WO2018021073A1 - 電極用導電性樹脂組成物及び電極組成物、並びにそれを用いた電極及びリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
電極用導電性樹脂組成物及び電極組成物、並びにそれを用いた電極及びリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C08F261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of oxygen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F16/00
- C08F261/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of oxygen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F16/00 on to polymers of unsaturated alcohols
- C08F261/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of oxygen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F16/00 on to polymers of unsaturated alcohols on to polymers of vinyl alcohol
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- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
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- C08F20/44—Acrylonitrile
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- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
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- C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L51/003—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- H01B1/14—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material
- H01B1/18—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive resin composition for electrodes, an electrode composition, an electrode using the same, and a lithium ion battery.
- One of the key devices required for these technologies is a battery, and such a battery requires a high energy density for downsizing the system.
- high output characteristics are required to enable stable power supply regardless of the ambient temperature.
- good cycle characteristics that can withstand long-term use are also required. Therefore, the replacement of the conventional lead storage battery, nickel-cadmium battery, and nickel-hydrogen battery with a lithium ion secondary battery having higher energy density, output characteristics, and cycle characteristics is rapidly progressing.
- the content of the conductive agent in the electrode mixture is typically 2% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less.
- carbon black which is a conductive agent, is required to exhibit sufficient electronic conductivity even when added in a small amount.
- carbon black has a structure in which primary particles close to a spherical shape are connected in a bead shape as a common structure, and such a structure is called a structure.
- a structure in which primary particles close to a spherical shape are connected in a bead shape as a common structure, and such a structure is called a structure.
- the smaller the primary particle diameter the more electrical contacts exist in the same mass of the conductive agent, and the electronic conductivity is improved.
- the longer the structure is connected the greater the distance that can be conducted without contact resistance, so that the electron conductivity is improved.
- Patent Document 1 proposes to perform kneading in two stages of kneading and dilution dispersion.
- the carbon black having a small primary particle diameter and a long structure as described above exhibits a sufficient effect.
- Patent Document 2 As a means for overcoming the poor dispersion of the conductive agent, there is a method of adding a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer and a nonionic surfactant as a dispersant (Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 2 Although the dispersion failure of the conductive agent can be improved, when the electrode containing the dispersant is used as a lithium ion battery, the dispersant is oxidatively decomposed at a voltage of 4.45 V or more. As a result, the capacity of the battery is reduced.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a conductive resin composition for electrodes having good dispersibility and oxidation resistance.
- an electrode composition with excellent dispersibility manufactured using the conductive resin composition for electrodes, an electrode with low resistance and excellent binding properties manufactured with them, and excellent high output characteristics Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion battery having good cycle characteristics.
- the inventors have added a polymer obtained by grafting a monomer having acrylonitrile as a main component to polyvinyl alcohol as a dispersant in the conductive resin composition for electrodes. It was found that the dispersibility of the conductive agent was improved and high oxidation resistance was exhibited.
- the polyvinyl alcohol has an average polymerization degree of 300 to 3000 and a saponification degree of 90 to 100 mol%, and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol in the graft copolymer is 10 to 40 mass%.
- the conductive resin composition for an electrode according to (1) wherein the mass ratio of the dispersant to the conductive agent (the mass of the dispersant / the mass of the conductive agent) is 0.01 to 1.
- the conductive agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of (i) fibrous carbon, (ii) spherical carbon, and (iii) a carbon composite in which fibrous carbon and spherical carbon are interconnected.
- LiCoO 2, LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2, LiMPO 4, Li 2 MSiO 4, LiNi X Mn (2-X) O 4, Li (Mn X Ni Y Co Z) O 2, li (Al X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2 and xLi 2 MnO 3 - (1- x) is selected from the LiMO 2, at least one electrode composition according to (5).
- X in LiNi X Mn (2-X) O 4 satisfies the relationship 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2.
- Li (Mn X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2 and Li (Al X Ni Y Co Z ) in O 2 in X, Y and Z satisfy the relationship of X + Y + Z 1, and 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ Y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ Z ⁇ 1 is satisfied, x in xLi 2 MnO 3- (1-x) LiMO 2 satisfies the relationship 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, M in LiMPO 4 , Li 2 MSiO 4 , and xLi 2 MnO 3 — (1-x) LiMO 2 is one or more elements selected from Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn. (7) An electrode having a layer containing the electrode composition according to (5) or (6) on a metal foil.
- a lithium ion battery having the electrode according to (7) as a positive electrode Or the lithium ion battery which used the electrode as described in (7) for the positive electrode.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of an electrode produced using the conductive resin composition for an electrode of Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of an electrode produced using the conductive resin composition for an electrode of Example 1.
- the present inventors have found that the average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol is 300 to 3000 and the degree of saponification is 90 to 100 mol%, and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol in the graft copolymerization reaction product is 10% by mass.
- % To 40% by mass and a polyacrylonitrile content of 90% to 60% by mass is added as a dispersant to the conductive resin composition for electrodes containing a conductive agent and a binder.
- the conductive resin composition for electrodes is a conductive resin composition for electrodes containing a dispersant, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- the dispersant is a graft copolymer obtained by grafting a monomer having acrylonitrile as a main component onto polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “PVA”) (hereinafter also simply referred to as “graft copolymer”). Containing.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- graft copolymer a graft copolymer (a main chain containing polyvinyl alcohol and a polyacrylonitrile formed by side chains of polyacrylonitrile (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “PAN”) is formed on the main chain of polyvinyl alcohol.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile formed by side chains of polyacrylonitrile
- the “graft copolymer” includes not only the graft copolymer itself but also a PAN homopolymer and / or a PVA homopolymer not involved in the graft copolymerization. including. Therefore, the dispersant used in the present embodiment may contain a PAN homopolymer and / or a PVA homopolymer as a resin component (polymer component) in addition to the graft copolymer itself.
- Polyvinyl alcohol is a compound having a polyvinyl alcohol moiety.
- conventionally known polyvinyl alcohol can be used including modified compounds partially acetalized or butyralized with respect to polyvinyl alcohol.
- the degree of saponification of PVA is 90 to 100 mol% from the viewpoint of oxidation resistance, and preferably 95 mol% or more from the viewpoint of improving the coverage to the active material.
- the saponification degree of PVA here is a value measured by a method according to JIS K 6726.
- the average degree of polymerization of PVA is 300 to 3000 from the viewpoints of solubility and dispersibility of the conductive resin composition for electrodes.
- the average degree of polymerization of PVA is preferably 320 to 2950, more preferably 500 to 2500, and even more preferably 500 to 1800.
- the average degree of polymerization of PVA is less than 300, the dispersibility of the active material and the conductive agent when used as an electrode is lowered, and the durability may be lowered.
- manufacture of the conductive resin composition for electrodes becomes difficult.
- the average degree of polymerization of PVA here is a value measured by a method according to JIS K 6726.
- the monomer grafted to PVA contains acrylonitrile as an essential component in terms of oxidation resistance.
- the monomer grafted to PVA is methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, as long as the oxidation resistance of the conductive resin composition for electrodes is not impaired.
- Examples include ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth) acrylic acid, maleic anhydride and itaconic acid, and styrene. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Acrylonitrile in the monomer grafted to PVA is the main component of the graft copolymerized monomer, and is preferably in an amount of 50% by mass or more of the graft copolymerized monomer, and is 90% by mass. It is more preferable that the amount is as described above.
- acrylonitrile is 90% by mass or more of the graft copolymerized monomer, the oxidation resistance and dispersibility of the conductive resin composition for electrodes may be further improved.
- the composition of the monomer grafted onto PVA can be determined by 1 H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy).
