WO2018225861A1 - 多層構造体および多層構造体の製造方法 - Google Patents
多層構造体および多層構造体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018225861A1 WO2018225861A1 PCT/JP2018/022084 JP2018022084W WO2018225861A1 WO 2018225861 A1 WO2018225861 A1 WO 2018225861A1 JP 2018022084 W JP2018022084 W JP 2018022084W WO 2018225861 A1 WO2018225861 A1 WO 2018225861A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multilayer structure and a method for producing the multilayer structure.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 Conventionally, a multilayer structure having a photocatalytic layer such as a titanium oxide layer has been proposed (see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the present inventors have found that the titanium oxide layer exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity by adopting the following configuration, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides the following [1] to [6].
- [1] A conductive part containing a metal element A other than Ti and having conductivity, a titanium oxide layer disposed on the conductive part and containing 1.0 atomic% or more of the metal element A, A multilayer structure.
- the metal element A is Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Bi, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W
- the multilayer structure according to [1] which is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Sb, and Sb.
- [5] A method for producing the multilayer structure according to any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the treatment liquid containing a Ti component contains a metal element A other than Ti, and A method for producing a multilayer structure, wherein a titanium oxide layer containing 1.0 atomic% or more of the metal element A is formed on the conductive portion by performing cathodic electrolysis using the conductive portion having conductivity as a cathode .
- the present invention it is possible to provide a multilayer structure in which the titanium oxide layer exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity, and a method for producing the same.
- Test material No. 17 and no. It is a graph which shows the evaluation result of 49 organic substance decomposition
- the multilayer structure of the present invention contains a metal element A other than Ti and is disposed on the conductive part having conductivity and the conductive part, and contains 1.0 atomic% or more of the metal element A. And a titanium oxide layer.
- the titanium oxide layer exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity.
- the titanium oxide layer preferably has at least “organic matter decomposition characteristics” described later, and more preferably has “superhydrophilicity” described later.
- the reason why the above effect is obtained is not clear, but when the metal element A is taken into the titanium oxide layer, many O deficient portions are introduced into the titanium oxide layer, and these O deficient portions become holes (such as ultraviolet irradiation). Therefore, it is considered that the titanium oxide layer exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity because the valence band electrons in the titanium oxide layer have the same properties as the transition to the conduction band. Moreover, the ratio of the anatase type titanium oxide in a titanium oxide layer may increase, and it is thought that a titanium oxide layer shows the outstanding photocatalytic activity also in this case. However, these mechanisms are estimations, and even when the above-described effects can be obtained by a mechanism other than these mechanisms, they are assumed to be within the scope of the present invention.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a photocatalyst layer in which amorphous titanium oxide having no photocatalytic activity is used as a binder and crystalline titanium oxide fine particles having photocatalytic activity are dispersed therein.
- amorphous titanium oxide having no photocatalytic activity is used as a binder and crystalline titanium oxide fine particles having photocatalytic activity are dispersed therein.
- organic matter decomposition characteristics in the photocatalyst layer of Patent Document 2, it is considered that the effect appears only when the crystalline titanium oxide fine particles existing on the outermost surface and the organic matter come into contact with each other.
- the titanium oxide layer included in the multilayer structure of the present invention is not one in which crystalline titanium oxide fine particles are dispersed, and is considered to exhibit an effect in a wider range.
- the conductive portion contains a metal element A other than Ti and has conductivity.
- the conductive part “having conductivity” means that the conductive part has a property of conducting electricity, and specifically means that the resistivity is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm or less.
- the shape of the conductive portion is, for example, a plate shape, but is not limited thereto, and may be a linear shape or a particle shape.
- size (dimension) of an electroconductive part is set suitably.
- Electrode A Specific examples of the metal element A other than Ti (hereinafter also simply referred to as “element A”) include Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Bi, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. , Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Si, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sb, Al, Sn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn At least one element selected from the group consisting of is preferable, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn is more preferable.
- the element A may be a mixture of two or more elements.
- the content of the element A in the conductive part is not particularly limited. However, because the element A is easily contained in the titanium oxide layer by 1.0 atomic% or more, the content of the element A in the conductive portion used in the manufacturing method of the present invention described later is, for example, 5 mass% or more. 10 mass% or more is preferable and 15 mass% or more is more preferable. And since the element A is more easily taken into the titanium oxide layer, the content of the element A in the conductive part used in the production method of the present invention described later is more preferably 85% by mass or more, and 93% by mass. The above is particularly preferable, and 98% by mass or more is most preferable. When the element A is a mixture of two or more elements, the content of the element A in the conductive part is the sum of the contents of each element.
- the conductive part may be a layer containing an element other than element A (element B).
- the element B include at least one element selected from the group consisting of O, N, and C. That is, the conductive portion may include an oxide of element A, a nitride of element A, a carbide of element A, and the like as long as it has conductivity.
- the multilayer structure of the present invention may include a substrate.
- the above-described conductive portion is disposed on the base material.
- the shape of the base material is, for example, a plate shape or a linear shape, but is not limited thereto.
- size of a base material is set suitably.
- Suitable examples of such a substrate include at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of a metal substrate, a ceramic substrate, and a resin substrate.
- Metal base material Although it does not specifically limit as a metal which is a material of a metal base material, For example, iron, nickel, cobalt, silver, zinc, copper, magnesium, aluminum, tin, manganese, the alloy containing these metals, etc. are mentioned. . Preferred examples of the iron-containing alloy include steel and stainless steel.
- a method for disposing the above-described conductive portion on a metal substrate is not particularly limited.
- electroplating or electroless plating using an aqueous solution or non-aqueous solution containing element A; melting containing element A examples include hot dipping by immersion in metal; physical vapor deposition; chemical vapor deposition; thermal spraying;
- the ceramic that is the material of the ceramic substrate is not particularly limited.
- oxides such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, and tin oxide
- silicon carbide Carbides such as boron carbide, titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, niobium carbide, chromium carbide, tungsten carbide
- nitrides such as boron nitride, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, niobium nitride, aluminum nitride; aluminum boride, silicon boride, boron Boride such as titanium halide, zirconium boride, chromium boride
- glass such as soda lime glass, quartz glass, crystal glass, borosilicate glass, quartz glass, etc., and even if these are used alone, Two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the method for disposing the above-described conductive portion on the ceramic substrate is not particularly limited.
- the ceramic substrate is conductive, for example, an aqueous solution or a non-aqueous solution containing the element A is used.
- electroless plating using an aqueous solution or non-aqueous solution containing element A; immersion in molten metal containing element A Examples of such methods include hot-dip plating, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, thermal spraying, and the like.
- the resin that is the material of the resin base material is not particularly limited.
- unsaturated polyester resin acrylic resin, vinyl ester resin, alkyd resin, amino resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, silicone resin, etc.
