectional image having a magnification of, for example, about 500 times is obtained by an optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope.
- this hexagonal precipitate has a characteristic of forming a long plate-like precipitate
- the area ratio of the precipitate having a long side of 1 ⁇ m or more in this cross-sectional image for example, the area of the precipitate per region of 200 ⁇ m ⁇ 200 ⁇ m is determined by the area of the observation site ( Divide by 40000 ⁇ m 2 ) to obtain the volume fraction of hexagonal precipitates.
- the average particle size of the extremely small particles dispersed and precipitated in the crystal grains of the matrix is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or more and 80 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the ultra-small particles is 20 nm or more and 80 nm or less, ductility and mechanical strength (tensile strength, etc.) are excellent, and corrosion resistance can be enhanced. It has been found that ductility drops sharply when the average particle size of the tiny particles exceeds 100 nm.
- an image containing the very small particles is acquired by a high-magnification observation means represented by a transmission electron microscopy or a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and the average of the inscribed circle diameter and the circumscribing circle diameter of the microparticles is obtained.
- the value is used as the particle size of the ultra-small particles, and the average value of the particle sizes of 20 ultra-small particles is used as the average particle size.
- an aging treatment step of holding the microparticles in a temperature range in which the number of extremely small particles tends to increase for example, a temperature range of 500 ° C. or higher and lower than 900 ° C. It is preferably 600 ° C. or higher and 800 ° C. or lower. If the aging treatment temperature is less than 500 ° C, the strength improvement effect is not stable. Further, when the aging treatment temperature is 900 ° C. or higher, hexagonal precipitates may occur again and the ductility may decrease, which is not suitable.
- the holding time is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 24 hours or less, more preferably 0.5 hours or more and 8 hours or less.
- the cooling step after the aging treatment is not particularly limited, but it is the same as the air cooling or the above-mentioned forced cooling step because nanoscale microparticles may be excessively generated if the cooling step is held near the aging treatment temperature for a long time. It is good to cool to room temperature by the cooling method.
- the heat treatment pattern can be changed in various ways. For example, the aging treatment step can be carried out continuously with the above-mentioned forced cooling step.
- a target temperature in the forced cooling step is set (for example, 700 ° C.), this is set as the temperature of the aging treatment, the aging treatment step of holding the temperature for a predetermined time from the time when the target temperature is reached is performed, and the room temperature is again forced cooling. It can be carried out by cooling to.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of the fine structure of the alloy member (high-pressure nitrogen gas cooling material: M1-SHN) of the examples described later, in which (a) is a scanning electron microscope image (SEM image, 1000 times), (b). ) Is a scanning transmission electron microscope image (STEM image, 225,000 times).
- the alloy member of the present invention has a matrix crystal structure mainly composed of equiaxed crystals having a crystal grain size of 50 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m (average crystal grain size of 100 ⁇ m or less), and has a minimum average grain size of 100 nm or less in the parent phase crystal grains. The particles are dispersed and precipitated (see FIG.
- FIG. 4 (b) in the diffraction pattern corresponding to the high-magnification HAADF (High Angle Annular Dark Field) image in the STEM image, the satellite pattern due to the fine ordered phase observed in the heat-treated molding member was observed. , It was confirmed that the very small particles correspond to the ordered phase consistent with the parent phase crystal grains. Further, in the element mapping image by STEM-EDX, the average particle size of the extremely small particles enriched with Ni and Ti was about 60 nm.
- the SEM image of FIG. 4 (a) was obtained for the test piece after the boiling sulfuric acid test, and although etching marks were observed at the grain boundaries, corrosion originating from hexagonal precipitates was observed. It can be seen that corrosion in a harsh corrosive environment is suppressed.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of the fine structure of the alloy member (low pressure gas cooling material: M1-SLN) related to the comparative example, and (a) and (b) are scanning electron microscope images (SEM image, 300 times and 300 times). 1000x), (c) is a scanning transmission electron microscope image (STEM image, 225,000x).
- SEM image 300 times and 300 times. 1000x
- STEM image 225,000x
- the appearance of the test piece after the boiling sulfuric acid test is shown in the same manner as in FIG. Similar to FIG. 4, this alloy member had a matrix structure mainly composed of equiaxed crystals having a crystal grain size of 50 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m (average crystal grain size of 100 ⁇ m or less), as shown in FIG. 5 (a).
- FIG. 5 (b) Hexagonal plate-like precipitates were formed at the grain boundaries of the matrix crystal grains, and the amount exceeded 1% by volume. Therefore, in the boiling sulfuric acid test, intergranular corrosion was performed as shown in FIG. 5 (b) starting from the hexagonal precipitates formed at the grain boundaries of the parent phase crystal grains. Since FIG. 5 (b) is the one after the boiling sulfuric acid test, the hexagonal precipitate cannot be seen. However, in FIG. 5 (b), the curved recesses (reference numeral 1) show the hexagonal precipitate. Intergranular corrosion part generated at the grain boundary by melting as a starting point, and a plate-shaped hexagonal crystal precipitate in which linear recesses (reference numeral 2) grow into the grain starting from the grain boundary are used as the starting point.
