WO2018003150A1 - シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン、その焼成物、及びそれらの製造方法 - Google Patents
シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン、その焼成物、及びそれらの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018003150A1 WO2018003150A1 PCT/JP2017/000691 JP2017000691W WO2018003150A1 WO 2018003150 A1 WO2018003150 A1 WO 2018003150A1 JP 2017000691 W JP2017000691 W JP 2017000691W WO 2018003150 A1 WO2018003150 A1 WO 2018003150A1
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- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/12—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to hydrogen
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- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/32—Post-polymerisation treatment
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention provides a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane having a chemical bond between the silicon nanoparticle surface and hydrogen polysilsesquioxane, a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product, and The present invention relates to a manufacturing method thereof. Furthermore, a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery comprising the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product, a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery comprising the negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode for the lithium ion battery. The present invention relates to a provided lithium ion battery.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries that use lithium compounds as negative electrodes have high voltage and high energy density, and among them, lithium metal has been the subject of many studies as a negative electrode active material because of its abundant battery capacity. became.
- lithium metal when lithium metal is used as the negative electrode, a lot of dendritic lithium is deposited on the surface of the negative electrode lithium during charging, so that the charge / discharge efficiency is reduced, or the dendritic lithium grows, causing a short circuit with the positive electrode. There is a case.
- lithium metal itself is unstable and highly reactive, and is sensitive to heat and impact, there remains a problem in commercializing a negative electrode using lithium metal. Therefore, a carbon-based negative electrode that occludes and releases lithium has been used as a negative electrode active material instead of lithium metal (Patent Document 1).
- the carbon-based negative electrode has solved various problems of lithium metal and has greatly contributed to the spread of lithium ion batteries.
- Lithium ion batteries using carbon-based negative electrodes have inherently low battery capacity due to the porous structure of carbon.
- the theoretical capacity is about 372 mAh / g when the composition is LiC 6 . This is only about 10% compared with the theoretical capacity of lithium metal being 3860 mAh / g. Under such circumstances, in spite of the above-mentioned problems, studies are actively being made to improve the battery capacity by introducing a metal such as lithium into the negative electrode again.
- the use of a material mainly composed of a metal that can be alloyed with lithium, such as Si, Sn, or Al, as the negative electrode active material has been studied.
- substances that can be alloyed with lithium, such as Si and Sn are accompanied by volume expansion during the alloying reaction with lithium, so that the metal material particles are pulverized, so that the contact between the metal material particles decreases.
- an electrically isolated active material is generated in the electrode.
- the metal material particles are detached from the electrode, resulting in an increase in internal resistance and a decrease in capacity. As a result, the cycle characteristics are deteriorated, and the electrolyte decomposition reaction due to the expansion of the specific surface area becomes serious. ing.
- Patent Document 2 includes silicon and oxygen, and a silicon oxide having a ratio of oxygen to silicon of 0 to 2 can obtain good charge / discharge cycle performance when used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion battery.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a method using a fired product of hydrogen polysilsesquioxane as a silicon oxide-based negative electrode active material containing an amorphous silicon oxide having a nanoporous structure.
- Patent Document 4 by making a structure in which a silicon-containing core and silicon nanoparticles formed on the surface of the core are arranged, the disadvantage of the volume expansion coefficient is complemented during charging and discharging, and silicon and oxygen are easily added.
- a silicon oxide capable of adjusting the ratio of the above.
- any of the silicon oxide compounds in the above document is a compound that does not contain hydrogen, and the presence of Si—H bonds is not mentioned. Therefore, the silicon oxide compound of the above-mentioned document is a compound which is essentially different from the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product represented by the general formula SiO x H y of the present invention. Furthermore, the above document does not suggest any chemical bond between the silicon nanoparticles and the silicon oxide, and the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane calcination of the present invention is also used as a structure. It is judged to be different from the thing.
- the battery performance when used as a battery negative electrode active material is recognized to have a certain degree of improvement, but the discharge capacity, the initial charge / discharge efficiency, the capacity maintenance rate in the charge / discharge cycle, or more than two performances
- the level has reached a level at which there is no problem, and it has not been a technology that can provide a negative electrode active material that exhibits balanced battery performance and is highly practical.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a new silicon oxide as a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery having high capacity and excellent initial charge / discharge efficiency that meets the requirements, and having good cycle characteristics and a practical capacity retention rate. It is to provide a physical structure.
- the present inventors have obtained a secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent initial charge / discharge efficiency when used as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery.
- a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product was found.
- the present invention includes the following aspects.
- It is represented by the general formula SiO x2 H y2 (0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35), Containing 5% to 65% by weight of silicon nanoparticles having a volume-based average particle size of more than 10 nm and less than 500 nm, Having a chemical bond between the surface of the silicon nanoparticles and the silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane, Having Si—H bond, Silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product containing essentially no carbon.
- a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery comprising the silicon nanoparticle-containing polysilsesquioxane fired product according to any one of [1] to [3].
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery comprising the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery according to [4].
- a lithium ion battery comprising the lithium ion battery negative electrode according to [5].
- Silicon nano-particles represented by the general formula SiO x2 H y2 (0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35) and having a volume-based average particle size of more than 10 nm and less than 500 nm Essentially having 5 to 65% by weight of particles, having a chemical bond between the surface of the silicon nanoparticles and the silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane, and having a Si—H bond
- the Si-O-Si bond in 820 ⁇ 920 cm intensity of peak 1 derived from Si-H bonds in the -1 (I 1) and 1000 ⁇ 1200 cm -1 The production method according to [7], wherein the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) of the intensity (I 2 ) of the derived peak 2 is in the range of 0.01 to 0.35.
