WO2019131208A1 - 活性炭およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
活性炭およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019131208A1 WO2019131208A1 PCT/JP2018/046066 JP2018046066W WO2019131208A1 WO 2019131208 A1 WO2019131208 A1 WO 2019131208A1 JP 2018046066 W JP2018046066 W JP 2018046066W WO 2019131208 A1 WO2019131208 A1 WO 2019131208A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/354—After-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28069—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume
- B01J20/28076—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume being more than 1.0 ml/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28078—Pore diameter
- B01J20/28085—Pore diameter being more than 50 nm, i.e. macropores
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/342—Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/342—Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
- C01B32/348—Metallic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/14—Pore volume
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/90—Other properties not specified above
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/308—Dyes; Colorants; Fluorescent agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to activated carbon and a method for producing the same.
- Activated carbon has excellent adsorption capacity and is widely used in liquid phase processing such as removal of impurities in the liquid phase or concentration adjustment of dissolved components.
- the adsorption capacity of activated carbon in liquid phase processing depends largely on whether the properties of the activated carbon itself, such as pore volume and pore distribution, are compatible with the properties of the adsorbate in question.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a decolorizing activated carbon in which the pores in the macropore region of 200 to 1000 nm and 600 to 1000 nm are developed, and this activated carbon is obtained by mixing and grinding two types of coal-based carbonaceous materials. It is disclosed that the mixed powder obtained is manufactured by pressure molding, crushing, heat treatment and activation.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a water treatment or medical adsorbent having a pore volume of 0.02 to 10 ⁇ m adjusted, and the adsorbent is made of a phenol resin as a raw material under specific temperature conditions. It is disclosed to be carbonized and activated.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to provide activated carbon having high decolorization performance in liquid phase, particularly in liquid phase having relatively high viscosity such as sugar liquid, and a method for producing the same. Do.
- the present invention includes the following preferred embodiments.
- the pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm by mercury porosimetry is 0.8 to 1.9 mL / g, and the pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm by mercury porosimetry is 0.
- Activated carbon which is 19 mL / g or more.
- the viscosity measured at a temperature during liquid phase processing using the liquid phase DV-I + VISCOMETER (spindle LV-1, rotational speed 20 rpm) manufactured by BROOKFIELD is 1 to 50 mPa ⁇ s, [3] Or activated carbon as described in [4].
- activated carbon having high decolorization performance in a liquid phase, particularly in a liquid phase having a relatively high viscosity such as a sugar liquid, and a method for producing the same.
- the activated carbon of the present invention has a pore volume of 0.8 to 1.9 mL / g at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm by mercury porosimetry, and a pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm by mercury porosimetry Is 0.19 mL / g or more.
- Pores with a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm not only serve as adsorption sites, but also serve as transport paths for substances to smaller pores. Therefore, if the pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm is less than 0.8 mL / g, the migration of the adsorbed substance to the inside of the activated carbon is hindered, and the desired adsorption performance (eg, decolorization performance, equilibrium adsorption amount or It is impossible to obtain the decolorization equilibrium achievement rate).
- the desired adsorption performance eg, decolorization performance, equilibrium adsorption amount or It is impossible to obtain the decolorization equilibrium achievement rate.
- the pore volume of the activated carbon of the present invention at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm by mercury porosimetry is preferably 0.9 to 1.7 mL / g, more preferably 1.0 to 1.6 mL / g. And particularly preferably 1.3 to 1.5 mL / g.
- desired adsorption performance is easily obtained, and desired hardness is also easily obtained.
- Pores with a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm serve as adsorption sites. In addition, if the pore volume at this pore diameter is large, the diffusion of the adsorbed substance is facilitated. Therefore, when the pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm is less than 0.19 mL / g, it is not possible to obtain the desired decolorization performance (in particular, the sugar solution decolorization performance and the decolorization equilibrium achievement rate).
- the upper limit of the pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm is not particularly limited, it is 0 because there is a concern about a decrease in adsorption performance due to a reduction in packing density and a decrease in hardness (JIS hardness and MS hardness, particularly MS hardness). .40 mL / g or less is preferable, 0.38 mL / g or less is more preferable, and 0.37 mL / g or less is more preferable.
- the pore volume of the activated carbon of the present invention at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm by mercury porosimetry is preferably 0.20 mL / g or more, more preferably 0.23 mL / g or more, and still more preferably 0. It is at least 25 mL / g, particularly preferably at least 0.30 mL / g. If the pore volume is within the above range, activated carbon having desired adsorption performance and hardness can be easily obtained.
- the specific pore volume at the specific pore diameter as described above is such that the potassium element content of the raw material activated carbon is 0.5% by mass or less and the calcium element content is 0.4 to 4 mass, as described later. It can adjust by giving activation after adjusting to%.
- the activation yield should be selected appropriately to obtain a specific pore volume at such a specific pore diameter.
- the hardness (hereinafter also referred to as "JIS hardness") of the activated carbon of the present invention measured according to JIS K 1474 is preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 72% or more.
- JIS hardness preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 72% or more.
- the micro strength hardness (hereinafter also referred to as “MS hardness”) of the activated carbon of the present invention is preferably 45% or more, more preferably 50% or more.
- the MS hardness is an indicator of resistance to weight loading and is measured by the method described in the examples below.
- the specific hardness as described above, as described later, is adjusted after adjusting the potassium element content of the raw material activated carbon to 0.5 mass% or less and the calcium element content to 0.4 to 4 mass%. It can adjust by adjusting a rate suitably and giving activation. If the pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm, and particularly the pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm, is too large, the hardness (JIS hardness and MS hardness, particularly MS hardness) tends to decrease. Adjustment of pore volume at a specific pore diameter is important for achieving both hardness and adsorption performance.
- the activated carbon of the present invention is suitable for use in liquid phase processing because it has a specific pore volume at a specific pore diameter. Therefore, in one aspect of the present invention, the activated carbon of the present invention is a liquid phase processing activated carbon.
- the activated carbon of the present invention having high MS hardness is useful for liquid phase processing using an adsorption column, an adsorption column or the like.
- the liquid phase may be one which exists as a liquid phase under normal processing conditions. Examples of liquid phases include solutions, dispersions, emulsions, microemulsions, suspensions, oils and alcohols.
- the liquid phase treatment include a treatment for removing impurities in the liquid phase, and a treatment for adjusting the concentration of the dissolved component.
- the liquid phase treatment is treatment for removing colored components from the liquid phase (decolorization treatment).
- the activated carbon of the present invention can also be used to treat liquid phases having a relatively high viscosity. Therefore, in one aspect of the present invention, the viscosity measured at the time of liquid phase processing using liquid phase BROOKFIELD DV-I + VISCOMETER (spindle LV-1, rotational speed 20 rpm) is 1 to 50 mPa ⁇ s. .
