WO2019235315A1 - 分離膜 - Google Patents
分離膜 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019235315A1 WO2019235315A1 PCT/JP2019/021260 JP2019021260W WO2019235315A1 WO 2019235315 A1 WO2019235315 A1 WO 2019235315A1 JP 2019021260 W JP2019021260 W JP 2019021260W WO 2019235315 A1 WO2019235315 A1 WO 2019235315A1
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- particles
- separation membrane
- carbon layer
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- dense carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/1214—Chemically bonded layers, e.g. cross-linking
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
- B01D67/00416—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state by deposition by filtration through a support or base layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0067—Inorganic membrane manufacture by carbonisation or pyrolysis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
- B01D69/081—Hollow fibre membranes characterised by the fibre diameter
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/021—Carbon
- B01D71/0211—Graphene or derivates thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/024—Oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/024—Oxides
- B01D71/027—Silicium oxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
- B01D2256/24—Hydrocarbons
- B01D2256/245—Methane
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
- B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes
- B01D2325/023—Dense layer within the membrane
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
- B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separation membrane used for separating substances.
- Membrane separation is used as a means for selectively separating and purifying specific components from various mixed gases and liquids.
- Membrane separation methods are attracting attention because they are energy saving means compared to other fluid separation methods.
- membrane separation methods are beginning to be used in the process of separating and purifying the water of impurities contained in alcohol and acetic acid.
- separation and purification can be performed at high pressure. It has been demanded.
- the separation layer made of carbon has a molecular sieving effect that can be separated according to the molecular size of the target substance, and also has the advantage of high heat resistance and durability, so that the separation membrane has a separation layer made of a dense carbon layer.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 have been proposed (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the separation membrane having a separation layer composed of a dense carbon layer as described in Patent Document 1 or 2 is a pinhole or crack caused by a foreign substance derived from the manufacturing process, the influence of stress due to expansion, contraction, or the like. Defects such as were problems.
- vibrations of the membrane due to fluctuations in gas pressure, etc. may cause new defects such as cracks when the membranes come into contact with each other. It was.
- the defect generated in the carbon film in this way is larger than the separation target gas molecule, the separation target gas leaks through the defect without being separated, and it is difficult to obtain sufficient gas separation performance.
- the present invention for solving the above is a separation membrane having a separation layer composed of a dense carbon layer, in which particles adhere to the surface of the dense carbon layer, and there are recesses in the dense carbon layer, It is a separation membrane in which at least a part of the particles enter.
- high separation performance can be stably maintained in a separation membrane having a separation layer composed of a dense carbon layer.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of the separation membrane produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph showing that particles are entering a recess on the surface of the separation membrane produced in Example 1.
- FIG. It is a figure for demonstrating about the definition method of a recessed part. It is a figure for demonstrating about the definition method of a recessed part. It is a figure for demonstrating about the definition method of a recessed part. It is a figure for demonstrating about the measuring method of a recessed part size. It is a figure for demonstrating about the measuring method of the recessed part size in case the recessed part has penetrated.
- the separation membrane in the present invention is a separation membrane having a separation layer composed of a dense carbon layer, that is, a separation membrane in which the dense carbon layer functions as a separation layer for a substance to be separated.
- the dense carbon layer is a layer having a carbon component ratio of 50% by weight or more.
- the carbon component ratio in the dense carbon layer is preferably 60 to 95% by weight. If it is 60% by weight or more, the heat resistance and chemical resistance of the carbon film tend to be improved.
- the carbon component of the dense carbon layer is more preferably 65% by weight or more.
- flexibility arises that the ratio of the carbon component of a dense carbon layer is 95 weight% or less, and handleability improves.
- the carbon component of the dense carbon layer is more preferably 85% by weight or less.
- the ratio of the carbon component is a weight fraction of the carbon component when the total of the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen components measured by the organic elemental analysis method is 100%.
- the dense carbon layer is a layer that does not substantially have pores. Specifically, when the surface is observed with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 1 ⁇ 0.1 (nm / pixel), a portion where clear pores are not observed exists in an area of 500 nm square area or more. When it does, it shall judge that it does not have a pore substantially. However, defects and the like blocked by particles to be described later are not regarded as pores.
- the thickness of the dense carbon layer is not particularly limited, and can be set as appropriate depending on the application. In general, the thinner the film, the better the fluid permeation rate. Therefore, the thickness is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 1 ⁇ m or less. On the other hand, a thicker film suppresses fluid leakage and improves the separation function, and is preferably 1 nm or more, and more preferably 10 nm or more.
- the film thickness of the dense carbon layer means when observing a cross section of the carbon film (a cross section perpendicular to the fiber axis in the case of a fiber, or a cross section in the thickness direction in the case of a film) using a scanning electron microscope.
- a point -A 1 randomly selected from the interface of the dense carbon layer of the dense carbon layer on the particle-adhered side, and a point A on the other surface determined so that the distance from the point is the shortest 2 refers to the length of the line segment A 1 A 2 connected at two points. At this time point A 1 is when true recess and be selected at random again.
- Concave parts exist in the dense carbon layer and confirmed by observing the cross section of the dense carbon layer (cross section perpendicular to the fiber axis in the case of a fiber and cross section in the thickness direction in the case of a film) with a scanning electron microscope it can. Specifically, when the surface of the separation membrane on which the particles are adhered is observed with a scanning electron microscope, the portion where the dense carbon layer is recessed or the portion where the adhered particles are concentrated A cross section perpendicular to the fiber axis direction is formed by the CP method) and observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- the dense carbon layer interface is photographed so that both interfaces formed by the dense carbon layer and other than the dense carbon layer are in the field of view by 50 ⁇ m or more, and the interface B on the opposite side to the interface A on the side where the particles are attached.