- Silicon nano-particles represented by the general formula SiO x1 H y1 (0.25 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1.35, 0.16 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 0.90) and having a volume-based average particle size of more than 10 nm and less than 500 nm Silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane containing 5% to 65% by weight of particles and having a chemical bond between the surface of the silicon nanoparticles and hydrogen polysilsesquioxane.
- Silicon nanoparticle represented by the general formula SiO x1 H y1 (0.25 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1.35, 0.16 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 0.90) and having a volume-based average particle size of more than 10 nm and less than 500 nm
- a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane comprising 5% to 65% by weight of particles and having a chemical bond between the surface of the silicon nanoparticles and the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane.
- a production method comprising a step of hydrolyzing and condensing a silicon compound represented by formula (1) (also referred to as polycondensation reaction) in the presence of silicon nanoparticles.
- HSi (R) 3 (1) (Wherein R is the same or different, halogen, hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and 7 to 30 carbon atoms) A group selected from substituted or unsubstituted arylalkoxy, provided that it is a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and 7 carbon atoms. In the ⁇ 30 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkoxy group, any hydrogen may be substituted with a halogen.)
- a substance can be provided.
- the lithium ion battery obtained using the negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention has excellent discharge capacity, initial discharge efficiency, and good cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 shows the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane (3) produced in Example 5 by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and the hydrogen silsesquioxane polymer (1) produced in Comparative Example 2.
- Is an IR absorption spectrum diagram of FIG. FIG. 2 is an electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane (3) produced in Example 5.
- FIG. 3 shows the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product (5) produced in Example 10 by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquite produced in Comparative Example 4.
- FIG. 4 is an electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (5) produced in Example 10.
- FIG. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a coin-type lithium ion battery.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane of the present invention is obtained by synthesizing a hydrogen silsesquioxane polymer (HPSQ) by hydrolyzing and condensing a silicon compound represented by the formula (1).
- HPSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane polymer
- it can obtain by mixing a nanoparticle, it is not specifically limited.
- a method of hydrolyzing and condensing a mixture obtained by adding silicon nanopowder to a silicon compound represented by formula (1), or dropping a silicon compound represented by formula (1) in a solvent in which silicon nanopowder is dispersed And a method of hydrolysis and condensation reaction.
- R is the same or different and is a group selected from halogen, hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy having 1 to 10 carbons, and substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy having 6 to 20 carbons It is. However, in the substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and the substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, any hydrogen may be substituted with a halogen.
- silicon compound represented by the formula (1) include the following compounds.
- trihalogenated silane such as trichlorosilane, trifluorosilane, tribromosilane, dichlorosilane, dihalogenated silane, tri-n-butoxysilane, tri-t-butoxysilane, tri-n-propoxysilane, tri-i -Trialkoxysilanes such as propoxysilane, di-n-butoxyethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, trimethoxysilane, diethoxysilane, dialkoxysilanes, triaryloxysilane, diaryloxysilane, diaryloxyethoxysilane, etc.
- Aryloxysilane or aryloxyalkoxysilane can be mentioned.
- trihalogenated silanes or trialkoxysilanes are preferable from the viewpoints of reactivity, availability, and production costs, and trihalogenated silanes are particularly preferable.
- These silicon compounds represented by the formula (1) may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the silicon compound represented by the formula (1) has high hydrolyzability and condensation reactivity, and when it is used, the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane of the present invention can be easily obtained. Moreover, when the silicon compound represented by Formula (1) is used, the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane obtained when the obtained silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is heat-treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. There is also an advantage that it is easy to control the Si—H bond amount of the fired product of oxan.
- the hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction of a mixture obtained by adding silicon nanoparticles to the silicon compound represented by the formula (1) will be described.
- Hydrolysis can be carried out in a known manner, for example, in a solvent such as alcohol or DMF, in the presence of an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid or an organic acid such as acetic acid and water, at normal temperature or in a heated state. Therefore, in addition to the hydrolyzate of the silicon compound represented by the formula (1), the reaction solution after hydrolysis may contain a solvent, an acid, water, and a substance derived therefrom.
- the silicon compound represented by the formula (1) may not be completely hydrolyzed, and a part thereof may remain.
- the polycondensation reaction of the hydrolyzate partially proceeds.
- the degree to which the polycondensation reaction proceeds can be controlled by the hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time, acidity, and / or solvent and the like, for example, as described later, the target silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen It can set suitably according to polysilsesquioxane.
- reaction conditions a silicon compound represented by the formula (1) is added to an acidic aqueous solution with stirring, and the temperature is -20 ° C to 50 ° C, preferably 0 ° C to 40 ° C, particularly preferably 10 ° C to 30 ° C.
- the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 0.5 to 20 hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours, particularly preferably 1 to 5 hours.
- an organic acid or an inorganic acid can be used as the acid used for the pH adjustment.
- examples of the organic acid include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid
- examples of the inorganic acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
- hydrochloric acid and acetic acid are preferred because the hydrolysis reaction and subsequent polycondensation reaction can be easily controlled, and acquisition, pH adjustment, and treatment after the reaction are also easy.
- a halogenated silane such as trichlorosilane is used as the silicon compound represented by the formula (1)
- an acidic aqueous solution is formed in the presence of water. This is one of the preferred embodiments of the invention.
- Silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane (precursor of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane calcined product) is obtained by hydrolyzing and polymerizing the compound of formula (1) in the presence of silicon nanoparticles. Can be obtained by doing
- the silicon nanoparticles used are not particularly limited as long as the volume-based average particle diameter exceeds 10 nm and is less than 500 nm. A preferred volume-based average particle size is greater than 30 nm and less than 200 nm.