- the liquid phase having such viscosity include, but are not limited to, sugar solution, tung oil and glycerin.
- the temperature at the time of liquid phase treatment differs depending on the target liquid phase.
- the liquid phase is a sugar liquid, it is about 40 to 60 ° C., for soy sauce, it is about 15 to 35 ° C., and for glycerin, it is about 70 ° C.
- the dye adsorption amount of activated carbon for example, an SPR aqueous solution in the evaluation using the dye Solophenyl RED 3BL (hereinafter referred to as "SPR") described later] Is the normal temperature (25 ° C.).
- the decolorization performance of the activated carbon of the present invention can be evaluated, for example, using a sugar solution or soy sauce in the method described in the following examples.
- the sugar solution decolorization performance is particularly preferably 40% or more, more preferably more than 50%.
- the soy sauce decolorization performance is more preferably 80% or more, particularly preferably more than 90%.
- the dye adsorption amount of the activated carbon of the present invention can be evaluated, for example, by determining the equilibrium adsorption amount and the decolorization equilibrium arrival rate using SPR by the method described in the later examples.
- the SPR equilibrium adsorption amount is preferably 90 mg / g or more, more preferably 94 mg / g or more, particularly preferably 98 mg / g or more, and the SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 55% or more And particularly preferably 58% or more.
- the above-mentioned equilibrium adsorption amount and decolorization equilibrium achievement rate can be obtained by adjusting the pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm and the pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm within a specific range or above the lower limit.
- Be The activated carbon of the present invention is useful in liquid phase processing using an adsorption column, an adsorption column, or the like because it can adsorb and remove impurities such as dyes quickly and efficiently.
- Activated carbon is used for liquid phase treatment, and activated carbon with reduced adsorption performance (decoloring performance) is regenerated by predetermined treatment and reused.
- the activated carbon of the present invention is a step of reducing the potassium element contained in the raw material activated carbon (hereinafter, also referred to as “potassium reduction step”), a step of contacting the raw material activated carbon with a calcium element supply source (hereinafter, “calcium contacting step” Step of activating the raw material activated carbon whose potassium element content and calcium element content have been adjusted (hereinafter also referred to as “secondary activation step”), and a step of acid-cleaning the raw material activated carbon after activation (Also referred to as “acid washing step”)).
- activated carbon refers to the activated carbon obtained through the four steps included in the above-described manufacturing method
- raw activated carbon refers to activating treatment (primary activation treatment) of an activated carbon precursor.
- the present invention shows activated carbon as a raw material of the activated carbon of the present invention, which is not obtained through all the above four steps (that is, including those in the middle of the above manufacturing steps).
- Raw material activated carbon is preferably activated carbon derived from coconut shell. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the activated carbon of the present invention is made from coconut shell-derived activated carbon. Since the raw material activated carbon is derived from coconut shell, the raw material activated carbon particles have a structure pore unique to coconut shell, so the calcium element supply source is easily diffused inside the particle, and the pore development is promoted in the activation step. It is easy to be done. It is also commercially advantageous as it is available in large quantities.
- the coconut used as the raw material of coconut shell is not specifically limited.
- palm palm oil palm
- coconut palm coconut palm
- the coconut husks obtained from these palms may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- coconut husks derived from coconut or palm palm which are biomass wastes which are used as food, detergent raw materials, biodiesel raw materials, etc., are particularly preferable because they are easily available and inexpensive. .
- coconut shells in the form of pre-fired char (coconut char), which is preferably used as a raw material.
- char may be produced from coconut shells and used.
- the method for producing the char is not particularly limited, and can be produced using methods known in the art.
- a coconut shell serving as a raw material is mixed with an inert gas such as nitrogen, helium, argon or carbon monoxide, a mixed gas of these inert gases, or a mixture of other gases mainly composed of these inert gases
- a coconut husk char can be produced by firing (carbonization) at a temperature of about 400 to 800 ° C. in a gas atmosphere.
- the raw material activated carbon used in the present invention can be obtained, for example, by subjecting the above-mentioned activated carbon precursor (cow shell char) to activation treatment (primary activation treatment).
- the activation treatment is a treatment to form pores on the surface of the activated carbon precursor and convert it to a porous carbonaceous material, whereby an activated carbon (raw activated carbon) having a large specific surface area and pore volume can be obtained.
- the activated carbon precursor is used as the raw material activated carbon without performing the primary activation treatment, the specific surface area and pore volume of the obtained carbonaceous material are not sufficient, and when used for liquid phase treatment, it is in the liquid phase. It is difficult to obtain sufficient effects in removing impurities or adjusting the concentration of the dissolved component, and therefore it is impossible to obtain the activated carbon of the present invention.
- the primary activation treatment may be carried out in a mixed gas atmosphere of water vapor, nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 800 ° C. or higher, preferably 800 to 1000 ° C., using a fluidized bed, a multistage furnace, a rotary furnace or the like. it can.
- the partial pressure of gas at that time is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the partial pressure of water vapor is 7.5 to 40%, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide 10 to 50%, and the partial pressure of nitrogen 30 to 80%.
- the total pressure of the gas is usually 1 atm (about 0.1 MPa).
- the total supply amount of the mixed gas at the time of primary activation is about 1 to 50 L / min with respect to 100 g of the activation sample. If the total amount of the activated gas supplied is within the above range, the activated reaction can be more efficiently progressed.
- the specific surface area (hereinafter also referred to as “BET specific surface area”) calculated by the BET method of the raw material activated carbon in the present invention is preferably 900 m 2 / g to 1500 m 2 / g.
- BET specific surface area calculated by the BET method of the raw material activated carbon in the present invention
- the potassium element in the raw material activated carbon is reduced to 0.5% by mass or less. This is because, in the presence of an abundance of elemental potassium, in the secondary activation step after contact with the elemental calcium source, the development of micropore volume is promoted rather than the development of meso to macropore volume suitable for liquid phase treatment In order to Therefore, when the potassium element in the raw activated carbon exceeds 0.5% by mass, it is impossible to obtain a specific pore volume at a specific pore diameter in the activated carbon of the present invention.
- the content of potassium element in the raw material activated carbon is preferably 0.3% by mass or less. A desired pore volume is easy to be obtained as potassium element content is below the said value.
- the content of potassium element is measured by the method described in the examples below.
- the lower limit value of the content of potassium element is 0.0% by mass, which is the detection limit of the measurement method.
- the method for reducing the potassium element is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include washing with a washing solution containing an acid, and exchange of a potassium component and another component (for example, a calcium component) by ion exchange action.
- the calcium element supply source is brought into contact with the raw material activated carbon having a reduced potassium element content in the potassium reduction step.