- the modeling member M1 was taken out. After taking out, the modeling member M1 was subjected to various heat treatments and forced cooling to prepare an alloy member subjected to various heat treatments.
- the heat treatment conditions for solution formation were fixed under the condition of holding at a holding temperature of 1120 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the cooling step was performed as follows. First, an atmospheric furnace was used for heat treatment, and after holding at 1120 ° C, a sample that was placed on a ceramic plate outside the furnace and air-cooled (cooled by leaving) was designated as M1-SA, and after holding at 1120 ° C, it was immersed in purified water outside the furnace. The water-cooled sample was designated as M1-SW.
- a vacuum furnace was used for heat treatment, and after holding at 1120 ° C., a sample cooled with atmospheric nitrogen gas at a set pressure of 0.1 MPa was designated as M1-SLN, and on the other hand, it was cooled with high-pressure nitrogen gas at a set pressure of 0.5 MPa.
- the sample was M1-SHN (Example).
- M1-SS Example 1
- the HEA powder P2 is also subjected to a laminated molding step, a take-out step, a heat treatment step, and various forced cooling steps in the same manner as described above, and the molding members M2, M2-SA, M2-SW, M2- SLN, M2-SHN and M2-SS were prepared.
- Table 2 shows the heat treatment conditions in the heat treatment step of each of the above samples, the forced cooling conditions in the forced cooling step, and the cooling rate calculated from the temperature measurement.
- alloy member M1-SHN-A high-pressure nitrogen gas cooling material prepared in Experiment 2 was further aged (in the air, with the intention of controlling the amount and morphology of the extremely small particles dispersed and precipitated in the matrix crystal). Alloy member M1-SHN-A500, M1-SHN-A600, M1-SHN-A700, M1-SHN- A800 and M1-SHN-A900 were prepared.
- alloy members M1-SS (salt bath coolant), M2-SS (salt bath coolant), and M2-SHN (high pressure nitrogen gas coolant) prepared in Experiment 2 are also subjected to the same aging treatment as above. Was done. From the above, an alloy member subjected to various aging treatments was obtained.
- Example 3 (Observation of microstructure of alloy members) Test pieces for microstructure observation were collected from the various alloy members prepared above, and microstructure observation was performed by the above method using an optical microscope and various electron microscopes (SEM, STEM, STEM-EDX). Observation by SEM was carried out in the range of 300 to 1000 times at a magnification suitable for the size of the crystal grains. In addition, the observation by STEM was also carried out at a magnification of 100,000 times or more and at a magnification suitable for the size of the extremely small particles in the grain. Table 3 shows the microstructure observation results together with the manufacturing specifications of each alloy member.
- the crystal structure obtained by XRD measurement in all the test pieces was a mixture of simple cubic (SC) and face-centered cubic (FCC).
- the amount of grain boundary precipitates was set to ⁇ 0.1% when no grain boundary precipitates having a long side of 1 ⁇ m or more were observed.
- the matrix structure of the alloy members M1 and M2 before the heat treatment has a structure in which fine columnar crystals having an average particle size of 40 ⁇ m or less stand along the stacking direction of the laminated model (so-called local quenching solidification). Had an organization).
- the columnar crystal referred to here is defined as a crystal in which the ratio of the major axis length of the crystal grain to the minor axis length is 2 or more.
- the matrix structure after forced cooling is a polygonal shape whose crystal shape does not have anisotropy different from that of the columnar crystal, and is from equiaxed crystals. I confirmed that it would be. Then, it was confirmed by TEM and STEM-EDX that extremely small particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less were generated in the crystal grains of the matrix phase and dispersed and precipitated. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the Ni component and the Ti component of these extremely small particles were thicker than those of the parent phase crystal.
- the diameter of these ultra-small particles correlates with the cooling rate after heat treatment, and tends to be smaller in water cooling and salt bath cooling, which have a faster cooling rate, and larger in air cooling and low-pressure nitrogen gas cooling, which have a slower cooling rate. Further, in the sample subjected to the aging treatment, the diameter of the extremely small particles increased as the aging treatment temperature increased, and in particular, when the aging treatment temperature was 900 ° C., the particles grew to exceed 100 nm.
- the amount of grain boundary precipitates increases as the aging treatment temperature rises, and especially when the aging treatment temperature is 900 ° C., the volume fraction of the grain boundary precipitates having a long side of 1 ⁇ m or more is 3. The result exceeded%.
- Each test piece was subjected to a room temperature tensile test using a universal material testing machine (JIS Z 2241 compliant, strain rate: 5 ⁇ 10 -5 s -1 ), and tensile strength and breaking elongation were measured.
- the measurement result of the tensile test was obtained as the average value of 3 measurements excluding the maximum value and the minimum value of the 5 measurements.
- tensile strength 1100 MPa or more was judged as "pass”, and less than 1100 MPa was judged as "fail”.
- 10% or more was judged as "pass”
- less than 10% was judged as "fail”.
- the results are shown in Table 4. Incidentally, in the conventional arc melting material, the tensile strength was only about 775 MPa and the elongation was only about 3%.