- silicon nanoparticles silicon nanopowder is preferably used.
- the volume-based average particle size means a particle size calculated based on the volume, and may be simply referred to as an average particle size.
- the silicon nanoparticles may contain other components other than silicon as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the silicon nanoparticles may contain metals, but the content of silicon nanoparticles Usually less than 5% by weight with respect to the particles.
- the silicon nanoparticles are usually blended in an amount of 5 wt% to 65 wt% (that is, 5 wt% to 65 wt%) with respect to the obtained silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane. Preferably, it is 10% by weight to 60% by weight (that is, 10% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less).
- the fired product is 5% by weight or more as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion battery, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is high, and the effect of being combined with silicon nanoparticles is sufficiently obtained, which is 65% by weight or less.
- the liquid fraction is separated and removed by a known method such as filtration, centrifugation, or tilting, and in some cases, further washed with water or organic solvent, and then dried, and the present invention.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane can be obtained.
- the composition of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane used in the production method of the present invention contains silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H), and has the general formula It is expressed as SiO x1 H y1 (0.25 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1.35, 0.16 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 0.90).
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane of the present invention is essentially free of carbon.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is calcined.
- a fired body negative electrode active material
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is obtained by using a fired product.
- the secondary battery has good cycle characteristics with improved charge / discharge capacity and capacity retention.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane of the present invention has an intensity of a peak 2-1 near 1170 cm ⁇ 1 in a peak derived from Si—O—Si in a spectrum measured by infrared spectroscopy.
- the ratio (I 2-1 / I 2-2 ) of (I 2-1 ) and the intensity (I 2-2 ) of the peak 2-2 near 1070 cm -1 is more than 1.
- the peak intensity ratio exceeding 1 suggests that there is a chemical bond between the silicon nanoparticles present inside and the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane. It is assumed that particle collapse caused by silicon particle expansion and contraction during the charge / discharge cycle is suppressed by the presence of.
- the absorption band of 1000 to 1200 cm ⁇ 1 in the IR spectrum of hydrogen polysulfesquioxane is derived from the asymmetric stretching vibration of Si—O—Si, and in the case of a linear bond, two absorption bands at 1000 to 1200 cm ⁇ 1 . In the case of absorption or cyclic bond, one absorption is generally observed at 1000 to 1100 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the silicon nanoparticles and the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane form a network through a strong chemical bond (Si—O—Si bond). Yes.
- This network is maintained even after firing, and the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane skeleton acts as a buffer layer for the expansion and contraction of silicon nanoparticles, and as a result, suppresses the refinement of silicon nanoparticles generated during repeated charge and discharge It is inferred that
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane thus obtained was further agglomerated with primary particles, which are spherical particles having a submicron particle size, as is apparent from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph shown in FIG. Thus, a secondary aggregate having a particle size of several microns is formed.
- the small primary particles relieve the stress during expansion and contraction that occurs during repeated charge and discharge when the fired product of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery. As a result, cycle deterioration is suppressed and cycle characteristics are improved. Further, having a complicated secondary aggregation structure makes the binding property with the binder good, and further exhibits excellent cycle characteristics.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product is obtained by heat-treating the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane obtained by the above method in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- non-oxidizing as used in the present specification means that it does not substantially contain oxygen, but is substantially when heat-treating hydrogen polysilsesquioxane containing silicon nanoparticles.
- it is sufficient that the generation of silicon dioxide is suppressed to such an extent that the effects of the present invention are not adversely affected (that is, the value of I 1 / I 2 should be within the numerical range defined in the present invention).
- I 1 means the intensity (I 1 ) of peak 1 derived from the Si—H bond at 820 to 920 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Si silicon
- O oxygen
- H hydrogen
- SiO x2 H y2 0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35
- the fired product if x2 is in the range of 0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, preferably 0.4 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.0, the balance between the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle capacity maintenance rate is sufficient with sufficient battery capacity. A negative electrode active material having excellent charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained. In the fired product, if y2 is in the range of 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35, preferably 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.3, the resulting secondary battery has excellent charge / discharge capacity and capacity retention rate. Has improved good cycle characteristics.
- the fired product of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane has a peak 1 intensity (I 1 derived from a Si—H bond at 820 to 920 cm ⁇ 1 in a spectrum measured by infrared spectroscopy (IR). ) And the peak 2 intensity (I 2 ) ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) derived from the Si—O—Si bond at 1000 to 1200 cm ⁇ 1 is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.35. .
- the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) of the intensity of peak 1 (I 1 ) and the intensity of peak 2 (I 2 ) (I 1 / I 2 ) of the fired product is preferably from 0.01 to 0.35, more preferably from 0.01.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product has an intensity of a peak 2-1 near 1170 cm ⁇ 1 in a peak derived from Si—O—Si in a spectrum measured by infrared spectroscopy ( It is preferable that the ratio (I 2-1 / I 2-2 ) of the intensity (I 2-2 ) of the peak 2-2 in the vicinity of I 2-1 ) and 1070 cm -1 exceeds 1.
- the fact that the peak intensity ratio exceeds 1 indicates that there is a chemical reaction between the silicon nanoparticles present in the fired product of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane and the silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane. This suggests that there is a bond, and it is speculated that the presence of this chemical bond suppresses particle collapse caused by silicon particle expansion and contraction during the charge / discharge cycle.
