WO2019044338A1 - 非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法、及び該正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法、及び該正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- lithium nickel composite oxide represented by lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ) manganese together with lithium cobalt composite oxide represented by lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), manganese Lithium manganese composite oxides represented by lithium oxide (LiMnO 2 ) are widely used.
- lithium cobaltate is expensive because the amount of reserve is small, and there is a problem that cobalt is contained as a main component, which is unstable in supply and large in price fluctuation.
- lithium nickel composite oxide or lithium manganese composite oxide containing relatively inexpensive nickel or manganese as a main component is attracting attention from the viewpoint of cost.
- lithium manganate is superior in thermal stability to lithium cobaltate, its charge and discharge capacity is very small compared to other materials, and its charge and discharge cycle characteristics showing a life are also very short.
- lithium nickel oxide is expected as a positive electrode active material which can produce a battery with high energy density at low cost, since lithium nickel oxide exhibits a charge / discharge capacity larger than lithium cobaltate.
- the lithium nickelate is usually produced by mixing and calcining a lithium compound and a nickel compound such as nickel hydroxide or nickel oxyhydroxide, and the shape thereof is a powder or primary particles in which primary particles are monodispersed.
- the powder is a powder of secondary particles having voids which are aggregates, it has a disadvantage that the thermal stability in a charged state is inferior to lithium cobaltate. That is, pure lithium nickel oxide has problems in thermal stability, charge / discharge cycle characteristics and the like, and can not be used as a practical battery. This is because the stability of the crystal structure in the charged state is lower than that of lithium cobaltate.
- Patent Document 1 as the positive electrode active material, composed of Li a M b Ni c Co d O e (M is Al, Mn, Sn, In, Fe, V, Cu, Mg, Ti, Zn, Mo group And at least one metal selected from the following: 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.3, 0.02 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0.02 ⁇ d / c + d ⁇ 0.9, 1.8 ⁇ e ⁇ 2.
- Non-aqueous batteries using a range of 2 and further using b + c + d 1) have been proposed.
- a ⁇ B / 40 (wherein, A represents a water unit expressed as a minute unit, B is g / g)
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is proposed, in which the slurry concentration of the calcined powder is represented by the unit of L) and then filtered and dried.
- Patent Document 3 the general formula Li z Ni 1-x-y Co x M y O 2 ( however, 0.10 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.35,0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.35,0.97 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.20, M is a primary particle represented by Mn, V, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ti, and at least one element selected from Al and a secondary particle formed by aggregation of the primary particle
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has been proposed in which the primary particle surface of the lithium metal composite oxide powder has fine particles containing W and Li.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode active material has a low nickel ratio, and a further increase in capacity is desired.
- nickel ratio is increased, it is also necessary to study thermal stability. Therefore, although various lithium-nickel composite oxides in which part of nickel is replaced with another substance have been developed, at present, there is a demand for higher capacity and higher power when adopted for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- the positive electrode active material which consists of lithium nickel complex oxide which can respond sufficiently is not obtained.
- the present invention is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of achieving both high capacity and high output when it is used as a positive electrode material, and high using this positive electrode active material.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having high capacity, high output and high safety.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material which can easily produce the above positive electrode active material even on an industrial scale.
- the inventors of the present invention have intensively studied the powder properties of lithium metal composite oxide used as a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and the effect on the positive electrode resistance of the battery.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound are formed on the primary particle surface constituting the lithium nickel composite oxide, it has been found that it is possible to achieve both high capacity and high output.
- the manufacturing method controlling the calcination temperature after mixing a nickel compound and a lithium compound in a specific range, adding an aluminum compound and a tungsten compound to a lithium nickel complex oxide in a wet state and performing heat treatment
- the inventors have found that the formation of the above LiAl compound and LiW compound is possible, and the present invention has been completed.
- the first invention of the present invention at least the general formula: Li z Ni 1-x- y Co x M y O 2 (0.95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.03,0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20,0 ⁇ Lithium-nickel composite represented by y ⁇ 0.10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is at least one element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo)
- Primary electrode of oxide and secondary particle formed by aggregating the primary particle, and having a LiAl compound and a LiW compound on the surface of the primary particle A positive electrode active for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery It is a substance.
- the amount of Al contained in the LiAl compound is 0 with respect to the total number of atoms of Ni, Co and M contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide of the primary particles in the first aspect. It is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by having .01 to 0.50 atomic percent.
- the third invention of the present invention is the amount of W contained in the LiW compound relative to the total number of atoms of Ni, Co and M contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide of the primary particles in the first and second inventions. And 0.05 to 0.30 atomic%, which is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the LiAl compound in the first to third inventions is selected from the group consisting of LiAl 2 (OH) 7 .xH 2 O, LiH (AlO 2 ) 2 5H 2 O, LiAlO 2 Or a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by at least one selected from the group consisting of
- the LiW compound in the first to fourth inventions is selected from the group consisting of (Li 2 WO 4 ) 7 (H 2 O) 4 , Li 2 WO 4 , Li 4 WO 5 Or a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by at least one selected from the group consisting of
- the crystallite diameter calculated from the peak of (003) plane in X-ray diffraction (XRD) is 1350 to 1500 ⁇ .
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- a seventh invention of the present invention is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries containing a lithium-nickel composite oxide, which comprises the following steps (A) to (D): It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries characterized by including the process order of D).
- Li z Ni 1 -xy Co x M y O 2 (wherein 0.98 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.05, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is at least one element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo)
- a step of preparing a sintered powder of a lithium-nickel composite oxide which is represented and which comprises a primary particle and a secondary particle formed by aggregating the primary particle.
- (B) A slurry is formed such that the amount of the calcined powder of the lithium nickel composite oxide is 1000 g to 2000 g per 1 L of water, and the calcined powder of the lithium nickel composite oxide prepared in the step (A) is Process of washing with water to make a washed cake.
- (C) adding and mixing an aluminum compound and a tungsten compound to the wash cake in the step (B).
- D) A mixture of the fired powder of the lithium nickel composite oxide, the aluminum compound, and the tungsten compound prepared in the step (C) is heat-treated to form a LiAl compound and a LiW compound, the firing of the lithium nickel composite oxide Forming on the primary particle surface of the powder.
- the amount of Al contained in the aluminum compound is 0.01, relative to the total number of Ni, Co and M atoms contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide in the seventh aspect. It is a production method of a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by having an atomic ratio of ⁇ 0.50 atomic%.
- the amount of W contained in the tungsten compound is the total number of atoms of Ni, Co and M contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide in the seventh and eighth aspects, It is a production method of a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by having 0.05 to 0.30 atomic%.
- the tenth invention of this invention is characterized in that the heat treatment in the steps (D) of the seventh to ninth invention is carried out at 100 to 600 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for batteries.
- An eleventh aspect of the present invention is the nickel composite hydroxide according to any of the seventh to tenth aspects, a nickel composite hydroxide, a nickel oxy composite hydroxide obtained by oxidizing the nickel composite hydroxide with an oxidizing agent, A nickel composite oxide obtained by oxidizing and calcining a nickel oxy composite hydroxide at a temperature of 500 to 750 ° C., and a nickel composite oxide obtained by oxidizing and calcining the nickel composite hydroxide at a temperature of 500 to 750 ° C.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte characterized in that it is any one of a nickel composite oxide obtained by subjecting a mixture of the nickel composite hydroxide and the nickel oxy composite hydroxide to oxidation calcination at a temperature of 500 to 750 ° C. It is a manufacturing method of the quality of cathode active material for rechargeable batteries.
- the lithium compound in the seventh to eleventh invention is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, oxide, carbonate, nitrate and halide. It is a manufacturing method of the quality of cathode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries characterized by being a seed.
- the amount of lithium in the lithium compound relative to the total amount of all the metal elements in the nickel compound is 0.98 in molar ratio
- the water washing temperature during water washing is adjusted to 10 to 40 ° C. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material.
- the fifteenth invention of the present invention is a method of producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein the aluminum compound in the seventh to fourteenth inventions is aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide. .
- the sixteenth invention of the present invention is the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein the tungsten compound in the seventh to fifteenth inventions is tungsten oxide or tungstic acid.
- the seventeenth invention of the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by having a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of the first to sixth inventions. .
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery when used as a positive electrode material of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, can be made compatible with high capacity and high output, and is also excellent in safety. can get. Furthermore, the production method is easy and suitable for production on an industrial scale, and its industrial value is extremely large.
- the present invention will first be described for the positive electrode active material of the present invention, and then a method for producing the same and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter simply referred to as positive electrode active material) has at least a general formula: Li z Ni 1 -x-y Co x M y O 2 (0.95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.03, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Non-aqueous system including primary particles of lithium nickel composite oxide represented by V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo) and secondary particles formed by aggregation of the primary particles It is a positive electrode active material for an electrolyte secondary battery, and is characterized by having a particulate LiAl compound and a LiW compound on the surface of its primary particles.
- the lithium nickel composite oxide is a base material for forming particulate LiAl compounds and LiW compounds on the surface of primary particles
- the positive electrode active material described below has a primary that has LiAl compounds and LiW compounds on the surface. It means a combination of particles and secondary particles formed by aggregation of the primary particles.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is a lithium nickel composite oxide is a layered compound of at least hexagonal, the general formula: Li z Ni 1-x- y Co x M y O 2 (0.95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1 .03, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo In at least one element), (1-x-y) indicating the content of nickel (Ni) is 0.80 or more and less than 1.
- the higher the nickel content the higher the capacity when used as a positive electrode active material becomes possible, but if the content of nickel is too high, sufficient thermal stability can not be obtained.
- cation mixing in which a metal element such as Ni is mixed in the lithium layer tends to easily occur.
- the capacity decreases, and problems such as a sufficient capacity per battery volume can not be obtained even if the filling property of the positive electrode is increased.
- the nickel content of the lithium nickel composite oxide in the positive electrode active material of the present invention is preferably 0.80 or more and 0.98 or less, more preferably 0.85 or more and 0.950 or less, and 0.86 or more. 0.95 or less is more preferable.
- the content of cobalt (Co), x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, preferably 0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15, and more preferably 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.12.
- the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material can be improved by increasing the cobalt content, but when the cobalt content exceeds 0.20, it is difficult to increase the capacity of the positive electrode active material.
- y indicating the content of at least one element M selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo is 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10. 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.04, and more preferably 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.03.
- the crystallite diameter calculated from the peak of the (003) plane in X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be 1350 ⁇ or more, which is higher. Crystallinity provides excellent cycle characteristics and thermal stability.
- the upper limit of the crystallite diameter is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to set the upper limit to 1500 ⁇ if the manufacturing method described later is used for the positive electrode active material represented by the above general formula.
- the element M When the element M is not added, the effect of improving the battery characteristics due to high crystallinity can not be obtained. Moreover, in order to fully obtain the improvement effect of a battery characteristic, it is preferable to set y to 0.01 or more.
- a metal element such as Ni is mixed into the lithium layer in the layered compound to reduce the insertion and removal of Li, so the battery capacity decreases and the output characteristics deteriorate.
- z exceeds 1.03 Li is mixed in the metal layer in the layered compound, and the battery capacity is reduced. Therefore, the lithium content of the lithium nickel composite oxide in the positive electrode active material in the present invention is 0.95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.03 in order to improve the battery capacity and the output characteristics. 95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.01 is more preferable.
- LiAl compound and LiW Compound In general, when the surface of the positive electrode active material is completely covered with a foreign compound, lithium ion migration (intercalation) is greatly restricted, and as a result, the high capacity of the lithium nickel composite oxide is said to be The merit is lost.
- a compound containing aluminum (Al) and lithium (Li) hereinafter sometimes referred to as LiAl compound
- LiW compounds compounds
- these compounds have high lithium ion conductivity and have an effect of promoting migration of lithium ions. Therefore, by forming the compound on the surface of the primary particles, the conductive path of Li is formed at the interface with the electrolytic solution, thereby reducing the reaction resistance of the active material and improving the output characteristics. .
- the specific surface area decreases regardless of the thickness of the coating, so even if the coating has high lithium ion conductivity Also, the contact area with the electrolytic solution becomes small, which tends to lower the charge / discharge capacity and raise the reaction resistance.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound of the present invention lithium ion conduction can be effectively improved by making the contact area with the electrolytic solution sufficient, so that the decrease in charge / discharge capacity can be suppressed and the reaction resistance can be suppressed. Can be reduced.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound are in the form of particles, and are preferably formed to cover the surface of the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles. Further, by being in the form of particles, a sufficient contact area between the lithium nickel composite oxide particles and the electrolytic solution can be secured.
- the particle size of the particulate LiAl compound and LiW compound is preferably 1 to 100 nm. If the particle size is less than 1 nm, it may not have sufficient lithium ion conductivity. In addition, when the particle diameter exceeds 100 nm, the formation of the coating becomes uneven, and the reaction resistance reducing effect may not be sufficiently obtained.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of primary particles and secondary particles formed by aggregating primary particles.