- an element of calcium source adheres to the surface and pores of the raw activated carbon.
- the content of the calcium element contained in the raw material activated carbon after contact is 0.4 to 4% by mass. If the content of elemental calcium is not within the above range, it is not possible to obtain a specific pore volume at a specific pore diameter in the activated carbon of the present invention even after the subsequent secondary activation step and acid treatment step.
- the content of the calcium element contained in the raw material activated carbon after contact is preferably 0.5 to 3% by mass. When the calcium element content is in the above range, a desired pore volume can be easily obtained.
- the content of the calcium element is measured by the method described in the following examples.
- the calcium element source is not particularly limited, and, for example, a water-insoluble calcium compound or a water-soluble calcium compound can be used.
- the calcium compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- non-water soluble calcium compounds include calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. From the viewpoint of handling safety, it is preferable to use calcium carbonate.
- a water-soluble calcium compound from the viewpoint of being able to contact in the form of an aqueous solution and uniformly attach the calcium element source.
- Specific examples of water soluble calcium compounds include calcium chloride, calcium nitrate and calcium acetate. Among them, calcium nitrate is preferable because it has high solubility, is easily available, and is inexpensive. Moreover, in view of waste liquid treatment and the like, it is preferable to use calcium chloride or calcium acetate from the viewpoint of low environmental load.
- any method may be used as long as the calcium element source can be attached to the raw material activated carbon.
- a method of spraying an aqueous solution of a calcium element supply source on a raw material activated carbon for example, a method of spraying an aqueous solution of a calcium element supply source on a raw material activated carbon, a method of immersing a raw material activated carbon in a solution of a calcium element supply source, and mixing the raw material activated carbon and a powdered calcium element supply source And the like.
- a method of contacting the calcium source with the raw material activated carbon as an aqueous solution such as spraying or dipping, is preferable because it easily adheres the calcium element source uniformly to the surface and pores of the raw material activated carbon.
- the potassium component can be discharged into the aqueous solution by ion-exchanging the potassium component in the raw material activated carbon to the calcium component, so the potassium reduction step and the calcium contact step can be performed simultaneously. It can be carried out.
- the raw material activated carbon after contact with the calcium element supply source is usually dried before the secondary activation step, but after sufficient water is removed, it is left as it is It may be subjected to secondary activation treatment.
- ⁇ Secondary activation process> The raw activated carbon after being subjected to the potassium reduction step and the calcium contact step is subjected to a secondary activation treatment.
- This secondary activation process is the same as the above-mentioned "primary activation process” except that the activation target is calcium-adhered activated carbon.
- ⁇ Acid washing process> By cleaning the raw material activated carbon after the secondary activation step with an acid-containing cleaning solution, impurities such as metal components contained in the raw material activated carbon are removed.
- the acid cleaning can be performed, for example, by immersing the raw material activated carbon after secondary activation in the acid-containing cleaning liquid.
- the acid washing step after the raw activated carbon is acid washed, it may be washed with water, or the acid washing and the water washing may be appropriately combined, such as repeating the acid washing and the water washing.
- the acid component may be blown away by heating.
- inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, or saturated carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid, or aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid and terephthalic acid
- an organic acid such as an acid.
- hydrochloric acid which does not oxidize the raw material activated carbon.
- the concentration of hydrochloric acid is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass, and more preferably 0.3 to 6% by mass.
- the concentration of hydrochloric acid is too low, it is necessary to increase the number of times of pickling to remove impurities. Conversely, if it is too high, the amount of residual hydrochloric acid will increase.
- the process can be performed, which is preferable from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the liquid temperature at the time of pickling and washing with water is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 0 to 100 ° C., more preferably 10 to 100 ° C., and still more preferably 15 to 95 ° C. If the temperature of the cleaning solution at the time of immersing the raw material activated carbon is within the above-mentioned range, it is preferable because the implementation of the cleaning can be carried out while suppressing the load on the apparatus for a practical time.
- the activated carbon after the acid washing is dried to obtain the activated carbon of the present invention.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and any known drying means may be used.
- drying may be performed using a natural convection constant temperature dryer, a forced convection constant temperature dryer, a vibrating flow dryer, or the like.
- the drying temperature is preferably 80 to 150 ° C.
- the loss on drying of the activated carbon after drying is preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the activated carbon of the present invention produced in this manner has high performance in liquid phase processing (impurity removal performance, dissolution component, etc.) due to the development of a specific pore volume including the mesopore to macropore region.
- the decolorization in addition to the liquid phase having a low viscosity, the decolorization can be improved even in a liquid phase having a relatively high viscosity such as a sugar solution, and a balanced decoloring performance can be exhibited.
- the BET specific surface area and metal element content of the raw material activated carbon, and the pore volume of the activated carbon, JIS hardness and MS hardness were determined according to the following methods.
- BELSORP 28SA surface area / pore distribution measuring device
- ⁇ Average particle size> In evaluating the metal element content of the raw material activated carbon and the decolorization performance of the activated carbon, it is necessary to grind the raw material activated carbon or the activated carbon so as to have a predetermined average particle diameter. Therefore, it was measured by the laser diffraction measurement method whether the predetermined
- Microtrack Bell a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring device
- Measurement count once Measurement time: 30 seconds
- Distribution display Volume Particle size classification: Standard Calculation mode: MT3000II Solvent name: WATER Upper limit of measurement: 2000 ⁇ m Measurement lower limit: 0.021 ⁇ m Remainder ratio: 0.00 Passage ratio: 0.00 Residual ratio setting: invalid particle permeability: transmission particle refractive index: 1.81 Particle shape: non-spherical Solvent refractive index: 1.333 DV value: 0.0150 to 0.0700 Transmittance (TR): 0.700 to 0.950 In the measurement results, the value of D50 was taken as the average particle size.
- ⁇ Metal element content of raw material activated carbon First, a calibration curve was prepared for the contents of elemental potassium and elemental calcium from a standard solution of known concentration. Next, the raw material activated carbon pulverized to have an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m or less was dried at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. for 3 hours, and then 0.1 g was placed in a predetermined container. After adding 10 mL of nitric acid (60.0 to 62.0% by mass) to this container and mixing, using a microwave sample pretreatment apparatus ("MARS 6" manufactured by CEM Japan Ltd.), 1 at a temperature of 210 ° C. It pretreated for time and decomposed the raw activated carbon.
- MERS 6 microwave sample pretreatment apparatus
- the resulting solution was taken out, ion exchange water was added to 200 mL to prepare a measurement solution, and analysis was performed using a multi-type ICP emission analyzer ("ICPE-9820" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- ICPE-9820 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the concentration of each metal element was determined from the obtained values and the prepared calibration curve, and the contents of the potassium element and the calcium element were determined by the following equation.