- the heat treatment of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- a non-oxidizing atmosphere includes an inert gas atmosphere, an atmosphere from which oxygen is removed by high vacuum (an atmosphere from which oxygen is removed to the extent that it does not hinder the formation of the desired silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product) A reducing atmosphere and an atmosphere in which these atmospheres are used in combination.
- the inert gas include nitrogen, argon, helium and the like.
- the reducing atmosphere includes an atmosphere containing a reducing gas such as hydrogen.
- a mixed gas atmosphere of 2% by volume or more of hydrogen gas and inert gas can be used.
- a hydrogen gas atmosphere can also be used as the reducing atmosphere.
- the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane containing silicon nanoparticles begins to dehydrogenate Si—H bonds from around 600 ° C., and Si—Si bonds are generated.
- a characteristic silicon oxide structure derived from polysilsesquioxane is formed. Even when this heat treatment is performed, the chemical bond between the silicon nanoparticles and the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is maintained.
- the presence of a silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane after the heat treatment can be known from measurement by infrared spectroscopy described later. When the Si—Si bond is appropriately grown, it becomes an excellent Li storage site and becomes a source of high charge capacity.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 8 hours.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product is obtained by the above heat treatment, and the above-described elemental analysis results show that SiO x2 H y2 (0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35) and the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) of peak 1 intensity (I 1 ) to peak 2 intensity (I 2 ) by infrared spectroscopy is in the range of 0.01 to 0.35 What is necessary is just to select the heat processing conditions suitably so that it may enter.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane calcined product of the present invention thus obtained is obtained by heat-treating the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane obtained by the synthesis method of the present invention as its shape.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a carbon-based material is combined or coated on the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product.
- a method of dispersing the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product and the carbon-based material by a mechanical mixing method using a mechanofusion, ball mill, vibration mill, or the like Is mentioned.
- the carbon-based material include carbon-based materials such as graphite, carbon black, fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofoam, pitch-based carbon fiber, polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product and the carbon-based material can be combined or coated at an arbitrary ratio.
- the negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention includes the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product or the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product combined or coated with the carbon-based material. Manufactured using the negative electrode active material contained.
- a negative electrode active material and a binder formed by including a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product or a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product in which the carbon-based material is combined or coated
- the negative electrode mixed material containing may be formed into a fixed shape, or may be manufactured by a method of applying the negative electrode mixed material to a current collector such as a copper foil.
- the method for forming the negative electrode is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- a negative electrode active material or a binder containing a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product, or a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product in which the carbon-based material is combined if necessary, a negative electrode material composition containing a conductive material and the like, and this is used as a current collector such as a rod-like body, a plate-like body, a foil-like body or a net-like body mainly composed of copper, nickel, stainless steel, etc.
- the negative electrode material composition is directly coated, or the negative electrode material composition is separately cast on a support, and the negative electrode active material film peeled from the support is laminated on the current collector to obtain a negative electrode plate.
- the negative electrode of the present invention is not limited to the above-listed forms, and forms other than the listed forms are possible.
- binder those commonly used in the secondary battery, a Si-H bonds and interactions on the anode active material, COO - as long as having a functional group such as a group, either Can also be used, and examples include carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, alginic acid, glucomannan, amylose, saccharose and derivatives and polymers thereof, and respective alkali metal salts, as well as polyimide resins and polyimideamide resins. These binders may be used singly or as a mixture. Further, the binder is further improved in binding property with the current collector, improved in dispersibility, and improved in conductivity of the binder itself. A component imparting a function, for example, a styrene-butadiene rubber polymer or a styrene-isoprene rubber polymer may be added and mixed.
- the lithium ion battery using the negative electrode active material containing the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product of the present invention can be produced as follows. First, a positive electrode active material composition capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions, a conductive additive, a binder, and a solvent are mixed to prepare a positive electrode active material composition. Similarly to the negative electrode, the positive electrode active material composition is directly coated and dried on a metal current collector by a known method to prepare a positive electrode plate. It is also possible to produce a positive electrode by separately casting the positive electrode active material composition on a support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from the support on a metal current collector. The method for forming the positive electrode is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a lithium metal composite oxide and is generally used in the field of the secondary battery, for example, lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, spinel structure.
- lithium cobaltate lithium nickelate, spinel structure.
- examples thereof include lithium manganate, lithium cobalt manganate, iron phosphate having an olivine structure, so-called ternary lithium metal composite oxide, nickel lithium metal composite oxide, and the like.
- V 2 O 5 , TiS, MoS, and the like which are compounds capable of de-insertion of lithium ions, can also be used.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used in lithium ion batteries, and may be any electron conductive material that does not cause decomposition or alteration in the constituted battery. Specific examples include carbon black (acetylene black and the like), graphite fine particles, vapor grown carbon fiber, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the binder include vinylidene fluoride / propylene hexafluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene and a mixture thereof, styrene butadiene rubber. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, polymers.
- the solvent examples include, but are not limited to, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetone, water and the like.
- the content of the positive electrode active material, the conductive additive, the binder and the solvent is set to an amount that can be generally used in a lithium ion battery.
- the separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used in lithium ion batteries. Those having low resistance to ion migration of the electrolyte or excellent electrolyte solution impregnation ability are preferred. Specifically, it is a material selected from glass fiber, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, or a compound thereof, and may be in the form of a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric.
- a rollable separator made of a material such as polyethylene or polypropylene is used, and in the case of a lithium ion polymer battery, a separator excellent in organic electrolyte solution impregnation ability. It is preferable to use
- electrolyte examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, benzonitrile, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dioxolane, 4 -Hexafluoride in a solvent such as methyldioxolane, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, sulfolane, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene or diethyl ether or a mixed solvent thereof.