- the graft ratio of the graft copolymer is preferably 150% to 900%, more preferably 300% to 570%. By making the graft ratio 150% or more, it is possible to prevent the oxidation resistance from being lowered. Moreover, it can prevent that a dispersibility falls by making a graft rate into 900% or less.
- a PAN homopolymer may be formed. Therefore, the calculation of the graft ratio involves a process of separating the PAN homopolymer from the graft copolymer. Necessary.
- a PAN homopolymer is soluble in dimethylformamide (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “DMF”), but PVA and graft copolymerized PAN are not soluble in DMF. By utilizing this difference in solubility, the PAN homopolymer can be separated by an operation such as centrifugation.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- the composition containing the graft copolymer (graft copolymerization reaction product) is immersed in a predetermined amount of DMF, and the PAN homopolymer is eluted in DMF. Next, the soaked liquid is separated into a DMF soluble part and a DMF insoluble part by centrifugation.
- a mass of the composition containing the graft copolymer used for the measurement
- b % by mass of PAN in the composition containing the graft copolymer used for measurement
- c Assuming the mass of DMF insoluble matter
- the graft ratio can be determined by the following formula (1).
- Graft ratio [c ⁇ a ⁇ (100 ⁇ b) ⁇ 0.01] / [a ⁇ (100 ⁇ b) ⁇ 0.01] ⁇ 100 (%) (1)
- b mass% of PAN in the composition containing the graft copolymer used for the measurement
- required by the said Formula (1) is defined as [the amount of PAN grafted to PVA] / [the amount of PVA in the composition containing the graft copolymer] ⁇ 100 (%).
- the graft ratio of the graft copolymer determined by the above formula (1) is preferably 150% to 900% from the viewpoint of improving the coverage with the active material.
- the amount of PVA in the graft copolymer is 10% by mass to 40% by mass, and preferably 10% by mass to 20% by mass. When the amount of PVA is less than 10% by mass, the binding property and dispersibility may be lowered. Moreover, when it exceeds 40 mass%, oxidation resistance may fall.
- the “PVA amount in the graft copolymer” means the amount of PVA in the graft copolymer and the amount of homopolymer of PVA relative to the sum of the graft copolymer, PAN homopolymer and PVA homopolymer in terms of mass. Means.
- the amount of PAN in the graft copolymer is 90% by mass to 60% by mass, and preferably 90% by mass to 80% by mass. When the amount of PAN exceeds 90% by mass, the binding property and dispersibility may be deteriorated. Moreover, oxidation resistance may fall that it is less than 60 mass%.
- the amount of PAN in the graft copolymer means the amount of graft copolymerized PAN and the amount of PAN homopolymer with respect to the total of the graft copolymer, PAN homopolymer and PVA homopolymer in terms of mass. To do.
- the amount of PAN in the graft copolymer is the total amount of PAN grafted on PVA and PAN homopolymer, and is calculated from the polymerization rate of acrylonitrile and the mass of acrylonitrile charged. be able to.
- the mass% of PAN in the graft copolymer can be obtained from the following formula (2).
- Mass% of PAN in graft copolymer d ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ e / (f + d ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ e) ⁇ 100 (mass%) (2)
- d is the polymerization rate (%) of acrylonitrile
- e is the mass of acrylonitrile used in the graft copolymerization (preparation amount)
- f is the mass of the PVA used in the graft copolymerization (preparation amount).
- the polymerization rate (%) d of acrylonitrile can be obtained by the following formula (3).
- Acrylonitrile polymerization rate% (g ⁇ f) / e ⁇ 100 (%) (3)
- g represents the mass of the composition containing the polymerized graft copolymer.
- the mass ratio (composition ratio) of PVA and PAN in the graft copolymer can be calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of this PAN and the mass of the charged PVA.
- the ratio (composition ratio) between the amount of PVA and the amount of PAN in the graft copolymer is preferably 10:90 to 40:60 from the viewpoint of oxidation resistance.
- the content of the graft copolymer in the dispersant is preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 90% by mass or more from the viewpoint that dispersibility can be further improved.
- the method for producing the graft copolymer is not particularly limited, but after polymerization of polyvinyl acetate and saponification to obtain PVA, a monomer mainly composed of acrylonitrile is added to PVA. A method of graft copolymerization is preferred.
- Initiators used for polymerization of polyvinyl acetate include azo initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile, and organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide and bis (4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate. Thing etc. are mentioned.
- the saponification reaction of polyvinyl acetate can be performed, for example, by a saponification method in an organic solvent in the presence of a saponification catalyst.
- a saponification catalyst examples include basic catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium alkoxide, and acidic catalysts such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Among these, sodium hydroxide is preferable from the viewpoint of saponification rate.
- the method of graft copolymerizing a monomer mainly composed of acrylonitrile with polyvinyl alcohol can be performed by solution polymerization.
- the solvent used include dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methylpyrrolidone.
- organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, potassium peroxodisulfate, ammonium peroxodisulfate, and the like can be used.
- the graft copolymer obtained as described above can be used by dissolving in a solvent.
- the solvent include dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like.
- the conductive agent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of (i) fibrous carbon, (ii) spherical carbon, and (iii) a carbon composite in which fibrous carbon and spherical carbon are interconnected.
- fibrous carbon include vapor growth carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber.
- spherical carbon include carbon black, and examples of the carbon black include acetylene black, furnace black, and ketjen black (registered trademark).
- These conductive agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, the use of one or more selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers is most preferable because of the high effect of improving the dispersibility of the conductive agent.
- the size of the conductive agent is not particularly limited.
- the average primary particle length can be about 0.5 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the number average primary particle diameter is It can be about 10 nm to 50 nm.
- the average length is an average value of the lengths of about several tens of fiber pieces.
- the number average primary particle diameter is an average value of diameters of about several thousand primary particles.
- the content of the conductive agent is preferably 0.5% by mass to 1.5% by mass in the conductive resin composition for electrodes. By setting it within this range, an electrode having excellent dispersibility can be produced.
- binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene copolymer, and (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- polytetrafluoroethylene polytetrafluoroethylene
- styrene butadiene copolymer polytetrafluoroethylene
- acrylic acid ester copolymer There is no restriction on the structure of the polymer as the binder, and random copolymers, alternating copolymers, graft copolymers, block copolymers, and the like can also be used. Among these, PVdF is preferable in terms of oxidation resistance.
- the content of the binder is preferably 1.0% by mass to 3.0% by mass in the conductive resin composition for electrodes. By setting it within this range, an electrode having excellent binding properties and low resistance can be produced.
- a well-known method can be used for manufacture of the conductive resin composition for electrodes. For example, it is obtained by mixing a solvent dispersion solution of a conductive agent, a binder and a graft copolymer with a ball mill, a sand mill, a twin-screw kneader, a rotation and revolution type stirrer, a planetary mixer, a disper mixer, etc. Is used as a slurry.
- the conductive agent, the binder and the graft copolymer those described above may be used.
- Examples of the dispersion medium for the conductive resin composition for electrodes include water, N-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexane, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone.
- N-methylpyrrolidone is preferable from the viewpoint of solubility, and water is preferable when using a styrene-butadiene copolymer.
- the solid content in the conductive resin composition for electrodes is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10% by mass to 90% by mass, and most preferably 10% by mass to 20% by mass.
- the solid content in the conductive resin composition for an electrode is preferably 10% by mass to 50% by mass, the viscosity of the conductive resin composition for the electrode is increased, and the ability to disintegrate the conductive agent is increased.
- a high conductive agent dispersion effect is easily obtained, and by setting the content to 10% by mass to 20% by mass, the fluidity of the conductive resin composition for electrodes is increased, and the temporal stability of the conductive resin composition for electrodes is further increased.
