WO2019163483A1 - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019163483A1 WO2019163483A1 PCT/JP2019/003622 JP2019003622W WO2019163483A1 WO 2019163483 A1 WO2019163483 A1 WO 2019163483A1 JP 2019003622 W JP2019003622 W JP 2019003622W WO 2019163483 A1 WO2019163483 A1 WO 2019163483A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a single crystal LiNiO 2 powder having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m or less and a crystallite having a maximum particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less as a positive electrode active material in order to improve cycle characteristics (longer life). Discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using polycrystalline LiNiO 2 powder having a size of 30% or more of the grain size.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode having a lithium metal composite oxide and a negative electrode having graphite, and the lithium metal composite oxide First composite oxide particles that are secondary particles obtained by agglomerating primary particles having an average particle diameter of 50 nm to 5 ⁇ m, and second composite oxide that is non-aggregated particles having an average particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m The initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode is lower than the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a high energy density and a long life can be provided.
- the present inventors use the first and second composite oxide particles in combination as a lithium metal composite oxide that is a positive electrode active material, so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode ⁇ the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode.
- the first composite oxide particles have a higher initial charge / discharge efficiency than graphite as the negative electrode active material, but the second composite oxide particles have a lower initial charge / discharge efficiency than graphite.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode can be easily adjusted.
- the reason why the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the second composite oxide particles is low is that the surface area of the particles is small and the distance from the particle surface to the particle center is long, so that lithium cannot return to the particle center during discharge. Conceivable.
- the capacity regulation electrode becomes the positive electrode, and the decrease in battery capacity due to the deterioration of the negative electrode accompanying the charge / discharge cycle can be suppressed. Further, by adjusting the mixing ratio of the first and second composite oxide particles, the cycle characteristics can be improved and the battery life can be extended while maintaining a high energy density.
- a cylindrical battery in which a wound electrode body 14 is accommodated in a cylindrical battery case 15 will be exemplified, but the battery is rectangular. It may be a prismatic battery provided with a battery case, a laminated battery provided with a battery case composed of a laminate sheet in which a metal layer and a resin layer are laminated, and the like.
- the sealing body 17 side of the battery case 15 is described as “upper” and the bottom side of the outer can 16 is described as “lower”.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 which is an example of an embodiment.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes an electrode body 14, a nonaqueous electrolyte (not shown), and a battery case 15 that houses the electrode body 14 and the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode body 14 has a winding structure in which the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 are wound via a separator 13.
- the battery case 15 includes a bottomed cylindrical outer can 16 and a sealing body 17 that closes an opening of the outer can 16.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes a resin gasket 28 disposed between the outer can 16 and the sealing body 17.
- the electrode body 14 includes a long positive electrode 11, a long negative electrode 12, two long separators 13, a positive electrode lead 20 bonded to the positive electrode 11, and a negative electrode bonded to the negative electrode 12. It consists of leads 21.
- the negative electrode 12 is formed with a size slightly larger than that of the positive electrode 11 in order to suppress lithium deposition. That is, the negative electrode 12 is formed longer than the positive electrode 11 in the longitudinal direction and the short direction (vertical direction).
- the two separators 13 are formed so as to be at least one size larger than the positive electrode 11, and are disposed so as to sandwich the positive electrode 11, for example.
- Insulating plates 18 and 19 are arranged above and below the electrode body 14, respectively.
- the positive electrode lead 20 attached to the positive electrode 11 extends to the sealing body 17 side through the through hole of the insulating plate 18, and the negative electrode lead 21 attached to the negative electrode 12 passes outside the insulating plate 19.
- the positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the lower surface of the filter 23 which is the bottom plate of the sealing body 17 by welding or the like, and the cap 27 which is the top plate of the sealing body 17 electrically connected to the filter 23 serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 21 is connected to the bottom inner surface of the outer can 16 by welding or the like, and the outer can 16 serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- the outer can 16 is, for example, a bottomed cylindrical metal container.
- a gasket 28 is provided between the outer can 16 and the sealing body 17 to seal the internal space of the battery case 15.
- the outer can 16 has a grooving portion 22 that supports the sealing body 17 formed by pressing a side surface portion from the outside, for example.
- the grooving portion 22 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the outer can 16, and supports the sealing body 17 on its upper surface. Further, the upper end portion of the outer can 16 is bent inward and crimped to the peripheral edge portion of the sealing body 17.