- a immersion test piece (length 25 mm ⁇ width 25 mm ⁇ thickness 2 mm) for a 2% boiling sulfuric acid immersion test was collected from each alloy member produced above.
- the boiling sulfuric acid immersion test is a test that is additionally performed especially for members used in a strongly acidic atmosphere such as a resource mining environment or a chemical plant, and is for evaluating higher corrosion resistance.
- the immersion test was performed on each test piece with a test area of 14.5 cm 2 , test equipment: a glass flask with a glass backflow water-cooled condenser connected (capacity: 1000 mL), and a test solution: 10% aqueous sulfuric acid solution (surface area of the test piece). Approximately 10 mL per 1 cm 2 ), test temperature: boiling conditions.
- Table 4 and FIGS. 6 to 8 show the evaluation results and pass / fail judgments of each test piece, and the relationship between the cooling rate after heat treatment and the aging treatment conditions and characteristics.
- the alloy members M1 and M2 which are the samples not subjected to the heat treatment step, have a tensile strength of 1100 MPa or more and a breaking elongation of 10% or more, and exhibit good mechanical properties. ..
- the corrosion rate in boiling sulfuric acid was higher than that of other materials, which exceeded the standard value of 5 mm / year and was unsuitable. It was confirmed that the cause of this is the promotion of corrosion due to the residual stress introduced during the laminated molding process, and that solution treatment is necessary to improve the corrosion resistance.
- the alloy members M1-SA, M2-SA and M1-SLN, M2-SLN showed a tensile strength of 1100 MPa or more and a breaking elongation of 10% or more, demonstrating that they have good mechanical properties. ..
- the corrosion rate in boiling sulfuric acid was higher than that of other materials, which exceeded the standard value of 5 mm / year and was unsuitable.
- the appearance evaluation after the corrosion resistance test it was confirmed that the corrosion proceeded starting from the hexagonal grain boundary precipitates formed at the crystal grain boundaries.
- the volume fraction of hexagonal grain boundary precipitates exceeds 1%, and the corrosion resistance in boiling sulfuric acid, which is a relatively harsh test environment, is inferior due to the excessive formation of grain boundary precipitates.
- M1-SHN-A900 and M2-SHN-A900 were rejected because their ductility was less than 10% in addition to corrosion resistance. This decrease in ductility is thought to be due to the growth of extremely small particles in the crystal grains to 100 nm or more, and it is considered that the growth of hexagonal grain boundary precipitates also contributes to this decrease in ductility.
- the other alloy members showed a tensile strength of 1100 MPa or more and a breaking elongation of 10% or more, demonstrating that they have good mechanical properties.
- the corrosion resistance the corrosion rate in boiling sulfuric acid was reduced, which was less than the standard value of 5 mm / year and became suitable.
- the cooling rate after the heat treatment, the tensile strength, and the elongation at break are related to each other in FIG. 6, and the higher the cooling rate, the higher the ductility, and the lower the cooling rate, the higher the strength. Further, as shown in FIG. 7, it was found that the corrosion resistance was 5 mm / year or less, which is the standard, by setting the cooling rate to 110 ° C./min or more.
- alloy members (M1-SHN-A600, M1-SHN-A700, M1-SHN-A800, M1-SS-A600, M1-SS-A700,) whose aging treatment is applied after heat treatment to increase the number of extremely small particles.
- M1-SS-A800, M2-SHN-A600, M2-SHN-A700, M2-SHN-A800, M2-SS-A600, M2-SS-A700, M2-SS-A800) are the average of the precipitates, respectively. As seen in FIG.
- the particle size is equal to or larger than that of M1-SHN, M1-SS, M2-SHN, and M2-SS that are not subjected to aging treatment, and the elongation at break is maintained at 10% or more.
- the tensile strength has improved.
- alloy members (M1-SHN-A500, M1-SS-A500, M2-SHN-A500, M2-SS-A500) whose aging treatment temperature after heat treatment is 500 ° C are tested without the above aging treatment. It was equivalent to a piece.
- the alloy members (M1-SHN-A900, M1-SS-A900, M2-SHN-A900, M2-SS-A900) whose aging treatment temperature is 900 ° C have an average particle size of extremely small particles in the crystal grains. Above 100 nm, the mechanical properties were significantly reduced. From the above results, it was confirmed that the aging treatment temperature is preferably less than 900 ° C., and the temperature at which the average particle size of the extremely small particles dispersed and precipitated in the matrix crystal can be 100 nm or less is preferable.
- the present invention is not limited to the specific configurations described.
- the alloy member disclosed in the present invention can be applied to a corrosion-resistant part used in a resource field or a chemical plant in a harsher usage environment.