- a straight line is fitted by the least square method.
- the fitted straight line F is taken as the X axis.
- the point on the interface A on the side where the particles are attached is P
- the shortest distance from the point P to the other interface is L.
- a minimum value of L is L min
- a point on the interface A when L is a minimum value is P min
- a maximum value of L is L max
- a point on the interface A at that time is P max .
- the right side and the left side refer to directions when the dense carbon layer interface A to which particles are attached is arranged on the upper side and B is arranged on the lower side in the visual field to be observed.
- one of the L minimum values determined as described above is L min , and the point on the interface A at that time is P min .
- a perpendicular line is taken from P min to the X axis, and a range of 50 ⁇ m on the X axis is set again with the intersection M of the lowered perpendicular line and the X axis as the midpoint.
- the maximum value of L at the point Pmax closest to the point Pmin is defined as Lmax .
- the maximum value of L at the point P max1 is L max .
- a recess is formed when L max -L min is 0.3 L max or more.
- L max ⁇ L min is preferably 0.6 L max or more, more preferably L max . If there is at least one location where L max -L min is 0.3 L max or more in the separation membrane, a recess is present in the dense carbon layer.
- the larger value of L at points P max1 and P max2 at both ends of the range of 50 ⁇ m is defined as L max .
- the maximum value of L at the point P max2 is L max .
- the larger value between the maximum value on the right side and L at the leftmost point P is set to L max .
- L max ⁇ L min L max
- L min 0, that is, the dense carbon layer is penetrating.
- the through-hole is blocked by particles even though it penetrates, it does not correspond to the pore in the definition of the dense carbon layer.
- the shape of the concave portion is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a circular shape, an elliptical shape, a linear shape, a curved shape, a branched curved shape, and the like.
- the shape can be confirmed by observing the adhered particles from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the dense carbon layer with a scanning electron microscope after removing the adhered particles by spraying with compressed air or washing with water.
- the size of the recess is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of ease of blockage by particles.
- the size of the recess is measured by observing the recess from the cross section.
- the points P at both ends of the range of 50 ⁇ m are set as P max1 and P max2 , respectively.
- the point P max when taking the right maximum value is P max1 and the left end point P is P max2 .
- the range of x in which L min is 0 is defined as the size of the recess.
- the range s of x in which the point where the perpendicular to the fitting straight line F intersects the interface of the dense carbon layer is 1 point or less is defined as the size of the recess when the dense carbon layer is penetrating.
- the material of the core layer is not particularly limited and may be carbon, ceramic, stainless steel, glass, polymer, etc., but from the viewpoint of pressure resistance, chemical resistance, strength, carbon or ceramic is preferable, and the dense carbon layer When the same material is used, the adhesiveness of a plurality of layers is increased and peeling is suppressed. Therefore, it is preferable that carbon is a main component as in the case of the dense carbon layer.
- the porous structure is a structure in which a plurality of voids coexist in the component forming the core layer when the cross section of the core layer is observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- This includes a sea-island structure composed of island parts forming a part, a co-continuous porous structure described later, and the like.
- the core layer preferably has a co-continuous porous structure.
- a bicontinuous porous structure is a structure consisting of branches and voids that are three-dimensionally continuous. The surface of a sample that has been sufficiently cooled in liquid nitrogen is cleaved with tweezers, etc., and the surface is observed with a scanning electron microscope. It is a structure that can be confirmed.
- the bicontinuous porous structure has the effect that the branch part supports the entire structure and disperses the stress throughout. Therefore, it has great resistance to external forces such as compression and bending, and the compression strength and compression ratio strength. Can be improved. Further, since the gap is three-dimensionally communicated, it has a role as a flow path for supplying or discharging a fluid such as gas or liquid.
- the branch portions and the void portions are regularly entangled and have a structural period, and the structural period is more preferably 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the fact that the bicontinuous porous structure has a structural period means that the bicontinuous porous structure is highly uniform, that is, the thickness of the branches and the size of the voids are uniform, and this is an embodiment in which high compressive strength is easily obtained.
- the structural period is 10 ⁇ m or less, the branch portions and the gaps become fine structures, and the compressive strength is improved.
- the structural period is more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the structural period is 10 nm or more, the pressure loss when the fluid flows through the gap is reduced, the fluid permeation rate is improved, and fluid separation can be performed with more energy saving.
- the structural period is more preferably 100 nm or more, and further preferably 300 nm or more.
- the structural period of the bicontinuous porous structure is calculated by the following equation from the scattering angle 2 ⁇ at the peak top position of the scattering intensity obtained by making X-rays incident on the bicontinuous porous structure and scattering at a small angle. .
- L structural period
- ⁇ wavelength of incident X-rays.
- the structural period is obtained by X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). Specifically, after performing a Fourier transform on a three-dimensional image photographed by X-ray CT, the two-dimensional spectrum is averaged to obtain a one-dimensional spectrum. The characteristic wavelength corresponding to the position of the peak top in the one-dimensional spectrum is obtained, and the structural period is calculated as its reciprocal.