- the sealing body 17 has a structure in which a filter 23, a lower valve body 24, an insulating member 25, an upper valve body 26, and a cap 27 are laminated in this order from the electrode body 14 side.
- Each member which comprises the sealing body 17 has disk shape or a ring shape, for example, and each member except the insulating member 25 is electrically connected mutually.
- the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 are connected to each other at the center, and an insulating member 25 is interposed between the peripheral edges.
- the positive electrode 11 includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the positive electrode 11 such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- An example of the positive electrode current collector is a metal foil of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a thickness of 10 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode mixture layer includes a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder, and is preferably formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector. The thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer is, for example, 30 to 100 ⁇ m on one side of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode 11 is formed by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and the like onto a positive electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and then compressing the positive electrode mixture layer to form a positive electrode current collector. It can be produced by forming on both sides of the body.
- the positive electrode 11 has a lithium metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- the lithium metal composite oxide is a composite oxide containing Li and a metal element such as Co, Mn, Ni, and Al.
- the metal elements constituting the lithium metal composite oxide include Mg, Al, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Y, Zr, Sn, and Sb. , W, Pb, and Bi. Among these, it is preferable to include at least one selected from Co, Ni, Mn, and Al.
- Examples of the conductive material include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, and graphene.
- the content of the conductive material is, for example, 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- Examples of the binder include fluorine-containing resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide, acrylic resin, and polyolefin. These resins may be used in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO), and the like.
- the content of the binder is, for example, 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium metal composite oxide includes first composite oxide particles and second composite oxide particles.
- the first composite oxide particles are secondary particles obtained by agglomerating primary particles having an average particle diameter of 50 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 100 nm to 3 ⁇ m.
- the first composite oxide particles have primary particle grain boundaries.
- the second composite oxide particles are non-aggregated particles having an average particle size of 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m and do not have primary particle grain boundaries.
- the primary particles constituting the first composite oxide particles can be confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the average particle size of the primary particles is obtained by randomly selecting 100 primary particles in the SEM image of the first composite oxide particles, measuring the diameter of the circumscribed circle of each particle, and averaging the measured values. Is required.
- the first composite oxide particles are secondary particles obtained by aggregating primary particles.
- the plurality of primary particles constituting the first composite oxide particles are scattered even when a strong force is applied, such as during pulverization after the synthesis of the first composite oxide particles or during preparation of the positive electrode mixture slurry. They are firmly attached to each other with inadequate strength.
- the second composite oxide particles are preferably primary particles made of, for example, a single crystal. The crystallinity of the first and second composite oxide particles can be confirmed using a scanning ion microscope.
- the average particle size of the first composite oxide particles (secondary particles) is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the second composite oxide particles is preferably 2 to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably 3 to 18 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the first and second composite oxide particles is 50% of the volume integrated value in the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measuring apparatus (for example, LA-750 manufactured by HORIBA). Means particle size (also called median diameter, or 50% volume average particle size).
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode 11 decreases as the ratio of the second composite oxide particles to the first composite oxide particles increases (see FIG. 4 described later). That is, the initial charge / discharge efficiency when only the second composite oxide particles are used is, for example, 80 to 85%, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency when only the first composite oxide particles are used (for example, 93 ⁇ 97%). This is presumably because, as described above, since the surface area of the second composite oxide particles is small and the distance from the particle surface to the particle center is long, lithium does not return to the particle center during discharge.
- the second composite oxide particles can be synthesized by the method described in Examples described later. For example, compared with the case of synthesizing the first composite oxide particles, the pH of the alkaline aqueous solution used when synthesizing the precursor (metal composite hydroxide) containing Ni, Co, Mn, Al, etc. is increased, The second composite oxide particles can be synthesized by increasing the firing temperature of the precursor.
- the main component means the component having the largest mass among the components constituting the first composite oxide particles (the same applies to the second composite oxide particles).
- the second composite oxide particles are preferably composed of a lithium metal composite oxide having a hexagonal crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m.
- the content of the second composite oxide particles is 10 to 75% by weight, preferably 15 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles.
- the content is preferably 20 to 55% by mass.
- the positive electrode 11 may have only the first and second composite oxide particles as the positive electrode active material, and may have other components as long as the object of the present disclosure is not impaired.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode 11 is obtained by using a mixture of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles mixed at a predetermined ratio as the positive electrode active material. Is lower than the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode 12. In other words, the mixing ratio of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles is adjusted so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode 11 is lower than the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode 12.