- Thermosetting resin polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polybutadiene resin, styrene butadiene resin, polyacetal resin, polyamide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyphenylene ether resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polybutylene terephthalate resin, polyarylate resin, polystyrene resin , Polyethersulfone resin, polyimide resin, polyamideimide resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyoxybenzoyl resin, polyetheretherketone resin Polyetherimide resins, thermoplastic resins such as cellulose acetate resin; and the like, even with these alone, or in combination of two or more thereof.
- a method for disposing the above-described conductive portion on the resin base material is not particularly limited.
- an aqueous solution or a non-aqueous solution containing the element A is used.
- an aqueous solution containing the element A after the appropriate pretreatment is applied to the resin base material surface or non- Examples include electroless plating using an aqueous solution; physical vapor deposition; chemical vapor deposition; thermal spraying;
- the titanium oxide layer has a deposition amount in terms of Ti per one side of the conductive part (hereinafter also referred to as “Ti deposition amount”) of 5.0 to 1000. it is preferably .0mg / m 2, more preferably from 7.0 ⁇ 500.0mg / m 2, and still more preferably from 10.0 ⁇ 50.0mg / m 2.
- the amount of Ti adhesion is measured by surface analysis using fluorescent X-rays.
- the fluorescent X-ray analysis is performed, for example, under the following conditions.
- Apparatus X-ray fluorescence analyzer System 3270 manufactured by Rigaku Corporation ⁇ Measurement diameter: 30 mm ⁇ Measurement atmosphere: Vacuum ⁇ Spectrum: Ti-K ⁇ ⁇ Slit: COARSE -Spectral crystal: TAP The Ti-K ⁇ peak count number of the fluorescent X-ray analysis of the titanium oxide layer measured under the above conditions is used.
- a calibration curve relating to the Ti adhesion amount is specified in advance, and the Ti adhesion amount is relatively determined using the calibration curve.
- ⁇ Element A in Titanium Oxide Layer> As described above, it is considered that the effect of the photocatalytic activity occurs when the element A is taken into the titanium oxide layer. Such an effect is obtained when the content of the element A in the titanium oxide layer is 1.0 atomic% or more.
- the content of element A in the titanium oxide layer is preferably 5.0 atomic percent or more, more preferably 10.0 atomic percent or more, further preferably 20.0 atomic percent or more, and particularly preferably 30.0 atomic percent or more. .
- the content of the element A in the titanium oxide layer is preferably 90.0 atomic% or less, more preferably 75.0 atomic% or less, and further preferably 55.0 atomic% or less.
- the content of element A in the titanium oxide layer is the sum of the contents of each element.
- the content of element A in the titanium oxide layer is determined from energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) in cross-sectional observation of the multilayer structure using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or transmission electron microscope (TEM). Is done. Specifically, first, a cross section of a multilayer structure having a conductive portion and a titanium oxide layer is exposed using a focused ion beam (FIB) processing method or a microtome. Next, cross-sectional observation according to the thickness of the titanium oxide layer is performed. For example, if the thickness of the titanium oxide layer is 1 ⁇ m or more, SEM is used, and if the thickness is less than 1 ⁇ m, cross-sectional observation using TEM is performed.
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray analysis
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- L decide The distance from the surface of the conductive part (surface in contact with the titanium oxide layer in the conductive part) to the surface of the titanium oxide layer (surface opposite to the surface in contact with the conductive part in the titanium oxide layer): L decide.
- element mapping by EDX is performed on the titanium oxide layer in a region where one side is L / 9.
- the average value of the ratio (unit: atomic%) of the element A obtained in 10 fields of view is defined as the content of the element A in the titanium oxide layer.
- the titanium oxide layer preferably contains anatase type titanium oxide.
- anatase type titanium oxide When irradiated with ultraviolet rays, the Ti—O—Ti bond of anatase-type titanium oxide becomes Ti—OH HO—Ti, and the titanium oxide layer has improved water affinity and good wettability with water. The contact angle is reduced.
- the proportion of anatase-type titanium oxide in the titanium oxide layer is preferably 40.0% or more, more preferably 46.5% or more, and further more preferably 50.0% or more. Preferably, 60.0% or more is particularly preferable.
- the element A in the titanium oxide layer Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Bi, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd.
- Preferable examples include at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ag, W, Si, and Sb.
- the ratio of anatase-type titanium oxide in the titanium oxide layer is determined from cross-sectional observation of the multilayer structure using a spherical aberration correction type high-resolution transmission electron microscope (high-resolution TEM). Specifically, first, a cross section of a multilayer structure having a conductive portion and a titanium oxide layer is exposed using a focused ion beam (FIB) processing method or a microtome. Next, cross-sectional observation using a high-resolution TEM is performed. Distance between the surface of the conductive part (surface in contact with the titanium oxide layer in the conductive part) and the surface of the titanium oxide layer (surface opposite to the surface in contact with the conductive part in the titanium oxide layer) in an arbitrary field of view: L is determined.
- FIB focused ion beam
- a high resolution image is obtained in the titanium oxide layer at a position L / 3 from the surface of the titanium oxide layer toward the surface of the conductive portion.
- the obtained high resolution image is subjected to Fourier transform, the lattice constant is calculated, and the region of titanium oxide whose crystal structure is anatase phase is determined.
- the ratio of the area of the titanium oxide region composed of the anatase phase to the area of the titanium oxide layer in the high resolution image is defined as the ratio of the anatase type titanium oxide in the titanium oxide layer.
- This measurement is performed in 10 arbitrary fields of view. Let the average value of the ratio of the obtained 10 visual field anatase type titanium oxide be a ratio of the anatase type titanium oxide in this titanium oxide layer.
- the use of the multilayer structure of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- it is used as a member of various products that are required to have a photocatalytic function for the purpose of air purification, deodorization, water purification, antibacterial, antifouling, and the like.
- they are also used as members of hydrogen generating catalysts, transparent electrodes, and perovskite type dye-sensitized solar cells.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention is a method for manufacturing the above-described multilayer structure of the present invention, which contains a metal element A other than Ti in a treatment liquid containing a Ti component and has conductivity.
- the above-described titanium oxide layer is formed on the conductive portion by performing cathodic electrolysis treatment using the portion as a cathode.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method in which a photocatalyst layer is formed by a heat treatment at, for example, 450 ° C. after being formed by a sol-gel method.
- a low melting point resin base material or the like is melted by heat treatment, usable base materials are limited.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention does not require a heat treatment after the titanium oxide layer is formed, a low melting point resin base material can be used.
- the treatment liquid contains a Ti component (Ti compound) for supplying Ti (titanium element) to the formed titanium oxide layer.
- the Ti component is not particularly limited.
- titanium alkoxide (Ti (OR) 4 OR represents an alkoxy group
- titanyl ammonium oxalate ((NH 4 ) 2 [TiO (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ]) a Ti component for supplying Ti (titanium element) to the formed titanium oxide layer.