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Abstract
Description
尚、特許文献1では、擬溶体化熱処理した後に空冷や水冷を行う冷却工程を有している。このとき擬溶体化熱処理後900~800℃の温度範囲を素早く冷却することにより、上記極小粒子の平均粒径が異なり、それにより機械的強度や延性を高めることが可能であることが述べられている。しかしながら、冷却工程について、これ以上の検討はされておらず、機械的特性の向上や耐食性の向上に向けた検討の余地が残されていた。
まず、本発明者等は、HEAとしての特徴を犠牲にすることなく、形状制御性や延性に優れるHEA部材(以下、合金部材と言う。)を開発すべく、合金組成と製造方法について鋭意研究を重ねた。その結果、Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Ti-Mo系合金の粉末を用いた積層造形法により造形部材を形成することで、従来の普通鍛造によるHEA部材よりも形状制御性が良く、機械的強度および延性並びに耐食性に優れる合金部材を得ることができた。即ち、1080℃以上1180℃以下の温度範囲における熱処理を施すことでナノスケールの極小粒子が分散析出した微細組織を形成し、これによって機械的強度や延性が共に大きく改善されることが判った。具体的には、部材形状を自由に形成でき、且つニアネットシェイプの合金部材が得られるとともに、この合金部材は良好な機械的特性(例えば、1100 MPa以上の引張強さ、10%以上の破断伸び)を有することが確認された。また、高い孔食発生電位を示し、優れた耐食性も有することが確認された。しかしながら、この合金部材を用いた機械装置について耐食性試験を行った結果、高濃度の酸環境など過酷な条件において更なる耐食性が望まれるものであることが分かった。
(1)Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金粉末を用いた積層造形法により、造形部材を形成する積層造形工程と、前記造形部材を昇温加熱し、1080℃以上1180℃以下の温度範囲で保持する熱処理工程と、前記熱処理後の造形部材を、保持温度から800℃迄の温度範囲を110℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度で冷却する強制冷却工程と、を有することを基本とする。この強制冷却工程を行うことで、六方晶の析出物の生成を抑え、より高い耐食性を備えることができる。
(2)Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金粉末を用いた積層造形法により、造形部材を形成する積層造形工程と、前記造形部材を昇温加熱し、1080℃以上1180℃以下の温度範囲で保持する熱処理工程と、前記熱処理後の造形部材を、保持温度から800℃迄の温度範囲を110℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度で冷却する強制冷却工程と、前記強制冷却工程後に、500℃以上900℃未満の温度範囲で時効処理を施す時効処理工程と、を有するものである。この時効処理を加えて行うことで、ナノスケールの微小粒子の析出を促進して、主に機械的特性を向上することができる。
(3)前記強制冷却工程での冷却速度範囲を、110℃/分以上600℃/分未満とする。この冷却速度範囲であれば、主に高圧ガスを用いた炉内での冷却が可能となり、熱処理後に炉内の不活性ガス雰囲気内で直ぐに冷却工程に入ることができる。
(4)前記強制冷却工程は、大気圧以上の、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウムのうち少なくとも1種の不活性ガスを用いることができる。このような不活性ガスによるガス冷却を行うことで、熱処理後の炉内での冷却が可能となり、合金部材の表面酸化などによる変質を防ぐことができる。
(5)前記強制冷却工程での冷却速度範囲を、600℃/分以上2400℃/分以下とする。この冷却速度範囲であれば、主に液体を用いた浸漬による浴内での冷却が可能となり、熱処理後に浸漬時間を調節して冷却工程を実施することができる。
(6)前記強制冷却工程は、塩浴、焼入油、ポリマー水溶液のいずれか1種の液体を用いることができる。このような液体による浸漬冷却を行うことで、不活性ガスによるガス冷却よりも高い冷却速度とすることができる。これにより、熱容量の大きい大型の合金部材に対しても全体をより確実に高い冷却速度で冷却することが可能となる。
(8)前記積層造形工程における積層造形法に使用する熱源としてレーザビームあるいは電子ビームを用いることができる。これにより真空中での積層造形を行えるようになり、合金部材中の酸素、窒素など雰囲気起因の不純物の混入を低減することができる。
(10)Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金部材であって、母相の結晶組織が等軸晶であり、該母相の結晶粒中に、平均粒径100nm以下の極小粒子が分散析出しており、かつ母相の結晶粒界に生じる六方晶の析出物が1体積%未満であることを特徴とする。
(11)前記母相の結晶構造が、面心立方構造または単純立方構造の少なくとも一方を有している。このような結晶構造は、変形能に優れる点でマトリックスとして必要な延性を付与することに有効である。
(12)前記合金部材は、引張強さが1100MPa以上、破断伸びが10%以上、10%沸騰硫酸腐食速度が5mm/年以下であることが好ましい。引張強さの上限は特に限定されるものではなく、例えば1500MPa以上とすることもできる。破断伸びの上限も特に限定されるものではなく、例えば30%とすることができる。耐食性は従来に比べて優れており、例えば10倍の耐食性を発揮できる。このように本発明の合金部材は、機械的特性と延性に優れており、且つ、過酷な環境での耐食性がより優れている。