- the negative electrode 12 has graphite as a negative electrode active material.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential with respect to the charging depth of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10.
- FIG. 5 showing the relationship between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential with respect to the depth of charge (SOC) of a conventional nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is appropriately referred to. 2 and 5, (a) shows the initial cycle state of the battery, and (b) shows the state after the elapse of a predetermined cycle.
- the discharge capacity is regulated by the negative electrode.
- the discharge capacity is regulated by the positive electrode 12.
- the negative electrode In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a lithium metal composite oxide for the positive electrode, particularly a hexagonal type lithium metal composite oxide belonging to space group R-3m, and graphite for the negative electrode, the negative electrode In general, the amount of side reaction is larger than the amount of side reaction at the positive electrode. As shown in FIG. 5, the relative position of the negative electrode with respect to the positive electrode shifts to the right as the charge / discharge cycle progresses due to the difference in the amount of side reaction between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In the conventional general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, since the regulation electrode for the discharge capacity is the negative electrode, the battery capacity is reduced by the amount that the relative position of the negative electrode with respect to the positive electrode is shifted to the right.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 since the regulating electrode of the discharge capacity is the positive electrode 11, the battery capacity is as long as the discharge end of the negative electrode 12 does not shift to the position of the discharge end of the positive electrode 11 as shown in FIG. The decrease in is apparently zero. For this reason, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 is excellent in cycle characteristics.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 when a portion where the potential near the negative electrode discharge edge suddenly rises is used for charging / discharging, for example, excessive destruction and regeneration of the coating film on the negative electrode surface may occur, leading to deformation of the electrode body due to expansion of the negative electrode.
- the said part since the said part is not used for charging / discharging, the further improvement of cycling characteristics can be anticipated.
- the initial charge and discharge efficiencies of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are obtained when a battery having a lithium metal as a counter electrode is prepared for each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and charging and discharging are performed at a predetermined current value (for example, 0.03 mA / cm 2 ) It can be calculated from the ratio between the charge capacity and the discharge capacity.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency is obtained by measuring the charge / discharge capacity at the first cycle, but the negative electrode potential is also 0.25 V (vs) for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has been charged / discharged for one cycle or more. .Li / Li + ) or less, it can be regarded that the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode ⁇ the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the content of the second composite oxide particles and the density of the positive electrode mixture layer with respect to the total mass of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles. Since the second composite oxide particles are harder and poorer in packing than the first composite oxide particles, as the amount of the second composite oxide particles increases, that is, as shown in FIG. As the amount of composite oxide particles decreases, the density of the positive electrode mixture layer tends to decrease. In order to achieve a high energy density design that meets market needs, it is desirable to ensure a positive electrode mixture layer density of 3.2 g / cc or more. For this reason, the content of the second composite oxide particles is preferably 75% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the content of the second composite oxide particles and the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode with respect to the total mass of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode tends to decrease as the amount of the second composite oxide particles increases, that is, as the amount of the first composite oxide particles decreases. Since the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode using graphite is generally around 90%, the content of the second composite oxide particles should be 10% by mass or more with respect to the mass of the lithium metal composite oxide. Is preferred.
- the negative electrode 12 includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 12 such as copper, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- An example of the negative electrode current collector is a copper or copper alloy metal foil having a thickness of 5 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode mixture layer includes a negative electrode active material and a binder, and is preferably formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector. The thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer is, for example, 30 to 100 ⁇ m on one side of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode 12 is formed by applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, etc. on a negative electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and then compressing the negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the negative electrode current collector. It can produce by forming to.
- the negative electrode 12 has graphite as a negative electrode active material.
- the graphite may be natural graphite or artificial graphite, and a plurality of types may be used in combination.
- the negative electrode 12 having graphite generally has an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 88 to 94%. In other words, it is preferable to use graphite in which the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode 12 is 88 to 94% as the negative electrode active material.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode 12 can be measured by the same method as the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode 11.
- the negative electrode 12 may have a negative electrode active material other than graphite, such as a metal compound containing Si, Sn, or the like, as long as the object of the present disclosure is not impaired.
- fluorine-containing resins such as PTFE and PVdF, PAN, polyimide, acrylic resin, polyolefin, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and the like can be used.
- CMC or its salt, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or its salt, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), etc. may be contained in the negative electrode compound material layer.
- the content of the binder is, for example, 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material.