- Ti (OR) 4 represents an alkoxy group
- titanyl ammonium oxalate ((NH 4 ) 2 [TiO (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ])
- Potassium titanyl oxalate dihydrate K 2 [TiO (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ] ⁇ 2H 2 O
- titanium hydrofluoric acid salt examples include potassium hexafluorotitanate (K 2 TiF 6 ), sodium hexafluorotitanate (Na 2 TiF 6 ), and ammonium hexafluorotitanate ((NH 4 ) 2 TiF). 6 ).
- K 2 TiF 6 potassium hexafluorotitanate
- Na 2 TiF 6 sodium hexafluorotitanate
- ammonium hexafluorotitanate (NH 4 ) 2 TiF). 6 ).
- titanium hydrofluoric acid and / or a salt thereof is preferable from the viewpoints of stability of the treatment liquid, availability, and the like.
- the Ti content in the treatment liquid is preferably 0.004 to 0.400 mol / L, and more preferably 0.020 to 0.200 mol / L.
- the pH of the treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and is, for example, pH 2.0 to 5.0.
- a known acid component for example, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.
- an alkali component for example, sodium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, etc.
- the treatment liquid may contain a surfactant such as sodium lauryl sulfate or acetylene glycol as necessary.
- the treatment liquid may contain a condensed phosphate such as pyrophosphate.
- the liquid temperature of the treatment liquid is preferably 20 to 80 ° C., more preferably 40 to 60 ° C.
- the treatment liquid may further contain a conduction aid.
- the conduction aid include sulfates such as potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium sulfate; nitrates such as potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and calcium nitrate; potassium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and the like. And the like.
- the content of the conductive assistant in the treatment liquid is preferably 0.010 to 1.000 mol / L, more preferably 0.020 to 0.500 mol / L.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention includes a titanium oxide layer forming step.
- a titanium oxide layer formation process is a process of forming a titanium oxide layer on this electroconductive part by performing a cathode electrolytic process in the process liquid mentioned above by making an electroconductive part into a cathode.
- the electroconductive part may be arrange
- As the counter electrode an insoluble electrode such as a platinum electrode is suitable.
- the electrolysis current density during the cathodic electrolysis treatment is preferably 1.0 to 100.0 A / dm 2, more preferably 3.0 to 80.0 A / dm 2 , and 10.0 to 50.0 A / dm 2. Is more preferable.
- the energization time of the cathodic electrolysis treatment is appropriately set so as to obtain a desired Ti adhesion amount.
- Non-conductive immersion time the time during which no conductive state is applied after the conductive portion (or the substrate with the conductive portion) is immersed in the treatment liquid until the start of the cathodic electrolysis treatment. It is preferable to provide. That is, it is preferable to immerse the conductive part (or base material with a conductive part) in a non-energized state in the treatment liquid before performing the cathodic electrolytic treatment. As a result, the element A is dissolved into the treatment liquid from the surface of the conductive portion, and the element A is easily introduced into the titanium oxide layer, and the content of the element A in the titanium oxide layer increases.
- the non-energized immersion time is preferably 6.0 seconds or more.
- the non-energized immersion time is more preferably 10.0 seconds or more, and further preferably 15.0 seconds or more.
- the upper limit of the non-energized dipping time is not particularly limited, but for example, it is preferably 100.0 seconds or less, more preferably 80.0 seconds or less, and even more preferably 50.0 seconds or less for improving productivity.
- a water washing treatment may be performed after the cathodic electrolysis treatment.
- the method of the water washing treatment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of immersing in water after the cathodic electrolysis treatment.
- the temperature (water temperature) of the water used for the washing treatment is preferably 40 to 90 ° C.
- the washing time is preferably more than 0.5 seconds, and preferably 1.0 to 5.0 seconds.
- drying may be performed.
- the temperature and method during drying are not particularly limited, and for example, a drying method using a normal dryer or an electric furnace can be applied.
- the drying temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or lower.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention may include a pretreatment step described below for the purpose of removing a natural oxide film formed on the surface of the conductive portion before the titanium oxide layer forming step described above.
- the pretreatment step is a step of subjecting the conductive portion (or the base material with the conductive portion) to cathodic electrolysis in an alkaline aqueous solution (for example, a sodium carbonate aqueous solution).
- an alkaline aqueous solution for example, an aqueous sodium carbonate solution.
- the content of the alkali component (for example, sodium carbonate) in the alkaline aqueous solution is preferably 5 to 15 g / L, and more preferably 8 to 12 g / L.
- the temperature of the alkaline aqueous solution during cathodic electrolysis is preferably 40 to 60 ° C.
- the electrolysis conditions (current density, electrolysis time) of the cathodic electrolysis are appropriately adjusted. After the cathodic electrolysis treatment, a water washing treatment may be performed as necessary.
- ⁇ Conducting part plate> As the conductive part original plate, an Al plate (purity: 99 mass% or more), an In plate (purity: 99.99 mass%), an Sn plate (purity: 99.9 mass) having a thickness of 0.3 mm, a length of 100 mm, and a width of 100 mm.
- base material with conductive part (base material: metal)
- base material with a conductive part (base material: made of metal)
- Substrate with Conductive Part 1-1 (Sn) A steel plate having a thickness of 0.22 mm, a length of 200 mm, and a width of 100 mm (T4 original plate: a cold-rolled steel plate having a tempering degree equivalent to T-4 described in JIS G 3303) is electrolytically degreased, and then Sn plating bath (sulfuric acid) Using Sn: 30 g / L, sulfuric acid: 100 g / L), an Sn layer was formed on both sides with a Sn adhesion amount per side of 5.0 g / m 2 .
- Substrate with conductive portion 1-2 (Zn) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a thickness of 0.22 mm is electrolytically degreased, and then using a Zn plating bath (zinc sulfate heptahydrate: 440 g / L), the amount of deposited Zn per side: 5.0 g / m 2 A Zn layer was formed on both sides.
- Substrate with Conductive Part 1-3 (Cr) A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a thickness of 0.22 mm is electrolytically degreased, and thereafter, using a Cr plating bath (chromic acid: 200 g / L, sulfuric acid: 3 g / L), the amount of Cr deposited per side: 0.1 g / L Cr layers were formed on both sides with m 2 .
- Substrate with Conductive Part 1-4 (Ni) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a plate thickness of 0.22 mm was electrolytically degreased, and then Ni plating bath (nickel sulfate: 240 g / L, nickel chloride: 80 g / L, boric acid: 30 g / L) was used. A Ni layer was formed on both sides at a Ni adhesion amount of 0.1 g / m 2 .
- Substrate with conductive portion 1-5 (Bi) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a plate thickness of 0.22 mm was electrolytically degreased, and then a Bi layer was formed on one side at a Bi deposition amount of 0.1 g / m 2 per side using a physical vapor deposition method.
- ⁇ Substrate with Conductive Part 1-6 (Ga) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a thickness of 0.22 mm was electrolytically degreased, and then a Ga layer was formed on one side with a Ga deposition amount per side of 0.1 g / m 2 using physical vapor deposition.