- primary particles and secondary particles are also included with the secondary particles composed of the aggregation of primary particles and primary particles.
- the primary particle surface refers to the primary particle surface exposed on the outer surface of the secondary particle and the primary particle exposed in the vicinity of the surface and in the internal space of the secondary particle through which the electrolyte can permeate through the secondary particle outer surface. It includes the particle surface.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound on the entire primary particle surface, it is possible to further accelerate the movement of lithium ions and to further reduce the reaction resistance of the lithium nickel composite oxide particles.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound do not have to be completely formed on the entire surface of the primary particle, and may be in a dispersed state or even in a dispersed state, the lithium nickel composite oxide particles If the LiAl compound and the LiW compound are formed on the primary particle surface, the effect of reducing the reaction resistance can be obtained.
- the surface properties of such primary particles can be determined, for example, by observation with a field emission scanning electron microscope, and the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is made of lithium nickel composite oxide It is confirmed that the LiAl compound and the LiW compound are formed on the surface of the primary particles.
- the compound when the compound is formed unevenly among the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles, the movement of lithium ions among the particles becomes uneven, so that a load is applied to specific composite oxide particles, and the cycle characteristics It is likely to cause deterioration or rise in reaction resistance. Therefore, it is preferable that the compound be uniformly formed between the lithium nickel composite oxide particles.
- the LiAl compound may be any one containing Al and Li, but at least one selected from LiAl 2 (OH) 7 ⁇ xH 2 O, LiH (AlO 2 ) 2 ⁇ 5H 2 O, LiAlO 2 It is preferably in the form of seeds.
- LiAl compound in the form of particles having a particle size of 1 to 100 nm, the lithium ion conductivity is enhanced and the reaction resistance is reduced.
- the amount of aluminum contained in this compound is preferably 0.01 to 0.50 atomic% with respect to the total number of Ni, Co and M atoms contained in the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles. Thereby, high charge and discharge capacity and output characteristics can be compatible. If the amount of aluminum contained in the LiAl compound is less than 0.01 atomic percent, the improvement effect of the output characteristics may not be sufficiently obtained, and if the amount of aluminum exceeds 0.50 atomic percent, it is formed on the primary particle surface The amount of the LiAl compound is too large, the lithium conduction between the lithium nickel composite oxide particles and the electrolytic solution is inhibited, and the charge and discharge capacity may be reduced.
- the LiW compound may be any one containing W and Li, but at least one selected from (Li 2 WO 4 ) 7 (H 2 O) 4 , Li 2 WO 4 , Li 4 WO 5 It is preferably in the form of The LiW compound is formed into a particulate form having a particle diameter of 1 to 100 nm, thereby further increasing lithium ion conductivity and greatly reducing reaction resistance.
- the amount of tungsten contained in the LiW compound is preferably 0.05 to 0.30 atomic% with respect to the total number of Ni, Co and M atoms contained in the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles. Thereby, high charge and discharge capacity and output characteristics can be compatible. If the amount of tungsten contained in the LiW compound is less than 0.05 atomic percent, the improvement effect of the output characteristics may not be sufficiently obtained. If the amount of tungsten exceeds 0.30 atomic percent, a large amount of LiW compound is formed. In some cases, the lithium conduction between the lithium nickel composite oxide particles and the electrolytic solution is inhibited, and the charge and discharge capacity may be reduced.
- the amount of lithium contained in the compound is not particularly limited, and if lithium is contained in the compound, the lithium ion conductivity improving effect can be obtained, but an amount sufficient to form the LiAl compound and the LiW compound It is preferable to
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention contains the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles shown so far, and the average particle size thereof is preferably 8 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is less than 8 ⁇ m, the filling ability of the positive electrode when used as a positive electrode active material of the battery may be reduced, and the battery capacity per volume may be reduced.
- the average particle size exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the contact area between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution of the battery may be reduced, which may cause a decrease in battery capacity and output characteristics.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material of the present invention is preferably 8 to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8 to 17 ⁇ m, in order to enhance the filling property of the positive electrode while maintaining the battery capacity and output characteristics.
- the “average particle diameter” in the present invention is represented by the volume-based average particle diameter MV measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of primary particles of composite oxide particles as a base material thereof, and secondary particles formed by aggregation of primary particles.
- the contact with the above-mentioned electrolytic solution is not only the outer surface of the secondary particle constituted by aggregation of the primary particle, but also the void near the surface and inside of the secondary particle and further not good. It will occur even at perfect grain boundaries.
- the average particle diameter of the composite oxide particles according to the present invention is set to 8 to 20 ⁇ m. In the range of this average particle diameter, it is possible to make contact with electrolyte solution and filling property compatible.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material as measured by BET method is preferably in the range of 0.4 to 1.2 m 2 / g, and more preferably 0.4 to 1.0 m 2 / g.
- the contact with the electrolytic solution becomes an appropriate range, and the battery capacity and the output characteristics can be made higher.
- the specific surface area is less than 0.4 m 2 / g, the contact with the electrolyte may be too small, and if it exceeds 1.2 m 2 / g, the contact with the electrolyte may be too much Stability may be reduced.
- the porosity measured in cross-sectional observation of the secondary particles is preferably 0.5 to 4.0%, and more preferably 0.7 to 3.5%.
- the electrolytic solution can sufficiently penetrate to the inside of the secondary particles, and the battery capacity and the output characteristics can be further enhanced.
- the porosity exceeds 4.0% crystallinity may be insufficient and reaction resistance may be high.
- the porosity can be measured by observing an arbitrary cross section of the secondary particle using a scanning electron microscope and analyzing the image. For example, after embedding a plurality of secondary particles in a resin or the like and making it possible to observe cross-sections of the particles by cross-section polisher processing etc., arbitrary 20 pieces by "image analysis software: WinRoof 6.1.1” etc. With respect to the above secondary particles, the void area in the secondary particles is black, the dense portion in the secondary particle outline is white, and the total area of all particles is measured. [Black portion / (black portion + white portion The porosity can be determined by calculating the area ratio of.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material of the present invention is characterized by including the following steps (A) to (D) in the order of steps (A) to (D).
- (A) Firing Step a lithium mixture in which a nickel compound and a lithium compound are mixed is fired at a temperature range of 720 to 770 ° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere such as an oxygen atmosphere, and at least a general formula: Li z Ni 1-x-y Co x M y O 2 (where, 0.98 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.05, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is At least one element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo), and primary particles and secondary particles formed by aggregation of the primary particles It is a process of preparing the calcination powder of lithium nickel compound oxide containing.
- the nickel compound used in the firing step is a compound containing nickel, cobalt and at least one element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo as the additive element M. is there.
- a nickel compound nickel compound hydroxide and nickel oxy compound hydroxide can be used, for example.
- nickel complex oxide obtained by roasting nickel complex hydroxide or nickel oxy complex hydroxide is also possible to use as a nickel compound used as a raw material in a baking process.
- the nickel composite hydroxide used as the nickel compound is not particularly limited.
- nickel composite hydroxides obtained by crystallization methods such as coprecipitation method and homogeneous precipitation method can be used.
- the crystallization method a nickel composite hydroxide is obtained under various conditions, and the crystallization conditions are not particularly limited, but those obtained under the following conditions are preferable.
- the nickel composite hydroxide obtained by dropping an aqueous solution of a metal compound containing one kind of element and an aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion donor is preferable.
- the additive element M may be coprecipitated with nickel and cobalt, but after obtaining a hydroxide by crystallization, the additive element M may be coated with a metal compound containing the additive element M or an aqueous solution containing the metal compound A nickel composite hydroxide can also be obtained by impregnation.
- the nickel composite hydroxide obtained by the above crystallization method becomes a powder of high bulk density. Furthermore, such a high bulk density composite hydroxide is easy to obtain lithium nickel composite oxide particles having a small specific surface area after water washing after the firing step, so that the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries It becomes a nickel complex hydroxide suitable as a raw material of lithium nickel complex oxide used as.
- nickel hydroxide When nickel hydroxide is crystallized when the temperature of the reaction solution exceeds 60 ° C or the pH exceeds 14, the priority of nucleation in the solution is increased and crystal growth does not proceed, and only a fine powder is obtained. I can not do it.
- the nickel composite hydroxide when the nickel composite hydroxide is crystallized at a temperature of less than 40 ° C. or a pH of less than 10, generation of nuclei in the solution is small and crystal growth of particles becomes preferential, resulting in nickel composite water In the oxide, coarse particles may be mixed.
- the amount of metal ions remaining in the reaction solution may be increased to cause a compositional deviation.
- the nickel composite hydroxide in which such coarse particles are mixed or a compositional deviation occurs is used as a raw material, the battery characteristics of the obtained positive electrode active material are degraded. Therefore, when the nickel composite hydroxide used as the nickel compound in the firing step is obtained by the crystallization method, the reaction solution is maintained at 40 to 60.degree. C., and the reaction solution is maintained at a pH value of 25.degree. It is preferable to crystallize in the state maintained at 10-14.
- nickel oxy composite hydroxide As the nickel compound, it is possible to use a nickel oxy composite hydroxide as the nickel compound.
- the method for obtaining the nickel oxyhydroxide is not particularly limited, but one prepared by oxidizing the nickel composite hydroxide with an oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide water is preferable.
- the nickel oxy composite hydroxide obtained by this method becomes a powder of high bulk density.
- Such a high bulk density nickel oxy composite hydroxide is easy to obtain lithium nickel composite oxide particles having a small specific surface area after water washing treatment after the firing step, so that the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries It becomes a nickel oxy complex hydroxide suitable as a raw material of lithium nickel complex oxide used as.
- the firing step it is also possible to use a nickel composite oxide as the nickel compound.
- the method for obtaining the nickel composite oxide is not particularly limited, but the above-mentioned nickel composite hydroxide or nickel oxy composite hydroxide may be used in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of 500 to 750 ° C., more preferably 550 to 700 ° C. It is preferable to obtain it by oxidation roasting.
- the mixture of the nickel composite oxide and the nickel oxy composite hydroxide may be oxidized and roasted.
- the nickel composite oxide thus obtained is used, when the mixture mixed with the lithium compound is fired to obtain a lithium nickel composite oxide, Li in the lithium nickel composite oxide and a metal other than Li It is possible to stabilize the composition ratio of Then, when using lithium nickel complex oxide as a positive electrode active material, the advantage that high capacity and high output can be achieved is obtained.
- the nickel complex hydroxide or the nickel oxy complex hydroxide is oxidized and roasted, if the oxidation roasting temperature is less than 500 ° C., the conversion to the oxide such as the nickel complex hydroxide is incomplete Can be It is difficult to stabilize the composition of the lithium-nickel composite oxide obtained by using the nickel composite oxide which is incompletely converted to the oxide, and the composition is likely to become nonuniform during firing.
- nickel composite hydroxide or the like remains in the nickel composite oxide after the oxidation roasting, water vapor is generated at the time of firing to inhibit the reaction between the lithium compound and the nickel composite oxide, resulting in crystallinity The problem of falling may occur.
- the temperature of the oxidation roasting exceeds 750 ° C., the crystallinity of the obtained nickel composite oxide will be high, and the reactivity of the lithium compound and the nickel composite oxide in the subsequent step of calcination will be reduced. The crystallinity of the lithium-nickel composite oxide may be reduced.
- the nickel composite oxide causes rapid grain growth to form coarse nickel composite oxide particles, and the average particle diameter of the lithium nickel composite oxide obtained by mixing and firing the lithium compound becomes large. It may be too much.
- the nickel composite hydroxide or the nickel oxy composite hydroxide is oxidized and calcined in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a nickel composite oxide
- it is preferably 500 to 750 ° C., more preferably 550 to 700.
- the holding time at the oxidation roasting temperature is preferably 1 to 10 hours, and more preferably 2 to 6 hours. If it is less than 1 hour, the conversion to the oxide may be incomplete, and if it exceeds 10 hours, the crystallinity of the nickel composite oxide may be too high.
- the atmosphere for the oxidation roasting may be any oxidizing atmosphere, but in consideration of handling and cost, it is preferable to use an air atmosphere.
- the nickel composite hydroxide used as the nickel compound preferably has a content of sulfate radical (SO 4 2- ) of 0.1 to 0.4% by mass, and is 0.1 to 0.3% by mass. Is more preferred. This facilitates control of the crystallinity of the lithium-nickel composite oxide in the post-process firing. That is, by setting the content of sulfate groups to 0.1 to 0.4% by mass, the shrinkage of secondary particles due to the growth of primary particles at the time of firing can be made appropriate, so the porosity is also easy. Can be controlled.
- SO 4 2- sulfate radical
- the content of sulfate groups is less than 0.1% by mass, the progress of crystallization becomes too fast, primary particles grow and shrinkage of secondary particles becomes large, and the specific surface area and the porosity become too small.