- X-ray CT X-ray computed tomography
- the uniformity of the bicontinuous porous structure can be determined by the half width of the intensity peak of the X-ray scattering intensity. Specifically, X-rays are incident on the core layer, and it is determined that the uniformity is higher as the half-value width of the obtained scattering intensity peak is smaller.
- the half width of the peak is preferably 5 ° or less, more preferably 1 ° or less, and further preferably 0.1 ° or less.
- the half-width of the peak in the present invention means that the peak apex is point A, a straight line parallel to the vertical axis of the graph is drawn from point A, and the intersection of the straight line and the spectrum base line is point B , The width of the peak at the midpoint C of the line segment connecting points A and B. Moreover, the width of the peak here is the length between the intersections of the straight line passing through the point C and the scattering curve parallel to the baseline.
- the average diameter of the pores constituting the voids of the core layer is preferably 30 nm or more because pressure loss is reduced and fluid permeability is improved, and 100 nm or more is more preferable. In addition, when the average diameter is 5 ⁇ m or less, the effect of supporting portions other than the pores to support the entire core layer is improved and the compressive strength is increased, and 2.5 ⁇ m or less is more preferable.
- the average diameter of the pores constituting the void portion of the core layer is a value measured by measuring the pore diameter distribution of the separation membrane by the mercury intrusion method. In the mercury intrusion method, pressure is applied to the pores of the core layer to infiltrate mercury, and the pore volume and specific surface area are determined from the pressure and the amount of mercury injected.
- the pore diameter obtained from the relationship between the pore volume and the specific surface area is calculated.
- a pore diameter distribution curve of 5 nm to 500 ⁇ m can be obtained. Since the dense carbon layer has substantially no pores, the average diameter of the pores measured using the entire separation membrane as a sample can be substantially regarded as the average diameter of the pores of the core layer.
- the shape of the separation membrane of the present invention is not particularly limited, such as a fiber shape, a film shape, etc., but the fiber shape is more advantageous from the viewpoint of high packing efficiency when modularized and high separation efficiency per volume, and excellent handleability. preferable.
- the fibrous form refers to those having a ratio of length L to diameter D (aspect ratio L / D) of 100 or more.
- the fibrous separation membrane will be described.
- the shape of the fiber cross section is not limited and can be any shape such as a hollow cross section, a round cross section, a polygonal cross section, a multi-leaf cross section, a flat cross section, etc. Since pressure loss is reduced and high fluid permeability is obtained as a separation membrane, it is preferable.
- the hollow part of the hollow fiber serves as a fluid flow path. By having a hollow part, even when fluid is permeated by either the external pressure type or the internal pressure type, the effect of significantly reducing pressure loss is obtained when the fluid flows in the fiber axis direction, and the fluid permeability Will improve. In particular, in the case of the internal pressure type, the pressure loss is reduced, so that the fluid permeation rate is further improved.
- the average diameter of the fibrous separation membrane is small, the bendability and the compressive strength are improved, so the average diameter is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less. Since the number of fibers that can be filled per unit volume increases as the average diameter of the separation membrane decreases, the membrane area per unit volume can be increased, and the permeate flow rate per unit volume can be increased.
- the lower limit of the average diameter of the separation membrane is not particularly limited and can be arbitrarily determined, but is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of improving the handleability when producing the separation membrane module.
- the average diameter of the fibrous separation membrane is calculated by the following method.
- a cross section perpendicular to the fiber axis direction is formed by a cross section polisher method (CP method), and the cross section is photographed from directly above with a scanning electron microscope.
- the cross-sectional area of the fiber is obtained from the photographed cross-sectional image, and the diameter of a circle having the same area as the obtained cross-sectional area is defined as the fiber diameter. This is carried out at any five locations of the fiber, and the arithmetic average value of the fiber diameters obtained at each is taken as the average diameter of the fibers.
- the cross-sectional area of a hollow part is included in the cross-sectional area of a fiber, and it calculates.
- particles are attached to the surface of the dense carbon layer, and there are concave portions in the dense carbon layer, and at least a part of the particles enter the concave portions. (Hereinafter, in the present specification, such particles may be referred to as “attached particles”.) Thereby, even when the dense carbon layer has a defect, a good separation factor can be maintained.
- the separation membranes come into contact with each other through the particles, so that the particles absorb the impact and become the separation membrane. This can reduce the damage and can also be expected to suppress the formation of new defects.
- the particles are attached to the surface of the dense carbon layer refers to a state in which a part of the dense carbon layer is occupied by the particles when observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- the state of adhesion is that the particles are in direct contact with the dense carbon layer (FIG. 1, part a), or the particles are further deposited on the particles in contact with the dense carbon layer (part b in FIG. 1).
- it includes a state (FIG. 2) in which particles enter a recess (defect) present in the dense carbon layer.
- the adhered particles described above enter the defect and block the defect, thereby exhibiting a defect repair effect.
- the particles have entered the recesses when part of the adhered particles are covered with a dense carbon layer when observed with a scanning electron microscope, from the outermost surface of the dense carbon layer.
- the occupation ratio of the surface of the dense carbon layer by the adhered particles is preferably 0.01% or more, more preferably 0.1% or more, and preferably 1% from the viewpoint of effectively expressing the function of the particles described above. More preferably, it is the above. Further, from the viewpoint of preventing the particles from falling off during use, it is preferably 90% or less, more preferably 75% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less.
- the occupancy rate of the surface of the dense carbon layer by the adhered particles was observed from directly above the surface of the separation membrane at a magnification of 1 ⁇ 0.1 (nm / pixel) with a scanning electron microscope at 700,000 pixels or more.