- ⁇ Pore volume of activated carbon The pore volume per activated carbon mass was measured using a mercury intrusion pore volume measuring apparatus ("MicroActive AutoPore V 9600" manufactured by Micromeritics, Inc.). The mercury pressure was from 0.10 psia (about 0.69 kPa) to 61000.00 psia (about 420580.19 kPa).
- JIS hardness of activated carbon was measured in accordance with JIS K1474.
- ⁇ MS hardness of activated carbon> Ten 8 mm steel balls were placed in a steel pot having an inner diameter of 25.4 mm and a length of 304.8 mm, and further, about 5.0 g of dried activated carbon (weighed to a digit of 0.1 g) was placed and sealed. The steel pot was attached to a measuring instrument and rotated at a speed of 25 revolutions per minute for 40 minutes. Thereafter, the sample was taken out, the steel balls were removed, and the sample was sieved with a 50 mesh sieve (JIS standard). The ratio (unit:%) of the sample remaining on the sieve to the sample initially placed in the steel pot was calculated according to the following formula, and was defined as MS hardness.
- Example 1 Preparation of Raw Material Activated Carbon Char (a specific surface area: 370 m 2 / g) using coconut shell of Filipino coconut is used as a raw material in a rotary kiln, using propane combustion gas + water vapor (total water vapor partial pressure: 35%) A raw material activated carbon having a specific surface area of 1141 m 2 / g, which was activated at ° C. and sized to a 10 to 30 mesh sieve (JIS standard), was obtained.
- an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate (23 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 117 g of ion-exchanged water) is sprayed on 500 g of the obtained activated carbon and then dried for 5 to 7 hours in a natural convection constant temperature drier at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. did.
- the calcium element content of the obtained calcium element-containing activated carbon was 0.8% by mass.
- 450 g of the calcium element-containing activated carbon thus obtained is placed in a fluidized furnace, and a mixed gas of 16% water vapor partial pressure, 12% carbon dioxide partial pressure and 72% nitrogen partial pressure is used.
- Example 2 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 33.0%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 39.5%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 500 g of raw material activated carbon obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 is immersed in an aqueous calcium nitrate solution (55.1 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 1125 g of ion exchanged water), stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, and filtered at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. It dried with the natural convection constant temperature dryer for 5 to 7 hours.
- the potassium element content of the obtained calcium element-containing activated carbon was 0.4% by mass, and the calcium element content was 0.9% by mass.
- Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was set to 26.0% with respect to this calcium element-containing activated carbon. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 Immersed in an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (26.9 g of calcium chloride, 1125 g of ion exchanged water), 500 g of raw activated carbon obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, and after filtration, natural convection constant temperature of 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. It was dried for 5 to 7 hours in a drier.
- the potassium element content of the obtained calcium element-containing activated carbon was 0.3% by mass, and the calcium element content was 1.1% by mass.
- Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 33.2% with respect to the calcium element-containing activated carbon. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was set to 9.1%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Example 7 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 45.2%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 A bituminous coal having a weak caking property with a button index of 1 measured according to the crucible expansion test method of JIS M 8806 6, and a slightly caking bituminous coal with a button index of 0.5 were mixed at a mass ratio of 3: 7. Next, 20 parts by mass of strongly coking coal having a button index of 9 was added to 100 parts by mass of the mixture, and mixed and pulverized using a ball mill. The obtained ground product was filled in a container having a diameter of 4 cm and a length of 15 cm using a pressure molding machine, and pressure molded at 100 ° C. and a pressure of 280 kg / cm 2 .
- the obtained pressure-molded product was crushed with a jaw crusher and sized to a particle size of 0.1 to 2.0 mm.
- This sized product is placed in an external heating rotary kiln, heated to 300 ° C. in an oxidizing gas atmosphere, held for 2 hours, heated to 650 ° C. in a reducing gas atmosphere, and then cooled to obtain a carbonized product. Obtained. 75 g of this carbonized product is placed in a fluidized-bed furnace, and a mixed gas of steam partial pressure 16%, carbon dioxide partial pressure 12%, and nitrogen partial pressure 72% is contained in the furnace at a total pressure of 1 atmosphere and a flow rate of 21.7 L / min. And the activation was carried out at an activation temperature of 950.degree. C. to an activation yield of 50.0%.
- the obtained activated product was subjected to measurement of packing density, acid washing, water washing and drying in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain activated carbon. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative example 2 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 81.9%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative example 3 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 59.5%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative example 4 Calcium nitrate aqueous solution (23 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 117 g of ion-exchanged water) is sprayed onto the raw material activated carbon without carrying out the adjustment process of the potassium element content to the raw material activated carbon in Example 1, and natural at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. It was dried for 5 to 7 hours with a convection constant temperature dryer. The potassium element content of the obtained calcium element-containing activated carbon was 0.7% by mass, and the calcium element content was 0.7% by mass. Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation yield was 80.4%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative example 5 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4 except that the activation yield was adjusted to 57.0%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative example 7 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4 except that the activation yield was 30.4%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 8 Activated carbon was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4 except that the activation yield was 18.2%. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 9 After holding 700 g of a phenol resin in an external heating rotary kiln at 300 ° C. for 2 hours, the temperature was raised to 650 ° C. and then cooled to obtain a carbonized product. 180 g of this carbonized product was placed in a rotary kiln adjusted to a temperature of 900 ° C., and activated with 5 L / min of nitrogen and 180 g / hour of steam for 6 hours. Physical properties of the obtained activated carbon are shown in Table 1.
- this raw sugar aqueous solution is adjusted with a 0.1 mol / L hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution so that the pH becomes 6.5 to 7.5, and a sugar content meter ("Pocket sugar content meter PAL-2" manufactured by Atago Co., Ltd.)
- the sugar content was confirmed to be 50.0% using
- the sugar content was adjusted to 50.0% by adding raw sugar or ion-exchanged water, and this was used as a raw sugar solution.
- the value of the measured absorbance is higher than the above-mentioned specified range (when it is higher than 0.78)
- a purified sugar solution is added to adjust to the above-mentioned specified range, and a sugar test solution is prepared.
- the measured absorbance value is lower than the above specified range (if it is lower than 0.75)
- the production lot of raw sugar is changed and preparation is performed again, and the solution whose absorbance falls within the predetermined range is It was a test solution.
- the viscosity at the temperature (50 ° C.) of the liquid phase treatment of the sugar test solution was 7 mPa ⁇ s.