- Substrate with conductive portion 1-7 (Ru) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a plate thickness of 0.22 mm was electrolytically degreased, and then a Ru layer was formed on one side with a Ru deposition amount per side: 0.1 g / m 2 using physical vapor deposition.
- ⁇ Substrate with conductive portion 1-8 (Si) >> A steel plate (T4 original plate) having a plate thickness of 0.22 mm was electrolytically degreased, and then a Si layer was formed on one side at a Si deposition amount of 0.1 g / m 2 per side using physical vapor deposition.
- base material with conductive part base material: made of ceramic
- base material with a conductive part base material: made of ceramic
- Substrate with conductive portion 2-1 (Sn) An Sn layer was formed on one side of a soda-lime glass having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm using a physical vapor deposition method at an Sn deposition amount of 500 mg / m 2 per side.
- Substrate with conductive portion 2-2 (Zn) Using a physical vapor deposition method on soda-lime glass having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm, a Zn layer was formed on one side with a Zn deposition amount of 500 mg / m 2 per side.
- Substrate with Conductive Part 2-3 (Cr) >> Using a physical vapor deposition method on quartz glass having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm, a Cr layer was formed on one side with a Cr deposition amount per side of 500 mg / m 2 .
- Substrate with conductive portion 3-1 (Sn) >> For an ABS resin having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm, degreasing, etching, catalyst treatment (treatment for applying a catalyst composed of Pd and Sn), and accelerator treatment (Pd) are performed in an industrially performed manner.
- Ni plating bath nickel sulfate: 20 g / L, sodium acetate: 5 g / L, sodium hypophosphite: 10 g / L, sodium citrate: 5 g / L
- Lactic acid 3 mL / L
- electroless nickel plating was performed, and an Sn layer was formed on one side of the surface with an Sn adhesion amount per side of 500 mg / m 2 .
- Substrate with conductive portion 3-2 (Zn) An ABS resin having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm is subjected to degreasing, etching, catalyst treatment, and accelerator treatment in the same manner as described above by an industrial method, and then electroless nickel. plating alms, further, Zn deposition amount per one surface on its surface: forming a Zn layer on one side with 500 mg / m 2.
- ⁇ Substrate with conductive portion 3-3 (Cr) An ABS resin having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm is subjected to degreasing, etching, catalyst treatment, and accelerator treatment in the same manner as described above by an industrial method, and then electroless nickel.
- Substrate with conductive portion 3-4 (Sn, Sb) >> A transparent conductive powder “T-1” (Sn—Sb Oxide) manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Electronic Chemical Co., Ltd. was dispersed in polyester as a binder so as to be 80% by mass to obtain a composition. This composition was applied onto a polyester film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m so as to have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m.
- a test material for a multilayer structure was produced using a conductive part original plate or a substrate with a conductive part. More specifically, as shown in Table 2 and Table 3 below, the test material No. In Nos. 1 to 13, 15 to 26, and 47 to 50, the above-described conductive part original plate was used, and the test material No. In 27 to 33, 36 to 46, and 51 to 52, the above-mentioned base material with a conductive part was used. In addition, in the following Table 2 and Table 3, the used electroconductive part original plate and the base material with an electroconductive part were described. In addition, the base material with an electroconductive part is abbreviate
- base material with conductive portion 1-1 (Sn) is described as “1-1 (Sn)”.
- the test material No. In 1 to 13, 15 to 33, 36 to 46, and 51 to 52 the following titanium oxide layer forming step 1 was subjected to test material No. In Nos. 47 to 50, a test material having a multilayer structure was produced through the following titanium oxide layer formation step 2.
- Pretreatment process The conductive part original plate or the substrate with the conductive part is immersed in an aqueous sodium carbonate solution having a bath temperature of 50 ° C. and 10 g / L, current density: 2.0 A / dm 2 , energization time: 0.5 seconds, electric quantity density: Cathodic electrolysis was performed under the condition of 1.0 C / dm 2 .
- Titanium oxide layer forming step 1 Using a kind of treatment liquid (solvent: water, liquid temperature: 50 ° C.) having the composition shown in Table 1 below, in which the conductive part original plate or the substrate with the conductive part that has undergone the pretreatment step is washed with water and the pH is adjusted to 4.0. Cathodic electrolysis was performed under the conditions shown in Tables 2 and 3 below. In this way, a titanium oxide layer was formed on both sides or one side of the conductive part original plate or the substrate with the conductive part, and a test material for a multilayer structure was obtained. After the cathodic electrolytic treatment, the obtained multilayer structure test material was subjected to a water washing treatment and dried at room temperature using a blower. The water washing treatment was performed by immersing the test material in a water bath at 85 ° C. for 2.0 seconds.
- solvent water, liquid temperature: 50 ° C.
- the resistivity of the conductive part was 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ for all the test materials. It was confirmed that it was 2 ⁇ cm or less.
- the layer formed on the conductive part was a titanium oxide layer containing TiO 2 .
- the presence of O and Ti was confirmed by narrow spectrum measurement of O 1s and Ti 2p using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
- binding energy calibration was performed according to the peak position of the narrow spectrum of C 1s, and it was confirmed that Ti was tetravalent from the binding energy value of the narrow spectrum peak of Ti 2p. From these facts, it was confirmed that the layer formed on the conductive portion was a titanium oxide layer containing TiO 2 .
- a test piece of 35 mm ⁇ was punched from the test material of the produced multilayer structure.
- a black light emitting ultraviolet rays was irradiated at an intensity of 2 mW / cm 2 for 24 hours.
- the test piece was immersed in a 20 ⁇ mol / L methylene blue aqueous solution in the absence of light for 24 hours (to cause methylene blue to be saturated and adsorbed on the surface of the titanium oxide layer of the test piece).
- a test piece was placed on the bottom of a transparent glass container with an inner diameter of 40 mm and a height of 3 cm containing 35 mL of a 10 ⁇ mol / L methylene blue aqueous solution so that the surface of the titanium oxide layer faced upward.
- Irradiation methylene blue aqueous solution, adjusted to have an ultraviolet intensity of 1.0 mW / cm 2 when transmitted through the bottom of a glass container.
- the absorbance at 664 nm of the aqueous methylene blue solution was measured using a spectrophotometer after 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 minutes from the start of black light irradiation.
- the concentration of methylene blue in the aqueous methylene blue solution at each elapsed time was calculated.
- Photocatalytic activity based on the following criteria, with the ultraviolet irradiation time (unit: min) on the horizontal axis, the methylene blue concentration (unit: ⁇ mol / L) on the vertical axis, and the slope of the straight line as the decomposition activity index R (nmol / L / min) (Organic substance decomposition characteristic) was evaluated.
- test material No. 17 and no. The results of 49 are shown in the graph of FIG.
- the titanium oxide layer can be evaluated as having an organic substance decomposition property and having an excellent photocatalytic activity.
- the test materials of the present invention examples (Nos. 1 to 4, 6 to 13, 15 to 33, 36 to 46 and 51) all have organic matter decomposition characteristics. Excellent photocatalytic activity was exhibited.