- the mass ratio of the dispersant to the conductive agent in the conductive resin composition for electrodes is preferably 0.01 to 1, and preferably 0.01 to 0.5. Is more preferable and 0.01 to 0.1 is most preferable.
- the electrode composition according to this embodiment contains a conductive resin composition for an electrode and an active material.
- a conductive resin composition for an electrode is preferably 10% by mass or more, or 20% by mass or more in the electrode composition in terms of dispersibility and high output.
- the active material is a lithium-containing composite oxide or lithium-containing polyanion compound containing Mn having a volume resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and is a positive electrode active material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing cations.
- the active material used in the present invention has an average particle diameter (D50) measured by a laser light scattering method of 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- a well-known method can be used for manufacture of an electrode composition. For example, it is obtained by mixing a conductive resin composition for an electrode and a solvent dispersion solution of an active material with a ball mill, a sand mill, a twin-screw kneader, a rotation and revolution type stirrer, a planetary mixer, a disper mixer, etc. And used as a slurry. What was mentioned above should just be used for the said conductive resin composition for electrodes.
- the dispersion medium for the electrode composition include water, N-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexane, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone.
- the manufactured electrode composition slurry is preferably vacuum defoamed at a stage before coating in order to ensure smoothness without causing defects in the coating film. If air bubbles are present in the electrode composition slurry, defects will occur in the coating film when applied to the electrode, which will impair smoothness.
- the electrode which concerns on this embodiment has a layer containing an above-described electrode composition on metal foil.
- a current collector such as an aluminum foil
- the solvent contained in the slurry is removed by heating, and the active material is bound to the surface of the current collector through the binder.
- An electrode mixture layer which is an attached porous body, is formed.
- the target electrode can be obtained by pressurizing the current collector and the electrode mixture layer with a roll press or the like to bring them into close contact.
- the lithium ion battery according to this embodiment is a lithium ion battery using an electrode as a positive electrode.
- the method for manufacturing the lithium ion battery there are no particular limitations on the method for manufacturing the lithium ion battery, and any conventional method for manufacturing a secondary battery may be used.
- the lithium ion battery is manufactured by the following method with the configuration schematically shown in FIG. You can also.
- the polyolefin microporous film 3 serving as an insulating layer is disposed between the electrodes, It can be prepared by injecting the positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2, and the polyolefin microporous film 3 until the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently infiltrated and sealing with the exterior 6.
- the use of the lithium ion battery is not particularly limited.
- the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples.
- the present invention is not limited to the following examples as long as the gist thereof is not impaired.
- the member used with the Example and the comparative example was vacuum-dried at 170 degreeC for 3 hours in order to volatilize the adsorbed water
- composition ratio The amount of polyvinyl alcohol and the amount of polyacrylonitrile (composition ratio) in the graft copolymer A were calculated from the reaction rate (polymerization rate) of acrylonitrile and the composition of the charged amounts of each component used for the polymerization.
- the mass% of PAN produced at the time of copolymerization is the polymerization rate of acrylonitrile (%), the mass of acrylonitrile used for graft copolymerization (amount charged), and the graft copolymerization. It calculated using the above-described formula (2) from the mass (preparation amount) of the PVA used.
- the mass ratio of PVA and PAN in the graft copolymer A was 18.6: 81.4.
- surface are each mass in the resin part containing the graft copolymer itself and the PVA homopolymer and PAN homopolymer produced
- ⁇ Synthesis of Graft Copolymer B> The graft copolymer A was changed to 0.15 parts by mass of bis (4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, and polymerized at 60 ° C. for 5 hours. The polymerization rate was 80%. Unreacted vinyl acetate was removed in the same manner as in graft copolymer A, and then diluted with methanol so that the concentration of polyvinyl acetate was 30% by mass. 20 parts by mass of a 10% strength by weight sodium hydroxide methanol solution was added to 2000 parts by mass of this polyvinyl acetate solution, and a saponification reaction was carried out at 30 ° C. for 2.5 hours.
- graft copolymer A Neutralization, filtration and drying were carried out in the same manner as graft copolymer A to obtain PVA having an average polymerization degree of 1650 and a saponification degree of 95.5 mol%.
- Graft copolymerization with PAN was carried out in the same manner as graft copolymer A using the obtained PVA to prepare graft copolymer B.
- Graft copolymer B had a mass ratio of PVA to PAN of 19:81. About this composition ratio, it measured by the method similar to the graft copolymer A. The same applies to the following graft copolymers C to G.
- graft copolymer A was changed to 900 parts by weight of vinyl acetate and 0.15 parts by weight of a polymerization initiator bis (4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, and polymerized at 60 ° C. for 5 hours.
- the polymerization rate was 70%. It was diluted with methanol so that the concentration of polyvinyl acetate was 30% by mass. 20 parts by mass of a 10% strength by weight sodium hydroxide methanol solution was added to 2000 parts by mass of this polyvinyl acetate solution, and a saponification reaction was carried out at 30 ° C. for 2.5 hours.
- Graft copolymer is used except that the graft copolymer A is charged with 500 parts by weight of vinyl acetate, 500 parts by weight of methanol, and 0.3 parts by weight of bis (4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate. The same operation as that of Compound A was performed to obtain PVA having an average polymerization degree of 290 and a saponification degree of 91 mol%. Graft copolymerization with PAN was performed in the same manner as graft copolymer A using the obtained PVA to prepare graft copolymer D.
- the graft copolymer D was prepared in the same manner as the graft copolymer A except that the PVA mass part in the graft copolymer A was 3.2. In the obtained graft copolymer D, the mass ratio of PVA to PAN was 42:58.
- Graft copolymerization with PAN was performed in the same manner as graft copolymer A using the obtained PVA to prepare graft copolymer E.
- the graft copolymer E was prepared in the same manner as the graft copolymer A except that the PVA mass part in the graft copolymer A was 3.2.
- the mass ratio of PVA to PAN was 45:55.
- the graft copolymer G was prepared in the same manner as the graft copolymer A except that the PVA mass part in the graft copolymer A was 3.7.
- the mass ratio of PVA and PAN in the obtained graft copolymer G was 49:51.
- graft copolymer H ⁇ Synthesis of graft copolymer H>
- the graft copolymer A was charged with 3000 parts by weight of vinyl acetate, 0.13 parts by weight of bis (4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, the reaction time was 12 hours, and the saponification time was 2. Except for 5 hours, the same operation as graft copolymer A was performed to obtain PVA having an average polymerization degree of 3350 and a saponification degree of 89 mol%. Using the obtained PVA, PAN was polymerized in the same manner as the graft copolymer A to prepare a graft copolymer H.
- the graft copolymer H was prepared in the same manner as the graft copolymer A except that the PVA mass part in the graft copolymer A was changed to 2.3.
- the mass ratio of PVA and PAN in the obtained graft copolymer H was 39:61.
- graft copolymer A was charged at the time of polymerization of polyvinyl acetate with 2000 parts by weight of vinyl acetate, 0.15 parts by weight of bis (4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, a reaction time of 12 hours, and a saponification time of 0. Except for 5 hours, the same operation as graft copolymer A was performed to obtain PVA having an average polymerization degree of 1950 and a saponification degree of 75 mol%. Using the obtained PVA, PAN was polymerized in the same manner as graft copolymer A to prepare graft copolymer I.
- the graft copolymer I was prepared in the same manner as the graft copolymer A except that the PVA mass part in the graft copolymer A was 2.0.
- the mass ratio of PVA and PAN in the obtained graft copolymer H was 35:65.