- the content of the sulfate radical exceeds 0.4% by mass, the growth of primary particles is suppressed, so the specific surface area and the porosity become too large.
- the nickel oxy composite hydroxide and the nickel composite oxide obtained from the nickel composite hydroxide contain approximately the same amount of sulfate groups as the sulfate groups contained in the nickel composite hydroxide.
- a nickel oxy composite hydroxide obtained from the nickel composite hydroxide is preferably a nickel composite hydroxide obtained by a crystallization method, and at that time, a sulfate such as nickel sulfate is used as a raw material, and the sulfate radical is removed by sufficiently washing after crystallization. It is preferable to obtain a nickel composite hydroxide having a content of 1 to 0.4% by mass.
- the washing is preferably performed using an alkaline aqueous solution whose pH is adjusted to 11 to 13 at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the pH of the alkaline aqueous solution is less than 11, the content of sulfate may not be reduced to 0.1 to 0.4% by mass. Even if the pH of the alkaline aqueous solution exceeds 13, the effect of reducing the sulfate radical is not improved, and there is also a possibility that cations in the alkaline aqueous solution may remain as impurities.
- an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or a carbonate such as sodium carbonate is preferably used. After washing with an aqueous alkaline solution, washing with water is preferred.
- the lithium compound to be mixed with the nickel compound is not particularly limited, but at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, oxide, carbonate, nitrate and halide may be used preferable. When such a lithium compound is used, the advantage is obtained that no impurities remain after firing. It is more preferable to use a hydroxide of lithium having good reactivity with the nickel compound.
- the mixing ratio of the nickel compound and the lithium compound is not particularly limited, but the composition of lithium and metal elements other than lithium in the lithium-nickel composite oxide after firing may be in the mixture obtained by mixing the nickel compound and the lithium compound.
- the composition of is substantially maintained. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the amount of lithium in the lithium compound to be 0.98 to 1.05 in molar ratio with respect to the total amount of nickel and other metal elements in the nickel compound.
- the apparatus and method for mixing the nickel compound and the lithium compound are not particularly limited as long as they can be uniformly mixed.
- a dry mixer such as a V blender or a mixing granulator can be used.
- the lithium mixture in which the nickel compound and the lithium compound are mixed is calcined in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature range of 720 to 770 ° C., preferably at a temperature range of 730 to 760 ° C. If it bakes at the temperature which exceeds 500 degreeC, although lithium nickel complex oxide will be produced
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is easily broken due to phase transition due to charge and discharge.
- the growth of primary particles may be insufficient, and the specific surface area and the porosity may be too large.
- the crystallite diameter exceeds 1500 ⁇ and cation mixing tends to occur, the layered structure in the lithium nickel composite oxide crystal is broken, and lithium ion insertion and desorption Can be difficult.
- crystals of the lithium nickel composite oxide may be decomposed to form nickel oxide and the like.
- the composite oxide particles may be sintered to form coarse composite oxide particles, and the average particle diameter of the lithium nickel composite oxide may be too large. Furthermore, primary particles may grow and the specific surface area and the porosity may become too small.
- the lithium mixture is calcined at a calcination temperature of 720 to 770 ° C., preferably 730 to 760 ° C. Furthermore, it is preferable to bake so that the crystallite diameter calculated from the peak of (003) plane in X-ray diffraction (XRD) will be 1400 ⁇ or more. Further, the holding time at the baking temperature is preferably 1 to 6 hours, and more preferably 2 to 4 hours. If the holding time is less than 1 hour, crystallization may be insufficient and a highly crystalline positive electrode active material may not be obtained, and if it exceeds 6 hours, firing may proceed excessively to cause cation mixing.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- crystal water in the lithium compound can be removed, and the reaction can be uniformly performed in the temperature range in which the crystal growth of the lithium nickel composite oxide proceeds, so that the temperature is 400 to 600 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours, It is particularly preferable to bake at a temperature of 720 to 770 ° C. in two steps of 3 hours or more.
- a lithium-nickel composite oxide can be synthesized if it is an oxidizing atmosphere, but a mixed gas atmosphere of 18% by volume or more of oxygen and an inert gas or an oxygen atmosphere (oxygen concentration: 100% by volume) It is more preferable that the mixed gas atmosphere or the oxygen atmosphere has an oxygen concentration of 90% by volume or more. If the firing is performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 18% by volume or more, that is, an oxygen content higher than that of the air atmosphere, the reactivity between the lithium compound and the nickel compound can be increased. In order to further increase the reactivity to obtain a lithium-nickel composite oxide excellent in crystallinity, it is more preferable to use a mixed gas atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 90% by volume or more, and even more preferable to use an oxygen atmosphere.
- the apparatus and method for firing the lithium mixture are not particularly limited.
- an electric furnace that can be adjusted to a gas atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 18% by volume or more, such as an oxygen atmosphere or a dry air atmosphere subjected to dehumidification and decarbonation, a baking furnace such as a kiln, a tubular furnace or a pusher furnace it can.
- Li z Ni 1-x- y Co x M y O 2 ( however, 0.98 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.05,0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20,0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0 .10, x + y ⁇ 0.20, M is at least one element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr and Mo), and primary particles and primary particles are A calcined powder of lithium nickel composite oxide containing secondary particles composed by aggregation is prepared.
- the positive electrode active material obtained from this calcined product is used for the positive electrode of a battery, thermal stability and the like can be maintained, and further, lithium ion can be easily removed and inserted, thereby achieving high capacity and high output. It can be realized.
- z representing the lithium content of the sintered powder is less than 0.98
- the crystallinity of the sintered powder is reduced, and in the lithium nickel composite oxide after the water washing step, the molar ratio of lithium and a metal other than lithium is The ratio is less than 0.95, which causes a large decrease in battery capacity during charge and discharge cycles.
- z exceeds 1.05 a large amount of excess lithium compound is present on the surface of the sintered powder, and it becomes difficult to remove it by water washing.
- a positive electrode active material with insufficient removal of the excess lithium compound is used, not only a large amount of gas is generated when the battery is charged, but it is a powder exhibiting a high pH, and materials such as organic solvents used in electrode preparation And react with the gel to cause gelation of the slurry and cause problems. Furthermore, when the lithium content of the lithium nickel composite oxide in the positive electrode active material exceeds 1.01, and the obtained positive electrode active material is used as a positive electrode active material of the battery, the battery capacity decreases and the internal resistance of the positive electrode becomes large.
- the method for obtaining the fired powder is not particularly limited.
- a method of spray pyrolysis of a solution in which all the aqueous solutions containing the desired metal element are mixed and a method of pulverizing and mixing all compounds of the desired metal element by mechanical pulverization such as ball milling.
- a sintered powder of a lithium nickel composite oxide by the method described above.
- the water washing step is a step of washing the fired powder of the lithium nickel composite oxide obtained in the firing step. Specifically, a slurry is formed so as to be 1000 g to 2000 g of a baked powder with respect to 1 L of water, washed with water, filtered and dried to obtain a wet state of lithium nickel composite oxide powder (water washed powder) A cake (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a washed cake) is obtained.
- the water washing temperature during the water washing treatment is preferably adjusted to 10 to 40 ° C., more preferably 20 to 30 ° C.
- the impurities present on the surface of the sintered powder of the lithium nickel composite oxide are removed, and the amount of residual lithium such as lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide present on the surface relative to the whole powder is removed. It can be 0.10 mass% or less.
- the fired powder when the water washing temperature is less than 20 ° C., the fired powder can not be washed sufficiently, and a large amount of impurities attached to the surface of the fired powder may remain without being removed.
- the impurities remain on the surface of the fired powder as described above, the surface resistance of the obtained positive electrode active material is increased, and thus, when used as a positive electrode of a battery, the resistance value of the positive electrode is increased.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material becomes too small, the reactivity with the electrolytic solution decreases, and it is difficult to achieve high capacity and high output when used for the positive electrode of the battery.
- the amount of residual lithium present on the surface of the composite oxide particles exceeds 0.10% by mass, and gas generation tends to occur during high temperature storage when used as a battery.
- the amount (g) of the calcined powder to 1 L of water contained in the slurry is adjusted to 1000 to 2000 g, preferably 1200 to 1500 g. That is, the amount of fired powder in the slurry increases as the slurry concentration increases, but if it exceeds 2000 g / L, the viscosity of the slurry increases, which makes stirring difficult.
- the alkali concentration in the liquid of the slurry becomes high, the dissolution rate of the deposit adhering to the sintered powder becomes slow due to the equilibrium relation, and reattachment even if exfoliation of the deposit from the powder occurs It is difficult to remove impurities.
- the slurry concentration is less than 1000 g / L, the amount of lithium eluted from the surface of each particle into the slurry is large because the concentration is too dilute.
- the higher the nickel ratio the greater the lithium elution amount and the lower the lithium amount on the surface. For this reason, desorption of lithium from the crystal lattice of the lithium nickel composite oxide also occurs, and the crystal is easily broken. Therefore, when the obtained positive electrode active material is used for the positive electrode of the battery, the battery capacity is reduced.
- the time for washing the calcined powder with water is not particularly limited, but preferably about 5 to 60 minutes. If the washing time is short, impurities on the powder surface may not be sufficiently removed and may remain. On the other hand, even if the washing time is increased, the washing effect is not improved and the productivity is lowered.
- the water used to form the slurry is not particularly limited, but water of less than 10 ⁇ S / cm in electrical conductivity measurement is preferable, and 1 ⁇ S / cm in order to prevent deterioration of the battery performance due to the adhesion of impurities to the positive electrode active material. Water of cm or less is more preferred.
- the aluminum compound and tungsten compound to be used are not only the primary particle surface exposed to the outer surface of the secondary particle of the lithium nickel composite oxide particle, but also the grain boundary of the primary particle constituting the secondary particle and the inside of the secondary particle
- the compound is preferably a compound soluble in an alkaline aqueous solution containing lithium held by the mixture.
- the mixture is heated in the heat treatment step in the subsequent step, it is difficult to dissolve it in an alkaline aqueous solution at ordinary temperature, but it is dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution by heating at the heat treatment, or lithium nickel composite oxide particles Any material may be used as long as it reacts with the lithium compound on the surface to form and dissolve a LiAl compound and a LiW compound. Furthermore, since it is sufficient that the dissolved LiAl compound and LiW compound can penetrate to the primary particle surface inside the secondary particle, some of them may be in a solid state after mixing and further after heating.
- the aluminum compound and the tungsten compound do not contain lithium, and may be soluble in an alkaline aqueous solution containing lithium at the time of heating in the heat treatment step.
- the aluminum compound is preferably aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide or the like, and any form such as powder or gel can be used.
- the average particle size of the aluminum compound powder is preferably 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m. By setting it as such a range, it can be easily dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution containing lithium.
- the amount of aluminum contained as an aluminum compound in this mixture is 0.01 to 0.50 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and M contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide particles. Is more preferably 0.02 to 0.30 atomic percent, and still more preferably 0.05 to 0.20 atomic percent.
- the amount of aluminum derived from the aluminum compound contained in the LiAl compound and the LiW compound in the positive electrode active material after the heat treatment step can be made into a preferable range, and the high charge / discharge capacity and the output characteristics of the positive electrode active material are further compatible. be able to.
- the tungsten compound is preferably tungsten oxide, tungstic acid or the like, and a powdery form can be used.
- the average particle size of the tungsten compound powder is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m. By setting it as such a range, it can be easily dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution containing lithium.
- the amount of tungsten contained in this mixture is preferably 0.05 to 0.30 atomic% with respect to the total number of Ni, Co and M atoms contained in the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles. It is preferably 0.05 to 0.20 atomic percent, more preferably 0.10 to 0.20 atomic percent.
- the amount of tungsten contained in the LiAl compound and the LiW compound in the positive electrode active material after the heat treatment step can be set to a preferable range, and the high charge / discharge capacity and output characteristics of the positive electrode active material can be further compatible.
- a wash cake, an aluminum compound, and a tungsten compound it is preferable to perform mixing of a wash cake, an aluminum compound, and a tungsten compound at the temperature of 50 degrees C or less.
- the temperature is higher than 50 ° C., the amount of water in the mixture necessary to accelerate the reaction of the lithium compound with the aluminum compound and the tungsten compound may not be obtained by drying during mixing.
- a general mixer can be used. For example, a shaker mixer, a Loedige mixer, a Julia mixer, a V blender or the like may be used to sufficiently mix the lithium-nickel composite oxide to such an extent that the shape of the lithium-nickel composite oxide is not destroyed.
- (D) Heat Treatment Step a lithium nickel composite oxide in which aluminum and tungsten are dispersed on the surface of primary particles is heat treated to form a LiAl compound and a LiW compound on the surface of primary particles of lithium nickel composite oxide. It is a process of forming. As a result, a LiAl compound and a LiW compound are formed from the aluminum and tungsten supplied in the aluminum and tungsten addition steps and the lithium derived from the lithium nickel composite oxide, and the LiAl compound and LiW are formed on the primary particle surface of the lithium nickel composite oxide
- the positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries which has a compound is obtained.