- the non-energized immersion time in the titanium oxide layer forming step is 6.0 seconds or more
- the content of the element A in the titanium oxide layer is 5.0 atomic% or more
- the anatase type oxidation in the titanium oxide layer Test materials having a titanium ratio of 40.0% or more (No. 1 to 3, 6 to 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 to 33, 36 to 46) further have super hydrophilicity, and more Excellent photocatalytic activity was exhibited.
- the test material (No. 51) in which the element A is Ni also has a superhydrophilic property and exhibits a more excellent photocatalytic activity.
- test material No. 5, 47 to 50, 52 in which the content of element A in the titanium oxide layer was less than 1.0 atomic% had desired organic matter decomposition characteristics and super hydrophilicity. There was no photocatalytic activity.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、以上の点を鑑みてなされたものであり、酸化チタン層が優れた光触媒活性を発揮する多層構造体、および、その製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
[1]Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部と、上記導電部の上に配置され、上記金属元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有する酸化チタン層と、を有する多層構造体。
[2]上記金属元素Aが、Al、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Bi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、W、Si、および、Sbからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、上記[1]に記載の多層構造体。
[3]上記酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合が、40.0%以上である、上記[1]または[2]に記載の多層構造体。
[4]更に、金属製の基材、セラミック製の基材、および、樹脂製の基材からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の基材を有し、上記基材の上に上記導電部が配置される、上記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の多層構造体。
[5]上記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の多層構造体を製造する方法であって、Ti成分を含有する処理液中で、Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部を陰極として陰極電解処理を施すことにより、上記導電部の上に、上記金属元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有する酸化チタン層を形成する、多層構造体の製造方法。
[6]上記導電部を上記処理液中に浸漬させてから上記陰極電解処理を開始するまでの無通電状態の時間が6.0秒以上である、上記[5]に記載の多層構造体の製造方法。
本発明の多層構造体は、Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部と、上記導電部の上に配置され、上記金属元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有する酸化チタン層と、を有する多層構造体である。
このような本発明の多層構造体においては、酸化チタン層が優れた光触媒活性を示す。具体的には、酸化チタン層は、後述する「有機物分解特性」を少なくとも有することが好ましく、更に後述する「超親水性」を有することがより好ましい。
また、酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合が増加する場合があり、この場合も、酸化チタン層が優れた光触媒活性を示すと考えられる。
ただし、これらのメカニズムは推定であり、これらのメカニズム以外で上記効果が得られる場合であっても、本発明の範囲内であるとする。
これに対して、本発明の多層構造体が有する酸化チタン層は、結晶性酸化チタン微粒子を分散させたものではなく、より広範囲で効果が発現すると考えられる。
導電部は、Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する。
導電部が「導電性を有する」とは、導電部が電気を通す性質を有することであり、具体的には、抵抗率が1.0×10-2Ωcm以下であることを意味する。
導電部の形状は、例えば、板状であるが、これに限定されず、線状や粒子状であってもよい。導電部の大きさ(寸法)は、適宜設定される。
Ti以外の金属元素A(以下、単に「元素A」ともいう)の具体例としては、Al、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Bi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、W、Si、および、Sbからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が挙げられ、Al、Sn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、および、Znからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が好ましく、Sn、Cr、Ni、Cu、および、Znからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素がより好ましい。
元素Aは、2種以上の元素の混合体であってもよい。
もっとも、酸化チタン層中に元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有させやすいという理由から、後述する本発明の製造方法に用いる導電部中の元素Aの含有量は、例えば5質量%以上であり、10質量%以上が好ましく、15質量%以上がより好ましい。
そして、酸化チタン層中に元素Aがより取り込まれやすくなるという理由から、後述する本発明の製造方法に用いる導電部中の元素Aの含有量は、85質量%以上が更に好ましく、93質量%以上が特に好ましく、98質量%以上が最も好ましい。
元素Aが2種以上の元素の混合体である場合、導電部における元素Aの含有量は、各元素の含有量の合計とする。
導電部は、元素A以外の元素(元素B)を含有する層であってもよい。元素Bとしては、例えば、O、NおよびCからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素などが挙げられる。すなわち、導電部は、導電性を有する限り、元素Aの酸化物、元素Aの窒化物、元素Aの炭化物などを含んでいてもよい。
本発明の多層構造体は、基材を備えていてもよい。本発明の多層構造体が基材を備える場合、この基材の上に、上述した導電部が配置される。
基材の形状は、例えば、板状や線状であるが、これに限定されない。基材の大きさは、適宜設定される。
このような基材としては、例えば、金属製の基材、セラミック製の基材、および、樹脂製の基材からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の基材が好適に挙げられる。
金属製の基材の材料である金属としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、鉄、ニッケル、コバルト、銀、亜鉛、銅、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、スズ、マンガン、これら金属を含有する合金などが挙げられる。鉄を含有する合金としては、鋼やステンレス鋼が好適に挙げられる。