- the area of interest required for the calculation is set in 512 pixels square, the area of the area of interest is C m , the area of the attached particle portion is C p , and is calculated by the following formula, and the arithmetic mean value of 20 arbitrary dense carbon layer surfaces
- Occupancy (%) C p / C m ⁇ 100.
- inorganic particles include carbon particles such as carbon black, graphite, and graphene
- metal particles such as Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt, and Sn, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , CoO, CuO, Ho 2 O 3 , ITO, MgO, SiO 2 , SnO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , ZnO, or other metal oxide particles are preferably used.
- organic particles polyphenylene sulfide or polyimide is preferably used.
- organic particles such as polystyrene, polyamideimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, epoxy, polylactic acid, and elastomer.
- Such particles may be subjected to pretreatment for controlling affinity with a specific substance.
- the permeated gas component when used as a water treatment membrane in addition to hydrophilization treatment, water repellent treatment, etc., the permeated gas component is more easily permeated when used as a modification to suppress foulant adsorption or as a gas separation membrane. And a process for making the separation gas component difficult to permeate.
- the shape of the particles is not particularly limited, and any shape such as a spherical shape, a cube shape, or a flake shape can be selected. However, when the shape is spherical, the impact absorption effect by the particles is high, and the particles are newly formed by moving. It is preferable because defects can be easily blocked and high separation can be maintained.
- Spherical particles were obtained by obtaining a circumscribed ellipse with respect to the particles observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the ratio S 2 / S 1 between the circumscribed ellipse area S 1 and the area S 2 of the particles was 0.70 or more.
- the particle diameter is preferably 5 nm or more from the viewpoint of efficiently performing defect repair.
- the thickness is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- two or more kinds of particles having different diameters refers to a state in which two or more peaks appear in a particle size distribution curve using a particle size distribution meter described later.
- the particle diameter of the particles in the present invention is a value measured by the following method. First, air is blown onto the surface to which the particles are attached at an ejection pressure of 0.2 MPa or more to drop the particles from the separation membrane and collect them. When particles are attached to the inner surface of the hollow fiber, the hollow fiber is cut to 5 cm, and air is pressed into the hollow part from one end surface at 0.2 MPa or more to drop the particles, and the other end surface Particles are collected from the hollow part. The collected particles are dispersed in water and then treated with an ultrasonic homogenizer at 20 kHz for 30 minutes.
- the particle size distribution is measured with a particle size distribution meter (LA-920, Horiba, Ltd.), and the resulting particle size distribution curve
- the peak value i.e., the mode value is taken as the particle size.
- the value of each peak is defined as the particle size of the adhered particles.
- the particle size is preferably 1/30 or less of the average diameter of the separation membrane, more preferably 1/50 or less, from the viewpoint of preventing the particles from falling off. It is more preferably 1/100 or less, and particularly preferably 1/1000 or less.
- the separation membrane of the present invention can be produced by a production method having a step of preparing a separation membrane having a separation layer composed of a dense carbon layer and a step of attaching particles to the separation membrane.
- grains may be called a "separation membrane" for convenience of explanation.
- Step of Preparing Separation Membrane Having Dense Carbon Layer As the separation membrane before attaching the particles, a commercially available one may be used, but as an example, it can be prepared by the following steps 1 to 3.
- This example is an example of a separation membrane having a layer having a porous structure mainly composed of carbon as a core layer.
- the core layer made of carbon is referred to as a “porous carbon core”.
- the method for producing the separation membrane is not limited to the following.
- the porous carbon core is obtained by carbonizing a molded body containing a resin that is a precursor of the porous carbon core (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “core precursor resin”) at 500 ° C. or more and 2,400 ° C. or less. It is a process to obtain.
- core precursor resin a resin that is a precursor of the porous carbon core
- thermoplastic resins include polyphenylene ether, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, phenolic resin, aromatic polyester, polyamic acid, aromatic polyimide, aromatic polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose acetate, polyetherimide and their co-polymers Coalescence is mentioned.
- thermosetting resins include unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, melamine resins, urea resins, polyimide resins, diallyl phthalate resins, lignin resins, urethane resins, phenol resins, polyfurfuryl alcohol resins and their co-polymers. Coalesce is mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination.
- a solution-spinnable thermoplastic resin is preferably used.
- polyacrylonitrile or aromatic polyimide is preferable to use from the viewpoint of cost and productivity.
- a disappearing component that can be lost after molding to the molded body containing the core precursor resin.
- a porous structure by dispersing particles that disappear due to subsequent heating during carbonization or washing after carbonization, etc., and the average of pores forming voids of the porous structure The diameter can be controlled.
- the core precursor resin and the disappearing resin are mixed to obtain a resin mixture.
- the mixing ratio is preferably 10 to 90% by weight of the disappearing resin with respect to 10 to 90% by weight of the core precursor resin.
- the disappearing resin it is preferable to select a resin that is compatible with the core precursor resin.
- the compatibility method may be mixing of resins only or adding a solvent.
- Such a combination of the core precursor resin and the disappearing resin is not limited, and examples include polyacrylonitrile / polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile / polyvinylphenol, polyacrylonitrile / polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile / polylactic acid, and the like. It is preferable to phase-separate the obtained resin mixture in a compatible state in the process of molding. By doing in this way, a co-continuous phase separation structure can be revealed.
- the method for phase separation is not limited, and examples thereof include a thermally induced phase separation method and a non-solvent induced phase separation method.