- the heat treatment method is not particularly limited, but heat treatment at a temperature of 100 to 600 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere or vacuum atmosphere to prevent deterioration of the electrical characteristics when used as a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery Is preferred. If the heat treatment temperature is less than 100 ° C., the evaporation of water may not be sufficient, and the compound may not be formed sufficiently. On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature exceeds 600 ° C., the primary particles of the lithium-nickel composite oxide sinter and some of Al and W form a solid solution in the layered structure of the lithium-nickel composite oxide. Charge and discharge capacity may be reduced. In order to suppress such a decrease in charge and discharge capacity of the battery, the heat treatment temperature is more preferably 550 ° C. or less, and still more preferably 500 ° C. or less.
- the atmosphere during the heat treatment is preferably an oxidizing atmosphere such as an oxygen atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere to avoid reaction with moisture and carbonic acid in the atmosphere.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, but preferably 5 to 15 hours in order to sufficiently evaporate the water in the composite oxide particles to form a compound.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound formed on the surface of the lithium nickel composite oxide particles tend to be in the form of particles.
- the particle diameter of the particulate LiAl compound and LiW compound is preferably 1 to 100 nm.
- the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles are composed of primary particles and secondary particles in which the primary particles are aggregated, the contact between the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles and the electrolytic solution occurs on the primary particle surfaces.
- the LiAl compound and the LiW compound be formed on the primary particle surface.
- the primary particle surface refers to the primary particle surface exposed on the outer surface of the secondary particle and the void in the vicinity of and inside the surface of the secondary particle through which the electrolyte can permeate through the secondary particle outer surface. Containing primary particle surfaces.
- it is a grain boundary between primary particles it is included as long as the bonding of the primary particles is incomplete and the electrolyte can permeate.
- the lithium-nickel composite oxide particles it is preferable that particulate LiAl compounds and LiW compounds are formed on the surfaces of primary particles that can be in contact with the electrolytic solution.
- the moisture content in particular of complex oxide particle after drying is not limited, 0.2 mass% or less is preferred, and 0.1 mass% or less is more preferred. If the moisture content of the powder exceeds 0.2% by mass, it may absorb gas components including carbon and sulfur in the atmosphere to form a lithium compound on the surface.
- the measured value of the said moisture content is a measured value at the time of measuring with a Karl-Fisher moisture meter on the conditions of vaporization temperature 300 degreeC.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is a positive electrode active material comprising a lithium nickel composite oxide described so far, in particular, a lithium nickel composite oxide obtained by the above manufacturing method
- a positive electrode is produced using the positive electrode active material as a positive electrode active material, and it is produced using this positive electrode, and is high in capacity, high in power and high in safety.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter referred to simply as secondary battery) is the same as the material of the positive electrode except that the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter referred to simply as positive electrode active material) is used.
- positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention
- the secondary battery of the present invention has a structure including a case, and a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution, and a separator housed in the case. More specifically, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are stacked via the separator to form an electrode assembly, and the obtained electrode assembly is impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolytic solution, and the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode and the positive electrode terminal passing outside
- the secondary battery of the present invention is formed by connecting between the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode and the negative electrode terminal leading to the outside using a current collection lead and the like and sealing in a case.
- the structure of the secondary battery of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned example, and the outer shape thereof can adopt various shapes such as a cylindrical shape and a laminated shape.
- the positive electrode which is a feature of the secondary battery of the present invention, will be described.
- the positive electrode is a sheet-like member, and can be formed by coating and drying a positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material of the present invention, for example, on a surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil.
- the method is not particularly limited.
- it is also possible to produce a positive electrode by supporting a positive electrode mixture containing positive electrode active material particles and a binder on a strip-like positive electrode core material (positive electrode current collector).
- a positive electrode is suitably processed according to the battery to be used. For example, a cutting process is performed to form an appropriate size according to a target battery, and a pressure compression process using a roll press or the like is performed to increase the electrode density.
- the positive electrode mixture can be formed by adding a solvent to the positive electrode agent formed by mixing the powdery positive electrode active material of the present invention, a conductive material, and a binder, and kneading the mixture. .
- a solvent to the positive electrode agent formed by mixing the powdery positive electrode active material of the present invention, a conductive material, and a binder, and kneading the mixture.
- materials constituting the positive electrode mixture other than the positive electrode active material will be described.
- thermoplastic resin As a binder of positive mix, although any of a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin may be used, a thermoplastic resin is preferable.
- a thermoplastic resin to be used for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubber, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene -Perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polychlorotri Fluoroethylene (PCTFE), vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene copolymer, propylene
- the conductive material of the positive electrode mixture is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that is chemically stable in the battery.
- graphites such as natural graphite (scaly graphite etc.), artificial graphite etc., acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon blacks such as channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black etc., conductive materials such as carbon fibers, metal fibers etc.
- Conductive powders, metal powders such as aluminum, conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives, carbon fluoride, etc. Can. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the conductive material added to the positive electrode mixture is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 30% by mass with respect to the positive electrode active material particles contained in the positive electrode mixture Is more preferable, and 0.5 to 15% by mass is more preferable.
- solvent dissolves the binder and disperses the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the like in the binder.
- this solvent is not particularly limited, for example, an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used.
- the positive electrode core material (positive electrode current collector) is not particularly limited as long as it is a chemically stable electron conductor in the battery.
- a foil or sheet made of aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, carbon, conductive resin or the like can be used, and among these, aluminum foil, aluminum alloy foil and the like are more preferable.
- a layer of carbon or titanium can be provided on the surface of the foil or sheet, or an oxide layer can be formed.
- irregularities can be provided on the surface of the foil or sheet, and a net, a punching sheet, a lath body, a porous body, a foam, a fiber group molded body, etc. can also be used.
- the thickness of the positive electrode core material is also not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- components other than positive electrode will be described.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by using the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, and the other components can be appropriately selected according to the application and the required performance. It is not limited to what is mentioned later.
- the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as lithium can be charged and discharged.
- a negative electrode core material containing a negative electrode active material and a binder, and supporting a negative electrode mixture containing a conductive material and a thickener as optional components.
- Such a negative electrode can be produced in the same manner as the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode active material may be any material that can electrochemically charge and discharge lithium.
- graphites, non-graphitizable carbon materials, lithium alloys and the like can be used.
- the lithium alloy is not particularly limited, but an alloy containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, tin, aluminum, zinc and magnesium is preferable.
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and is preferably, for example, 1 to 30 ⁇ m.
- thermoplastic resin As a binder of the negative electrode mixture, either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin may be used, but a thermoplastic resin is preferable.
- the thermoplastic resin is not particularly limited.
- the conductive material of the negative electrode mixture is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that is chemically stable in the battery.
- graphites such as natural graphite (scalate graphite etc.), artificial graphite etc., acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon blacks such as channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black etc., conductive materials such as carbon fibers, metal fibers etc.
- metal powders such as copper and nickel, and organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives can be used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the conductive material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 10% by mass, with respect to the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode mixture.
- the negative electrode core material may be any electron conductor that is chemically stable in the battery, and is not particularly limited.
- foils or sheets made of stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, carbon, conductive resin or the like can be used, and copper and copper alloys are preferable.
- a layer of carbon, titanium, nickel or the like may be provided on the surface of the foil or sheet, or an oxide layer may be formed.
- asperity can be imparted to the surface of the foil or sheet, and a net, a punching sheet, a lath body, a porous body, a foam, a fiber group molded body or the like can be used.
- the thickness of the negative electrode core material is also not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte solution a non-aqueous solvent in which a lithium salt is dissolved is preferable.
- the non-aqueous solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate ( Linear carbonates such as DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate Lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone, linear ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME),
- DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate or a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester.
- lithium salt examples of the lithium salt dissolved in a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, for example, LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiPF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSbF 6, LiSCN, LiCl, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (CF 3 SO 2) 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lithium lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, lithium chloroborane, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium imide salt etc. . These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Preferably, at least LiPF 6 is used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.2 to 2 mol / L, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mol / L.
- additives In addition to the lithium salt, various additives may be added to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for the purpose of improving the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery.
- the additive is not particularly limited.
- triethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, pyridine, hexaphosphoric acid triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, crown ethers, quaternary ammonium salt, ethylene glycol dialkyl Ether etc. can be mentioned.
- Solid electrolyte In addition, as the non-aqueous electrolyte, a solid electrolyte may be used. Solid electrolytes have the property of being able to withstand high voltages. Examples of solid electrolytes include inorganic solid electrolytes and organic solid electrolytes. As the inorganic solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, or the like is used.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and any oxide-based solid electrolyte containing oxygen (O) and having lithium ion conductivity and electronic insulation can be used.
- an oxide system solid electrolyte for example, lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), Li 3 PO 4 N x , LiBO 2 N x , LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 -Li 3 PO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 -Li 3 VO 4 , Li 2 O-B 2 O 3 -P 2 O 5 , Li 2 O-SiO 2 , Li 2 O-B 2 O 3 -ZnO, Li 1 + X Al X Ti 2-X (PO 4) 3 (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1), Li 1 + X Al X Ge 2-X (PO 4) 3 (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1), LiTi 2 (PO 4) 3, Li 3X La 2 / 3-X TiO 3 (0 ⁇ X
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and any material containing sulfur (S) and having lithium ion conductivity and electronic insulation can be used.
- S sulfur
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte for example, Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , LiI—Li 2 S—SiS 2 , LiI—Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , LiI—Li 2 S-B 2 S 3 , Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-Si 2 S, Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS 2 , LiPO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS, LiI-Li 2 S-P 2 O 5 and LiI-Li 3 PO 4 -P 2 S 5 and the like.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte one other than the above may be used, and for example, Li 3 N, LiI, Li 3 NLiLiI? LiOH etc. may be used.
- the organic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it is a polymer compound exhibiting ion conductivity.
- polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, copolymers of these, and the like can be used.
- the organic solid electrolyte may contain the above lithium salt.
- a fine separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator is not particularly limited, but is preferably a microporous thin film having high ion permeability and predetermined mechanical strength and being insulating. In particular, it is preferable that the microporous thin film has a function of closing the pores at a certain temperature or higher to increase the resistance.
- the material of the microporous thin film is also not particularly limited. For example, polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene having excellent organic solvent resistance and hydrophobicity can be used. Further, a sheet made of glass fiber or the like, a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric or the like can also be used.
- the pore diameter of the pores formed in the separator is not particularly limited, but, for example, 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m is preferable.
- the porosity of the separator is also not particularly limited, but generally 30 to 80% is preferable.
- the thickness of the separator is not particularly limited, but generally 10 to 300 ⁇ m is preferable.
- a separator may be used separately from the positive electrode and the negative electrode
- a polymer electrolyte composed of a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and a polymer material holding the same may be integrated with the positive electrode or the negative electrode and used as a separator. You can also.
- the polymer material is not particularly limited as long as it can hold a non-aqueous electrolytic solution, but a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene is preferable.
- Example and the comparative example the following method was used for the analysis method and crystallite diameter of the metal of lithium nickel complex oxide.
- Analysis of metal ICP emission analysis was performed.
- Crystallite diameter It carried out using an XRD diffraction apparatus (manufactured by PANalytical: X'Pert PRO).
- the 2032 coin-type battery (hereinafter referred to as coin-type battery 1) shown in FIG. 1 was used to evaluate the battery performance of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the lithium nickel composite oxide of the present invention as a positive electrode active material.
- the coin battery 1 includes a case 2 and an electrode 3 accommodated in the case 2.
- the case 2 has a hollow cathode can 2a open at one end, and a cathode can 2b disposed in the opening of the cathode can 2a.
- the electrode 3 is composed of a positive electrode (electrode for evaluation) 3a, a separator 3c and a negative electrode (lithium metal negative electrode) 3b, which are stacked in this order, and the positive electrode 3a is in contact with the inner surface of the positive electrode can 2a. It is accommodated in case 2 so that 3b may contact the inner surface of negative electrode can 2b.
- the case 2 is provided with a gasket 2c, and the relative movement is fixed by the gasket 2c so as to maintain a non-contact state between the positive electrode can 2a and the negative electrode can 2b.
- the gasket 2c also has a function of sealing the gap between the positive electrode can 2a and the negative electrode can 2b to shut off the inside of the case 2 from the outside in an airtight and liquid tight manner.
- the above coin-type battery 1 was manufactured by the following manufacturing method. First, 5 parts by weight of acetylene black and 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed with 90 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material powder, and n-methylpyrrolidone was added to form a paste. The produced paste was applied to a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil. The paste was applied such that the weight of the dried positive electrode active material was 0.05 g / cm 2. Thereafter, the aluminum foil to which the paste was applied was vacuum dried at 120 ° C., and then punched out into a disk having a diameter of 1 cm to obtain a positive electrode 3 a.