- a solvent such as methyldioxolane, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxan
- non-aqueous electrolytes and solid electrolytes can also be used.
- various ionic liquids to which lithium ions are added can be used, pseudo solid electrolytes in which ionic liquids and fine powders are mixed, lithium ion conductive solid electrolytes, and the like can be used.
- the above-described electrolytic solution may appropriately contain a compound that promotes stable film formation on the negative electrode active material surface.
- a compound that promotes stable film formation on the negative electrode active material surface For example, vinylene carbonate (VC), fluorobenzene, cyclic fluorinated carbonate [fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC), etc.], or chain fluorinated carbonate [trifluorodimethyl carbonate (TFDMC), Fluorinated carbonates such as trifluorodiethyl carbonate (TFDEC) and trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (TFEMC) are effective.
- the cyclic fluorinated carbonate and the chain fluorinated carbonate can also be used as a solvent, such as ethylene carbonate.
- a separator is disposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate as described above to form a battery structure.
- the battery structure is wound or folded and placed in a cylindrical battery case or a square battery case, and then an electrolyte is injected to complete a lithium ion battery.
- the battery structure is laminated in a bicell structure, it is impregnated with an organic electrolyte, and the obtained product is put in a pouch and sealed to complete a lithium ion polymer battery.
- one aspect of the fired product of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane formed by heat-treating silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane is compared to a conventional general silicon oxide. as seen from FIG.
- the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) of the intensity (I 2 ) of peak 2 derived from a certain Si—O—Si bond is in the range of 0.01 to 0.35, and is shown in the elemental analysis values of Table 1
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product represented by the general formula SiO x2 H y2 (0.3 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1.5, 0.01 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 0.35).
- the lithium ion battery manufactured using the negative electrode active material containing the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane burned material having these characteristics has high capacity, good initial charge / discharge efficiency, and excellent cycle characteristics. Show.
- a peak near 1170 cm ⁇ 1 of the peaks derived from Si—O—Si in a spectrum measured by infrared spectroscopy is more than 1. This feature is the same as the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane which is a precursor. Further, since the ratio of the cyclized bond is generally maintained by the heat treatment, the state of I 2-1 / I 2-2 > 1 is also maintained.
- Such a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product has a strong chemical bond (Si-O-Si bond) between the surface of the silicon nanoparticle and the silicon oxide structure (derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane). It is suggested that a network is formed. This network is maintained even after firing, and the skeleton of the silicon oxide structure serves as a buffer layer for the expansion and contraction of the silicon nanoparticles. As a result, miniaturization of the silicon nanoparticles generated during repeated charge and discharge is suppressed. It is inferred that
- Infrared spectroscopy measurement Infrared spectroscopy measurement is performed by using a Nicolet iS5 FT-IR manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific as an infrared spectroscopic apparatus, and transmission measurement by the KBr method (resolution: 4 cm ⁇ 1 , number of scans: 16 times, data interval: 1.928 cm ⁇ 1 , The intensity (I 2 ) of peak 2 derived from the Si—O—Si bond at 1000 to 1200 cm ⁇ 1 was measured with a detector (DTGS KBr). Each peak intensity was obtained by connecting the start point and end point of the target peak with a straight line, partially correcting the baseline, and then measuring the height from the baseline to the peak top.
- a lithium ion battery was prepared using a negative electrode active material containing a sample of a predetermined example or comparative example, and the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery were measured as follows. Using BTS2005W manufactured by Nagano Co., Ltd., charged with 100 mA per 1 g of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product and charged at a constant current until reaching 0.001 V with respect to the Li electrode, then 0.001 V While maintaining the voltage, constant voltage charging was performed until the current reached a current value of 20 mA or less per gram of active material.
- the cell that had been fully charged was subjected to a constant current discharge at a current of 100 mA per gram of active material until the voltage reached 1.5 V after a rest period of about 30 minutes.
- the charge capacity is calculated from the integrated current value until the constant voltage charge is completed, and the discharge capacity is calculated from the integrated current value until the battery voltage reaches 1.5 V, and the initial discharge capacity is calculated as the initial charge capacity.
- the value obtained by dividing the value by the capacity in terms of 100 minutes was defined as the initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- the circuit was paused for 30 minutes.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics were also performed under the same conditions.
- the charge / discharge efficiency was the ratio of the discharge capacity to the initial (first charge / discharge cycle) charge capacity
- the capacity maintenance ratio was the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 50th charge / discharge cycle to the initial discharge capacity.
- Example 1 Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (1)
- a 50 ml beaker was charged with 20 g of pure water and 1.92 g of silicon nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich, less than 100 nm (volume-based average particle diameter, but more than 10 nm)), and an aqueous solution of dispersed silicon nanoparticles was prepared with an ultrasonic cleaner. .
- a 500 ml three-necked flask is charged with this silicon fine particle dispersion, 2.43 g (24 mmol) of 36 wt% hydrochloric acid and 218.6 g of pure water, and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to disperse the silicon nanoparticles as a whole.
- 45 g (274 mmol) of triethoxysilane manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. was added dropwise at 25 ° C. After completion of the dropwise addition, a hydrolysis reaction and a condensation reaction were performed for 2 hours at 25 ° C. with stirring.
- reaction product was filtered through a membrane filter (pore size 0.45 ⁇ m, hydrophilic) to recover a solid.
- the obtained solid was dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain 16.4 g of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (1) (Example 1).