- the separator 13 a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the material of the separator polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator 13 may have a single layer structure or may have a laminated structure. Moreover, a resin layer having high heat resistance such as an aramid resin may be formed on the surface of the separator 13.
- a filler layer containing an inorganic filler may be formed on the interface between the separator 13 and at least one of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12.
- inorganic fillers include oxides containing metal such as Ti, Al, Si, and Mg, and phosphoric acid compounds.
- the filler layer can be formed by applying a slurry containing the filler to the surface of the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, or the separator 13.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, amides such as dimethylformamide, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- halogen-substituted product examples include fluorinated cyclic carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), fluorinated chain carbonates, and fluorinated chain carboxylates such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylates
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylates
- FMP methyl fluoropropionate
- esters examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl propyl carbonate.
- Chain carbonates such as ethyl propyl carbonate and methyl isopropyl carbonate
- cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL), methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate (MP )
- chain carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl propionate.
- cyclic ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -Dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineol, crown ether and the like.
- chain ethers examples include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, Pentylphenyl ether, methoxytoluene, benzylethyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, o-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, 1 , 1-dimethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrae
- Examples include tylene glycol dimethyl
- the electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (P (C 2 O 4) F 4), LiPF 6-x (C n F 2n + 1 ) x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, n is 1 or 2), LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, lithium chloroborane, lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate, Li 2 B Borates such as 4 O 7 and Li (B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ), LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 1 F 2l + 1 SO 2 ) (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2 ) ⁇ l , M is an integer of 0 or more ⁇ and the like.
- lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- LiPF 6 is preferably used from the viewpoints of ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, and the like.
- concentration of the lithium salt is, for example, 0.8 mol to 1.8 mol per liter of the nonaqueous solvent.
- Example 1 [Synthesis of first composite oxide particles] Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate were mixed at a predetermined ratio and uniformly mixed in an alkaline aqueous solution having a pH of 9 to 10 to prepare a precursor. Next, the precursor and lithium carbonate are mixed, baked at a temperature of 950 ° C. for 10 hours, and then pulverized to obtain first composite oxide particles that are secondary particles formed by aggregation of the primary particles. It was.
- the composition and average particle size of the particles are as follows. Composition: LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 Average primary particle size: 1.6 ⁇ m Average particle diameter of secondary particles (first composite oxide particles): 14.1 ⁇ m
- Second composite oxide particles that are non-aggregated particles in the same manner as in the case of the first composite oxide particles, except that the pH in the alkaline aqueous solution was changed to 10 to 11 and the firing temperature was changed to 1000 ° C. Got.
- the composition of the particles and the average particle size are as follows. Composition: LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 Average particle size: 4.5 ⁇ m
- the positive electrode active material As the positive electrode active material, a mixture of the first composite oxide particles and the second composite oxide particles at a mass ratio of 1: 1 was used. 95 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, 2 parts by mass of acetylene black (AB), and 3 parts by mass of PVdF were mixed, and an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was added to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry. Prepared. Next, the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m by a doctor blade method, and the coating film was dried.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the coated film is compressed by using a roll press machine so that the thickness of the positive electrode becomes 150 ⁇ m, cut to a predetermined electrode size, and a positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture layer is formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector is produced. did.
- the negative electrode active material graphite powder having an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 90% was used.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector made of a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m by a doctor blade method, and the coating film was dried.
- the coating film is compressed using a roll press machine so that the thickness of the negative electrode becomes 150 ⁇ m, cut to a predetermined electrode size, and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode mixture layer is formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector is produced. did.
- Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were mixed at a volume ratio (25 ° C.) of 1: 1: 4: 4.
- LiPF 6 was dissolved to a concentration of 1.4 mol / L to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the produced battery was evaluated by the following method. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- the discharge capacity was measured, and the relative value when the discharge capacity of the battery of Comparative Example 1 was set to 100 was calculated.
- the charge / discharge conditions for measuring the discharge capacity are as follows. First, charging was performed at a constant current of 1150 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.1 V, and charging was performed at a constant voltage of 4.1 V until the current value reached 46 mA. After a 10-minute pause, discharging was performed at a constant current of 1150 mA until the battery voltage reached 3.0V. The temperature during charging and discharging was 25 ° C.
- Example 1 A positive electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the first composite oxide particles were used as the positive electrode active material, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 2 A positive electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the second composite oxide particles were used as the positive electrode active material, and the performance evaluation was performed.