- the powdered activated carbon to be measured was dried at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the sugar solution decoloring performance was evaluated according to the following criteria. A: Greater than 50% B: 40 to 50% C: 30 to less than 40% D: less than 20 to 30% E: less than 20%
- Soy sauce (“Special soy beans soy sauce” made by Kikkoman Foods Co., Ltd.) was diluted about 10 times with ion-exchanged water to adjust the absorbance at a wavelength of 550 nm to 0.47 to 0.55, and used as a soy sauce test solution. .
- the viscosity at the temperature (25 ° C.) of the liquid phase treatment of the soy sauce test solution was 2 mPa ⁇ s.
- a quartz cell (optical path length 10 mm) was used for absorbance measurement, and an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer ("UV-1800" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) was used.
- ion-exchanged water was used for zero point correction at the time of absorbance measurement.
- the powdered activated carbon to be measured was dried at 115 ⁇ 5 ° C. for 3 hours and allowed to cool in a desiccator. 0.20 g of powdery activated carbon after cooling was weighed and placed in a 100 mL stoppered Erlenmeyer flask. Add 40 mL of soy sauce test solution to this flask, shake for 15 minutes with an amplitude of 160 times / minute in a water bath adjusted to 25 ⁇ 1 ° C., filter using 5 C filter paper, and discard 5 mL of the first filtrate, The filtrate after that was filtered again to obtain a sample solution.
- the above-mentioned operation was performed without powdered activated carbon, and the obtained filtrate was used as a blank solution.
- the absorbance at a wavelength of 550 nm was measured for each solution, and the soy sauce decolorization performance was calculated by the following equation.
- ion-exchanged water was used for zero point correction at the time of absorbance measurement.
- soy sauce bleaching performance was evaluated according to the following criteria. A: Greater than 90% B: 80-90% C: less than 65 to 80% D: less than 55 to 65% E: less than 55%
- Dye adsorption amount A 0.1 mass% SPR aqueous solution was prepared using SPR and ion exchange water. The viscosity at the temperature (25 ° C.) of the liquid phase processing of the SPR aqueous solution was 2 mPa ⁇ s. Two samples were prepared by adding 20 mL of the above SPR aqueous solution to 0.2 g of activated carbon that was sized with a 10-30 mesh sieve (JIS standard) and prepared, and amplitude 160 times / min in a water bath adjusted to 25 ⁇ 1 ° C. Shake.
- One of the samples was shaken for 90 minutes, and the other sample was shaken for 24 hours, and then filtered with a mini-salt (pore diameter: 0.45 ⁇ m), and the filtrate was used as a measurement sample. Moreover, the above operation was performed without activated carbon, and the obtained filtrate was used as a blank solution.
- the absorbance at a wavelength of 520 nm was measured for each of the measurement samples and the blank solution after 100-fold dilution with ion-exchanged water.
- a quartz cell (optical path length 10 mm) was used for absorbance measurement, and an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer ("UV-1800" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) was used.
- the dye adsorption amount was determined by the following formula. The SPR adsorption amount at 24 hours was taken as the SPR equilibrium adsorption amount.
- the SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate at 90 minutes of shaking time was calculated according to the following formula. The higher the decolorization equilibrium achievement rate, the faster the adsorption rate.
- the SPR equilibrium adsorption amount is also high, and the SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate in a short time of 90 minutes is also high. It was shown that the adsorption amount and the adsorption rate of SPR are excellent.
- the SPR equilibrium adsorption amount was significantly lower than that of the example, and the SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate was also significantly lower.