- the coin-type battery 1 was produced in a glove box under an Ar atmosphere with a dew point controlled to -80.degree.
- the negative electrode 3b a lithium metal punched into a disk shape having a diameter of 15 mm was used.
- the separator 3c a polyethylene porous film with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used.
- the electrolytic solution an equal mixed solution (manufactured by Ube Industries, Ltd.) of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) using 1 M LiClO 4 as a supporting salt was used.
- the battery characteristics were evaluated using the produced coin-type battery.
- the battery characteristics measured initial stage discharge capacity and positive electrode reaction resistance.
- the initial discharge capacity was measured by the following method. First, after the coin battery 1 is manufactured, it is left for about 24 hours. After the open circuit voltage OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) is stabilized, the current density to the positive electrode is 0.1 mA / cm 2 , the cutoff voltage is charged to 4.3 V, and after 1 hour of rest, the cutoff voltage is 3.0 V Discharge. And the capacity
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- the positive electrode reaction resistance was calculated by the following method.
- the coin-type battery of each example is charged at a charging potential of 4.1 V, and the electric resistance is measured by an AC impedance method using a frequency response analyzer and a potentio galvanostat (manufactured by Solartron, 1255B). If the relationship between the measured mechanism and the frequency is graphed, the Nyquist plot shown in FIG. 2 is obtained. Since this Nyquist plot is expressed as the sum of solution resistance, negative electrode resistance and its capacity, and positive electrode resistance and characteristic curve showing its capacity, fitting calculation is performed using an equivalent circuit based on this Nyquist plot, and positive electrode reaction The value of resistance was calculated.
- the temperature in the reaction vessel is set to 49.5 ° C., and nickel sulfate is added to the reaction solution while maintaining the reaction solution in the reaction vessel at pH 13.0 at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. with a 20 mass% sodium hydroxide solution.
- a mixed aqueous solution of sodium and cobalt sulfate, an aqueous solution of sodium aluminate, and 25% by mass aqueous ammonia were added, and the solution was recovered by overflow.
- the resultant was washed with water and dried to obtain a nickel composite hydroxide (neutralization crystallization method).
- This nickel composite hydroxide is composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles having a size of 1 ⁇ m or less are aggregated to form a sphere, and when analyzed by ICP method, the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al is 91: 5: 4. It confirmed that it was nickel compound hydroxide.
- the volume-based average particle diameter MV of this nickel composite hydroxide as measured by laser diffraction scattering was 13 ⁇ m.
- the sulfur is quantitatively analyzed by ICP emission analysis, and all the sulfur is oxidized to be sulfate (SO 4 ), the sulfate content is 0.28 mass% as determined by multiplying the coefficient.
- the sulfate group content of the nickel composite hydroxide is shown in Table 1.
- the nickel composite hydroxide is oxidized and calcined at a temperature of 600 ° C. in an air atmosphere to form a nickel composite oxide, and the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al is 91: 5: 4, Li
- the nickel composite oxide and lithium hydroxide were weighed and mixed such that / (Ni + Co + Al) was 1.020 to obtain a lithium mixture.
- the obtained lithium mixture was calcined at a temperature of 500 ° C. for 3 hours in an oxygen atmosphere using an electric furnace, and then held at 760 ° C. for 3 hours, firing was performed for 20 hours from the temperature rise start to the holding end .
- the obtained base material was analyzed by an ICP method, it was confirmed that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al is 91: 5: 4, and Li / (Ni + Co + Al) is 1.018.
- the obtained mixed powder was placed in an aluminum bag, purged with nitrogen gas, laminated, and placed in a dryer heated to 80 ° C. for about 1 hour. After heating, it was taken out of the aluminum bag, replaced with a container made of SUS, and left standing and dried for 10 hours using a vacuum dryer heated to 190 ° C., and then furnace cooled. Finally, the resultant was crushed with a sieve of 38 ⁇ m mesh to obtain a positive electrode active material having LiAl 2 (OH) 7 ⁇ xH 2 O which is a LiAl compound and Li 2 WO 4 which is a LiW compound on the primary particle surface.
- the composition of the obtained positive electrode active material was analyzed by ICP method, and the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al in the lithium nickel composite oxide was 91: 5: 4, and Li / (Ni + Co + Al) was 0.985 (Li 0 .985 Ni 0.91 Co 0.05 Al 0.04 O 2 ), and the amount of aluminum contained in the LiAl compound is relative to the total number of Ni, Co and Al atoms contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide It was confirmed that the content of tungsten contained in the LiW compound was 0.05 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide, at 0.05 atomic%.
- Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ) is added to the wash cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.10 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 20 g was added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ) is added to the wash cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.20 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 40 g was added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Aluminum hydroxide is added to the cleaning cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.10 atomic% and the amount of tungsten is 0.10 atomic% with respect to the total number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 1.20 g of Al (OH) 3 and 3.57 g of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) were added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Aluminum hydroxide is added to the cleaning cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.10 atomic% and the amount of tungsten is 0.20 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 1.20 g of Al (OH) 3 and 7.14 g of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) were added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that crystallization was performed so that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al was 88: 8: 4 as a nickel composite hydroxide. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the nickel composite hydroxide was crystallized so that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al was 88: 8: 4, and the total number of Ni, Co and Al atoms contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide
- a positive electrode active material is obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2.42 g of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ) is added to the washed cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.20 atomic%.
- Al (OH) 3 aluminum hydroxide
- the nickel composite hydroxide was crystallized so that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al was 88: 8: 4, and the total number of Ni, Co and Al atoms contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide
- To the wash cake 1.21 g of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ) and tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) are added so that the amount of aluminum is 0.10 atomic% and the amount of tungsten is 0.10 atomic%.
- Al (OH) 3 aluminum hydroxide
- WO 3 tungsten oxide
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that .59 g was added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the nickel composite hydroxide was crystallized so that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al was 88: 8: 4, and the total number of Ni, Co and Al atoms contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide 0.10 atomic% aluminum content for, so that the amount of tungsten is 0.20 atomic%, 1.21 g aluminum hydroxide wash the cake (Al (OH) 3), tungsten oxide and (WO 3) 7
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that .18 g was added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that crystallization was performed so that the molar ratio of Ni: Co: Al was 82: 15: 3 as a nickel composite hydroxide. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 A positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ) and tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) were not added to the washed cake. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 Aluminum hydroxide is added to the cleaning cake so that the amount of aluminum is 0.55 atomic% and the amount of tungsten is 0.35 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of Ni, Co and Al contained in the lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 6.63 g of Al (OH) 3 and 12.52 g of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) were added. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the obtained mixture was fired for 8 hours in an air atmosphere using an electric furnace heated to 700 ° C., cooled and crushed, and the surface was covered with LiAl compound (LiAl composite oxide) by solid phase diffusion.
- the positive electrode active material was obtained. This positive electrode active material was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention provides a high-capacity and highly safe non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and is particularly suitable for use in small portable electronic devices (such as notebook personal computers and mobile phone terminals). It is suitable as a dischargeable secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
この非水系電解質二次電池の正極活物質としては、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)で代表されるリチウムコバルト複合酸化物と共に、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)で代表されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMnO2)で代表されるリチウムマンガン複合酸化物等が広く用いられている。
しかしながら、マンガン酸リチウムは、熱安定性ではコバルト酸リチウムに比べて優れているものの、充放電容量が他の材料に比べ非常に小さく、かつ寿命を示す充放電サイクル特性も非常に短いことから、電池としての実用上の課題が多い。一方、ニッケル酸リチウムは、コバルト酸リチウムよりも大きな充放電容量を示すことから、安価で高エネルギー密度の電池を製造することができる正極活物質として期待されている。