セラミック製の基材の材料であるセラミックとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化チタン、酸化クロム、酸化ケイ素、酸化マグネシウム、酸化スズなどの酸化物;炭化ケイ素、炭化ホウ素、炭化チタン、炭化ジルコニウム、炭化ニオブ、炭化クロム、炭化タングステンなどの炭化物;窒化ホウ素、窒化ケイ素、窒化チタン、窒化ニオブ、窒化アルミなどの窒化物;ホウ化アルミニウム、ホウ化ケイ素、ホウ化チタン、ホウ化ジルコニウム、ホウ化クロムなどのホウ化物;ソーダ石灰ガラス、石英ガラス、クリスタルガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、石英ガラスなどのガラス;等が挙げられ、これらを1種単独で用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。
樹脂製の基材の材料である樹脂としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ビニルエステル樹脂、アルキド樹脂、アミノ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、シリコーン樹脂などの熱硬化性樹脂;ポリエチレン樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリブタジエン樹脂、スチレンブタジエン樹脂、ポリアセタール樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂、ポリエチレンテレフタレート樹脂、ポリブチレンテレフタレート樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリエーテルスルホン樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、ポリアミドイミド樹脂、ポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂、ポリオキシベンゾイル樹脂、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン樹脂、ポリエーテルイミド樹脂、酢酸セルロース樹脂などの熱可塑性樹脂;等が挙げられ、これらを1種単独で用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。
本発明の多層構造体が板状の導電部を有する場合、酸化チタン層は、導電部の片面あたりのTi換算の付着量(以下、「Ti付着量」ともいう)が、5.0~1000.0mg/m2であることが好ましく、7.0~500.0mg/m2であることがより好ましく、10.0~50.0mg/m2であることが更に好ましい。
・装置:リガク社製蛍光X線分析装置System3270
・測定径:30mm
・測定雰囲気:真空
・スペクトル:Ti-Kα
・スリット:COARSE
・分光結晶:TAP
上記条件により測定した酸化チタン層の蛍光X線分析のTi-Kαのピークカウント数を用いる。付着量既知の標準サンプルを用いて、Ti付着量に関する検量線をあらかじめ特定しておき、同検量線を用いて相対的にTi付着量を求める。
上述したように、元素Aが酸化チタン層に取り込まれることによって、光触媒活性の効果が発生すると考えられる。
このような効果は、酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量が1.0原子%以上である場合に得られる。酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量は、5.0原子%以上が好ましく、10.0原子%以上がより好ましく、20.0原子%以上が更に好ましく、30.0原子%以上が特に好ましい。
このため、酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量は、90.0原子%以下が好ましく、75.0原子%以下がより好ましく、55.0原子%以下が更に好ましい。
具体的には、まず、導電部および酸化チタン層を有する多層構造体の断面を、収束イオンビーム(FIB)加工法またはミクロトームを用いて露出させる。次いで、酸化チタン層の厚さに応じた断面観察を行なう。例えば、酸化チタン層の厚さが1μm以上であればSEMを用い、1μmより薄ければTEMを用いた断面観察を行なう。任意の観察視野における、導電部の表面(導電部における酸化チタン層と接する面)から酸化チタン層の表面(酸化チタン層における導電部と接する面とは反対側の面)までの距離:Lを決定する。酸化チタン層の表面から導電部の表面に向かってL/3の位置において、酸化チタン層に対して、EDXによる元素マッピングを、1辺がL/9となる領域で行ない、酸化チタン層中に含まれる元素の割合(単位:原子%)を測定する。この測定を任意の10視野で行なう。得られた10視野の元素Aの割合(単位:原子%)の平均値を、この酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量とする。
酸化チタン層は、アナターゼ型酸化チタンを含有することが好ましい。紫外線照射などによって、アナターゼ型酸化チタンのTi-O-Ti結合がTi-OH HO-Tiとなり、酸化チタン層は、水との親和性が向上して水に対する濡れ性が良好となる、すなわち水滴接触角が小さくなる。
この場合において、酸化チタン層中の元素Aとしては、Al、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Bi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、W、Si、および、Sbからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が好適に挙げられる。
具体的には、まず、導電部および酸化チタン層を有する多層構造体の断面を、収束イオンビーム(FIB)加工法またはミクロトームを用いて露出させる。次いで、高分解能TEMを用いた断面観察を行なう。任意の観察視野における、導電部の表面(導電部における酸化チタン層と接する面)から酸化チタン層の表面(酸化チタン層における導電部と接する面とは反対側の面)までの間の距離:Lを決定する。酸化チタン層の表面から導電部の表面に向かってL/3の位置の酸化チタン層において高分解像を得る。得られた高分解像に対してフーリエ変換を行ない、格子定数を算出し、結晶構造がアナターゼ相からなる酸化チタンの領域を決定する。高分解像における酸化チタン層の面積に対するアナターゼ相からなる酸化チタン領域の面積の比率を、酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合とする。この測定を任意の10視野で行なう。得られた10視野のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合の平均値を、この酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合とする。
本発明の多層構造体の用途は、特に限定されないが、例えば、大気浄化、脱臭、浄水、抗菌、防汚などを目的として、光触媒機能の付与が求められる各種製品の部材として使用される。その他、水素発生触媒、透明電極、および、ペロブスカイト型色素増感太陽電池の部材としても使用される。
次に、本発明の多層構造体の製造方法(以下、単に「本発明の製造方法」ともいう)について説明する。
本発明の製造方法は、上述した本発明の多層構造体を製造する方法であって、Ti成分を含有する処理液中で、Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部を陰極として陰極電解処理を施すことにより、この導電部の上に、上述した酸化チタン層を形成する方法である。
これに対して、本発明の製造方法は、酸化チタン層を形成した後の加熱処理などは不要であるため、低融点の樹脂製の基材なども使用できる。
処理液は、形成される酸化チタン層にTi(チタニウム元素)を供給するためのTi成分(Ti化合物)を含有する。
Ti成分としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、チタンアルコキシド(Ti(OR)4、ORはアルコキシ基を示す)、シュウ酸チタニルアンモニウム((NH4)2[TiO(C2O4)2])、シュウ酸チタニルカリウム二水和物(K2[TiO(C2O4)2]・2H2O)、硫酸チタン(Ti(SO4)2)、チタンラクテート(Ti(OH)2[OCH(CH3)COOH]2)、チタンフッ化水素酸(H2TiF6)および/またはその塩などが挙げられる。
チタンフッ化水素酸の塩としては、例えば、六フッ化チタン酸カリウム(K2TiF6)、六フッ化チタン酸ナトリウム(Na2TiF6)、六フッ化チタン酸アンモニウム((NH4)2TiF6)等が挙げられる。
これらのうち、処理液の安定性、入手の容易性などの観点から、チタンフッ化水素酸および/またはその塩が好ましい。
チタンフッ化水素酸および/またはその塩を使用する場合、処理液中のTi含有量は、0.004~0.400mol/Lが好ましく、0.020~0.200mol/Lがより好ましい。
溶媒が水である場合、処理液のpHは、特に限定されず、例えば、pH2.0~5.0である。pHの調整には公知の酸成分(例えば、リン酸、硫酸など)、または、アルカリ成分(例えば、水酸化ナトリウム、アンモニア水など)を使用できる。