- the SPR equilibrium adsorption amount was sufficient, the SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate did not reach that of the example, and it was shown that the adsorption rate was slow.
- the activated carbons obtained in Examples 1 to 7 have excellent sugar solution decolorization performance and soy sauce decolorization performance, as well as excellent SPR equilibrium adsorption amount and SPR decolorization equilibrium achievement rate, as well as high JIS hardness of 70% or more and It had a high MS hardness of 45% or more.
- the activated carbon of the present invention is useful as a liquid phase processing application because it has excellent decolorization performance and decolorization equilibrium achievement rate. In addition to low viscosity liquid phase such as soy sauce, it also exhibits high decolorization performance even in liquid phase with relatively high viscosity such as sugar liquid, especially as activated carbon for processing various liquid phases. It can be used suitably.
- the activated carbon of the present invention having high hardness can be suitably used for liquid phase treatment in an adsorption column, an adsorption column or the like where such characteristics are required.
- the activated carbon of the present invention can be manufactured by a simple method of changing the balance between the amounts of two metal elements in the manufacturing process and activating the same, which is also industrially useful in this respect.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、以下の好適な態様を包含する。
[1]水銀圧入法による細孔直径10~10000nmでの細孔容積が0.8~1.9mL/gであり、かつ水銀圧入法による細孔直径300~1000nmでの細孔容積が0.19mL/g以上である、活性炭。
[2]前記活性炭はヤシ殻由来の活性炭を原料とする、上記[1]に記載の活性炭。
[3]前記活性炭は液相処理用活性炭である、上記[1]または[2]に記載の活性炭。
[4]前記液相処理は液相からの着色成分の除去処理である、上記[3]に記載の活性炭。
[5]前記液相のBROOKFIELD社製DV-I+VISCOMETER(スピンドルLV-1、回転速度20rpm)を用いて液相処理時の温度で測定した粘度は、1~50mPa・sである、上記[3]または[4]に記載の活性炭。
[6]前記活性炭のマイクロストレングス硬度は45%以上である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の活性炭。
[7]原料活性炭のカリウム元素含有量を0.5質量%以下に調整する工程、原料活性炭のカルシウム元素含有量を0.4~4質量%に調整する工程、および調整後の原料活性炭を賦活する工程を含む、上記[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の活性炭の製造方法。
[8]原料活性炭のカリウム元素含有量を0.5質量%以下に調整する工程、原料活性炭のカルシウム元素含有量を0.4~4質量%に調整する工程、および調整後の原料活性炭を賦活する工程を含む、活性炭の製造方法により製造された活性炭。
本発明の活性炭は、水銀圧入法による細孔直径10~10000nmでの細孔容積が0.8~1.9mL/gであり、かつ水銀圧入法による細孔直径300~1000nmでの細孔容積が0.19mL/g以上である。
本発明の活性炭の、水銀圧入法による細孔直径10~10000nmでの細孔容積は、好ましくは0.9~1.7mL/gであり、より好ましくは1.0~1.6mL/gであり、特に好ましくは1.3~1.5mL/gである。前記細孔容積が前記範囲内であると、所望の吸着性能が得られやすく、また所望の硬度も得られやすい。
本発明の活性炭の、水銀圧入法による細孔直径300~1000nmでの細孔容積は、好ましくは0.20mL/g以上であり、より好ましくは0.23mL/g以上であり、更に好ましくは0.25mL/g以上であり、特に好ましくは0.30mL/g以上である。前記細孔容積が前記範囲内であると、所望の吸着性能および硬度を併せ持つ活性炭が得られやすい。
液相処理としては、液相中の不純物の除去処理、溶解成分の濃度を調整するための処理などが挙げられる。本発明の一態様では、前記液相処理は、液相からの着色成分の除去処理(脱色処理)である。
本発明の活性炭は、原料活性炭中に含まれるカリウム元素を低減させる工程(以下、「カリウム低減工程」ともいう)、原料活性炭とカルシウム元素供給源とを接触させる工程(以下、「カルシウム接触工程」ともいう)、カリウム元素含有量およびカルシウム元素含有量を調整した原料活性炭を賦活する工程(以下、「二次賦活工程」ともいう)、および賦活後の原料活性炭を酸洗浄する工程(以下、「酸洗浄工程」ともいう)を含む製造方法により得られる。
従って、本発明の一態様では、原料活性炭のカリウム元素含有量を0.5質量%以下に調整する工程、原料活性炭のカルシウム元素含有量を0.4~4質量%に調整する工程、および調整後の原料活性炭を賦活する工程を含む、活性炭の製造方法により製造された活性炭を対象とする。
原料活性炭がヤシ殻由来であることにより、原料活性炭粒子1つ1つにヤシ殻特有の組織孔が存在するため、カルシウム元素供給源が粒子内部に拡散しやすく、賦活工程時に細孔発達が促進されやすい。また、大量に入手可能であることから商業的にも有利である。
本発明の製造方法では、原料活性炭中のカリウム元素を0.5質量%以下に低減させる。これは、カリウム元素が豊富に存在すると、カルシウム元素供給源との接触後の二次賦活工程にて、液相処理として好適なメソ~マクロ孔容積の発達よりも、ミクロ孔容積の発達が促進されるためである。よって、原料活性炭中のカリウム元素が0.5質量%を超えると、本発明の活性炭における特定の細孔直径における特定の細孔容積を得ることはできない。原料活性炭のカリウム元素の含有量は、好ましくは0.3質量%以下である。カリウム元素含有量が上記値以下であると、所望の細孔容積が得られやすい。カリウム元素の含有量は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される。カリウム元素の含有量の下限値は、当該測定方法の検出限界である0.0質量%である。
上記カリウム低減工程により、カリウム元素含有量が低減された原料活性炭にカルシウム元素供給源を接触させる。この工程により、カルシウム元素供給源が、原料活性炭の表面および細孔中に付着する。接触後の原料活性炭に含まれるカルシウム元素の含有量は、0.4~4質量%である。カルシウム元素の含有量が前記範囲内でないと、後続の二次賦活工程および酸処理工程を経ても、本発明の活性炭における特定の細孔直径における特定の細孔容積を得ることはできない。接触後の原料活性炭に含まれるカルシウム元素の含有量は、好ましくは0.5~3質量%である。カルシウム元素含有量が上記範囲内であると、所望の細孔容積が得られやすい。カルシウム元素の含有量は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される。
非水溶性カルシウム化合物の例としては、炭酸カルシウムおよび水酸化カルシウムなどが挙げられる。取り扱いの安全性の観点からは、炭酸カルシウムを使用することが好ましい。
水溶液の形態で接触できるためにカルシウム元素供給源を均一に付着させやすい観点からは、水溶性カルシウム化合物を使用することが好ましい。水溶性カルシウム化合物の具体的な例としては、塩化カルシウム、硝酸カルシウムおよび酢酸カルシウムなどが挙げられる。中でも、硝酸カルシウムは溶解性が高く、入手が容易であり、低価格であることから好ましい。また、廃液処理などを鑑みて低環境負荷の観点からは、塩化カルシウムまたは酢酸カルシウムを使用することが好ましい。