- Example 2 Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (1)
- 10.0 g of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (1) of Example 1 was placed on an SSA-S grade alumina boat, the boat was placed in a vacuum purge tube furnace KTF43N1-VPS (Koyo Thermo)
- KTF43N1-VPS Karl Fischer Thermo
- the temperature is increased at a rate of 4 ° C./min while supplying argon gas at a flow rate of 250 ml / min in an argon gas atmosphere (high-purity argon gas 99.999%).
- Warming and firing at 900 ° C.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product is pulverized and pulverized in a mortar for 5 minutes, and classified using a stainless steel sieve having an opening of 32 ⁇ m, whereby silicon having a maximum particle size of 32 ⁇ m. 9.58 g of nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (1) was obtained.
- the slurry after the dispersion treatment was applied to a copper foil roll with a thickness of 200 ⁇ m by a doctor blade method. After coating, it was dried for 90 minutes on a hot plate at 80 ° C. After drying, the negative electrode sheet was pressed with a 2t small precision roll press (manufactured by Sank Metal). After pressing, the electrode was punched with an electrode punching punch HSNG-EP with a diameter of 14.50 mm and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. for 16 hours in a glass tube oven GTO-200 (SIBATA) to prepare a negative electrode.
- SIBATA glass tube oven
- a 2032 type coin battery having the structure shown in FIG. 5 was produced.
- the negative electrode body is used as the negative electrode 1
- the metallic lithium is used as the counter electrode 3
- the microporous polypropylene film is used as the separator 2
- (Volume ratio) What added 5 weight% of fluoroethylene carbonate to the mixed solvent was used.
- evaluation of the battery characteristics of the lithium ion battery was performed by the method described above.
- Example 3 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (2)) Put 200g of pure water and 19.2g of silicon nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich, ⁇ 100 nm (volume-based average particle size, but exceed 10 nm)) into a 500 ml beaker and prepare an aqueous solution of dispersed silicon nanoparticles with an ultrasonic cleaner. did. In a 3 l separable flask, the silicon nanoparticle dispersion, 12.2 g (120 mmol) of 36 wt% hydrochloric acid and 0.94 kg of pure water were stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to disperse the silicon nanoparticles as a whole, and stirred.
- silicon nanoparticle dispersion 12.2 g (120 mmol) of 36 wt% hydrochloric acid and 0.94 kg of pure water were stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to disperse the silicon nanoparticles as a whole, and stirred.
- Example 4 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (2)) Using the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (2) of Example 3, a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product (2) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. .
- Example 5 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (3)) In the preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane, except that the amount of silicon nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich, less than 100 nm (volume-based average particle size, but more than 10 nm)) was changed to 77.0 g, Preparation was carried out in the same procedure as in Example 3 to obtain 153 g of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (3) (Example 5). An infrared spectrum of the obtained silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (3) is shown in FIG. 1, and a photograph taken with an electron microscope (SEM) is shown in FIG.
- SEM electron microscope
- Example 6 Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (3)
- a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product (3) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. .
- the obtained silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (3) was used to form the negative electrode in the same manner as when the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (1) of Example 2 was used. Fabrication was performed, and battery characteristics of a lithium ion battery including the same were evaluated.
- Example 7 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (4))
- acetic acid Wired special grade reagent
- 7.2 g (120 mmol) was used in place of 36 wt% hydrochloric acid 12.2 g (120 mmol) as a condensation catalyst.
- Preparation was carried out in the same procedure as in Example 5 to obtain 95.4 g of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (4) (Example 7).
- Example 8 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (4)) Using the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (4) of Example 4, a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product (4) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. .
- Example 9 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (5)) A 100 ml beaker was charged with 50 g of pure water and 6.63 g of silicon nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich, less than 100 nm (volume-based average particle diameter, but more than 10 nm)), and an aqueous silicon nanoparticle dispersion was prepared with an ultrasonic cleaner. . The silicon nanoparticle dispersion and 46 g of pure water were charged into a 500 ml three-necked flask and stirred for 10 minutes, and then the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen.
- silicon nanoparticle dispersion and 46 g of pure water were charged into a 500 ml three-necked flask and stirred for 10 minutes, and then the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen.
- Example 10 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (5)) Using the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (5) of Example 9, a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product (5) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. .
- Example 11 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (6))
- Example 1 except that 10.0 g of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (5) was used and the supply gas was an argon-hydrogen mixed gas (hydrogen gas concentration: 10% by volume).
- the supply gas was an argon-hydrogen mixed gas (hydrogen gas concentration: 10% by volume).
- Example 12 (Preparation of silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (7)) A fired product was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that 10.0 g of the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane powder (5) was used and the firing temperature was 800 ° C. 9.81 g of hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (7) was obtained.
- the negative electrode body was prepared in the same manner as when the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product (1) of Example 2 was used.
- the battery characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery equipped with the battery were evaluated.
- Silicon monoxide powder having a maximum particle size of 20 ⁇ m was obtained by classifying commercially available silicon monoxide (under 325 mesh manufactured by Aldrich) using a 20 ⁇ m stainless steel sieve. In a planetary ball mill, 10.0 g of silicon monoxide of 20 ⁇ m or less was used with 6.37 g of silicon nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich, volume standard average particle size ⁇ 100 nm (less than 100 nm)), a zirconia container and a zirconia ball. Ball milling treatment was mixed for 10 minutes to obtain silicon nanoparticle mixed silicon oxide (1).
- the infrared spectrum of the obtained silicon nanoparticle mixed silicon oxide (1) is shown in FIG. 3 (referred to as Comparative Example 1 in FIG. 3).
- 5 g of a 2% by weight aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose is added to the silicon nanoparticle mixed silicon oxide (1), and ball milling is performed for 2 hours in a planetary ball mill using a zirconia container and a zirconia ball. Water was removed by drying at 100 ° C. for 8 hours with a dryer to obtain silicon nanoparticle composite silicon oxide (1) (Comparative Example 1).