- Table 1 shows the characteristics of the graft copolymers used in the examples and comparative examples.
- Example 1> (Preparation of conductive resin composition for electrode) N-methylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., hereinafter referred to as “NMP”) as a solvent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (manufactured by Arkema Co., “HSV900”, hereinafter referred to as “PVdF”) as a binder.
- NMP Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
- PV900 polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- Carbon black manufactured by Denka, “Li-435”, hereinafter referred to as “Li-435”
- Li-435 Carbon black
- PVdF is 47.6% by mass in solid content
- Li-435 is 47.6% by mass in solid content
- NMP is added to this mixture so that the solid content is 15% by mass, and a revolving mixer (Shinky Corp., Awatori Nertaro ARV-310) is mixed. ) To obtain a conductive resin composition for electrodes.
- the viscosity of the conductive resin composition for electrodes was evaluated by a method using a rotary rheometer described in JIS K7244-10. Specifically, using a rotary rheometer (MCR300, manufactured by Anton Paar), 1 g of the conductive resin composition for an electrode having a solid content of 15% by mass was applied on the disk, and the shear rate was set to 100 s ⁇ 1. The viscosity was measured at a shear rate of 1 s ⁇ 1 by changing it to ⁇ 0.01 s ⁇ 1 . The lower the numerical value of the viscosity, the better the dispersibility. The viscosity of this example was 5.8 Pa ⁇ s.
- the electrode conductive resin composition was coated on an aluminum foil so that the thickness after drying was 20 ⁇ m, and dried at 105 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a test piece.
- a three-pole cell manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd. was assembled.
- cyclic voltammetry (hereinafter abbreviated as “CV”) is 2.5 V to 5 at a scanning speed of 10 mV / sec at 25 ° C. It was performed in the range of 0.0V.
- the current value at 5.0 V was determined as the oxidative decomposition current value. It is judged that the lower the oxidative decomposition current value, the less oxidative decomposition is and the higher the oxidation resistance.
- the oxidative decomposition current value of this example was 0.05 mA / cm 2 .
- LiCoO 2 (manufactured by Umicore, “KD20”, average primary particle size 15 ⁇ m) was prepared as the prepared conductive resin composition for electrodes and active material. Weigh and mix LiCoO 2 to a solid content of 98% by mass and the conductive resin composition for electrodes to a solid content of 2% by mass, and mix NMP so that the solid content is 72% by mass. The mixture was added and mixed until uniform using an auto-revolution mixer (Shinky Corporation, Awatori Nertaro ARV-310) to obtain an electrode composition.
- an auto-revolution mixer Shinky Corporation, Awatori Nertaro ARV-310
- the viscosity of the electrode composition was evaluated by a method using a rotating rheometer described in JIS K7244-10. Specifically, 1 g of an electrode composition having a solid content of 72% by mass was applied onto a disk using a rotary rheometer (MCR300, manufactured by Anton Paar), and the shear rate was set to 100 s ⁇ 1 to 0.01 s. until -1 is changed to perform measurement to evaluate the viscosity of the shear rate 1s -1. The lower the numerical value of the viscosity, the better the dispersibility. The viscosity of this example was 12.5 Pa ⁇ s.
- the prepared electrode composition was formed into a film on an aluminum foil (manufactured by UACJ) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m with an applicator, and left in a dryer to be pre-dried at 105 ° C. for one hour.
- the film was pressed at a linear pressure of 200 kg / cm with a roll press machine so that the thickness of the film containing an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was 60 ⁇ m.
- the electrode was obtained by vacuum drying at 170 ° C. for 3 hours.
- FIG. 2 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the electrode.
- the conductive agent 8 was uniformly distributed with the active material 7 and was highly dispersible.
- Electrode plate resistance The produced electrode was cut into a disk shape with a diameter of 14 mm, and the front and back sides were sandwiched between flat electrodes made of SUS304, using an electrochemical measurement system (Solartron Corporation, function generator 1260 and potentiogalvanostat 1287), with an amplitude voltage of 10 mV, AC impedance was measured in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The resistance value obtained by multiplying the obtained resistance component value by the disk-shaped area cut out was defined as an electrode plate resistance.
- the electrode plate resistance of the electrode of this example was 240 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 .
- Tori-Taro ARV-310) was mixed until uniform. Further, the SBR was weighed so that the solid content was 2% by mass, added to the above mixture, and mixed until uniform using the above revolving and rotating mixer to obtain a negative electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery.
- a negative electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery was formed into a film on a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m (manufactured by UACJ) with an applicator, and allowed to stand in a dryer and pre-dried at 60 ° C. for one hour. Next, the film was pressed with a roll press at a linear pressure of 100 kg / cm so that the thickness of the film including the copper foil was 40 ⁇ m. In order to completely remove residual moisture, vacuum drying was performed at 120 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a negative electrode.
- the electrode is processed to 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm, the negative electrode is processed to 44 mm ⁇ 44 mm, and the electrode mixture coating surfaces are opposed to each other at the center.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane processed to 45 mm ⁇ 45 mm was disposed.
- the aluminum laminate sheet cut and processed into a 70 mm ⁇ 140 mm square was folded in half at the center of the long side, and placed and sandwiched so that the current collecting tab of the electrode was exposed to the outside of the laminate sheet.
- Example 2 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer B. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 3 Except having changed the dispersing agent of Example 1 into the graft copolymer C, the conductive resin composition for electrodes, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were produced by the same method as Example 1, and each evaluation Carried out. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 4 The PVdF of Example 1 was 49.75% by mass in terms of solids, Li-435 was 49.75% by mass in terms of solids, and Graft Copolymer A was 0.498% by mass in terms of solids (mass of dispersant / conductive agent).
- the conductive resin composition for electrodes, the electrode composition, the electrode, and the lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so that the mass was 0.01). Carried out. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 The PVdF of Example 1 was 40.0% by mass in terms of solids, Li-435 was 40.0% by mass in terms of solids, and the graft copolymer A was 20.0% by mass in terms of solids (mass of dispersant / conductive agent).
- the conductive resin composition for electrodes, the electrode composition, the electrode, and the lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so that the mass was 0.5). Carried out. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the conductive resin composition for electrodes, the electrode composition, the electrode, and the lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so that the mass was 1). did. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 7 PVdF of Example 1 was 20.0% by mass in solid content, Li-435 was 20.0% by mass in solid content, and graft copolymer A was 60.0% by mass in solid content (mass of dispersant / conductive agent).
- the conductive resin composition for electrodes, the electrode composition, the electrode, and the lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so that the mass was 3). did. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 8 Conductive resin composition for electrode and electrode composition in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conductive agent of Example 1 was changed to carbon nanotubes (Flotube 9000, hereinafter referred to as “CNT”, manufactured by Sea Nano Co., Ltd.). Articles, electrodes and lithium ion batteries were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 9 The conductive agent of Example 1 was used in combination with Li-435 and CNT, and was weighed and mixed so that Li-435 had a solid content of 23.8% by mass and CNT had a solid content of 23.8% by mass.
- a conductive resin composition for electrodes, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 10 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conductive agent in Example 1 was changed to carbon black Li-250 (manufactured by Denka). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 11 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conductive agent of Example 1 was changed to Ketjen Black (ECP manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals). It produced and each evaluation was implemented. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 1 is the same as Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was added and weighed so that PVdF was 50.0% by mass in terms of solids and Li-435 was 50.0% by mass in terms of solids without adding the dispersant.