すなわち、純粋なニッケル酸リチウムでは、熱安定性や充放電サイクル特性等に問題があり、実用電池として使用することができなかった。これは、充電状態における結晶構造の安定性がコバルト酸リチウムに比べて低いためである。
例えば、特許文献1には、正極活物質として、LiaMbNicCodOe(MはAl、Mn、Sn、In、Fe、V、Cu、Mg、Ti、Zn、Moから成る群から選択される少なくとも一種の金属であり、且つ0<a<1.3、0.02≦b≦0.5、0.02≦d/c+d≦0.9、1.8<e<2.2の範囲であって、更にb+c+d=1である)を用いた非水系電池が提案されている。
例えば、特許文献2には、ニッケル水酸化物またはニッケルオキシ水酸化物を、大気雰囲気下、600~1100℃の温度で煤焼してニッケル酸化物を調製し、リチウム化合物を混合した後、酸素雰囲気下、最高温度が650~850℃の範囲で焼成して、得られた焼成粉末を水中でA≦B/40(式中、Aは、分単位として表示した水洗時間、Bは、g/Lの単位で表示した焼成粉末のスラリー濃度を表す。)を満足する時間以内で水洗した後、濾過、乾燥する非水系電解質二次電池用の正極活物質の製造方法が提案されている。
例えば、特許文献3には、一般式LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(ただし、0.10≦x≦0.35、0≦y≦0.35、0.97≦z≦1.20、Mは、Mn、V、Mg、Mo、Nb、Ti及びAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表される一次粒子及び一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子からなるリチウム金属複合酸化物粉末の一次粒子表面が、W及びLiを含む微粒子を有する非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質が提案されている。
したがって、ニッケルの一部を他の物質と置換したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物は種々開発されているものの、現状では、非水系電解質二次電池に採用した場合に、高容量化や高出力化の要求に十分に対応できるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質が得られていない。
また、本発明は、工業的規模においても上記正極活物質を容易に製造できる正極活物質の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
(A)ニッケルとコバルト、並びにMg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有するニッケル化合物と、リチウム化合物とを混合した後、酸化性雰囲気下において720~770℃の温度範囲で焼成して、少なくとも一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(ただし、0.98≦z≦1.05、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表され、一次粒子及び前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を含むリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を調製する工程。
(B)前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末の量が、水1Lに対して1000g~2000gとなるようにスラリーを形成し、前記(A)工程で調製したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を水洗処理して洗浄ケーキとする工程。
(C)前記(B)工程における前記洗浄ケーキにアルミニウム化合物及びタングステン化合物を添加し、混合させる工程。
(D)前記(C)工程で作製した前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末とアルミニウム化合物と前記タングステン化合物との混合物を熱処理して、LiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を、前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末の一次粒子表面に形成する工程。
さらに、その製造方法は、容易で工業的規模での生産に適したものであり、その工業的価値は極めて大きい。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質(以下、単に正極活物質という。)は、少なくとも一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(0.95≦z≦1.03、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の一次粒子及び前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を含む非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質であって、その一次粒子の表面に粒子状のLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を有していることを特徴とするものである。
ここで、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物は、一次粒子の表面に粒子状のLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を形成させる母材であり、以下に記載する正極活物質は、表面にLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を有する一次粒子と、その一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を合わせたものを意味する。
本発明の正極活物質は、少なくとも六方晶系の層状化合物であるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物であり、一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(0.95≦z≦1.03、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)において、ニッケル(Ni)の含有量を示す(1-x-y)が、0.80以上、1未満である。
本発明の正極活物質において、ニッケル含有量が多いほど、正極活物質として使用した場合に高容量化が可能となるが、ニッケルの含有量が多くなり過ぎると、熱安定性が十分得られなくなり、焼成時、リチウム層にNiなどの金属元素が混入するカチオンミキシングが発生しやすくなる傾向にある。一方、ニッケルの含有量が少なくなると、容量が低下し、正極の充填性を高めても電池容積当たりの容量が十分に得られないなどの問題も生じる。
コバルト(Co)の含有量を示すxは、0<x≦0.20であり、好ましくは0.02≦x≦0.15、より好ましくは0.03≦x≦0.12である。コバルト含有量が上記範囲であることにより、優れたサイクル特性、熱安定性が得られる。このコバルト含有量が増えることによって正極活物質のサイクル特性を改善することができるが、コバルト含有量が0.20を超えると、正極活物質の高容量化が困難となる。
一般的に、正極活物質の表面が異種化合物により完全に被覆されてしまうと、リチウムイオンの移動(インターカレーション)が大きく制限されるため、結果的にリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の持つ高容量という長所が消されてしまう。
対して、本発明ではリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の一次粒子の表面にアルミニウム(Al)とリチウム(Li)を含む化合物(以下、LiAl化合物とすることもある)、並びにタングステン(W)とリチウムを含む化合物(以下、LiW化合物とすることもある)を形成させているが、これらの化合物は、リチウムイオン伝導性が高く、リチウムイオンの移動を促す効果がある。このため、一次粒子の表面に、その化合物を形成させることで、電解液との界面でLiの伝導パスを形成することから、活物質の反応抵抗を低減して出力特性を向上させるものである。
このLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物は粒子状で、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の表面を被覆するように形成させるが好ましい。さらに粒子状であることにより、十分なリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子と電解液との接触面積を確保することができる。
粒子状であるLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物は、その粒子径が1~100nmであることが好ましい。その粒子径が1nm未満では、十分なリチウムイオン伝導性を有しない場合がある。また、粒子径が100nmを超えると、被覆の形成が不均一になり、反応抵抗の低減効果が十分に得られない場合があるためである。
この一次粒子表面とは、二次粒子の外面で露出している一次粒子表面と二次粒子外部と通じて電解液が浸透可能な二次粒子の表面近傍及び内部の空隙に露出している一次粒子表面を含むものである。さらに、一次粒子間の粒界であっても一次粒子の結合が不完全で電解液が浸透可能な状態となっていれば含まれるものである。つまり電解液と接触可能な一次粒子の表面全てを意味している。
このような一次粒子の表面の性状は、例えば、電界放射型走査電子顕微鏡で観察することにより判断でき、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質については、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる一次粒子の表面にLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物が形成されていることを確認している。
このLiAl化合物は、その粒径が1~100nmの大きさの粒子状の形態に形成されることで、リチウムイオン伝導性が高まり、反応抵抗が低減される。
LiAl化合物に含まれるアルミニウム量が0.01原子%未満では、出力特性の改善効果が十分に得られない場合があり、アルミニウム量が0.50原子%を超えると、一次粒子表面に形成されるLiAl化合物が多くなり過ぎてリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子と電解液のリチウム伝導が阻害され、充放電容量が低下することがある。
本発明の正極活物質は、これまでに示したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子を含み、その平均粒径は8~20μmであることが好ましい。
平均粒径が8μm未満になると、電池の正極活物質として用いた際の正極における充填性が低下して、体積当たりの電池容量が低下することがある。一方、平均粒径が20μmを超えると、正極活物質と電池の電解液との接触面積が減少して、電池容量や出力特性の低下が生じることがある。
したがって、本発明の正極活物質は、電池容量や出力特性を維持しつつ正極における充填性を高くするため、平均粒径を8~20μmとすることが好ましく、8~17μmとすることがより好ましい。
なお、本発明における「平均粒径」は、レーザー回折散乱法測定による体積基準の平均粒径MVで示されるものである。
このような電解液との接触を成すために、本発明に係る複合酸化物粒子の平均粒径を8~20μmとする。この平均粒径の範囲においては、電解液との接触と充填性を両立させることが可能である。
このような比表面積を有することにより、電解液との接触が適正な範囲となり、電池容量や出力特性をより高いものとすることができる。しかし、比表面積が0.4m2/g未満になると、電解液との接触が少なくなり過ぎることがあり、1.2m2/gを超えると、電解液との接触が多くなり過ぎて、熱安定性が低下することがある。
以下、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法を工程ごとに詳細に説明する。
本発明の正極活物質の製造方法は、下記(A)~(D)の工程を、(A)~(D)工程順に含むことを特徴とする。
焼成工程は、ニッケル化合物とリチウム化合物とを混合したリチウム混合物を、酸素雰囲気下などの酸化性雰囲気中において、720~770℃の温度範囲で焼成して、少なくとも一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(ただし、0.98≦z≦1.05、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表され、一次粒子及び前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を含むリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を調製する工程である。
焼成工程に用いられるニッケル化合物は、ニッケル、コバルト、かつ添加元素MとしてMg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、ZrおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含有する化合物である。
ニッケル化合物として、例えば、ニッケル複合水酸化物やニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物を用いることができる。また、ニッケル複合水酸化物やニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物を焙焼して得られるニッケル複合酸化物を、焼成工程における原料となるニッケル化合物として用いることも可能である。
晶析法では、種々の条件でニッケル複合水酸化物が得られ、その晶析条件はとくに限定されないが、以下の条件で得られたものが好ましい。
とくに、反応溶液をアルカリ性、好ましくは液温25℃基準のpH値で10~14に保持できるように、アルカリ金属水酸化物の水溶液を必要に応じて滴下して調製されたニッケル複合水酸化物が好ましい。
なお添加元素Mは、ニッケル及びコバルトとともに共沈殿させてもよいが、晶析によって水酸化物を得た後、添加元素Mを含む金属化合物で被覆するか、あるいは、その金属化合物を含む水溶液を含浸することによってニッケル複合水酸化物を得ることもできる。
このような粗大粒子の混入や組成ずれを生じたニッケル複合水酸化物を原料として用いると、得られた正極活物質の電池特性が低下する。
したがって、焼成工程においてニッケル化合物として用いられるニッケル複合水酸化物を晶析法によって得る場合には、反応溶液が40~60℃に維持され、かつ、反応溶液を液温25℃基準のpH値で10~14に維持された状態で晶析することが好ましい。
また、焼成工程では、ニッケル化合物として、ニッケル複合酸化物を使用することも可能である。
このようにして得られたニッケル複合酸化物を用いると、リチウム化合物と混合した混合物を焼成してリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を得た際に、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物中のLiとLi以外の金属との組成比を安定させることが可能となる。すると、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物を正極活物質として使用した際に高容量化及び高出力化が可能となるという利点が得られる。
酸化物への転換が不完全なニッケル複合酸化物を使用して得られるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物は、その組成を安定させることが難しく、焼成時に組成の不均一化が起こりやすい。
一方、酸化焙焼温度が750℃を超えると、得られるニッケル複合酸化物の結晶性が高くなり、後工程の焼成におけるリチウム化合物とニッケル複合酸化物の反応性が低下するため、最終的に得られるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の結晶性が低下することがある。
また、ニッケル複合酸化物が急激に粒成長を起こし、粗大なニッケル複合酸化物粒子が形成されてしまい、リチウム化合物を混合して焼成して得られるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の平均粒径が大きくなり過ぎる可能性がある。
また、酸化焙焼温度での保持時間は、1~10時間とすることが好ましく、2~6時間とすることがより好ましい。1時間未満では酸化物への転換が不完全となることがあり、10時間を越えるとニッケル複合酸化物の結晶性が高くなり過ぎることがある。
酸化焙焼の雰囲気は、酸化性雰囲気であればよいが、取扱い性やコストを考慮すると、大気雰囲気とすることが好ましい。
すなわち、硫酸根の含有量を0.1~0.4質量%とすることで、焼成時における一次粒子の成長による二次粒子の収縮を適度なものとすることができるので、空隙率も容易に制御できる。
また、ニッケル複合水酸化物から得られたニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物及びニッケル複合酸化物は、ニッケル複合水酸化物に含有される硫酸根とほぼ同量の硫酸根を含有する。
上記ニッケル複合水酸化物は、晶析法で得られたニッケル複合水酸化物が好ましいが、その際に原料として硫酸ニッケルなどの硫酸塩を用い、晶析後に十分洗浄することで硫酸根を0.1~0.4質量%含有量したニッケル複合水酸化物が得ることが好ましい。
アルカリ水溶液としては、水酸化ナトリウムなどのアルカリ金属水酸化物、炭酸ナトリウムなどの炭酸塩の水溶液が好ましく用いられる。アルカリ水溶液での洗浄後は、水洗することが好ましい。
ニッケル化合物と混合されるリチウム化合物は、とくに限定されないが、リチウムの水酸化物、オキシ水酸化物、酸化物、炭酸塩、硝酸塩及びハロゲン化物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を使用することが好ましい。このようなリチウム化合物を使用した場合には、焼成後に不純物が残留しないという利点が得られる。ニッケル化合物との反応性が良好なリチウムの水酸化物を用いることが、より好ましい。
したがって、ニッケル化合物中のニッケルとその他の金属元素の合計量に対して、リチウム化合物中のリチウム量がモル比で0.98~1.05になるように調整することが好ましい。
ニッケル化合物とリチウム化合物を混合する装置や方法は、両者を均一に混合することができるものであればよく、特に限定されない。例えば、Vブレンダー等の乾式混合機又は混合造粒装置等を使用することができる。
ニッケル化合物とリチウム化合物を混合したリチウム混合物は、酸化性雰囲気中において720~770℃の温度範囲、好ましくは730~760℃の温度範囲で焼成される。
500℃を超えるような温度で焼成すれば、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物が生成されるものの、700℃未満ではその結晶が未発達で構造的に不安定となる。このようなリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を正極活物質として使用すると、充放電による相転移などにより容易に正極活物質の結晶構造が破壊されてしまう。また、一次粒子の成長も不十分となり、比表面積や空隙率が大きくなり過ぎることがある。
また、焼成温度での保持時間は、1~6時間とすることが好ましく、2~4時間とすることがより好ましい。保持時間が1時間未満では、結晶化が不十分になって高結晶性の正極活物質が得られない場合があり、6時間を越えると焼成が進みすぎ、カチオンミキシングが生じる場合がある。特に、リチウム化合物中の結晶水などを取り除くことができ、さらに、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の結晶成長が進む温度領域で均一に反応させるため、400~600℃の温度で1~5時間、続いて720~770℃の温度で3時間以上の2段階で焼成することが特に好ましい。
この焼成物から得られる正極活物質を電池の正極に用いた場合には、熱安定性等を維持でき、さらに、リチウムイオンの脱挿入が容易になることにより、高容量化や高出力化を実現することができる。
一方、zが1.05を超えると、焼成粉末の表面に余剰のリチウム化合物が多量に存在し、これを水洗で除去するのが難しくなる。余剰のリチウム化合物の除去が不十分な正極活物質を用いると、電池の充電時にガスが多量に発生されるばかりでなく、高pHを示す粉末であるため電極作製時に使用する有機溶剤などの材料と反応してスラリーがゲル化して不具合を起こす要因ともなる。さらに、正極活物質中のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物のリチウム含有量が1.01を超え、得られる正極活物質を電池の正極活物質として用いた際に、電池容量が低下するとともに正極の内部抵抗が大きくなってしまう。
しかし、前記焼成粉末を得る方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、所望の金属元素を含有する水溶液を全て混合した液を噴霧熱分解処理する方法、及びボールミルなど機械粉砕により所望の金属元素の化合物を全て粉砕混合した後焼成する方法が挙げられる。しかし、比表面積が小さく熱安定性が良好な正極活物質を得るためには、上述した方法でリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を得ることが好ましい。
水洗工程は、焼成工程で得られたリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を水洗処理する工程である。
具体的には、水1Lに対して焼成粉末が1000g~2000gとなるようにスラリーを形成して、水洗処理した後、濾過、乾燥してリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粉末(水洗粉末)の湿潤状態のケーキ(以降、洗浄ケーキとすることもある)を得るものである。
すなわち、スラリー濃度が濃くなるほどスラリー中の焼成粉末の量が多くなるが、2000g/Lを超えると、スラリーの粘度が高くなるため攪拌が困難となる。しかも、スラリーの液体中のアルカリ濃度が高くなるので、平衡の関係から、焼成粉末に付着している付着物の溶解速度が遅くなり、また、粉末からの付着物の剥離が起きても再付着することがあり、不純物を除去することが難しくなる。