- a negative electrode body was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the silicon nanoparticle composite silicon oxide (1) of Comparative Example 1 was used.
- the silicon nanoparticles having a new structure having a proper amount of Si—H bonds used in the present invention and having a chemical bond between the surface of the silicon nanoparticles and hydrogen polysilsesquioxane contains both the initial discharge capacity and the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle than the conventional carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the discharge capacity was remarkably high, the initial charge / discharge efficiency was good, the capacity decrease due to the charge / discharge cycle was small, and the capacity retention rate was high.
- a specific silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane can be used as a negative electrode material for the latest batteries that are sufficiently practical to be used as a negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries by heat treatment. It can be evaluated as a useful compound.
- the battery characteristics using a negative electrode using a negative electrode active material prepared from a silicon oxide in which the surface of the silicon nanoparticles does not have a chemical bond and does not have a Si—H bond Compared with the characteristics of the battery produced under the same conditions as the negative electrode employing the negative electrode active material of the present invention, the initial charge and discharge efficiency shows a certain value, but the capacity is drastically decreased, and the lithium ion It has not reached a practical level as a battery.
- the fired product of hydrogen polysilsesquioxane that does not contain silicon nanoparticles in Comparative Example 3 is between the silicon oxide surface-derived silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency shows a certain value, but the capacity has dropped rapidly, making it practical as a lithium ion battery. The level has not been reached.
- the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product fired at a temperature exceeding 1000 ° C. shown in Comparative Example 4 does not have an appropriate amount of Si—H bond, and contains the silicon nanoparticles of Comparative Example 5 Since the hydrogen polysilsesquioxane baked product has too many Si-H bonds, the characteristics of the battery employing the negative electrode made from these baked products are excellent in cycle characteristics, but the initial discharge capacity is extremely high. It was low and impractical.
- a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery using the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane fired product obtained by the production method of the present invention and a negative electrode formed using the negative electrode active material are used in a lithium ion battery.
- the present invention is particularly useful in the field of batteries. This is a useful technique in the field of secondary batteries.
- Negative electrode material 2 Separator 3: Lithium counter electrode
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Abstract
Description
このような小型、軽量な高容量の二次電池としては、今日、リチウムイオンを層間から放出するリチウムインターカレーション化合物を正極物質に、リチウムイオンを結晶面間の層間に充放電時に吸蔵放出(インターカレート)できる黒鉛などに代表される炭素質材料を負極物質に用いた、ロッキングチェア-型のリチウムイオン電池の開発が進み、実用化されて一般的に使用されている。
そこで、リチウム金属に代わる負極活物質として、リチウムを吸蔵、放出する炭素系負極が用いられるようになった(特許文献1)。
炭素系負極を使用するリチウムイオン電池は、炭素の多孔性構造のため、本質的に低い電池容量を有する。例えば、使用されている炭素として最も結晶性の高い黒鉛の場合でも、理論容量は、LiC6の組成であるとき、372mAh/gほどである。これは、リチウム金属の理論容量が3860mAh/gであることに比べれば、僅か10%ほどに過ぎない。このような状況から、前記したような問題点があるにもかかわらず、再びリチウムのような金属を負極に導入し、電池の容量を向上させようという研究が活発に試みられている。
例えば、特許文献2にはケイ素と酸素を含み、ケイ素に対する酸素の比が0~2であるケイ素酸化物は、リチウムイオン電池の負極活物質として使用した場合、良好な充放電サイクル性能を得ることが開示されている。
また、特許文献3にはナノ気孔構造を含む非晶質ケイ素酸化物を含むケイ素酸化物系負極活物質として、水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの焼成物を用いる方法が提案されている。
さらに、特許文献4にはケイ素を含むコアとコア表面に形成されたシリコンナノ粒子を配置した構造体を作ることにより、充放電の際に体積膨張率の短所を補完し、容易にケイ素と酸素の比率を調節することが可能なケイ素酸化物が提案されている。
本発明の課題は、その要求に応える高容量で優れた初期充放電効率を示すとともに、良好なサイクル特性を有し実用的な容量維持率を持つ二次電池用負極活物質として、新しいケイ素酸化物系構造体を提供することである。
[1] 一般式 SiOx2Hy2(0.3<x2<1.5、0.01<y2<0.35)で表わされ、
体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、
前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサン由来のケイ素酸化物構造との間に化学的な結合を有し、
Si-H結合を有する、
本質的に炭素を含まないシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。
[2] 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、820~920cm-1にあるSi-H結合に由来するピーク1の強度(I1)と1000~1200cm-1にあるSi-O-Si結合に由来するピーク2の強度(I2)の比(I1/I2)が0.01から0.35の範囲にある[1]に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。