- a conductive resin composition for electrodes, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 4. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 1 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- ⁇ Comparative example 2> A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer D. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 5. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 2 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- Example 3 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer E. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 5. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 3 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- ⁇ Comparative example 4> A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer F. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 5. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 4 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- Example 5 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer G. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 5. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 5 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- Example 6 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, and an electrode in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to polyvinyl alcohol (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Mw 16,000, product number 18330). And the lithium ion battery was produced and each evaluation was implemented. The results are shown in Table 6. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 6 was used, dispersibility was improved, but a high oxidative decomposition current value was exhibited.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 7> A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, and an electrode in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to polyacrylonitrile (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Mw 150,000, product number 181315). And the lithium ion battery was produced and each evaluation was implemented. The results are shown in Table 6. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 7 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to the combined use of polyvinyl alcohol (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Mw 16,000, product number 18330) and polyacrylonitrile (manufactured by Sigma Aldrich, Mw 150,000, product number 18315).
- Electroconductive resin composition for electrode, electrode composition, electrode and lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 6. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 8 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, the oxidation oxidation current value was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- Example 10 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and an electrode in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (Leonol TD-50, manufactured by Lion Corporation). A lithium ion battery was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 10 was used, dispersibility was improved, but a high oxidative decomposition current value was exhibited.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ether Leonol TD-50, manufactured by Lion Corporation
- Example 11 A conductive resin composition for electrodes in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant of Example 1 was changed to the combined use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (Lion Co.). Products, electrode compositions, electrodes, and lithium ion batteries were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 11 was used, dispersibility was improved, but a high oxidative decomposition current value was exhibited.
- a conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so as to be mass%, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 7. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 12 was used, dispersibility was improved and a low oxidative decomposition current value was exhibited. However, the electrode plate resistance was high, and the discharge capacity was maintained during 3C discharge in battery evaluation. The rate was low.
- Example 13 A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to the graft copolymer H. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 7. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 13 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- ⁇ Comparative example 14> A conductive resin composition for an electrode, an electrode composition, an electrode, and a lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersant in Example 1 was changed to graft copolymer I. Carried out. The results are shown in Table 7. When the conductive resin composition for electrodes used in Comparative Example 14 was used, the dispersibility was poor, the viscosity was high, and the electrode plate resistance was also high. Also in the battery evaluation, the discharge capacity maintenance rate during 3C discharge was low.
- the conductive resin compositions for electrodes of Examples 1 to 11 can achieve both dispersibility and oxidation resistance as compared with the conductive resin compositions for electrodes of Comparative Examples 1 to 14.
- the electrode compositions of the examples of the present invention have a low viscosity, and the electrode using the electrode composition has a low electrode plate resistance, so that a voltage drop during discharge can be suppressed.
- the lithium ion batteries of Examples 1 to 11 were found to have higher discharge rate characteristics and higher cycle characteristics than the lithium ion batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 14. Thereby, it turned out that the lithium ion battery using the conductive resin composition for electrodes of this invention can suppress the output fall accompanying the increase in discharge current, and also has a long life.
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Abstract
Description
(1)分散剤、導電剤及び結着材を含有する電極用導電性樹脂組成物であり、分散剤が、ポリビニルアルコールに、アクリロニトリルを主成分とする単量体がグラフトしたグラフト共重合体を含有し、ポリビニルアルコールの、平均重合度が300~3000で、かつ鹸化度が90~100モル%であり、グラフト共重合体中の、ポリビニルアルコール量が10質量%~40質量%であり、ポリアクリロニトリル量が90質量%~60質量%であることを特徴とする電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
(2)分散剤と導電剤との質量比(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量)が0.01~1である、(1)に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
(3)結着材がポリフッ化ビニリデンを含有する、(1)または(2)に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