処理液には、必要に応じて、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、アセチレングリコールなどの界面活性剤が含まれていてもよい。付着挙動の経時的な安定性の観点から、処理液には、ピロリン酸塩などの縮合リン酸塩が含まれていてもよい。
処理液の液温は、20~80℃が好ましく、40~60℃がより好ましい。
伝導助剤としては、例えば、硫酸カリウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸カルシウムなどの硫酸塩;硝酸カリウム、硝酸ナトリウム、硝酸マグネシウム、硝酸カルシウムなどの硝酸塩;塩化カリウム、塩化ナトリウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウムなどの塩化物塩;等が挙げられる。
処理液中の伝導助剤の含有量は、0.010~1.000mol/Lが好ましく、0.020~0.500mol/Lがより好ましい。
本発明の製造方法は、酸化チタン層形成工程を備える。
酸化チタン層形成工程は、上述した処理液中で、導電部を陰極として陰極電解処理を施すことにより、この導電部の上に、酸化チタン層を形成する工程である。
このとき、導電部は、基材の上に配置されていてもよく、この場合、基材および導電部(導電部付き基材)、または、導電部のみ(導電部原板)を陰極として陰極電解処理を施す。対極としては、白金電極などの不溶性電極が適している。
陰極電解処理を実施する際の電解電流密度は、1.0~100.0A/dm2が好ましく、3.0~80.0A/dm2がより好ましく、10.0~50.0A/dm2が更に好ましい。
陰極電解処理の通電時間は、所望のTi付着量が得られるよう、適宜設定される。
酸化チタン層形成工程においては、導電部(または、導電部付き基材)を処理液に浸漬させてから陰極電解処理を開始するまでの無通電状態の時間(以下、「無通電浸漬時間」とも言う)を設けることが好ましい。
すなわち、陰極電解処理を施す前に、導電部(または、導電部付き基材)を、処理液中に無通電状態で浸漬させることが好ましい。
これにより、導電部の表面から元素Aが処理液中に溶け出して、酸化チタン層中に元素Aが導入されやすくなり、酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量が増える。更に、酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合を増やして、光触媒活性がより良好になる効果が得られやすい。
無通電浸漬時間は、6.0秒以上が好ましい。無通電浸漬時間が6.0秒以上であると、酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合を40.0%以上にしやすい。
無通電浸漬時間は、10.0秒以上がより好ましく、15.0秒以上が更に好ましい。
無通電浸漬時間は、上限は特に限定されないが、例えば生産性向上のために、100.0秒以下が好ましく、80.0秒以下がより好ましく、50.0秒以下が更に好ましい。
陰極電解処理の後に、水洗処理を施してもよい。
水洗処理の方法は特に限定されず、例えば、陰極電解処理後に水に浸漬する方法などが挙げられる。水洗処理に用いる水の温度(水温)は、40~90℃が好ましい。
水洗時間は、0.5秒超が好ましく、1.0~5.0秒が好ましい。
更に、水洗処理に代えて、または、水洗処理の後に、乾燥を行なってもよい。乾燥の際の温度および方式は特に限定されず、例えば、通常のドライヤまたは電気炉を用いた乾燥方式が適用できる。乾燥温度は、100℃以下が好ましい。
本発明の製造方法は、上述した酸化チタン層形成工程の前に、導電部の表面に形成された自然酸化膜を除去すること等を目的として、以下に説明する前処理工程を備えていてもよい。
前処理工程は、アルカリ性水溶液(例えば、炭酸ナトリウム水溶液)中で、導電部(または、導電部付き基材)に陰極電解処理を施す工程である。
前処理工程の陰極電解処理の際に使用される溶液としては、アルカリ性水溶液(例えば、炭酸ナトリウム水溶液)が挙げられる。アルカリ性水溶液中のアルカリ成分(例えば、炭酸ナトリウム)の含有量は、5~15g/Lが好ましく、8~12g/Lがより好ましい。
陰極電解処理の際のアルカリ性水溶液の液温は、40~60℃が好ましい。
陰極電解処理の電解条件(電流密度、電解時間)は、適宜調整される。
陰極電解処理の後に、必要に応じて、水洗処理を施してもよい。
導電部原板として、板厚0.3mm、長さ100mm、幅100mmのAl板(純度:99質量%以上)、In板(純度:99.99質量%)、Sn板(純度:99.9質量%)、Pb板(純度:99.99質量%)、V板(純度:99.7質量%)、Fe板(純度:99.99質量%)、Co板(純度:99.9質量%)、Cu板(純度:99.96質量%)、Zn板(純度:99.5質量%)、Nb板(純度:99.9質量%)、Mo板(純度:99.95質量%)、Pd板(純度:99.95質量%)、Ag板(純度:99.98質量%)、もしくは、W板(純度:99.95質量%)、または、板厚0.025mmのCr箔(純度:99.9質量%)、Mn箔(純度:99質量%)、もしくは、Rh箔(純度:99.9質量%)を用いた(いずれも、ニラコ社製)。導電部原板自体が、導電部として機能する。
以下のようにして、各種の導電部付き基材(基材:金属製)を作製した。
板厚0.22mm、長さ200mm、幅100mmの鋼板(T4原板:JIS G 3303に記載の調質度がT-4相当である冷延鋼板)を電解脱脂し、その後、Snめっき浴(硫酸第一スズ:30g/L、硫酸:100g/L)を用いて、片面当たりのSn付着量:5.0g/m2でSn層を両面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-2(Zn)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、Znめっき浴(硫酸亜鉛七水和物:440g/L)を用いて、片面当たりのZn付着量:5.0g/m2でZn層を両面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-3(Cr)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、Crめっき浴(クロム酸:200g/L、硫酸:3g/L)を用いて、片面当たりのCr付着量:0.1g/m2でCr層を両面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-4(Ni)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、Niめっき浴(硫酸ニッケル:240g/L、塩化ニッケル:80g/L、ホウ酸:30g/L)を用いて、片面当たりのNi付着量:0.1g/m2でNi層を両面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-5(Bi)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、物理蒸着法を用いて、片面当たりのBi付着量:0.1g/m2でBi層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-6(Ga)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、物理蒸着法を用いて、片面当たりのGa付着量:0.1g/m2でGa層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-7(Ru)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、物理蒸着法を用いて、片面当たりのRu付着量:0.1g/m2でRu層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材1-8(Si)》
板厚0.22mmの鋼板(T4原板)を電解脱脂し、その後、物理蒸着法を用いて、片面当たりのSi付着量:0.1g/m2でSi層を片面に形成した。
以下のようにして、各種の導電部付き基材(基材:セラミック製)を作製した。
板厚1.0mmのソーダ石灰ガラスに物理蒸着法を用いて、片面あたりのSn付着量:500mg/m2でSn層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材2-2(Zn)》
板厚1.0mmのソーダ石灰ガラスに物理蒸着法を用いて、片面あたりのZn付着量:500mg/m2でZn層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材2-3(Cr)》
板厚1.0mmの石英ガラスに物理蒸着法を用いて、片面あたりのCr付着量:500mg/m2でCr層を片面に形成した。
以下のようにして、各種の導電部付き基材(基材:樹脂製)を作製した。