図1は、本発明に係る合金部材の製造方法の一例を示す工程図である。本発明の実施形態による製造方法は、積層造形工程と、熱処理(本発明では擬溶体化熱処理と呼んでも良い。)工程と、強制冷却工程と、を有する。以下、工程毎に本発明の実施形態をより具体的に説明する。
本発明のHEA組成は、主要成分としてCo、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの5元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、副成分としてMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなるものである。
前記化学組成は、Coを25原子%以上33原子%以下で、Crを15原子%以上23原子%以下で、Feを15原子%以上23原子%以下で、Niを17原子%以上28原子%以下で、Tiを5原子%以上10原子%以下で、Moを1原子%以上7原子%以下で、含むようにしても良い。
前記化学組成は、Coを25原子%以上30原子%未満で、Crを15原子%以上20原子%未満で、Feを15原子%以上20原子%未満で、Niを23原子%以上28原子%以下で、Tiを7原子%以上10原子%以下で、Moを1原子%以上7原子%以下で、含むようにしても良い。
前記化学組成は、Coを30原子%以上33原子%以下で、Crを20原子%以上23原子%以下で、Feを20原子%以上23原子%以下で、Niを17原子%以上23原子%未満で、Tiを5原子%以上7原子%未満で、Moを1原子%以上3原子%以下で、含むようにしても良い。
これらの組成範囲に制御することにより、延性の向上と機械的強度の向上とを両立することができる。言い換えると、各成分がそれぞれの好ましい組成範囲を外れると、望ましい特性の達成が得にくくなる。
合金粉末20の平均粒径は、ハンドリング性や充填性の観点から、10μm以上200μm以下の範囲に入ることが好ましい(以下同様)。また、この中で用いる積層造形の方法によって好適な平均粒径は異なり、選択的レーザ溶融法(Selective Laser Melting: SLM)では10μm以上50μm以下、電子ビーム積層造形法(Electron Beam Melting: EBM)では45μm以上105μm以下がより好ましい。また、レーザビーム粉末肉盛法(Laser Metal Deposition: LMD)法では50μm以上150μm以下とすると良い。平均粒径が10μm未満になると、次工程の積層造形工程において合金粉末20が舞い上がり易くなり、合金積層造形体の形状精度が低下する要因となる。一方、平均粒径が200μm超になると、次工程の積層造形工程において積層造形体の表面粗さが増加したり、合金粉末20の溶融が不十分になる要因となる。
次に、上記で用意した合金粉末20を用いた金属粉末積層造形方法(以下、単に積層造形法と言う。)により、所望形状を有する合金積層造形部材(以下、単に造形部材と言う。)101を形成する積層造形工程を行う。焼結ではなく溶融し凝固すること(溶融・凝固と言う)によってニアネットシェイプの合金部材を造形する積層造形法の適用により、鍛造材と同等以上の硬度とともに、三次元の複雑形状を有する造形部材を作製することができる。積層造形法としては、SLM法、EBM法、LMD法を用いた金属粉末積層造形法を好適に利用できる。
図3に示すように、上記の造形部材101を昇温加熱し、最高温度(保持温度)で所定時間保持する熱処理を行う。熱処理工程での保持温度は、1080℃以上1180℃以下(1080℃~1180℃)の温度範囲としている。好ましくは1100℃~1140℃である。1080℃未満では、六方晶の析出物が析出し残存し易くなる。また、1180℃を超えると結晶粒径の粗大化や部分溶融などの不良が生じ易くなる。最高温度での保持時間は0.5時間以上24時間以下が良く、より好ましくは0.5時間以上8時間以下に設定する。0.5時間以上とすると造形部材101中に六方晶の析出物の生成を抑制することができ、24時間以下であると結晶粒径の粗大化を抑制することができる。
次に、熱処理工程後の造形部材に強制冷却工程を施す。強制冷却工程は、熱処理において少なくとも保持温度から800℃迄の温度範囲を110℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度で強制冷却を行うものである。ここで強制冷却とは、従来の空放冷よりも速く、かつ水冷よりも遅い冷却速度の範囲に制御することを意図して強制冷却と呼んでいる。強制冷却速度の中でも低速側は、110℃/分以上600℃/分未満、より好ましくは200℃/分以上600℃/分未満の冷却速度で行うことができる。また、高速側は、600℃/分以上2400℃/分以下、より好ましくは1000℃/分以上2000℃/分以下の冷却速度で行うことができる。110℃/分未満の冷却速度(例えば炉冷や空放冷処理)では、六方晶の析出物が粒界から生じ易く耐食性が低下する課題が生じる。また、2400℃/分を超える冷却速度(例えば水槽への浸漬冷却)では、急速冷却中に生じる温度ムラに起因する造形部材の変形が課題となる。また、800℃以下となっても強制冷却を継続して行うのが良い。例えば800℃から室温までの温度範囲をおよそ上記冷却速度で冷却することは好ましい。