(4)導電剤が、(i)繊維状炭素、(ii)球状炭素、及び(iii)繊維状炭素と球状炭素とが相互に連結した炭素複合体からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種以上を含有する、(1)から(3)の何れかに記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
(5)(1)から(4)の何れかに記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物と活物質とを含有する、電極組成物。
(6)前記活物質が、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2およびxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2から選択された、少なくとも1種である、(5)に記載の電極組成物。
但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、
Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2及びLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、
xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のxは0<x<1という関係を満たし、
LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、及びxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のMはFe、Co、Ni、Mnから選ばれる元素の1種以上である。
(7)金属箔上に(5)または(6)に記載の電極組成物を含む層を有する電極。若しくは、(5)または(6)に記載の電極組成物を金属箔上に塗布してなる電極。
(8)(7)に記載の電極を正極として有する、リチウムイオン電池。若しくは、(7)に記載の電極を正極に用いたリチウムイオン電池。
本実施形態に係る電極用導電性樹脂組成物は、分散剤、導電剤及び結着材を含有する電極用導電性樹脂組成物である。以下、本発明の構成材料について詳細に説明する。
分散剤は、ポリビニルアルコール(以下、「PVA」と略すことがある。)にアクリロニトリルを主成分とする単量体がグラフトしたグラフト共重合体(以下、単に「グラフト共重合体」ともいう。)を含有する。このグラフト共重合体は、ポリビニルアルコールの主鎖に、ポリアクリロニトリル(以下、「PAN」と略すことがある。)の側枝が生成したグラフト共重合体(ポリビニルアルコールを含む主鎖と、ポリアクリロニトリルを含む側鎖とを有するグラフト共重合体)である。なお、本明細書において、「グラフト共重合体」には、グラフト共重合体自体のほか、グラフト共重合に関与していない、PANのホモポリマー及び/又はPVAのホモポリマーが混在している場合を含む。したがって、本実施形態で用いる分散剤は、樹脂分(ポリマー分)として、グラフト共重合体自体のほか、PANホモポリマー及び/又はPVAホモポリマーを含有してもよい。
ここで、
a:測定に用いたグラフト共重合体を含有する組成物の質量、
b:測定に用いたグラフト共重合体を含有する組成物中のPANの質量%、
c:DMF不溶分の質量とすると、
グラフト率は、以下の式(1)により求めることができる。
グラフト率=[c-a×(100-b)×0.01]/[a×(100-b)×0.01]×100(%)・・・(1)
なお、b(測定に用いたグラフト共重合体を含有する組成物中のPANの質量%)は、後述する式(2)より算出することができる。上記式(1)により求められるグラフト率は、[PVAにグラフトしたPAN量]/[グラフト共重合体を含有する組成物中のPVA量]×100(%)と定義する。
上記式(1)により求められるグラフト共重合体のグラフト率は、活物質への被覆性を高める観点からも150%~900%であることが好ましい。
なお、「グラフト共重合体中のPVA量」とは、質量換算のグラフト共重合体、PANのホモポリマーおよびPVAのホモポリマーの総和に対する、グラフト共重合体中のPVA量およびPVAのホモポリマー量を意味する。
なお、「グラフト共重合体中のPAN量」とは、質量換算のグラフト共重合体、PANのホモポリマーおよびPVAのホモポリマーの総和に対する、グラフト共重合したPAN量およびPANのホモポリマー量を意味する。
具体的には、グラフト共重合体中のPANの質量%は、以下の式(2)から求めることができる。
グラフト共重合体中のPANの質量%=d×0.01×e/(f+d×0.01×e)×100(質量%)・・・(2)
ここで、上記式(2)中、dはアクリロニトリルの重合率(%)、eはグラフト共重合に使用したアクリロニトリルの質量(仕込み量)、fはグラフト共重合に使用したPVAの質量(仕込み量)を表す。なお、アクリロニトリルの重合率(%)dは、以下の式(3)により求めることができる。
アクリロニトリル重合率%=(g-f)/e×100(%)・・・(3)
ここで、上記式(3)中、gは重合されたグラフト共重合体を含有する組成物の質量を表す。
導電剤は、(i)繊維状炭素、(ii)球状炭素、及び(iii)繊維状炭素と球状炭素とが相互に連結した炭素複合体からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を用いることが好ましい。繊維状炭素としては、気相成長炭素繊維、カーボンナノチューブ及びカーボンナノファイバー等が挙げられる。球状炭素としてはカーボンブラックが挙げられ、カーボンブラックとしては、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック及びケッチェンブラック(登録商標)等が挙げられる。これらの導電剤は単体で用いてもよく、2種類以上を併用してもよい。これらの中ではアセチレンブラック、カーボンナノチューブ、及びカーボンナノファイバーからなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を用いることが導電剤の分散性を向上させる効果が高いことから最も好ましい。
結着材は、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、スチレンブタジエン共重合体、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル共重合体が挙げられる。結着材としてのポリマーの構造には制約がなく、ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、グラフト共重合体、ブロック共重合体なども使用できる。これらの中では、耐酸化性の点でPVdFが好ましい。
電極用導電性樹脂組成物の製造には公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、導電剤、結着材及びグラフト共重合体の溶媒分散溶液をボールミル、サンドミル、二軸混練機、自転公転式攪拌機、プラネタリーミキサー、ディスパーミキサー等により混合することで得られ、一般的には、スラリーにして用いられる。前記の導電剤、結着材及びグラフト共重合体としては、既述したものを用いればよい。電極用導電性樹脂組成物の分散媒としては、水、N-メチルピロリドン、シクロヘキサン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等が挙げられる。高分子結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデンを使用する際は、溶解性の点でN-メチルピロリドンが好ましく、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体を使用する際は水が好ましい。
本実施形態に係る電極組成物は、電極用導電性樹脂組成物と活物質とを含有する。電極用導電性樹脂組成物の材料については、上記のとおりであるからここでは記載を省略する。電極用導電性樹脂組成物の含有量は、分散性と高出力の点で、電極組成物中、10質量%以上、又は20質量%以上とすることが好ましい。
活物質は、体積抵抗率1×104Ω・cm以上のMnを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物またはリチウム含有ポリアニオン化合物であり、カチオンを可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質のことである。例えば、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2またはxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2などが挙げられる。
但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2中又はLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のxは0<x<1という関係を満たし、さらにLiMPO4中、Li2MSiO4中又はxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のMは、Fe、Co、Ni、Mnから選ばれる元素の1種以上であることが好ましい。なお、上記におけるX,Y及びZは、いずれも自然数である。
本実施形態に係る電極は、金属箔上に、上記した電極組成物を含む層を有する。この電極は、上記の電極組成物スラリーをアルミニウム箔等の集電体上に塗布した後、加熱によりスラリーに含まれる溶剤を除去し、活物質が結着材を介して集電体表面に結着された多孔質体である電極合材層を形成する。さらに集電体と電極合材層とをロールプレス等により加圧して密着させることにより、目的とする電極を得ることができる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン電池は、電極を正極に用いたリチウムイオン電池である。リチウムイオン電池の作製方法には、特に制限は無く、従来公知の二次電池の作製方法を用いて行えば良いが、例えば、図1に模式的に示した構成で、以下の方法により作製することもできる。すなわち、前記の電極を用いた正極1にアルミ製タブ4を溶接し、負極2にニッケル製タブ5を溶接した後、各電極の間に絶縁層となるポリオレフィン製微多孔膜3を配し、正極1、負極2およびポリオレフィン製微多孔膜3の空隙部分に非水電解液が十分に染込むまで注液し、外装6で封止することで作製することができる。
酢酸ビニル600質量部およびメタノール400質量部を仕込み、窒素ガスをバブリングして脱酸素したのち、重合開始剤としてビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.3質量部を仕込み、60℃で4時間重合させた。重合停止時の重合溶液の固形分濃度は48%であり、固形分から求めた酢酸ビニルの重合率は80%であった。得られた重合溶液にメタノール蒸気を吹き込んで、未反応の酢酸ビニルを除去したのち、ポリ酢酸ビニルの濃度が40質量%になるようにメタノールで希釈した。
希釈したポリ酢酸ビニル溶液1200質量部に、濃度10質量%の水酸化ナトリウムのメタノール溶液20質量部を添加して、30℃で2時間鹸化反応を行った。
鹸化反応後の溶液を酢酸で中和し、濾過して100℃で2時間乾燥させてPVAを得た。得られたPVAの平均重合度は330、鹸化度は96.3モル%であった。
PVAの平均重合度および鹸化度は、JIS K 6726に準ずる方法で測定した。
得られたPVA1.65質量部を、ジメチルスルホキシド265.1質量部に添加し、60℃にて2時間撹拌して溶解させた。さらに、アクリロニトリル30.3質量部とジメチルスルホキシド3質量部に溶解させたペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウム0.03質量部とを60℃にて添加し、60℃で撹拌しながらグラフト共重合させた。重合開始より4時間後、室温まで冷却し重合を停止させた。得られたグラフト共重合体Aを含む反応液297質量部をメタノール2970質量部中に滴下し、グラフト共重合体Aを析出させた。濾過してポリマーを分離して室温で2時間真空乾燥させ、更に80℃で2時間真空乾燥させた。得られたグラフト共重合体を含有する組成物の固形分は8.87質量部で、アクリロニトリルの重合率は前記固形分より前記式(3)を用いて計算すると23.8%であった。
得られたグラフト共重合体A中のPANの質量は全ポリマーの81.4質量%であり、グラフト率は438%、PANのホモポリマーの質量平均分子量は256200であった。なお、グラフト率は、上記した式(1)を用いて算出した。
グラフト共重合体A中のポリビニルアルコール量及びポリアクリロニトリル量(組成比)を、アクリロニトリルの反応率(重合率)と重合に用いた各成分の仕込み量の組成から計算した。共重合時に生成したPANの質量%(グラフト共重合体中のPANの質量%)は、アクリロニトリルの重合率(%)、グラフト共重合に使用したアクリロニトリルの質量(仕込み量)、及びグラフト共重合に使用したPVAの質量(仕込み量)から、上記した式(2)を用いて算出した。グラフト共重合体A中のPVAとPANの質量比は18.6:81.4であった。なお、後記表中のポリビニルアルコール量及びポリアクリロニトリル量は、グラフト共重合体自体、並びにその共重合時に生成するPVAホモポリマー及びPANホモポリマーを含む樹脂分中の各質量である。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.15質量部へ変更し、60℃で5時間重合した。重合率は80%であった。グラフト共重合体Aと同様に未反応の酢酸ビニルを除去したのち、ポリ酢酸ビニルの濃度が30質量%となるようにメタノールで希釈した。このポリ酢酸ビニル溶液2000質量部に濃度10質量%の水酸化ナトリウムのメタノール溶液を20質量部添加して、30℃で2.5時間鹸化反応を行った。
グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして中和、濾過、乾燥を行い、平均重合度1650、鹸化度95.5モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANとのグラフト共重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Bを調製した。グラフト共重合体BのPVAとPANの質量比は19:81であった。この組成比については、グラフト共重合体Aと同様の方法により測定した。以下のグラフト共重合体C~Gも同様である。