- the particles include metal oxide and talc.
- the metal oxide include silica, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide.
- These particles are preferably mixed with the core precursor resin before molding and removed after molding.
- the removal method it can select suitably according to manufacturing conditions and the property of the particle
- the core precursor resin may be carbonized and simultaneously decomposed and removed, or may be washed before or after carbonization.
- the cleaning liquid can be appropriately selected according to the properties of the particles used from water, an alkaline aqueous solution, an acidic aqueous solution, an organic solvent and the like.
- a porous carbon core precursor can be formed by solution spinning.
- Solution spinning is a method in which a resin is dissolved in various solvents to prepare a spinning stock solution, which is passed through a bath made of a solvent that becomes a poor solvent for the resin to solidify the resin to obtain fibers. Examples of the solution spinning include dry spinning, dry wet spinning, and wet spinning.
- the surface of the porous carbon core can be opened by appropriately controlling the spinning conditions.
- the composition and temperature of the spinning dope and coagulation bath are appropriately controlled, or the spinning solution is discharged from the inner tube and the same solvent as the spinning solution from the outer tube. Or a solution in which the disappearing resin is dissolved is discharged at the same time.
- the fiber spun by such a method can be solidified in a coagulation bath, followed by washing and drying to obtain a porous carbon core precursor.
- the coagulation liquid include water, ethanol, saline, and a mixed solvent of these and the solvent used in Step 1.
- it can also be immersed in a coagulation bath or a water bath before a drying process, and a solvent and a loss
- the precursor of the porous carbon core can be subjected to infusibilization before carbonization.
- the method of infusibilization treatment is not limited, and a known method can be adopted.
- the porous carbon core precursor that has been infusibilized if necessary is finally carbonized to become a porous carbon core.
- Carbonization is preferably performed by heating in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas include helium, nitrogen, and argon.
- the flow rate of the inert gas may be an amount that can sufficiently reduce the oxygen concentration in the heating device, and it is preferable to select an optimum value as appropriate depending on the size of the heating device, the amount of raw material supplied, the carbonization temperature, and the like.
- the disappearing resin may be removed by thermal decomposition with heat during carbonization.
- the carbonization temperature is preferably 500 ° C. or more and 2,400 ° C. or less.
- the carbonization temperature is the highest temperature reached when carbonization is performed.
- the carbonization temperature is more preferably 900 ° C. or higher.
- the carbonization temperature is more preferably 1,500 ° C. or lower.
- the porous carbon core Before the precursor resin layer of the dense carbon layer is formed on the porous carbon core in Step 2 described later, the porous carbon core may be subjected to a surface treatment in order to improve the adhesion with the precursor fat layer.
- a surface treatment include oxidation treatment and chemical coating treatment.
- the oxidation treatment include chemical oxidation using nitric acid and sulfuric acid, electrolytic oxidation, and gas phase oxidation.
- medical solution coating process provision of the primer and sizing agent to a porous carbon support body is mentioned.
- Step 2 is a step of forming a precursor resin layer of a dense carbon layer on the porous carbon core prepared in Step 1. It is preferable to produce the porous carbon core and the dense carbon layer in separate steps because the thickness of the dense carbon layer can be arbitrarily set. Therefore, the separation membrane structure can be easily designed, for example, the fluid permeation rate can be improved by reducing the thickness of the dense carbon layer.
- the precursor resin for the dense carbon layer various resins exhibiting fluid separability after carbonization can be employed. Specifically, polyacrylonitrile, aromatic polyimide, polybenzoxazole, aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene ether, phenol resin, cellulose acetate, polyfurfuryl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, lignin, wood tar, intrinsic porous polymer (PIM), etc. Is mentioned. If the resin layer is polyacrylonitrile, aromatic polyimide, polybenzoxazole, aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene ether, or intrinsic porous polymer (PIM), it is preferable because of its excellent fluid permeation rate and separability. Polyacrylonitrile or aromatic polyimide is preferable. More preferred.
- the precursor resin of the dense carbon layer may be the same as or different from the above-described support precursor resin.
- the formation method of the precursor resin layer of the dense carbon layer is not limited, and a known method can be adopted.
- the general formation method is to coat the precursor resin itself of the dense carbon layer on the porous carbon core. After coating the precursor of the resin on the porous carbon core, the precursor is reacted.
- a method of forming a precursor resin layer and a counter diffusion method in which a reactive gas or solution is allowed to flow from the outside and inside of the porous carbon core to react can be employed. Examples of the reaction include heating, polymerization by a catalyst, cyclization, and crosslinking reaction.
- Examples of the coating method for the precursor resin layer include a dip coating method, a nozzle coating method, a spray method, a vapor deposition method, and a cast coating method.
- the dip coating method or the nozzle coating method is preferable when the porous carbon core is fibrous, and the dip coating method or the cast coating method is preferable when the porous carbon core is a film.
- the porous carbon core (hereinafter referred to as “core / carbon precursor composite”) formed in Step 2 and having a dense carbon layer precursor resin layer formed thereon is infusibilized before carbonization (Step 3). May be performed.
- the method of the infusibilization treatment is not limited, and conforms to the infusibilization treatment of the precursor of the porous carbon core described above.
- step 3 the core / carbon precursor composite produced in step 2 and further infusibilized as necessary is heated to carbonize the precursor resin of the dense carbon layer to form a dense carbon layer. It is a process.
- the precursor resin composite of the dense carbon layer in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas include helium, nitrogen, and argon.