高圧ガス冷却の場合、およそ110℃/分以上600℃/分未満の冷却速度範囲が実施できる。例えば、上述の熱処理工程後に、高圧ガスを熱処理炉に導入して造形部材101に向けて噴出し、炉内温度が少なくとも800℃になるまでは高圧ガスを噴出し、その後室温~800℃の範囲から選択される設定温度となった時点で高圧ガスの供給を止めることで冷却する。なお、このとき2室式の熱処理炉を用いて加熱と冷却を別室で行い、より高速で冷却する手段をとることもできる。また、製造現場では、データ取りをして経験的に決められた時間だけ高圧ガスを導入し続けて冷却するのがよい。好ましくは炉内温度が設定値となった後も継続して高圧ガスを流して造形部材101が設定温度よりも低くなるようにする。ここで高圧ガスとは、大気圧以上、より好ましくは0.2MPa以上の圧力を有する気体であり、圧力の上限は特に限定はされないが、例えば1.0MPa以下として炉体の安全性や関連法規に準拠する必要がある。また、不活性ガスとしては、コストや入手性などの観点で窒素ガスを採用することが好ましいが、表面窒化による変色などを防ぐことを目的にアルゴンやヘリウムなどの希ガスを用いることもできる。
浸漬冷却の場合は、およそ600℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度範囲が実施できる。例えば、熱処理工程を行う炉の近傍に、液温を室温~800℃の範囲から選択される設定温度とした浸漬浴槽を予め配置する。浸漬浴槽には、例えばプールのような浴槽や冷却装置付きの浴槽がある。そして、主には浸漬浴の設定温度に合わせて溶融塩、焼入油、ポリマー水溶液などから選択される浸漬液を用いる。上述の熱処理工程後に、熱処理炉から造形部材101を浸漬浴槽に移して浸漬することで冷却する。製造現場では、データ取りをして経験的に決められた時間だけ浸漬することで冷却するのがよい。造形物が設定温度の近傍まで確実に冷却するため、熱処理工程に要した時間よりも浸漬時間を長くすることが好ましく、例えば1時間以上とする。また、生産性確保の観点で浸漬時間は24時間以下とすると良い。
本発明では,上記した高圧ガス冷却および浸漬冷却の場合を強制冷却工程と呼んでいる。この強制冷却工程を設けることによって。粒界に優先的に生じる六方晶の析出物の生成を抑止することができる。よって、ナノスケールの極小粒子が母相結晶中に分散析出した微細組織を形成すると共に、六方晶の析出物の生成を1体積%以内に抑制した合金部材を得ることが可能となる。ここで、六方晶の析出物の体積分率(体積%)については、造形部材101の断面評価によって求めることが好ましい。例えば、造形部材101の断面を研磨紙やバフ研磨を用いて鏡面研磨を施した後に、硝酸―塩酸系のエッチング液、もしくはシュウ酸溶液中での電解エッチングなどの方法で、長さ1μm以上の大きさを有する六方晶の析出物を現出させて、光学顕微鏡や走査電子顕微鏡により例えば倍率500倍程度の断面像を得る。この六方晶の析出物は板状に長く析出する特性があるので、この断面像における長辺1μm以上の析出物の面積比率、例えば領域200μm×200μm当たりの析出物の面積を観察部位の面積(40000 μm2)で除することで六方晶の析出物の体積分率とする。
また母相の結晶粒中に分散析出する極小粒子について、その平均粒径は100nm以下であることが好ましく、20nm以上80nm以下がより好ましい。極小粒子の平均粒径が20nm以上80nm以下である場合、延性および機械的強度(引張強さ等)に優れるとともに、耐食性を高めることが可能となる。極小粒子の平均粒径が100 nm超になると、延性が急激に低下することが分かっている。なお、微小粒子は、透過電子顕微鏡法、高分解能走査電子顕微鏡法に代表される高倍率の観察手段によって極小粒子を含む画像を取得し、その極小粒子の内接円直径と外接円直径の平均値を極小粒子の粒径とし、極小粒子20個分の粒径の平均値を平均粒径として用いる。
造形部材の強度を高めることを目的に、極小粒子が増加し易い温度領域、例えば500℃以上900℃未満の温度範囲で保持する時効処理工程を施すことができる。好ましくは600℃以上800℃以下である。時効処理温度が500℃に満たない場合は、強度の改善効果が安定しない。また、時効処理温度が900℃以上の場合は、六方晶の析出物が再び生じて延性が低下する可能性があるため不適である。保持時間は0.5時間以上24時間以下が良く、より好ましくは0.5時間以上8時間以内に設定する。0.5時間以上であると強度の改善効果が得られ、24時間以下であると六方晶の析出物が再び生成することを抑制できる。この時効処理により、熱処理後の造形部材におけるナノスケールの極小粒子を増加させ、強度を改善することができる。時効処理後の冷却工程は特に限定はされないが、時効処理温度近傍で長時間保持するとナノスケールの極小粒子が過剰に生成する可能性があるため、空放冷、または前述の強制冷却工程と同じ冷却法によって室温まで冷却すると良い。
また、熱処理パターンは種々変更が可能である。例えば、時効処理工程は上述の強制冷却工程と連続して実施することができる。この場合は、強制冷却工程における目標温度を設定し(例えば700℃)、これを時効処理の温度として、目標温度に達した時点から所定時間保持する時効処理工程を施して、再び強制冷却によって室温まで冷却することで実施できる。
図4は、後述する実施例の合金部材(高圧窒素ガス冷却材:M1-SHN)の微細組織の一例を示すもので、(a)が走査電子顕微鏡像(SEM像、1000倍)、(b)が走査型透過電子顕微鏡像(STEM像、225,000倍)である。本発明の合金部材は、結晶粒径50μm~150μm(平均結晶粒径100μm以下)の等軸晶を主とする母相結晶組織であり、母相結晶粒中に、平均粒径100nm以下の極小粒子が分散析出しており(図4(b)参照)、且つ、母相結晶粒の粒界に生じる六方晶の析出物が1体積%未満である組織を有している。図4(b)においてSTEM像における高倍のHAADF(High Angle Annular Dark Field)像に対応するディフラクションパターンでは、熱処理を施した造形部材で認められた微細な規則相に起因するサテライトパターンが認められ、極小粒子が母相結晶粒と整合性のある規則相に相当することが確認された。また、STEM-EDXによる元素マッピング像ではNiとTiが濃化した極小粒子の平均粒径は60nm程度であった。図4(a)のSEM像は、沸騰硫酸試験後の試験片を対象に取得したものであるが、結晶粒界部にエッチング痕が見られるものの六方晶の析出物を起点とする腐食は見受けられず、過酷な腐食環境での腐食が抑制されていることが判る。