グラフト共重合体Aにおける酢酸ビニルを900質量部、重合開始剤ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.15質量部に変更し、60℃、5時間で重合させた。重合率は70%であった。ポリ酢酸ビニルの濃度が30質量%となるようにメタノールで希釈した。このポリ酢酸ビニル溶液2000質量部に濃度10質量%の水酸化ナトリウムのメタノール溶液を20質量部添加して、30℃で2.5時間鹸化反応を行った。グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして中和、濾過、乾燥を行い、平均重合度2940、鹸化度94.8モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANとのグラフト共重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Cを調製した。得られたグラフト共重合体CのPVAとPANの質量比は21:79であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル500質量部、メタノール500質量部、ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.3質量部とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度290、鹸化度91モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANとのグラフト共重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Dを調製した。グラフト共重合体Dの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を3.2とした以外は、グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体DのPVAとPANの質量比は42:58であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル3000質量部、メタノール500質量部、ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.15質量部、反応時間を12時間,鹸化時間を2時間とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度3640、鹸化度93モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANとのグラフト共重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Eを調製した。グラフト共重合体Eの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を3.2とした以外は、グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体EのPVAとPANの質量比は45:55であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル1800質量部、反応時間を12時間,鹸化時間を0.5時間とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度1710、鹸化度63モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANの重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Fを調製した。グラフト共重合体Fの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を6.5とした以外は、グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体FのPVAとPANの質量比は86:14であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル3000質量部、ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.15質量部,反応時間を12時間,鹸化時間を2時間とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度3380、鹸化度93モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANの重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Gを調製した。グラフト共重合体Gの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を3.7とした以外は、グラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体GのPVAとPANの質量比は49:51であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル3000質量部、ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.13質量部,反応時間を12時間,鹸化時間を2.5時間とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度3350、鹸化度89モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANの重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Hを調製した。グラフト共重合体Hの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を2.3とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体HのPVAとPANの質量比は39:61であった。
グラフト共重合体Aにおけるポリ酢酸ビニル重合時の仕込みを酢酸ビニル2000質量部、ビス(4-t-ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート0.15質量部,反応時間を12時間,鹸化時間を0.5時間とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様の操作を行い、平均重合度1950、鹸化度75モル%のPVAを得た。
得られたPVAを用いてグラフト共重合体Aと同様にしてPANの重合を行い、グラフト共重合体Iを調製した。グラフト共重合体Iの調製はグラフト共重合体AにおけるPVA質量部を2.0とした以外はグラフト共重合体Aと同様にして行った。得られたグラフト共重合体HのPVAとPANの質量比は35:65であった。
実施例及び比較例に使用したグラフト共重合体の各特性を表1に示す。
(電極用導電性樹脂組成物の調製)
溶媒としてN-メチルピロリドン(関東化学株式会社製、以下、「NMP」と記載する。)、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(アルケマ社製、「HSV900」、以下、「PVdF」と記載する。)、導電剤としてカーボンブラック(デンカ社製、「Li-435」、以下、「Li-435」と記載する。)、分散剤として前記グラフト共重合体Aをそれぞれ用意した。PVdFが固形分で47.6質量%、Li-435が固形分で47.6質量%、グラフト共重合体Aが固形分で4.76質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=0.1)となるように秤量して混合し、この混合物に固形分含有量が15質量%になるようにNMPを添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合し電極用導電性樹脂組成物を得た。
電極用導電性樹脂組成物の分散性をJIS K5600-2-5に記載される粒ゲージを用いた方法で粗粒を評価した。具体的には、スクレパーを用い、電極用導電性樹脂組成物を塗布し、試料面に10mm以上連続した線状痕が、一つの溝について3本以上並んだ箇所の目盛りを測定した。粒ゲージの数値が低い程、良好な分散性を意味する。本実施例の粒ゲージは、5μmであった。
電極用導電性樹脂組成物の分散性をJIS K7244-10に記載される回転型レオメータを用いた方法で粘度を評価した。具体的には、回転型レオメータ(アントンパール社製、MCR300)を用いて、固形分含有量が15質量%の電極用導電性樹脂組成物1gをディスク上に塗布し、せん断速度を100s-1~0.01s-1まで変化させて測定を行い、せん断速度1s-1の粘度を評価した。粘度の数値が低い程、良好な分散性を意味する。本実施例の粘度は、5.8Pa・sであった。
電極用導電性樹脂組成物をアルミ箔上に乾燥後の厚さが20μmとなるように塗工し、105℃で1時間乾燥させて試験片とした。
作用極に得られた試験片、対極及び参照極にリチウム、電解液にLiPF6を電解質塩とするエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート(=1/2(体積比))溶液(濃度1mol/L)を用いて3極セル(東洋システム株式会社製)を組み立てた。電気化学測定システム(ソーラトロン社製、ファンクションジェネレーター1260およびポテンショガルバノスタット1287)を用いてサイクリックボルタンメトリー(以下「CV」と略す。)を25℃で10mV/secの走査速度にて2.5V~5.0Vの範囲で行った。5.0V時の電流値を酸化分解電流値と定めた。酸化分解電流値が低い程、酸化分解しにくく耐酸化性が高いと判断される。本実施例の酸化分解電流値は、0.05mA/cm2であった。
調製した電極用導電性樹脂組成物と活物質としてLiCoO2(ユミコア社製、「KD20」、平均一次粒子径15μm)をそれぞれ用意した。LiCoO2が固形分で98質量%、電極用導電性樹脂組成物が固形分で2質量%なるように秤量して混合し、この混合物に固形分含有量が72質量%になるようにNMPを添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合し電極組成物を得た。
電極組成物の分散性をJIS K7244-10に記載される回転型レオメータを用いた方法で粘度を評価した。具体的には、回転型レオメータ(アントンパール社製、MCR300)を用いて、固形分含有量が72質量%の電極組成物1gをディスク上に塗布し、せん断速度を100s-1~0.01s-1まで変化させて測定を行い、せん断速度1s-1の粘度を評価した。粘度の数値が低い程、良好な分散性を意味する。本実施例の粘度は、12.5Pa・sであった。
調製した電極組成物を、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔(UACJ社製)上に、アプリケータにて成膜し、乾燥機内に静置して105℃、一時間で予備乾燥させた。次に、ロールプレス機にて200kg/cmの線圧でプレスし、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔を含んだ膜の厚さが60μmになるように調製した。揮発成分を除去するため、170℃で3時間真空乾燥して電極を得た。図2に電極の走査型電子顕微鏡画像を示す。導電剤8が活物質7と均一に分布しており、高い分散性であった。
作製した電極を直径14mmの円盤状に切り抜き、表裏をSUS304製平板電極によって挟んだ状態で、電気化学測定システム(ソーラトロン社製、ファンクションジェネレーター1260およびポテンショガルバノスタット1287)を用いて、振幅電圧10mV、周波数範囲1Hz~100kHzにて交流インピーダンスを測定した。得られた抵抗成分値に切り抜いた円盤状の面積を掛けた抵抗値を極板抵抗とした。本実施例の電極の極板抵抗は240Ω・cm2であった。
溶媒として純水(関東化学社製)、負極活物質として人造黒鉛(日立化成社製、「MAG-D」)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴム(日本ゼオン社製、「BM-400B」、以下、「SBR」と記載する。)、分散剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(ダイセル社製、「D2200」、以下、「CMC」と記載する。)をそれぞれ用意した。次いで、CMCが固形分で1質量%、人造黒鉛が固形分で97質量%となるように秤量して混合し、この混合物に純水を添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合した。さらに、SBRが固形分で2質量%となるように秤量し、上記混合物に添加し、上記自転公転式混合機を用いて、均一になるまで混合し、非水系電池用負極スラリーを得た。次いで、非水系電池用負極スラリーを、厚さ10μmの銅箔(UACJ社製)上にアプリケータにて成膜し、乾燥機内に静置して60℃、一時間で予備乾燥させた。次に、ロールプレス機にて100kg/cmの線圧でプレスし、銅箔を含んだ膜の厚さが40μmになるように調製した。残留水分を完全に除去するため、120℃で3時間真空乾燥して負極を得た。
露点-50℃以下に制御したドライルーム内で、上記電極を40mm×40mmに加工し、負極を44mm×44mmに加工した後、電極合材塗工面が中央で対向するようにし、さらに電極間に45mm×45mmに加工したポリオレフィン微多孔質膜を配置した。次に70mm×140mm角に切断及び加工したアルミラミネートシートを、長辺の中央部で二つ折りにし、電極の集電用タブがラミネートシートの外部に露出するように配置して挟み込んだ。次にヒートシーラーを用いて、アルミラミネートシートの集電用タブが露出した辺を含む2辺を加熱融着した後、加熱融着していない一辺から、2gの電解液(キシダ化学製、エチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート=1/2(体積比)+1M LiPF6溶液、以下、「電解液」と記載する。)を注液し、上記電極を用いた正極、負極およびポリオレフィン微多孔膜に十分に染み込ませてから、真空ヒートシーラーにより、電池の内部を減圧しながら、アルミラミネートシートの残り1辺を加熱融着してリチウムイオン電池を得た。
作製したリチウムイオン電池について、以下の方法により電池性能を評価した。
[放電レート特性(3C放電時の容量維持率)]