板厚1.0mmのABS樹脂に対して、工業的に行なわれている方法にて、脱脂、エッチング、キャタリスト処理(PdおよびSnからなる触媒を付与する処理)、および、アクセレーター処理(Pdを金属化し、めっき触媒とする処理)を施した後、Niめっき浴(硫酸ニッケル:20g/L、酢酸ナトリウム:5g/L、次亜リン酸ナトリウム:10g/L、クエン酸ナトリウム:5g/L、乳酸:3mL/L)を用いて、無電解ニッケルめっきを施し、更に、その表面に片面あたりのSn付着量:500mg/m2でSn層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材3-2(Zn)》
板厚1.0mmのABS樹脂に対して、工業的に行なわれている方法にて、上記と同様にして、脱脂、エッチング、キャタリスト処理、および、アクセレーター処理を施した後、無電解ニッケルめっきを施し、更に、その表面に片面あたりのZn付着量:500mg/m2でZn層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材3-3(Cr)》
板厚1.0mmのABS樹脂に対して、工業的に行なわれている方法にて、上記と同様にして、脱脂、エッチング、キャタリスト処理、および、アクセレーター処理を施した後、無電解ニッケルめっきを施し、更に、その表面に片面あたりのCr付着量:500mg/m2でCr層を片面に形成した。
《導電部付き基材3-4(Sn,Sb)》
三菱マテリアル電子化成社製の透明導電粉「T-1」(Sn-Sb Oxide)を、80質量%となるように、バインダーであるポリエステルに分散させて、組成物を得た。この組成物を、膜厚1μmとなるように、膜厚100μmのポリエステルフィルム上に塗布した。
導電部原板または導電部付き基材を用いて、多層構造体の試験材を作製した。
より詳細には、下記表2および表3に示すように、試験材No.1~13、15~26および47~50では、上述した導電部原板を用い、試験材No.27~33、36~46および51~52では、上述した導電部付き基材を用いた。
なお、下記表2および表3には、用いた導電部原板および導電部付き基材を記載した。なお、導電部付き基材は省略して記載している。具体的には、例えば、「導電部付き基材1-1(Sn)」は、「1-1(Sn)」と記載している。
任意で、以下の前処理工程を経た後、試験材No.1~13、15~33、36~46および51~52では、以下の酸化チタン層形成工程1を、試験材No.47~50では、以下の酸化チタン層形成工程2を経て、多層構造体の試験材を作製した。
導電部原板または導電部付き基材を、浴温50℃、10g/Lの炭酸ナトリウム水溶液中に浸漬させ、電流密度:2.0A/dm2、通電時間:0.5秒、電気量密度:1.0C/dm2の条件にて、陰極電解処理を行なった。
前処理工程を経た導電部原板または導電部付き基材を水洗し、pHを4.0に調整した下記表1に示す組成の処理液(溶媒:水、液温:50℃)の一種を用い、下記表2および表3に示す条件にて、陰極電解処理を施した。こうして、導電部原板または導電部付き基材の両面または片面に酸化チタン層を形成し、多層構造体の試験材を得た。
陰極電解処理の後、得られた多層構造体の試験材に水洗処理を施して、ブロアを用いて室温で乾燥を行なった。水洗処理は、試験材を、85℃の水槽に、2.0秒だけ浸漬させることにより行なった。
前処理工程を経た導電部原板または導電部付き基材を、水洗した後、体積比率でチタンテトライソプロポキシド:純水:硝酸=1:1:0.5のゾル中に一定時間浸漬させ、浸漬後に、85℃の温風で乾燥した。こうして、導電部原板または導電部付き基材の表面に酸化チタン層を形成し、多層構造体の試験材を得た。
作製した多層構造体の試験材について、上述した方法により、酸化チタン層における、Ti付着量、元素Aの含有量、および、アナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合を求めた。結果を下記表4および表5に示す。
具体的には、X線光電子分光装置を用いた、O 1sおよびTi 2pのナロースペクトル測定から、OおよびTiの存在を確認した。更に、C 1sのナロースペクトルのピーク位置によって結合エネルギー校正を行ない、Ti 2pのナロースペクトルピークの結合エネルギー値から、Tiが4価であることを確認した。これらの事実から、導電部の上に形成された層が、TiO2を含有する酸化チタン層であることを確認した。
作製した多層構造体の試験材から、35mmφの試験片を打ち抜いた。得られた試験片の酸化チタン層の表面に吸着した有機物を除去するために、紫外線を放射するブラックライトを2mW/cm2の強度で24時間照射した。その後、試験片を、20μmol/Lのメチレンブルー水溶液に、無光下で24時間浸漬した(メチレンブルーを、試験片の酸化チタン層の表面に飽和吸着させるため)。
次いで、10μmol/Lのメチレンブルー水溶液35mLが入った、内径40mm、高さ3cmの透明なガラス製容器の底面に、試験片を、酸化チタン層の表面が上向きとなるように設置し、ブラックライトを照射した(メチレンブルー水溶液、ガラス製容器の底面を透過した際の紫外線強度が1.0mW/cm2となるように調整した)。
ブラックライト照射開始から、20、40、60、80、100、120、140、160および180分後における、メチレンブルー水溶液の664nmでの吸光度を、分光光度計を用いて測定した。試験片を浸漬する前のメチレンブルー水溶液の吸光度をもとに、各経過時間での、メチレンブルー水溶液のメチレンブルーの濃度を算出した。
紫外線照射時間(単位:min)を横軸に、メチレンブルー濃度(単位:μmol/L)を縦軸に取り、直線の傾きを分解活性指数R(nmol/L/min)として、下記基準で光触媒活性(有機物分解特性)を評価した。一例として、試験材No.17およびNo.49の結果を図1のグラフに示す。
実用上、◎、○または△であれば、酸化チタン層は、有機物分解特性を有し、優れた光触媒活性を有すると評価できる。
◎:15≦R
○:10≦R<15
△:5≦R<10
×:R<5
形成した直後の酸化チタン層の表面は、超親水性状態(水滴接触角:10°以下)であることから、作製した多層構造体の試験材を、20日間室内放置し、酸化チタン層の表面を疎水性状態(水滴接触角:80°以上)にした。その後、その酸化チタン層の表面に、紫外線を照射した。具体的には、水銀ランプを96mW/cm2の強さで10分間照射した。紫外線照射の前後に、酸化チタン層の表面の水滴接触角を測定した。このとき、接触角計(協和界面科学社製、CA-D型)を用いて、静的接触角を求めた(相対湿度:55~66%、温度:20℃)。
紫外線照射の前後における水滴接触角の変化量(Δθ:紫外線照射前の接触角[°]-紫外線照射後の接触角[°])を求め、この変化量(Δθ)から、下記基準で光触媒活性を評価した。
実用上、◎、○または△であれば、酸化チタン層は、超親水性を有し、より優れた光触媒活性を有すると評価できる。
◎:80°≦Δθ
○:40°≦Δθ<80°
△:20°≦Δθ<40°
×:Δθ<20°
このうち、酸化チタン層形成工程の無通電浸漬時間が6.0秒以上で、酸化チタン層中の元素Aの含有量が5.0原子%以上で、かつ、酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合が40.0%以上である試験材(No.1~3、6~11、13、15、17、19~33、36~46)は、更に、超親水性を有し、より優れた光触媒活性を示した。
更に、元素AがNiである試験材(No.51)も、超親水性を有し、より優れた光触媒活性を示した。
Claims (6)
- Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部と、
前記導電部の上に配置され、前記金属元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有する酸化チタン層と、を有する多層構造体。 - 前記金属元素Aが、Al、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Bi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、W、Si、および、Sbからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の多層構造体。
- 前記酸化チタン層中のアナターゼ型酸化チタンの割合が、40.0%以上である、請求項1または2に記載の多層構造体。
- 更に、金属製の基材、セラミック製の基材、および、樹脂製の基材からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の基材を有し、前記基材の上に前記導電部が配置される、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の多層構造体。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の多層構造体を製造する方法であって、
Ti成分を含有する処理液中で、Ti以外の金属元素Aを含有し、かつ、導電性を有する導電部を陰極として陰極電解処理を施すことにより、前記導電部の上に、前記金属元素Aを1.0原子%以上含有する酸化チタン層を形成する、多層構造体の製造方法。 - 前記導電部を前記処理液中に浸漬させてから前記陰極電解処理を開始するまでの無通電状態の時間が6.0秒以上である、請求項5に記載の多層構造体の製造方法。
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