- the flow rate of the inert gas may be an amount that can sufficiently reduce the oxygen concentration in the heating device, and it is preferable to select an optimum value as appropriate depending on the size of the heating device, the amount of raw material supplied, the carbonization temperature, and the like.
- the upper limit of the flow rate of the inert gas is not limited, it is preferable that the upper limit of the flow rate of the inert gas is appropriately set according to the temperature distribution and the design of the heating device from the viewpoint of reducing the temperature change in the heating device.
- the surface of the dense carbon layer can be chemically etched, and the size of the pore diameter of the surface of the dense carbon layer can be controlled.
- the active gas include oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, air, and combustion gas.
- the concentration of the active gas in the inert gas is preferably from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm.
- the carbonization temperature in this step can be arbitrarily set as long as the permeation rate and separation factor of the separation membrane are improved, but is preferably lower than the carbonization temperature when the porous carbon core precursor is carbonized in step 1. Thereby, the permeation rate and separation performance of the fluid can be improved while reducing the hygroscopic dimensional change rate of the porous carbon core and the separation membrane and suppressing the breakage of the separation membrane in the separation module.
- the carbonization temperature in this step is preferably 500 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 550 ° C. or higher. Moreover, 850 degrees C or less is preferable and 800 degrees C or less is more preferable.
- Step of attaching particles to separation membrane The method of attaching particles can be selected from spraying, coating, dipping, or filtration.
- spraying include a method of spraying slurry onto the surface of the dense carbon layer using a spray or the like, a method of spraying powder as it is, and the like.
- the application include a method of applying the slurry to the surface of the dense carbon layer with a brush or a brush.
- Immersion is a method in which a separation membrane is immersed in a slurry and then pulled up, and can be easily applied in a continuous process.
- a fluid containing particles such as slurry and aerosol is placed in the space on the dense carbon layer surface side of the two spaces separated by the carbon membrane, and the differential pressure is set so that the dense carbon layer surface side has a positive pressure.
- the slurry or aerosol is filtered through the dense carbon layer, and the particles can adhere to the surface of the dense carbon layer.
- particles preferentially adhere to a defect portion having a low permeation resistance, so that it is possible to efficiently repair the defect without specifying the defect portion. Note that it is preferable to perform this step a plurality of times because defects can be repaired with high efficiency.
- the separation membrane is in the form of a hollow fiber and particles are attached to the inner surface of the hollow fiber, it is preferably attached by filtration.
- Adhesion rate (%) C p / C m ⁇ 100 It is also confirmed by observation with a scanning electron microscope that particles adhere to the surface of the dense carbon layer, that there is a recess in the dense carbon layer, and that at least part of the particles enter the recess. did.
- the collected particles are dispersed in water and then treated with an ultrasonic homogenizer at 20 kHz for 30 minutes. The peak was taken as the particle size.
- Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) are used as measurement gases, and per unit time of carbon dioxide and methane in an external pressure type at a measurement temperature of 25 ° C. according to the pressure sensor method of JIS K7126-1 (2006).
- the pressure change on the permeate side was measured.
- the pressure difference between the supply side and the transmission side was set to 0.11 MPa (82.5 cmHg).
- the permeation rate Q of the permeated gas was calculated by the following formula, and the separation factor ⁇ was calculated as the ratio of the permeation rate of carbon dioxide / methane.
- STP means standard conditions.
- the membrane area was calculated from the outer diameter of the separation membrane and the length existing in the region contributing to gas separation.
- Permeation rate Q [gas permeation flow rate (cm 3 ⁇ STP)] / [membrane area (cm 2 ) ⁇ time (s) ⁇ pressure difference (cmHg) Then, the ratio of the permeation speeds of the obtained gases (CO 2 permeation speed / N 2 permeation speed) was calculated as a separation factor.
- Example 1 While putting polyacrylonitrile (MW 150,000) manufactured by Polyscience, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (MW 40,000) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) manufactured by Wakken as a solvent into a separable flask, stirring and refluxing were performed. A uniform and clear solution was prepared. At this time, the concentration of polyacrylonitrile and the concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone were 11.5% by weight, respectively.
- polyacrylonitrile MW 150,000
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone MW 40,000
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- a film was formed on the surface of the porous carbon core having a hollow fiber-like co-continuous porous structure by the nozzle coating method. This was heated at 240 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to perform infusibilization. Then, it carbonized by heating at 600 degreeC in nitrogen atmosphere, the separation layer which consists of a dense carbon layer was formed, and the separation membrane was obtained.
- the structural period of the co-continuous porous structure of the core layer was 193 nm, and the average diameter of the separation membrane was 331 ⁇ m.
- one end of the obtained separation membrane was sealed and the other was connected to a vacuum pump. This is evacuated at 0.05 MPa in a slurry in which nano silica particles are dispersed in water (Snowtex ZL, manufactured by Nissan Chemical Co., Ltd.), so that the hollow part is negative pressure and the particles adhere to the dense carbon layer on the surface of the separation membrane. It was.
- the occupation ratio of the dense carbon layer by the particles was 28%, the particle size of the adhered particles was 93 nm, which was 1/3559 of the average diameter of the separation membrane.
- the separation factor was 0.89.
- Example 2 The separation hollow fiber carbon membrane obtained in Example 1 was again adhered with the same method as in Example 1.
- the occupation ratio of the dense carbon layer by the particles was 45%, the particle size of the adhered particles was 93 nm, which was 1/3559 of the average diameter of the separation membrane.