作製したリチウムイオン電池を、25℃において4.45V、0.2C制限の定電流定電圧充電をした後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、放電電流を0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、3Cと変化させ、各放電電流に対する放電容量を測定した。各測定における回復充電は4.45V、0.2C制限の定電流定電圧充電を行った。そして、0.2C放電時に対する3C放電時の容量維持率を計算した。本実施例のリチウムイオン電池の3C放電時の容量維持率は82.5%であった。
作製したリチウムイオン電池を、25℃において4.45V、1C制限の定電流定電圧充電をした後、1Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、上記充放電を400サイクル繰り返し、放電容量を測定した。そして、1サイクル放電時に対する400サイクル放電時のサイクル後放電容量維持率を計算した。本実施例のリチウムイオン電池のサイクル後放電容量維持率は90%であった。
実施例1の分散剤を、グラフト共重合体Bへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表2に示す。
実施例1の分散剤を、グラフト共重合体Cへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表2に示す。
実施例1のPVdFが固形分で49.75質量%、Li-435が固形分で49.75質量%、グラフト共重合体Aが固形分で0.498質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=0.01)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表2に示す。
実施例1のPVdFが固形分で40.0質量%、Li-435が固形分で40.0質量%、グラフト共重合体Aが固形分で20.0質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=0.5)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
実施例1のPVdFが固形分で33.3質量%、Li-435が固形分で33.3質量%、グラフト共重合体Aが固形分で33.3質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=1)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
実施例1のPVdFが固形分で20.0質量%、Li-435が固形分で20.0質量%、グラフト共重合体Aが固形分で60.0質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=3)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
実施例1の導電剤をカーボンナノチューブ(シーナノ社製、Flotube9000、以下、「CNT」と記載する。)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
実施例1の導電剤をLi-435とCNTの併用し、Li-435が固形分で23.8質量%、CNTが固形分で23.8質量%となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
実施例1の導電剤をカーボンブラックLi-250(デンカ社製)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
実施例1の導電剤をケッチェンブラック(ライオンスペシャリティケミカルズ社製ECP)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
実施例1の分散剤を添加せずにPVdFが固形分で50.0質量%、Li-435が固形分で50.0質量%になるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。比較例1で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Dへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。比較例2で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Eへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。比較例3で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Fへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。比較例4で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Gへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。比較例5で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をポリビニルアルコール(関東化学社製、Mw16,000、製品番号18330)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。比較例6で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性は向上するが高い酸化分解電流値を示した。
実施例1の分散剤をポリアクリロニトリル(シグマアルドリッチ社製、Mw150,000、製品番号181315)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。比較例7で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をポリビニルアルコール(関東化学社製、Mw16,000、製品番号18330)とポリアクリロニトリル(シグマアルドリッチ社製、Mw150,000、製品番号181315)の併用へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。比較例8で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、高い酸化分解電流値を示し、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をポリビニルピロリドン(第一工業製薬社製、K-90)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。比較例9で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性は向上するが高い酸化分解電流値を示した。
実施例1の分散剤をポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(ライオン社製、レオコールTD-50)へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表7に示す。比較例10で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性は向上するが高い酸化分解電流値を示した。
実施例1の分散剤をポリビニルピロリドン(第一工業製薬社製)とポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(ライオン社製)の併用へ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表7に示す。比較例11で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性は向上するが高い酸化分解電流値を示した。
実施例1の結着材を添加せずにグラフト共重合体Aが固形分で50.0質量%(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量=1)、Li-435が固形分で50.0質量%になるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表7に示す。比較例12で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性の向上及び低い酸化分解電流値を示したが、極板抵抗が高く、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Hへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表7に示す。比較例13で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
実施例1の分散剤をグラフト共重合体Iへ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で電極用導電性樹脂組成物、電極組成物、電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表7に示す。比較例14で用いた電極用導電性樹脂組成物を用いた場合、分散性に乏しく、粘度が高く、極板抵抗も高い値を示した。また、電池評価においても3C放電時の放電容量維持率が低い結果となった。
2 リチウムイオン電池負極
3 ポリオレフィン製微多孔膜
4 アルミ製タブ
5 ニッケル製タブ
6 外装
7 活物質
8 導電剤
Claims (8)
- 分散剤、導電剤及び結着材を含有する電極用導電性樹脂組成物であり、
分散剤が、ポリビニルアルコールに、アクリロニトリルを主成分とする単量体がグラフトしたグラフト共重合体を含有し、
ポリビニルアルコールの、平均重合度が300~3000であり、かつ鹸化度が90モル%~100モル%であり、
グラフト共重合体中の、ポリビニルアルコール量が10質量%~40質量%であり、ポリアクリロニトリル量が90質量%~60質量%であることを特徴とする、電極用導電性樹脂組成物。 - 分散剤と導電剤との質量比(分散剤の質量/導電剤の質量)が、0.01~1である、請求項1に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
- 結着材が、ポリフッ化ビニリデンを含有する、請求項1または2に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
- 導電剤が、(i)繊維状炭素、(ii)球状炭素、及び(iii)繊維状炭素と球状炭素とが相互に連結した炭素複合体からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含有する、請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物。
- 請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の電極用導電性樹脂組成物と活物質とを含有する、電極組成物。
- 活物質が、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2およびxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2から選択された、少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電極組成物。
但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、
Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2及びLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、
xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のxは0<x<1という関係を満たし、
LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4及びxLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2中のMは、Fe、Co、Ni、及びMnから選ばれる1種以上の元素である。 - 金属箔上に、請求項5または6に記載の電極組成物を含む層を有する、電極。
- 請求項7に記載の電極を正極として有する、リチウムイオン電池。
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| US16/320,646 US11028209B2 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2017-07-14 | Conductive resin composition for electrodes, electrode composition, electrode using same and lithium ion battery |
| EP17834081.6A EP3493304B1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2017-07-14 | Conductive resin composition for electrodes, electrode composition, electrode using same and lithium ion battery |
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| KR1020197005696A KR102408332B1 (ko) | 2016-07-28 | 2017-07-14 | 전극용 도전성 수지 조성물 및 전극 조성물과 이를 이용한 전극 및 리튬 이온 전지 |
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| EP3493304B1 (en) | 2020-09-09 |
| US20190248944A1 (en) | 2019-08-15 |
| US11028209B2 (en) | 2021-06-08 |
| EP3493304A4 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
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| JPWO2018021073A1 (ja) | 2019-05-16 |
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