- the batteries of the examples have high battery capacity and capacity maintenance rate, high energy density, and long life.
- the battery of Comparative Example 1 has a high energy density because of good filling properties of the positive electrode active material and a high composite layer density, but the capacity retention rate is 90%, which is inferior in cycle characteristics. Since the battery of Comparative Example 1 has a capacity regulating electrode that is a negative electrode, this result is considered to be caused by a decrease in capacity due to deterioration of the negative electrode. Further, in the battery of Comparative Example 2, the capacity was reduced by 10% compared to the battery of Comparative Example 1.
- the first and second composite oxide particles are used in combination as the lithium metal composite oxide, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode is less than the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode. It can be seen that both characteristics can be achieved.
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、正極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された正極合材層とを備える。正極集電体には、アルミニウムなどの正極11の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極集電体の一例は、厚みが10~20μmのアルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金の金属箔である。正極合材層は、正極活物質、導電材、及び結着材を含み、正極集電体の両面に形成されることが好ましい。正極合材層の厚みは、例えば正極集電体の片側で30~100μmである。正極11は、正極集電体上に正極活物質、導電材、結着材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して正極合材層を正極集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
負極12は、負極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層とを備える。負極集電体には、銅などの負極12の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極集電体の一例は、厚みが5~15μmの銅又は銅合金の金属箔である。負極合材層は、負極活物質、及び結着材を含み、負極集電体の両面に形成されることが好ましい。負極合材層の厚みは、例えば負極集電体の片側で30~100μmである。負極12は、負極集電体上に負極活物質、結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して負極合材層を負極集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
セパレータ13には、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造であってもよく、積層構造を有していてもよい。また、セパレータ13の表面には、アラミド樹脂等の耐熱性の高い樹脂層が形成されていてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含む。非水溶媒には、例えばエステル類、エーテル類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類、及びこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒等を用いることができる。非水溶媒は、これら溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。ハロゲン置換体としては、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)等のフッ素化環状炭酸エステル、フッ素化鎖状炭酸エステル、フルオロプロピオン酸メチル(FMP)等のフッ素化鎖状カルボン酸エステルなどが挙げられる。サイクル特性向上の観点から、FEC、FMP等のフッ素系溶媒を用いることは好適である。フッ素系溶媒の含有量は、非水溶媒の体積に対して30~50体積%(25℃)が好ましい。
[第1の複合酸化物粒子の合成]
硫酸ニッケルと、硫酸コバルトと、硫酸マンガンを所定の割合で混合し、pH9~10のアルカリ性水溶液中で均一に混合して前駆体を作製した。次に、当該前駆体と炭酸リチウムを混合し、950℃の温度で10時間焼成した後、粉砕することで、一次粒子が凝集してなる二次粒子である第1の複合酸化物粒子を得た。当該粒子の組成、平均粒径は下記の通りである。
組成:LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2
一次粒子の平均粒径:1.6μm
二次粒子(第1の複合酸化物粒子)の平均粒径:14.1μm
上記アルカリ性水溶液中のpHを10~11、焼成温度を1000℃にそれぞれ変更したこと以外は、第1の複合酸化物粒子の場合と同様にして、非凝集粒子である第2の複合酸化物粒子を得た。当該粒子の組成、及び平均粒径は下記の通りである。
組成:LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2
平均粒径:4.5μm
正極活物質として、上記第1の複合酸化物粒子と上記第2の複合酸化物粒子を1:1の質量比で混合したものを用いた。95質量部の正極活物質と、2質量部のアセチレンブラック(AB)と、3質量部のPVdFとを混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えて、正極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該正極合材スラリーを厚みが15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面にドクターブレード法で塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた。続いて、正極の厚みが150μmとなるようにロールプレス機を用いて塗膜を圧縮し、所定の電極サイズに切り取って、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を作製した。
負極活物質として、初期充放電効率が90%の黒鉛粉末を用いた。96質量部の負極活物質と、2質量部のカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC-Na)と、2質量部のスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)のディスパージョンとを混合し、水を適量加えて、負極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該負極合材スラリーを厚みが10μmの銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面にドクターブレード法で塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた。続いて、負極の厚みが150μmとなるようにロールプレス機を用いて塗膜を圧縮し、所定の電極サイズに切り取って、負極集電体の両面に負極合材層が形成された負極を作製した。
フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)と、エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を、1:1:4:4の体積比(25℃)で混合した。当該混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.4mol/Lの濃度となるように溶解させて非水電解質を調製した。
上記正極にアルミニウムリードを、上記負極にニッケルリードをそれぞれ取り付け、厚みが16μmのポリエチレン製のセパレータを介して正極及び負極を渦巻き状に巻回することにより、巻回型の電極体を作成した。当該電極体を有底円筒形状の外装缶に収容し、外装缶に上記非水電解質を注入した後、外装缶の開口部を封口して、外径18mm、高さ65mmの18650型、電池容量2300mAhの円筒形二次電池を作製した。
ロールプレス機を用いて線圧30000N/mで正極を圧縮した後、正極の厚みと重量を測定して正極合材層の密度を算出した。
2cm×2cmの正方形に切り出した正極を用い、リチウム金属を対極として、コイン型電池を作製した。0.03mA/cm2の電流値で電池を充放電し、充電容量と放電容量の比率から正極の初期充放電効率を算出した。
放電容量を測定し、比較例1の電池の放電容量を100としたときの相対値を算出した。放電容量を測定する際の充放電条件は次の通りである。まず、1150mAの定電流で電池電圧が4.1Vになるまで充電を行い、4.1Vの定電圧で電流値が46mAになるまで充電を行った。10分間の休止後、1150mAの定電流で電池電圧が3.0Vになるまで放電を行った。充放電時の温度は25℃とした。
放電容量を測定する際の充放電条件と同じ条件の充放電を300サイクル行い、1サイクル目の放電容量に対する300サイクル目の放電容量の比率(容量維持率)を算出した。放電後の休止時間は20分とした。
温度:25℃
充電(CCCV):1150mA×4.1V、46mAカット、充電後休止時間10分
放電(CC):460mA×3.0V、放電後休止時間20分
正極活物質として、上記第1の複合酸化物粒子のみを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極及び非水電解質二次電池を作製し、上記評価を行った。
正極活物質として、上記第2の複合酸化物粒子のみを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極及び非水電解質二次電池を作製し、上記性能評価を行った。
Claims (4)
- リチウム金属複合酸化物を有する正極と、黒鉛を有する負極と、を備えた非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、平均粒径が50nm~5μmの一次粒子が凝集してなる二次粒子である第1の複合酸化物粒子と、平均粒径が2μm~20μmの非凝集粒子である第2の複合酸化物粒子とを含み、
前記正極の初期充放電効率が、前記負極の初期充放電効率よりも低いことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記第2の複合酸化物粒子は、LiNixCoyMnzO2(0.3<x<0.6、x+y+z=1)を主成分として構成される、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記第2の複合酸化物粒子の含有量は、前記第1の複合酸化物粒子と前記第2の複合酸化物粒子の合計質量に対して10~75質量%である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記第1の複合酸化物粒子は、LiNixCoyMnzO2(0.3<x<0.6、x+y+z=1)、又はLiNixCoyAlzO2(0.8<x<0.95、x+y+z=1)を主成分として構成される、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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| JPWO2022114219A1 (ja) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-06-02 | ||
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| JP7456671B2 (ja) | 2020-03-18 | 2024-03-27 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | リチウム二次電池用正極材、これを含む正極及びリチウム二次電池 |
| US12362348B2 (en) | 2020-03-18 | 2025-07-15 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Positive electrode material for lithium secondary battery, and positive electrode and lithium secondary battery which include the same |
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| WO2023276479A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-30 | 2023-01-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極および非水電解質二次電池 |
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| JP2023091566A (ja) * | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-30 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 正極およびこれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP7503536B2 (ja) | 2021-12-20 | 2024-06-20 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 正極活物質、およびこれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
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| JP2024050506A (ja) * | 2022-09-29 | 2024-04-10 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | 複合正極活物質、それを採用した正極とリチウム電池、及びその製造方法 |
| JP7769672B2 (ja) | 2022-09-29 | 2025-11-13 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | 複合正極活物質、それを採用した正極とリチウム電池、及びその製造方法 |
| WO2024225278A1 (ja) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-10-31 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 正極および二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US11888147B2 (en) | 2024-01-30 |
| US20210050588A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
| EP3758122B1 (en) | 2025-11-05 |
| EP3758122A4 (en) | 2021-05-26 |
| CN111868993A (zh) | 2020-10-30 |
| EP3758122A1 (en) | 2020-12-30 |
| JPWO2019163483A1 (ja) | 2021-02-04 |
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