- the separation factor was 1.44.
- Example 3 A slurry in which two types of particles (Nissan Chemical Snowtex ZL and Nissan Chemical ST-30L) were dispersed in the same manner as in Example 1 was used for the separation membrane prepared in Example 1 and before adhesion of the particles. The particles were attached.
- the occupation ratio of the dense carbon layer by the particles was 30%, the particle diameters of the adhered particles were 44 nm and 93 nm, which were 1/7523 and 1/3559 of the average diameter of the separation membrane.
- the separation factor was 1.08.
- Example 1 A separation membrane was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the particle adhesion treatment by the filtration method was not performed. When the separation factor was evaluated, the separation factor was 0.83.
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Abstract
Description
本発明における分離膜は、緻密炭素層からなる分離層を有する分離膜、すなわち緻密炭素層が分離対象物質の分離層として機能する分離膜である。
本発明の分離膜は、緻密炭素層表面に粒子が付着してなり、緻密層炭素層に凹部が存在し、該凹部に前記粒子の少なくとも一部が入り込んでなる。(以下、本明細書においてはこのような粒子を「付着粒子」という場合がある。)これにより、緻密炭素層に欠陥がある場合であっても良好な分離係数を維持することができる。
本発明の分離膜は、一例として、緻密炭素層からなる分離層を有する分離膜を準備する工程と、該分離膜に粒子を付着させる工程を有する製造方法により製造することができる。なお、本明細書においては、粒子を付着させる前のものも説明の都合上「分離膜」と呼ぶ場合がある。
粒子を付着させる前の分離膜は、市販のものを用いても良いが、一例として下記工程1~3により作製することが出来る。この例は、コア層として炭素を主成分とする多孔構造を有する層を有する分離膜の例である。以下の説明においては、炭素からなるコア層を「多孔質炭素コア」と呼ぶ。ただし、本発明において分離膜の製造方法は以下に限定されるものではない。
工程1は、多孔質炭素コアの前駆体となる樹脂(以下「コア前駆体樹脂」ということがある)を含む成形体を500℃以上2,400℃以下で炭化することで多孔質炭素コアを得る工程である。
後述する工程2で多孔質炭素コアに緻密炭素層の前駆体樹脂層を形成する前に、当該前駆体脂層との接着性を向上させるため、多孔質炭素コアに表面処理を行ってもよい。このような表面処理としては、酸化処理や薬液コート処理が挙げられる。酸化処理としては、硝酸や硫酸等による薬液酸化法,電解酸化法,気相酸化法が挙げられる。また、薬液コート処理としては、多孔質炭素支持体へのプライマーやサイジング剤の付与が挙げられる。
工程2は、工程1で準備した多孔質炭素コア上に、緻密炭素層の前駆体樹脂層を形成する工程である。多孔質炭素コアと緻密炭素層をそれぞれ別の工程で作製すると、緻密炭素層の厚みを任意に設定できるため好ましい。そのため、例えば、緻密炭素層の厚みを薄くすることによって流体の透過速度を向上させることができる等、分離膜構造の設計が容易になる。
工程2で作製した、緻密炭素層の前駆体樹脂層が形成された多孔質炭素コア(以下、「コア/炭素前駆体複合体」という)は、炭化処理(工程3)の前に不融化処理を行ってもよい。不融化処理の方法は限定されず、前述の多孔質炭素コアの前駆体の不融化処理に準じる。
工程3は、工程2で作製され、必要に応じてさらに不融化処理を行ったコア/炭素前駆体複合体を加熱して、緻密炭素層の前駆体樹脂を炭化し、緻密炭素層を形成する工程である。
粒子を付着させる方法としては、吹き付け、塗布、浸漬、またはろ過から選択することが出来る。吹き付けとしては、緻密炭素層表面にスプレー等を用いてスラリーを吹き付ける方法や、粉体のまま吹き付ける方法などが挙げられる。塗布としては、刷毛やブラシ等でスラリーを緻密炭素層表面に塗布する方法が挙げられる。浸漬とは、スラリー中に分離膜を浸した後、引き上げる方法であり、連続プロセスでの適用が容易である。ろ過は、炭素膜で隔てられた2つの空間のうち、緻密炭素層表面側の空間にスラリーやエアロゾル等の粒子を含んだ流体を配置し、緻密炭素層表面側が陽圧となるように差圧を生じさせることで、緻密炭素層でスラリーやエアロゾルを濾過し、粒子を緻密炭素層表面に付着させることが出来る。ろ過方式では、透過抵抗の低い欠陥部に優先的に粒子が付着するため、欠陥箇所の特定が必要なく効率的に欠陥修復を行うことが出来る。なお、本工程は複数回実施すると欠陥が高効率に修復できるため好ましい。分離膜が中空糸状で、中空糸内表面に粒子を付着させる場合は、ろ過により付着させるのが好ましい。
(粒子の占有率の測定)
緻密炭素層表面を走査型電子顕微鏡(日立ハイテック製S-5500)で1±0.1(nm/画素)となる倍率にて70万画素以上で真上から観察し、その画像から計算に必要な着目領域を512画素四方で設定し、着目領域の面積をCm、付着粒子部分の面積をCpとして以下の式で算出し、任意の緻密炭素層表面20箇所の算術平均値により算出した。
緻密炭素層表面に粒子が付着してなること、緻密層炭素層に凹部が存在すること、該凹部に前記粒子の少なくとも一部が入り込んでいることについても、走査型電子顕微鏡で観察して確認した。
分離膜の粒子が付着した面に、噴出圧0.2MPa以上で空気を吹きつけ、粒子を膜から脱落させ、捕集した。捕集した粒子を水に分散させた後、超音波ホモジナイザーで20kHzで30分処理したものを、粒度分布を粒度分布計(堀場製作所製LA-920)にて測定し、得られた粒度分布曲線のピークを粒径とした。
まず、長さ10cmの分離膜を20本束ねて外径φ6mm、肉厚1mmのステンレス製のケーシング内に収容し、束ねた分離膜の端をエポキシ樹脂系接着剤でケーシング内面に固定するとともにケーシングの両端を封止して、分離膜モジュールを作製し、透過速度測定を行った。
そして、得られた各ガスの透過速度の比(CO2透過速度/N2透過速度)を分離係数として算出した。
ポリサイエンス社製ポリアクリロニトリル(MW15万)とシグマ・アルドリッチ社製ポリビニルピロリドン(MW4万)、及び、溶媒として和研薬製ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)をセパラブルフラスコに投入し、攪拌および還流を行いながら均一かつ透明な溶液を調製した。このときポリアクリロニトリルの濃度、ポリビニルピロリドンの濃度はそれぞれ11.5重量%であった。
実施例1で得られた分離用中空糸炭素膜を実施例1と同様の方法で、再度粒子を付着させた。