(HEA粉末P1~P2の作製)
表1に示す名目組成で原料を混合し、真空ガスアトマイズ法により、溶湯から合金粉末を製造した。次に、得られた合金粉末に対して、ふるいによる分級を行って粒径を10μm以上53μm以下、平均粒径(d50)を約35μmとなるよう選別してHEA粉末P1、P2を用意した。尚、P1、P2の組成を選定した理由は、発明者による予備検討において特に強度、延性に関わる機械特性に優れていたためである。
(合金部材M1(M2)、M1(M2)-SA、M1(M2)-SW、M1(M2)-SLN、M1(M2)-SHN、M1(M2)-SSの作製)
実験1で用意したHEA粉末P1に対し、図2に示したような粉末積層造形装置(EOS社製EOS M290)を用いて、積層造形工程の手順に沿ってSLM法による造形部材M1(合金積層造形体:25mm×25mm×高さ70mmの角柱材、高さ方向が積層方向)を積層造形した。尚、積層造形時のレーザ出力は、発明者による事前検討を基にレーザ出力を300Wに設定し、レーザ走査速度は1000mm/秒、走査間隔は0.11mmとした。また、一層毎の積層厚みは約0.04mmに設定した。
まず、熱処理に大気炉を用い、1120℃保持後に炉外にてセラミックス板に置いて空冷(放置による放冷)を行った試料をM1-SAとし、1120℃保持後に炉外の精製水に浸漬して水冷を行った試料をM1-SWとした。
また、熱処理に塩浴炉を用い、1120℃保持後に、180℃の低温塩浴に移して2時間保持することで塩浴冷却を施した試料をM1-SS(実施例)とした。
さらに、HEA粉末P2に対しても上記と同様に、積層造形工程と、取出工程と、熱処理工程と、各種強制冷却工程とを行って、造形部材M2、M2-SA、M2-SW、M2-SLN、M2-SHN、M2-SSを作製した。
以上の各試料の熱処理工程における熱処理条件と、強制冷却工程における強制冷却条件とその温度計測から算出した冷却速度を表2に示す。
母相結晶中に分散析出した極小粒子の析出量や形態の制御を意図して、実験2で用意した合金部材M1-SHN(高圧窒素ガス冷却材)に対して、さらに時効処理(大気中、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃、900℃で1時間保持した後、空冷)を施した合金部材M1-SHN-A500、M1-SHN-A600、M1-SHN-A700、M1-SHN-A800、M1-SHN-A900を作製した。
また同様に、実験2で用意した合金部材M1-SS (塩浴冷却材)、M2-SS (塩浴冷却材)、及びM2-SHN(高圧窒素ガス冷却材)についても上記と同様の時効処理を行った。以上により各種の時効処理を施した合金部材を得た。
(合金部材の微細組織観察)
上記で作製した各種合金部材から微細組織観察用の試験片を採取し、光学顕微鏡、各種電子顕微鏡(SEM、STEM、STEM-EDX)を用いて、上記した手法にて微細組織観察を行った。SEMによる観察は300倍から1000倍の範囲で結晶粒の大きさに合わせた倍率にて実施した。また、STEMによる観察は同じく10万倍以上の倍率で粒内の極小粒子の大きさに合わせた倍率で実施した。各合金部材の作製仕様と共に、微細組織観察結果を表3に示す。なお、表中には記載していないが、全試験片において、XRD測定によって求められた結晶構造は単純立方晶(SC)と面心立方晶(FCC)との混合であった。また、粒界析出物量は、長辺1μm以上の粒界析出物が見られない場合は<0.1%とした。
(合金部材の機械的特性および耐食性の測定)
上記で作製した各合金部材から引張試験用の試験片(平行部直径:4 mm、平行部長さ:13 mm)を採取した。なお、造形部材および熱処理後の合金部材は、試験片長手方向が積層造形方向と一致するように採取した。
因みに、従来のアーク溶解材では、引張強さは775MPa程度、伸びは3%程度の機械的特性でしかなかった。
以上の条件下で24時間浸漬した後の重量減少量を求め、合金密度(8.04 g/cm3)、を用いて腐食速度(mm/年)の指標とした。耐食性の評価は、沸騰硫酸中の腐食速度5mm/年以下を「合格」と判定し、5mm/年を超える場合を「不合格」と判定した。なお、ここでは5mm/年を超える場合を「不合格」と判定したが、従来技術の使用環境では実用に供せる数値と言える。以上の腐食試験の結果を表4に併記する。
一方で、熱処理後の時効処理温度を500℃とした合金部材(M1-SHN-A500、M1-SS-A500、M2-SHN-A500、M2-SS-A500)は、上記時効処理を施さない試験片と同等であった。また、時効処理温度を900℃とした合金部材( M1-SHN-A900、M1-SS-A900、M2-SHN-A900、M2-SS-A900)は、結晶粒内の極小粒子の平均粒径が100nmを超え、機械的特性が著しく低下した。以上の結果から時効処理温度は900℃未満とし、母相結晶中に分散析出する極小粒子の平均粒径を100 nm以下にできる温度が好ましいことが確認された。
Claims (11)
- Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金粉末を用いた積層造形法により、造形部材を形成する積層造形工程と、
前記造形部材を昇温加熱し、1080℃以上1180℃以下の温度範囲で保持する熱処理工程と、
前記熱処理後の造形部材を、保持温度から800℃迄の温度範囲を110℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度で冷却する強制冷却工程と、
を有することを特徴とする合金部材の製造方法。 - Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金粉末を用いた積層造形法により、造形部材を形成する積層造形工程と、