一方、スラリー濃度が1000g/L未満では、希薄過ぎるため、個々の粒子表面からスラリー中に溶出するリチウムの量が多くなる。特に、ニッケル比率が高くなるほど、リチウムの溶出量が多く、表面のリチウム量は少なくなる。このため、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の結晶格子中からのリチウムの脱離も起きるようになり、結晶が崩れやすくなる。したがって、得られた正極活物質を電池の正極に用いた場合、電池容量が低下する。
スラリーを形成するために使用する水は、特に限定されないが、正極活物質への不純物の付着による電池性能の低下を防ぐ上では、電気伝導率測定で10μS/cm未満の水が好ましく、1μS/cm以下の水がより好ましい。
アルミニウム(Al)及びタングステン(W)添加工程は、水洗工程で得られた湿潤状態の洗浄ケーキに、アルミニウム化合物及びタングステン化合物の粉末を混合して、洗浄ケーキを構成するリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子とのアルミニウム化合物及びタングステン化合物との混合物(以下、単に混合物という。)を得る工程である。
また、混合物は、後工程の熱処理工程で加熱されるため、常温ではアルカリ性水溶液に溶解させることが困難であっても、熱処理時の加温でアルカリ性水溶液に溶解する、もしくはリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子表面のリチウム化合物と反応してLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を形成して溶解するものであればよい。さらに、溶解したLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物は、二次粒子内部の一次粒子表面まで浸透できる量があればよいため、混合後、さらには加熱後に一部は固体の状態となっていてもよい。
また、アルミニウム化合物は、水酸化アルミニウム、酸化アルミニウムなどが好ましく、粉末状、ゲル状などの任意の形態のものを用いることができる。アルミニウム化合物粉末の平均粒径は、好ましくは10nm~1μmである。このような範囲とすることでリチウムを含むアルカリ性水溶液へ容易に溶解させることができる。
これにより、熱処理工程後の正極活物質中におけるLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物に含まれるアルミニウム化合物由来のアルミニウム量を好ましい範囲とすることができ、正極活物質の高い充放電容量と出力特性をさらに両立することができる。
さらに、この混合物中に含まれるタングステン量を、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子に含まれるNi、Co及びMの原子数の合計に対して、0.05~0.30原子%とすることが好ましく、0.05~0.20原子%とすることが好ましく、0.10~0.20原子%とすることがさらに好ましい。
これにより、熱処理工程後の正極活物質中におけるLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物に含まれるタングステン量を好ましい範囲とすることができ、正極活物質の高い充放電容量と出力特性をさらに両立することができる。
リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の洗浄ケーキと、アルミニウム化合物及びタングステン化合物を混合する際には、一般的な混合機を用いることができる。例えば、シェーカーミキサーやレーディゲミキサー、ジュリアミキサー、Vブレンダーなどを用いてリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の形骸が破壊されない程度で十分に混合してやればよい。
熱処理工程は、一次粒子の表面にアルミニウム及びタングステンを分散させたリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を熱処理することにより、LiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の一次粒子の表面に形成する工程である。これにより、アルミニウム及びタングステン添加工程において供給されたアルミニウム及びタングステンと、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物由来のリチウムから、LiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を形成し、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の一次粒子表面にLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を有する非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質が得られる。
熱処理時間は、特に限定されないが、複合酸化物粒子中の水分を十分に蒸発させて化合物を形成するために5~15時間とすることが好ましい。
ここで、一次粒子表面とは、二次粒子の外面で露出している一次粒子表面と二次粒子外部と通じて電解液が浸透可能な二次粒子の表面近傍及び内部の空隙に露出している一次粒子表面を含むものである。さらに、一次粒子間の粒界であっても一次粒子の結合が不完全で電解液が浸透可能な状態となっていれば含まれるものである。つまり電解液と接触可能な一次粒子の表面全てを意味している。従ってリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子において、電解液と接触可能な一次粒子の表面に粒子状のLiAl化合物及びLiW化合物が形成されるのが好ましい。
熱処理後に複合酸化物粒子に凝集が生じた際には、二次粒子の形骸が破壊されない程度に解砕して、平均粒径が8~20μmの複合酸化物粒子からなる正極活物質を作製する。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、これまでに示したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質、とくに、上記製造方法により得られたリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いて正極を作製し、この正極を使用して作製されたもので、高容量、高出力で安全性の高いものである。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池(以下、単に二次電池という)は、正極の材料に本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質(以下、単に正極活物質という)を用いた以外は、一般的な非水系電解質二次電池と実質同等の構造を有している。
より具体的にいえば、セパレータを介して正極と負極とを積層させて電極体とし、得られた電極体に非水系電解液を含浸させ、正極の正極集電体と外部に通ずる正極端子との間及び、負極の負極集電体と外部に通ずる負極端子との間を、それぞれ集電用リードなどを用いて接続し、ケースに密閉することによって、本発明の二次電池は形成されている。
なお、本発明の二次電池の構造は、上記例に限定されないのはいうまでもなく、また、その外形も筒形や積層形など、種々の形状を採用することができる。
まず、本発明の二次電池の特徴である正極について説明する。
正極は、シート状の部材であり、本発明の正極活物質を含有する正極合剤を、例えば、アルミニウム箔製の集電体の表面に塗布乾燥して形成することができるが、正極の作製方法はとくに限定されない。例えば、正極活物質粒子と結着剤とを含む正極合剤を、帯状の正極芯材(正極集電体)に担持させることによって正極を作製することも可能である。
なお、正極は、使用する電池にあわせて適宜処理される。例えば、目的とする電池に応じて適当な大きさに形成する裁断処理や、電極密度を高めるためにロールプレスなどによる加圧圧縮処理等が行われる。
正極合剤は、粉末状になっている本発明の正極活物質と、導電材及び結着剤とを混合して形成された正極剤に、溶剤を添加して混練して形成することができる。
以下、正極活物質以外の正極合剤を構成する材料について説明する。
正極合剤の結着剤としては、熱可塑性樹脂又は熱硬化性樹脂のいずれを用いてもよいが、熱可塑性樹脂が好ましい。
使用する熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、スチレンブタジエンゴム、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン-パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、フッ化ビニリデン-ペンタフルオロプロピレン共重合体、プロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-アクリル酸共重合体、エチレン-メタクリル酸共重合体、エチレン-アクリル酸メチル共重合体、エチレン-メタクリル酸メチル共重合体等が挙げられる。
上記樹脂は、単独で用いてもよく、二種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。また、これらは、Na+イオンなどによる架橋体であってもよい。
正極合剤の導電材としては、電池内で化学的に安定な電子伝導性材料であればよく、とくに限定されない。例えば、天然黒鉛(鱗片状黒鉛等)、人造黒鉛などの黒鉛類、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラック等のカーボンブラック類、炭素繊維、金属繊維等の導電性繊維類、アルミニウム等の金属粉末類、酸化亜鉛、チタン酸カリウム等の導電性ウィスカー類、酸化チタン等の導電性金属酸化物、ポリフェニレン誘導体等の有機導電性材料、フッ化カーボン等を用いることができる。これらは単独で用いてもよく、二種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
なお、正極合剤に導電材を添加する量は、とくに限定されないが、正極合剤に含まれる正極活物質粒子に対して、0.5~50質量%が好ましく、0.5~30質量%がより好ましく、0.5~15質量%がさらに好ましい。
溶剤は、結着剤を溶解して、正極活物質や導電材等を結着剤中に分散させるものである。この溶剤はとくに限定されないが、例えば、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンなどの有機溶剤を使用することができる。
正極芯材(正極集電体)としては、電池内で化学的に安定な電子伝導体であればよく、とくに限定されない。例えば、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、チタン、炭素、導電性樹脂等からなる箔又はシートを用いることができ、この中でアルミニウム箔、アルミニウム合金箔等がより好ましい。
ここで、箔又はシートの表面には、カーボン又はチタンの層を付与したり、酸化物層を形成したりすることもできる。また、箔またはシートの表面に凹凸を付与することもでき、ネット、パンチングシート、ラス体、多孔質体、発泡体、繊維群成形体等を用いることもできる。
正極芯材の厚みも、とくに限定されないが、例えば、1~500μmが好ましい。
(正極以外の構成要素)
次に、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池の構成要素のうち、正極以外の構成要素について説明する。
なお、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、上記正極活物質を用いる点に特徴を有するものであり、その他の構成要素は、その用途及び要求される性能に応じて適宜選択することができ、後述するものに限定されない。
負極としては、リチウムを充放電することができるであればよく、特に限定されない。
例えば、負極活物質と結着剤を含み、任意成分として導電材や増粘剤を含む負極合剤を負極芯材に担持させたものを使用することができる。このような負極は、正極と同様の方法で作製することができる。
このリチウム合金はとくに限定されないが、ケイ素、スズ、アルミニウム、亜鉛及びマグネシウムよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む合金が好ましい。
また、負極活物質の平均粒径はとくに限定されず、例えば、1~30μmが好ましい。
負極合剤の結着剤としては、熱可塑性樹脂または熱硬化性樹脂のいずれを用いてもよいが、熱可塑性樹脂が好ましい。
その熱可塑性樹脂には、とくに限定されないが、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、スチレンブタジエンゴム、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン-パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、フッ化ビニリデン-ペンタフルオロプロピレン共重合体、プロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、エチレン-アクリル酸共重合体、エチレン-メタクリル酸共重合体、エチレン-アクリル酸メチル共重合体、エチレン-メタクリル酸メチル共重合体等が挙げられる。
これらは単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。また、これらは、Na+イオンなどによる架橋体であってもよい。
負極合剤の導電材としては、電池内で化学的に安定な電子伝導性材料であればよく、とくに限定されない。例えば、天然黒鉛(鱗片状黒鉛等)、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛類、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラック等のカーボンブラック類、炭素繊維、金属繊維等の導電性繊維類、銅、ニッケル等の金属粉末類、ポリフェニレン誘導体等の有機導電性材料等を使用することができる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
この導電材の添加量は、とくに限定されないが、負極合剤に含まれる負極活物質粒子に対して、1~30質量%が好ましく、1~10質量%がより好ましい。
負極芯材(負極集電体)としては、電池内で化学的に安定な電子伝導体であればよく、とくに限定されない。例えば、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、銅、チタン、炭素、導電性樹脂等からなる箔またはシートを用いることができ、銅及び銅合金が好ましい。
この箔またはシートの表面には、カーボン、チタン、ニッケル等の層を付与したり、酸化物層を形成したりすることもできる。また、箔またはシートの表面に凹凸を付与することもでき、ネット、パンチングシート、ラス体、多孔質体、発泡体、繊維群成形体等を使用することもできる。
負極芯材の厚みも、とくに限定されないが、例えば、1~500μmが好ましい。
非水系電解液としては、リチウム塩を溶解した非水溶媒が好ましい。
使用する非水溶媒は、とくに限定されないが、エチレンカーボネ-ト(EC)、プロピレンカーボネ-ト(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)などの環状カーボネート類、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジプロピルカーボネート(DPC)などの鎖状カーボネート類、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチルなどの脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、γ-ブチロラクトン、γ-バレロラクトン等のラクトン類、1,2-ジメトキシエタン(DME)、1,2-ジエトキシエタン(DEE)、エトキシメトキシエタン(EME)等の鎖状エーテル類、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル類、ジメチルスルホキシド、1,3-ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、アセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン、アセトニトリル、プロピルニトリル、ニトロメタン、エチルモノグライム、リン酸トリエステル、トリメトキシメタン、ジオキソラン誘導体、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン、3-メチル-2-オキサゾリジノン、プロピレンカーボネート誘導体、テトラヒドロフラン誘導体、エチルエーテル、1,3-プロパンサルトン、アニソール、ジメチルスルホキシド、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン等を挙げることができる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
とくに、環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートとの混合溶媒、または環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートと脂肪族カルボン酸エステルとの混合溶媒を使用することが好ましい。
非水系電解液に溶解するリチウム塩としては、例えば、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiAlCl4、LiSbF6、LiSCN、LiCl、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、Li(CF3SO2)2、LiAsF6、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiB10Cl10、低級脂肪族カルボン酸リチウム、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、クロロボランリチウム、四フェニルホウ酸リチウム、リチウムイミド塩等を挙げることができる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。なお、少なくともLiPF6を用いることが好ましい。
また、非水溶媒中のリチウム塩濃度はとくに限定されないが、0.2~2mol/Lが好ましく、0.5~1.5mol/Lがより好ましい。
非水系電解液には、電池の充放電特性を改良する目的で、リチウム塩以外にも種々の添加剤を添加してもよい。
その添加剤はとくに限定されないが、例えば、トリエチルフォスファイト、トリエタノールアミン、環状エーテル、エチレンジアミン、n-グライム、ピリジン、ヘキサリン酸トリアミド、ニトロベンゼン誘導体、クラウンエーテル類、第四級アンモニウム塩、エチレングリコールジアルキルエーテル等を挙げることができる。
また、非水系電解質としては、固体電解質を用いてもよい。固体電解質は、高電圧に耐えうる性質を有する。固体電解質としては、 無機固体電解質、又は有機固体電解質が挙げられる。
無機固体電解質として、酸化物系固体電解質、硫化物系固体電解質等が用いられる。
なお、無機固体系電解質としては、上記以外のものを用いてよく、例えば、Li3N、LiI、Li3N?LiI?LiOH等を用いてもよい。
また、正極と負極との間には、微細なセパレータを介在させる。
このセパレータはとくに限定されないが、大きなイオン透過度と所定の機械的強度を持ち、かつ絶縁性である微多孔性薄膜が好ましい。とくに、微多孔性薄膜は、一定温度以上で孔を閉塞し、抵抗を上昇させる機能を持つものが好ましい。
微多孔性薄膜の材質もとくに限定されないが、例えば、耐有機溶剤性に優れ、疎水性を有するポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンを使用することができる。また、ガラス繊維等から作製されたシート、不織布、織布等も使用することができる。
セパレータが微多孔性薄膜の場合、セパレータに形成されている孔の孔径はとくに限定されないが、例えば、0.01~1μmが好ましい。セパレータの空孔率もとくに限定されないが、一般的には30~80%が好ましい。また、セパレータの厚みもとくに限定されないが、一般的には10~300μmが好ましい。
このポリマー材料としては、非水系電解液を保持することができるものであれば良く、とくに限定されないが、フッ化ビニリデンとヘキサフルオロプロピレンとの共重合体が好ましい。
なお、実施例及び比較例において、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の金属の分析方法及び結晶子径は、以下の方法を用いた。
(1)金属の分析:ICP発光分析法で行った。
(2)結晶子径:XRD回析装置(パナリティカル社製:X‘Pert PRO)を用いて行った。
本発明のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を正極活物質として採用した非水系電解質二次電池の電池性能の評価には、図1に示す2032型コイン型電池(以下、コイン型電池1という)を使用した。
図1に示すように、コイン型電池1は、ケース2と、このケース2内に収容された電極3とから構成されている。ケース2は、中空かつ一端が開口された正極缶2aと、この正極缶2aの開口部に配置される負極缶2bとを有しており、負極缶2bを正極缶2aの開口部に配置すると、負極缶2bと正極缶2aとの間に電極3を収容する空間が形成されるように構成されている。電極3は、正極(評価用電極)3a、セパレータ3c及び負極(リチウム金属負極)3bとからなり、この順で並ぶように積層されており、正極3aが正極缶2aの内面に接触し、負極3bが負極缶2bの内面に接触するようにケース2に収容されている。
なお、ケース2はガスケット2cを備えており、このガスケット2cによって、正極缶2aと負極缶2bとの間が非接触の状態を維持するように相対的な移動が固定されている。また、ガスケット2cは、正極缶2aと負極缶2bとの隙間を密封してケース2内と外部との間を気密液密に遮断する機能も有している。
まず、正極活物質粉末90重量部にアセチレンブラック5重量部及びポリ沸化ビニリデン5重量部を混合し、n-メチルピロリドンを加えてペースト化した。この作製したペーストを、厚み20μmのアルミニウム箔に塗布した。なお、ペーストは、乾燥後の正極活物質の重量が0.05g/cm2となるように塗布した。その後、ペーストが塗布されたアルミニウム箔について120℃で真空乾燥を行い、その後、直径1cmの円板状に打ち抜いて正極3aとした。