実施例1で作製した、粒子付着前の分離膜に対し、実施例1と同様の方法で2種類の粒子(日産化学製スノーテックスZLおよび日産化学製ST―30L)を分散させたスラリーを用いて粒子を付着させた。
ろ過法による粒子の付着処理を行わなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして分離膜を作製した。分離係数を評価したところ、分離係数は0.83であった。
b 緻密炭素層と接触した粒子の上にさらに粒子が堆積している状態
A 粒子が付着した側の界面
B 粒子が付着した側の界面と反対側の界面
F フィッティングした直線
X X軸
P 粒子が付着した側の界面A上の点
L 点Pからもう一方の界面までの最短距離
Lmin Lの極小値
Pmin Lが極小値の時の界面A上の点
Lmax Lの極大値
Pmax Lが極大値の時の界面A上の点
M P--minからX軸に垂線を下した時の交点
R 内接円
d 内接円Rの直径
s 凹部が貫通している場合の凹部のサイズ
Claims (12)
- 緻密炭素層からなる分離層を有する分離膜であって、緻密炭素層表面に粒子が付着してなり、緻密層炭素層に凹部が存在し、該凹部に前記粒子の少なくとも一部が入り込んでいる分離膜。
- 前記粒子の粒径が5nm~10μmである、請求項1に記載の分離膜。
- 前記粒子による前記緻密炭素層表面の占有率が0.01%以上90%以下である、
請求項1または2に記載の分離膜。 - 前記粒子が、炭素粒子、金属粒子および金属酸化物粒子からなる群より選択される、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
- 前記粒子が、Al2O3、TiO2、Bi2O3、CeO2、CoO、CuO、Ho2O3、ITO、MgO、SiO2、SnO2、Y2O3およびZnOからなる群より選択される金属酸化物の粒子である、請求項4に記載の分離膜。
- 繊維状である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
- 前記粒子の粒径が、分離膜の平均直径の30分の1以下である請求項6に記載の分離膜。
- 分離膜の平均直径が10μm~500μmである、請求項6または7に記載の分離膜。
- 多孔構造を有するコアの表面に前記緻密炭素層からなる分離層が形成されてなる、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
- 前記多孔構造が共連続多孔構造を有する、請求項9に記載の分離膜。
- 前記共連続多孔構造の構造周期が10nm~10μmである、請求項10に記載の分離膜。
- 前記コア層が炭素を主成分とする層である、請求項9~11のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
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| CN201980035586.6A CN112218705B (zh) | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-29 | 分离膜 |
| CA3101592A CA3101592A1 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-29 | Separation membrane |
| MYPI2020006241A MY202779A (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-29 | Separation membrane |
| AU2019280926A AU2019280926B2 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-29 | Separation membrane |
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| WO2022071047A1 (ja) * | 2020-10-02 | 2022-04-07 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜および分離膜モジュール |
| WO2025205499A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-25 | 2025-10-02 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 分離膜構造体及び分離膜構造体の製造方法 |
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| JPWO2022030196A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-03 | 2022-02-10 | ||
| WO2022030196A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-03 | 2022-02-10 | 東レ株式会社 | ガス分離膜、ガス分離膜モジュール及びガス分離膜の製造方法 |
| US12465893B2 (en) | 2020-08-03 | 2025-11-11 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Gas separation membrane, gas separation membrane module, and production method for gas separation membrane |
| WO2022071047A1 (ja) * | 2020-10-02 | 2022-04-07 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜および分離膜モジュール |
| WO2025205499A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-25 | 2025-10-02 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 分離膜構造体及び分離膜構造体の製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MY202779A (en) | 2024-05-21 |
| AU2019280926B2 (en) | 2024-11-14 |
| CN112218705B (zh) | 2022-09-06 |
| AU2019280926A1 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
| US20210362097A1 (en) | 2021-11-25 |
| JPWO2019235315A1 (ja) | 2020-06-18 |
| JP6733821B2 (ja) | 2020-08-05 |
| CN112218705A (zh) | 2021-01-12 |
| US12115504B2 (en) | 2024-10-15 |
| CA3101592A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
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