カリウム低減工程およびカルシウム接触工程に付した後の原料活性炭に、二次賦活処理を行う。この二次賦活処理は、賦活対象がカルシウム付着活性炭であること以外は、上述の「一次賦活処理」と同一である。
二次賦活工程後の原料活性炭を、酸含有洗浄液で洗浄することにより、原料活性炭中に含まれる金属成分などの不純物を除去する。酸洗浄は、例えば、酸含有洗浄液に、二次賦活後の原料活性炭を浸漬することにより行うことができる。酸洗浄工程では、原料活性炭を酸洗浄した後、水洗してもよく、酸洗と水洗を繰り返すなど、酸洗と水洗を適宜組合せてもよい。また加熱により、酸成分を飛ばしてもよい。
原料活性炭のBET比表面積の測定には、高精度表面積/細孔分布測定装置(マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社製「BELSORP28SA」)を使用した。測定試料を300℃で5時間真空脱気した後、77Kでの窒素吸着等温線を測定した。得られた吸着等温線を用いて、BET式により多点法解析を行い、得られた曲線の相対圧P/P0=0.01~0.1の領域での直線から比表面積を算出した。
原料活性炭の金属元素含有量および活性炭の脱色性能を評価するにあたり、原料活性炭または活性炭を所定の平均粒子径を有するよう粉砕する必要がある。従って、粉砕後の原料活性炭または活性炭について、所定の平均粒子径が得られているか否かを、レーザー回折測定法により測定した。
具体的には、測定する粉末状の原料活性炭または活性炭と、界面活性剤と、イオン交換水とを混合して得た分散液を、レーザー回折・散乱式粒子径分布測定装置(マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社製「MT3300II」)を用いて透過法にて測定した。なお、分散液中の粉末状活性炭濃度は、同装置で表示される測定濃度範囲に収まるように調整した。また、分散液調製時の界面活性剤としては、和光純薬工業株式会社製「ポリオキシエチレン(10)オクチルフェニルエーテル」を用い、測定に影響する気泡などが発生しない適当量添加した。分析条件を以下に示す。
測定回数:1回
測定時間:30秒
分布表示:体積
粒径区分:標準
計算モード:MT3000II
溶媒名:WATER
測定上限:2000μm
測定下限:0.021μm
残分比:0.00
通過分比:0.00
残分比設定:無効
粒子透過性:透過
粒子屈折率:1.81
粒子形状:非球形
溶媒屈折率:1.333
DV値:0.0150~0.0700
透過率(TR):0.700~0.950
測定結果において、D50の値を平均粒子径とした。
まず、既知濃度の標準液からカリウム元素およびカルシウム元素の含有量についての検量線を作成した。
次に、20μm以下の平均粒子径を有するよう粉砕した原料活性炭を115±5℃で3時間乾燥した後、所定の容器に0.1g入れた。この容器に、さらに硝酸(60.0~62.0質量%)10mLを加えて混合した後、マイクロウェーブ試料前処理装置(CEM Japan株式会社製「MARS 6」)を用いて温度210℃で1時間前処理し、原料活性炭を分解した。
得られた溶液を取り出し、200mLとなるようイオン交換水を加えて測定溶液を調製した後、マルチ形ICP発光分析装置(島津製作所株式会社製「ICPE-9820」)を用いて分析した。得られた値と作成した検量線より各金属元素濃度を求め、下記式により、カリウム元素およびカルシウム元素の含有量をそれぞれ求めた。
活性炭質量あたりの細孔容積は、水銀圧入法細孔容積測定装置(マイクロメリティックス社製「MicroActive AutoPore V 9600」)を用い、測定した。水銀圧は0.10psia(約0.69kPa)から61000.00psia(約420580.19kPa)とした。
活性炭のJIS硬度は、JIS K1474に準拠して測定した。
内径25.4mm、長さ304.8mmの鋼製ポットに、8mmの鋼球を10個入れ、さらに、乾燥した活性炭約5.0g(0.1gの桁まで秤量)を入れ、密閉した。この鋼製ポットを測定器に取り付け、1分間に25回転の速度で40分間回転させた。その後試料を取り出し、鋼球を取り除いた後、50mesh篩(JIS規格)で篩過した。下記式に従い、篩上に残った試料の、最初に鋼製ポットに入れた試料に対する割合(単位:%)を算出し、MS硬度とした。
(1)原料活性炭の調製
フィリピン産ココナツのヤシ殻を原料とするチャー(比表面積:370m2/g)を、ロータリーキルンで、プロパン燃焼ガス+水蒸気(合計水蒸気分圧:35%)を用いて850℃で賦活し、10~30mesh篩(JIS規格)に整粒した、比表面積が1141m2/gの原料活性炭を得た。
得られた原料活性炭600gを塩酸(0.3N)2120mLに加え、20分間煮沸洗浄した後、イオン交換水でpH5~7になるまで十分水洗し、115±5℃の自然対流定温乾燥機で4時間乾燥した。得られた酸洗浄後の原料活性炭のカリウム元素含有量は0.0質量%であった。次に、この得られた活性炭500gに対して硝酸カルシウム水溶液(硝酸カルシウム四水和物23g、イオン交換水117g)をスプレーした後、115±5℃の自然対流定温乾燥機で5~7時間乾燥した。得られたカルシウム元素含有活性炭のカルシウム元素含有量は0.8質量%であった。続いて、得られたカルシウム元素含有活性炭450gを流動炉に入れ、水蒸気分圧16%、二酸化炭素分圧12%、および窒素分圧72%の混合ガスを、ガスの全圧1気圧かつ流量108.4L/分で炉内に供給し、賦活温度920℃の条件で、賦活収率18.5%となるように賦活を実施した。得られた賦活品についてJIS K1474に準拠して充填密度を測定し、容積換算で410mL分に塩酸(1N)1800mLを加え、1時間加熱洗浄した後、イオン交換水でpH5~7になるまで十分水洗し、115±5℃で4時間乾燥し、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率を33.0%としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率を39.5%としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
実施例1と同様にして得た原料活性炭500gを硝酸カルシウム水溶液(硝酸カルシウム四水和物55.1g、イオン交換水1125g)に浸漬し、室温で6時間撹拌し、ろ過後、115±5℃の自然対流定温乾燥機で5~7時間乾燥した。得られたカルシウム元素含有活性炭のカリウム元素含有量は0.4質量%、カルシウム元素含有量は0.9質量%であった。このカルシウム元素含有活性炭に対し、賦活収率が26.0%となるようにしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
実施例1と同様にして得た原料活性炭500gを塩化カルシウム水溶液(塩化カルシウム26.9g、イオン交換水1125g)に浸漬し、室温で6時間撹拌し、ろ過後、115±5℃の自然対流定温乾燥機で5~7時間乾燥した。得られたカルシウム元素含有活性炭のカリウム元素含有量は0.3質量%、カルシウム元素含有量は1.1質量%であった。このカルシウム元素含有活性炭に対し、賦活収率が33.2%となるようにしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率を9.1%としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率を45.2%としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
JIS M 8801 6のるつぼ膨張試験方法に準拠して測定したボタン指数1の弱粘結性を有する瀝青炭、およびボタン指数0.5の微粘結性の瀝青炭を質量比3:7で混合した。次に、この混合物100質量部に対して、ボタン指数9の強粘結炭20質量部を添加し、ボールミルを用いて混合粉砕した。得られた粉砕品を、加圧成形機を用いて直径4cm、長さ15cmの容器に充填し、100℃、280kg/cm2の圧力で加圧成形した。得られた加圧成形品をジョークラッシャーで破砕し、粒径0.1~2.0mmに整粒した。この整粒品を外熱式ロータリーキルンに入れ、酸化ガス雰囲気下で300℃に昇温し、2時間保持した後に、還元ガス雰囲気下で650℃に昇温し、その後冷却することで炭化品を得た。この炭化品75gを流動炉に入れ、水蒸気分圧16%、二酸化炭素分圧12%、および窒素分圧72%の混合ガスを、ガスの全圧1気圧かつ流量21.7L/分で炉内に供給し、賦活温度950℃の条件で、賦活収率50.0%となるように賦活を実施した。得られた賦活品について、実施例1と同様に、充填密度の測定、酸洗浄、水洗および乾燥を実施し、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が81.9%となるようにしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が59.5%となるようにしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