前記造形部材を昇温加熱し、1080℃以上1180℃以下の温度範囲で保持する熱処理工程と、
前記熱処理後の造形部材を、保持温度から800℃迄の温度範囲を110℃/分以上2400℃/分以下の冷却速度で冷却する強制冷却工程と、
前記強制冷却工程後に、500℃以上900℃未満の温度範囲で時効処理を施す時効処理工程と、
を有することを特徴とする合金部材の製造方法。 - 前記強制冷却工程での冷却速度範囲が、110℃/分以上600℃/分未満であることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- 前記強制冷却工程は、大気圧以上の、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウムのうち少なくとも1種の不活性ガスを用いることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- 前記強制冷却工程での冷却速度範囲が、600℃/分以上2400℃/分以下であることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- 前記強制冷却工程は、塩浴、焼入油、ポリマー水溶液の何れか1種の液体を用いることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理工程において、800℃から1080℃迄の昇温過程の昇温速度が5℃/分以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- 前記積層造形工程における積層造形法に使用する熱源がレーザビームあるいは電子ビームであることを特徴とする請求項1~請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の合金部材の製造方法。
- Co、Cr、Fe、Ni、Tiの各元素をそれぞれ5原子%以上35原子%以下の範囲で含み、かつMoを0原子%超8原子%以下の範囲で含み、残部が不可避不純物からなる合金部材であって、母相の結晶組織が等軸晶であり、該母相の結晶粒中に、平均粒径100nm以下の極小粒子が分散析出しており、かつ母相の結晶粒界に生じる六方晶の析出物が1体積%未満であることを特徴とする合金部材。
- 前記母相の結晶構造が、面心立方構造または単純立方構造の少なくとも一方を有していることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の合金部材。
- 前記合金部材であって、引張強さが1100MPa以上、破断伸びが10%以上、10%沸騰硫酸腐食速度が5mm/年以下、であることを特徴とする請求項9または請求項10に記載の合金部材。
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| CN202080059800.4A CN114340820B (zh) | 2019-09-20 | 2020-09-02 | 合金部件的制造方法、以及合金部件 |
| US17/639,747 US12330215B2 (en) | 2019-09-20 | 2020-09-02 | Alloy member production method and alloy member |
| JP2021521316A JP6960099B2 (ja) | 2019-09-20 | 2020-09-02 | 合金部材の製造方法 |
| EP20866444.1A EP4032637A4 (en) | 2019-09-20 | 2020-09-02 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING ALLOY ELEMENT AND ALLOY ELEMENT |
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| WO2019031577A1 (ja) | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-14 | 日立金属株式会社 | 合金部材、該合金部材の製造方法、および該合金部材を用いた製造物 |
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| EP3278901B1 (en) | 2015-03-30 | 2020-07-22 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing ni-based heat-resistant superalloy |
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| US20220331870A1 (en) | 2022-10-20 |
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| EP4032637A4 (en) | 2023-10-04 |
| JPWO2021054119A1 (ja) | 2021-09-30 |
| JP7156474B2 (ja) | 2022-10-19 |
| US12330215B2 (en) | 2025-06-17 |
| EP4032637A1 (en) | 2022-07-27 |
| CN114340820A (zh) | 2022-04-12 |
| JP6960099B2 (ja) | 2021-11-05 |
| JP2021185273A (ja) | 2021-12-09 |
| JP7156475B2 (ja) | 2022-10-19 |
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