初期放電容量は、以下の方法で測定した。まず、コイン型電池1を作製してから24時間程度放置する。開回路電圧OCV(Open Circuit Voltage)が安定した後、正極に対する電流密度を0.1mA/cm2とし、カットオフ電圧4.3Vまで充電し、1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電させる。そして、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電させたときの容量を初期放電容量とした。
このナイキストプロットは、溶液抵抗、負極抵抗とその容量、及び、正極抵抗とその容量を示す特性曲線の和として表しているため、このナイキストプロットに基づく等価回路を用いてフィッティング計算を行い、正極反応抵抗の値を算出した。
得られたリチウム混合物は、電気炉を用いて酸素雰囲気下において、500℃の温度で3時間仮焼した後、760℃で3時間保持し、昇温開始から保持終了までを20時間として焼成した。その後、室温まで炉内で冷却し、解砕処理を行い、アルミニウム化合物を添加する焼成粉末(以下、母材と称す)を得た。
得られた母材をICP法による分析を行ったところ、Ni:Co:Alのモル比が91:5:4、Li/(Ni+Co+Al)が1.018であることを確認した。
次に洗浄ケーキ中のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してアルミニウム量が0.05原子%、タングステン量が0.15原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)を0.60g、酸化タングステン(WO3)を5.35g添加し、室温(25℃)でシェーカーミキサー装置(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン(WAB)社製TURBULA TypeT2C)を用いて十分に混合し、混合粉末を得た。なお、実施例記載における「アルミニウム量」、「タングステン量」は配合値を示す数値で、表1に記載の分析値とは差が生じている場合もある。
最後に目開き38μmの篩にかけ解砕することにより、一次粒子表面にLiAl化合物であるLiAl2(OH)7・xH2O及びLiW化合物であるLi2WO4を有する正極活物質を得た。
得られた正極活物質の電池特性を評価した。なお、正極抵抗は実施例1を1.00として相対値を評価値とした。
その結果を表1に示す。
洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)と、酸化タングステン(WO3)を添加しないこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。
その結果を表1に示す。
リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してアルミニウム量が0.55原子%、タングステン量が0.35原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)を6.63g、酸化タングステン(WO3)を12.52g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。
その結果を表1に示す。
リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してアルミニウム量が0.10原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)のみを1.20g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。
その結果を表1に示す。
リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してタングステン量が0.15原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに酸化タングステン(WO3)のみを5.35g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。
その結果を表1に示す。
ニッケル複合水酸化物として、Ni:Co:Alのモル比が88:8:4となるように晶析したこと、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)、酸化タングステン(WO3)を添加しないこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
ニッケル複合水酸化物として、Ni:Co:Alのモル比が88:8:4となるように晶析したこと、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してアルミニウム量が0.55原子%、タングステン量が0.35原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)を6.67g、酸化タングステン(WO3)を12.59g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
ニッケル複合水酸化物として、Ni:Co:Alのモル比が88:8:4となるように晶析したこと、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してアルミニウム量が0.10原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)のみを1.21g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
ニッケル複合水酸化物として、Ni:Co:Alのモル比が88:8:4となるように晶析したこと、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びAlの原子数の合計に対してタングステン量が0.15原子%となるように、洗浄ケーキに酸化タングステン(WO3)のみを、5.38g添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極活物質を得るとともに評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例1のNi:Co:Alのモル比が91:5:4、Li/(Ni+Co+Al)が1.018であるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子を洗浄して得られた洗浄ケーキを、150℃に加温した真空乾燥機を用いて12時間静置乾燥し、その後炉冷して母材とした。
この母材97gに平均粒径0.02μmの酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)0.3gを添加し、室温(25℃)でシェーカーミキサー装置を用いて十分に混合した。その得られた混合物を700℃に加熱した電気炉を用いて大気雰囲気下で8時間焼成し、冷却後に解砕して、固相拡散により表面にLiAl化合物(LiAl複合酸化物)が被覆された正極活物質を得た。この正極活物質を実施例1と同様にして評価を行った。
その結果を表1に示す。
表1から明らかなように、実施例1~10の正極活物質は、本発明に従って製造されたため、比較例1~9に比べて放電容量が高く、正極抵抗も低いものとなっており、高容量かつ高出力な非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質となっている。
さらに、Niのモル比が82と低い実施例11の正極活物質においても、Niのモル比が88と高い比較例5や比較例6と同等以上の放電容量を示し、かつ正極抵抗は十分に低下していることから、高容量かつ高出力な非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質となっている。
2 ケース
2a 正極缶
2b 負極缶
2c ガスケット
3 電極
3a 正極
3b 負極
3c セパレータ
Claims (17)
- 少なくとも一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(0.95≦z≦1.03、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の一次粒子及び前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を含み、前記一次粒子の表面に、LiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を有することを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記一次粒子のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びMの原子数の合計に対して、LiAl化合物に含まれるAlの量が、0.01~0.50原子%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記一次粒子のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びMの原子数の合計に対して、LiW化合物に含まれるWの量は、0.05~0.30原子%であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記LiAl化合物が、LiAl2(OH)7・xH2O、LiH(AlO2)2・5H2O、LiAlO2からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記LiW化合物が、(Li2WO4)7(H2O)4、Li2WO4、Li4WO5からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物のX線回折(XRD)における(003)面のピークから算出される結晶子径が1350~1500Åであることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- リチウムニッケル複合酸化物を含む非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法であって、
下記(A)~(D)の工程を、(A)~(D)の工程順に含むことを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
(A)ニッケルとコバルト、並びにMg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有するニッケル化合物と、リチウム化合物とを混合した後、酸化性雰囲気下において720~770℃の温度範囲で焼成して、少なくとも一般式:LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2(ただし、0.98≦z≦1.05、0<x≦0.20、0<y≦0.10、x+y≦0.20、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Zr及びMoから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素)で表され、一次粒子及び前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子を含むリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を調製する工程。
(B)前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末の量が、水1Lに対して1000g~2000gとなるようにスラリーを形成し、前記(A)の工程で調製したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末を水洗処理して洗浄ケーキとする工程。
(C)前記(B)の工程における前記洗浄ケーキにアルミニウム化合物及びタングステン化合物を添加し、混合させる工程。
(D)前記(C)の工程で作製した前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末とアルミニウム化合物と前記タングステン化合物との混合物を熱処理して、LiAl化合物及びLiW化合物を、前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の焼成粉末の一次粒子表面に形成する工程。 - 前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びMの原子数の合計に対して、前記アルミニウム化合物に含まれるAlの量が、0.01~0.50原子%であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物に含まれるNi、Co及びMの原子数の合計に対して、前記タングステン化合物に含まれるWの量は、0.05~0.30原子%であることを特徴とする請求項7又は8に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記(D)の工程における熱処理が、酸素雰囲気あるいは真空雰囲気中において、100~600℃で行うことを特徴とする請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記ニッケル化合物が、
ニッケル複合水酸化物、
前記ニッケル複合水酸化物を酸化剤により酸化して得られるニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物、
前記ニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物を500~750℃の温度で酸化焙焼して得られるニッケル複合酸化物、
前記ニッケル複合水酸化物を500~750℃の温度で酸化焙焼して得られるニッケル複合酸化物、
前記ニッケル複合水酸化物及び前記ニッケルオキシ複合水酸化物の混合物を500~750℃の温度で酸化焙焼して得られるニッケル複合酸化物、
のいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム化合物が、リチウムの水酸化物、オキシ水酸化物、酸化物、炭酸塩、硝酸塩及びハロゲン化物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項7~11のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記(A)の工程において、前記ニッケル化合物中の全金属元素の合計量に対する前記リチウム化合物中のリチウム量が、モル比で0.98~1.05となるように前記ニッケル化合物と前記リチウム化合物との混合比を調整することを特徴とする請求項7~12のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記(B)の工程において、水洗処理時の水洗温度を10~40℃に調整することを特徴とする請求項7~13のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記アルミニウム化合物が、水酸化アルミニウム、又は酸化アルミニウムであることを特徴とする請求項7~14のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記タングステン化合物が、酸化タングステン、又はタングステン酸であることを特徴とする請求項7~15のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極を有することを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池。
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| JP7336055B1 (ja) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-08-30 | Jx金属株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用正極、リチウムイオン電池、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極、全固体リチウムイオン電池、リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法及び全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
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| KR102457285B1 (ko) * | 2018-01-15 | 2022-10-19 | 에스케이온 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지 |
| US12183921B2 (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2024-12-31 | Toda Kogyo Corp. | Li—Ni composite oxide particles and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN115863602B (zh) * | 2022-12-29 | 2025-02-25 | 巴斯夫杉杉电池材料有限公司 | 一种多元包覆改性的单晶镍钴锰酸锂正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 |
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| JP7519346B2 (ja) | 2019-04-19 | 2024-07-19 | パナソニックエナジー株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2020213617A1 (ja) * | 2019-04-19 | 2020-10-22 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JPWO2020213617A1 (ja) * | 2019-04-19 | 2020-10-22 | ||
| US12237506B2 (en) | 2019-04-19 | 2025-02-25 | Panasonic Energy Co., Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP2021005475A (ja) * | 2019-06-25 | 2021-01-14 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法、並びに、リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP7272134B2 (ja) | 2019-06-25 | 2023-05-12 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法、並びに、リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2021123747A1 (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Cathode material and process |
| CN115667153A (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2023-01-31 | Ev金属英国有限公司 | 阴极材料和方法 |
| JP2021170494A (ja) * | 2020-04-16 | 2021-10-28 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 二次電池 |
| JP7417135B2 (ja) | 2021-07-21 | 2024-01-18 | 日亜化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 |
| JP2023016676A (ja) * | 2021-07-21 | 2023-02-02 | 日亜化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 |
| WO2023157525A1 (ja) | 2022-02-15 | 2023-08-24 | Basf戸田バッテリーマテリアルズ合同会社 | 正極活物質粒子の処理方法、並びに正極活物質及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
| KR20240151779A (ko) | 2022-02-15 | 2024-10-18 | 바스프 에스이 | 양극 활물질 입자의 처리 방법, 및 양극 활물질 및 이를 이용한 비수성 전해질 이차 배터리 |
| JP2023136671A (ja) * | 2022-03-17 | 2023-09-29 | プライムアースEvエナジー株式会社 | 電極合材及び二次電池 |
| JP7618615B2 (ja) | 2022-03-17 | 2025-01-21 | トヨタバッテリー株式会社 | 正極の電極合材及び二次電池 |
| JP7336055B1 (ja) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-08-30 | Jx金属株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用正極、リチウムイオン電池、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極、全固体リチウムイオン電池、リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法及び全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20200343547A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
| KR20200041974A (ko) | 2020-04-22 |
| US11637284B2 (en) | 2023-04-25 |
| JPWO2019044338A1 (ja) | 2020-10-01 |
| EP3678232B1 (en) | 2024-04-03 |
| KR102420738B1 (ko) | 2022-07-14 |
| EP3678232A4 (en) | 2021-06-02 |
| CN111052465A (zh) | 2020-04-21 |
| JP6960097B2 (ja) | 2021-11-05 |
| EP3678232A1 (en) | 2020-07-08 |
| CN111052465B (zh) | 2023-04-07 |
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