実施例1における原料活性炭に対するカリウム元素含有量の調整工程を実施せずに、原料活性炭に硝酸カルシウム水溶液(硝酸カルシウム四水和物23g、イオン交換水117g)をスプレーし、115±5℃の自然対流定温乾燥機で5~7時間乾燥した。得られたカルシウム元素含有活性炭のカリウム元素含有量は0.7質量%、カルシウム元素含有量は0.7質量%であった。賦活収率が80.4%となるようにしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が57.0%となるようにしたこと以外は比較例4と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が36.8%となるようにしたこと以外は比較例4と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が30.4%となるようにしたこと以外は比較例4と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
賦活収率が18.2%となるようにしたこと以外は比較例4と同様にして、活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
フェノール樹脂700gを外熱式ロータリーキルンにて300℃で2時間保持した後に、650℃に昇温し、その後冷却することで炭化品を得た。この炭化品180gを温度900℃に調整したロータリーキルンに入れ、窒素5L/分、水蒸気180g/時間で6時間賦活した。得られた活性炭の物性を表1に示す。
また、色素脱色性能を評価するために、後述の手順により、実施例および比較例の活性炭について、色素吸着量を測定した。この評価においては、未粉砕の活性炭を用いた。
これらの結果を表1に示す。
原糖(三井製糖株式会社製「三温糖」)350gと、イオン交換水300mLとを常温で撹拌し、原糖を溶解した。次いで、この原糖水溶液がpH6.5~7.5になるように0.1mol/Lの塩酸または水酸化ナトリウム水溶液で調整し、糖度計(アタゴ株式会社製「ポケット糖度計PAL-2」)を用いて糖度50.0%であるかを確認し、原糖液とした。糖度が50.0%でなかった場合は、原糖またはイオン交換水を添加して糖度を50.0%に調整し、これを原糖液とした。続いて、グラニュ糖(三井製糖株式会社製「グラニュ糖」)300gと、イオン交換水300mLとを常温で撹拌し、グラニュ糖を溶解した。原糖液と同様のpH調整および糖度確認を行い、精製糖液とした。
原糖液について、石英セル(光路長10mm)を使用し、紫外可視分光光度計(島津製作所株式会社製「UV-1800」)を用いて、波長420nmでの吸光度が0.75~0.78であるかを確認し、糖試験液とした。吸光度測定時の0点補正には、イオン交換水を用いた。測定した吸光度の値が上記規定範囲よりも高かった場合(0.78より高かった場合)は精製糖液を加えて上記規定範囲となるよう調整し、糖試験液とした。一方、測定した吸光度の値が上記規定範囲よりも低かった場合(0.75より低かった場合)は原糖の製造ロットを変更して再度調製を行い、吸光度が所定範囲に入った液を糖試験液とした。糖試験液の液相処理時の温度(50℃)での粘度は7mPa・sであった。
測定する粉末状活性炭を115±5℃で3時間乾燥し、デシケーター中で放冷した。放冷後の粉末状活性炭を0.092g秤量し、共栓付三角フラスコ100mLに入れた。このフラスコに糖試験液50mLを加え、50±1℃に調節した水浴中で140回/分の振幅で1時間振とう後、5Cのろ紙を用いてろ過し、初めのろ液15mLを捨て、その後のろ液をサンプル液とした。また、粉末状活性炭なしで上記操作を行い、得られたろ液をブランク液とした。各液について、波長420nmおよび750nmの吸光度を測定し、下記式により、糖液脱色性能を算出した。なお、吸光度測定時の0点補正には、精製糖液を用いた。
A:50%より大きい
B:40~50%
C:30~40%未満
D:20~30%未満
E:20%未満
醤油(キッコーマン食品株式会社製「特選丸大豆しょうゆ」)をイオン交換水で約10倍に希釈し、波長550nmの吸光度が0.47~0.55になるように調整し、醤油試験液とした。醤油試験液の液相処理時の温度(25℃)での粘度は2mPa・sであった。吸光度測定には石英セル(光路長10mm)を使用し、紫外可視分光光度計(島津製作所株式会社製「UV-1800」)を用いた。なお、吸光度測定時の0点補正には、イオン交換水を用いた。
測定する粉末状活性炭を115±5℃で3時間乾燥し、デシケーター中で放冷した。放冷後の粉末状活性炭を0.20g秤量し、共栓付三角フラスコ100mLに入れた。このフラスコに醤油試験液40mLを加え、25±1℃に調節した水浴中で160回/分の振幅で15分間振とう後、5Cのろ紙を用いてろ過し、初めのろ液5mLを捨て、その後のろ液を再度ろ過し、サンプル液とした。また、粉末状活性炭なしで上記操作を行い、得られたろ液をブランク液とした。各液について、波長550nmの吸光度を測定し、下記式により、醤油脱色性能を算出した。なお、吸光度測定時の0点補正には、イオン交換水を用いた。
A:90%より大きい
B:80~90%
C:65~80%未満
D:55~65%未満
E:55%未満
SPRおよびイオン交換水を用いて、0.1質量%のSPR水溶液を調製した。SPR水溶液の液相処理時の温度(25℃)での粘度は2mPa・sであった。
10~30mesh篩(JIS規格)で整粒し、乾燥した活性炭0.2gに上記SPR水溶液20mLを加えた試料を2つ調製し、25±1℃に調節した水浴中で160回/分の振幅で振とうした。一方の試料は90分間振とうした後に、他方の試料は24時間振とうした後に、ミニザルト(孔径:0.45μm)でろ過し、ろ液をそれぞれ測定試料とした。また、活性炭なしで上記操作を行い、得られたろ液をブランク液とした。各測定試料およびブランク液について、イオン交換水で100倍希釈した後、波長520nmの吸光度を測定した。吸光度測定には石英セル(光路長10mm)を使用し、紫外可視分光光度計(島津製作所株式会社製「UV-1800」)を用いた。下記式により、色素吸着量(SPR吸着量)を求めた。24時間時点でのSPR吸着量をSPR平衡吸着量とした。
Claims (7)
- 水銀圧入法による細孔直径10~10000nmでの細孔容積が0.8~1.9mL/gであり、かつ水銀圧入法による細孔直径300~1000nmでの細孔容積が0.19mL/g以上である、活性炭。
- 前記活性炭はヤシ殻由来の活性炭を原料とする、請求項1に記載の活性炭。
- 前記活性炭は液相処理用活性炭である、請求項1または2に記載の活性炭。
- 前記液相処理は液相からの着色成分の除去処理である、請求項3に記載の活性炭。
- 前記液相のBROOKFIELD社製DV-I+VISCOMETER(スピンドルLV-1、回転速度20rpm)を用いて液相処理時の温度で測定した粘度は、1~50mPa・sである、請求項3または4に記載の活性炭。
- 前記活性炭のマイクロストレングス硬度は45%以上である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の活性炭。
- 原料活性炭のカリウム元素含有量を0.5質量%以下に調整する工程、
原料活性炭のカルシウム元素含有量を0.4~4質量%に調整する工程、および
調整後の原料活性炭を賦活する工程
を含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の活性炭の製造方法。
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| JP2017171538A (ja) * | 2016-03-24 | 2017-09-28 | 関西熱化学株式会社 | 活性炭、およびその製造方法、並びに該活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタ |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20240154078A (ko) * | 2022-03-29 | 2024-10-24 | 주식회사 쿠라레 | 흡착 필터 |
| KR102849068B1 (ko) | 2022-03-29 | 2025-08-21 | 주식회사 쿠라레 | 흡착 필터 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JPWO2019131208A1 (ja) | 2021-01-07 |
| ES3047664T3 (en) | 2025-12-04 |
| JP7129428B2 (ja) | 2022-09-01 |
| EP3733601A1 (en) | 2020-11-04 |
| EP3733601B1 (en) | 2025-07-16 |
| US11857943B2 (en) | 2024-01-02 |
| EP3733601A4 (en) | 2021-06-30 |
| US20200338527A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
| CN111511683A (zh) | 2020-08-07 |
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