[3] 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、Si-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近の(ピーク2-1)の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-2)の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超える[1]又は[2]に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。なお、本明細書において、ピーク1の「1170cm-1付近」の意味は、ピーク1が1170cm-1丁度又は1170cm-1±5cm-1の範囲に現れることを意味する。なお、ピーク1は、1170cm-1にもっとも近いピークである。ピーク2の場合も同様に「1070cm-1付近」の意味は、ピーク2が1070cm-1丁度又は1170cm-1±5cm-1の範囲に現れることを意味する。そして、ピーク2は、1170cm-1にもっとも近いピークである。
[5] [4]に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質を含むリチウムイオン電池用負極。
[6] [5]に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を備えたリチウムイオン電池。
一般式 SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサンとの間に化学的な結合を有するシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンを焼成する工程を含む、製造方法。
[8] 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、820~920cm-1にあるSi-H結合に由来するピーク1の強度(I1)と1000~1200cm-1にあるSi-O-Si結合に由来するピーク2の強度(I2)の比(I1/I2)が0.01から0.35の範囲にある[7]に記載の製造方法。
[9] 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、Si-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-1)の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-2)の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超える[7]又は[8]に記載の製造方法。
[10] 前記焼成は、非酸化性雰囲気下、600℃から900℃の温度で行われる、[7]から[9]のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
[11] 前記非酸化性雰囲気が、水素ガス雰囲気、又は2容積%以上の水素ガスと不活性ガスとの混合ガス雰囲気である、[10]に記載の製造方法。
[14] 一般式 SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサンとの間に化学的な結合を有することを特徴とするシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの製造方法であって、シリコンナノ粒子の存在下で、式(1)で示されるケイ素化合物を加水分解および縮合反応(重縮合反応ともいう)させる工程を含む、製造方法。
HSi(R)3 (1)
(式中、Rは、それぞれ同一あるいは異なる、ハロゲン、水素、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ、炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシ、および炭素数7~30の置換または非置換のアリールアルコキシから選択される基である。但し、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ基、炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシ基、および炭素数7~30の置換または非置換のアリールアルコキシ基において、任意の水素はハロゲンで置換されていてもよい。)
また、本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質を用いて得られるリチウムイオン電池は、優れた放電容量、初期放電効率及び良好なサイクル特性を有している。
<シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの製造>
本発明のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンは、式(1)で示されるケイ素化合物を加水分解および縮合反応をさせて、水素シルセスキオキサン重合物(HPSQ)を合成する過程でシリコンナノ粒子を混合することにより得ることができるが、特に限定されるものではない。例えば、式(1)で示されるケイ素化合物にシリコンナノパウダーを加えた混合物を加水分解および縮合反応させる方法、もしくはシリコンナノパウダーを分散させた溶媒中に式(1)で示されるケイ素化合物を滴下して加水分解および縮合反応させる方法を挙げることができる。
式(1)において、Rは、それぞれ同一あるいは異なる、ハロゲン、水素、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ、および炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシから選択される基である。但し、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ基、および炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシ基において、任意の水素はハロゲンで置換されていてもよい。
例えば、トリクロロシラン、トリフルオロシラン、トリブロモシラン、ジクロロシラン等のトリハロゲン化シランやジハロゲン化シラン、トリ-n-ブトキシシラン、トリ-t-ブトキシシラン、トリ-n-プロポキシシラン、トリ-i-プロポキシシラン、ジ-n-ブトキシエトキシシラン、トリエトキシシラン、トリメトキシシラン、ジエトキシシラン等のトリアルコキシシランやジアルコキシシラン、更にはトリアリールオキシシラン、ジアリールオキシシラン、ジアリールオキシエトキシシラン等のアリールオキシシランまたはアリールオキシアルコキシシランが挙げられる。
加水分解は、公知の方法、例えば、アルコール又はDMF等の溶媒中、塩酸等の無機酸又は酢酸等の有機酸および水の存在下で、常温又は加熱した状態で、実施することができる。したがって、加水分解後の反応液中には式(1)で表されるケイ素化合物の加水分解物に加えて、溶媒、酸及び水並びにこれらに由来する物質を含有していてもよい。
なお、加水分解反応に加えて、加水分解物の重縮合反応も部分的に進行する。
ここで、重縮合反応が進行する程度は、加水分解温度、加水分解時間、酸性度、及び/又は、溶媒等によって制御することができ、例えば、後述するように目的とするシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンに応じて適宜に設定することができる。
反応条件としては、撹拌下、酸性水溶液中に式(1)で表されるケイ素化合物を添加し、-20℃~50℃、好ましくは0℃~40℃、特に好ましくは10℃~30℃の温度で0.5時間~20時間、好ましくは1時間~10時間、特に好ましくは1時間~5時間反応させる。
具体的には、有機酸としてはギ酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、シュウ酸、クエン酸などが例示され、無機酸としては塩酸、硫酸、硝酸、リン酸などが例示される。これらの中でも加水分解反応およびその後の重縮合反応の制御が容易にでき、入手やpH調整、および反応後の処理も容易であることから塩酸及び酢酸が好ましい。
また、式(1)で表されるケイ素化合物としてトリクロロシラン等のハロゲン化シランを用いた場合には、水の存在下で酸性水溶液が形成されるので、特に酸を別途加える必要は無く、本発明の好ましい態様の一つである。
元素分析により測定すると、本発明の製造方法に使用するシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの組成は、ケイ素(Si)、酸素(O)及び水素(H)を含有しており、一般式SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表示される。本発明のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンは、本質的に炭素を含まない。
一方、本発明のシリコンナノ粒子共存下で式(1)のケイ素化合物の加水分解/重合が進められるため、生成するHPSQ重合体に含まれる鎖状Si-O-Si骨格の末端部がシリコンナノ粒子表面のシラノール骨格と反応すると、そこで重合が停止し、鎖状Si-O-Si構造が保持されることになる。その結果として、式(1)のケイ素化合物単独で反応させた場合と比較して環状Si-O-Si骨格の生成が抑制されるものと考えられる。更に、この割合は、環状化結合の割合は熱処理後も概ね維持されるため、焼成後であっても、I2-1/I2-2>1の状態も維持される。
シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物は、上記の方法で得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンを非酸化性雰囲気下で、熱処理して得られる。本明細書でいう「非酸化性」は、文言的には酸素を実質的に含まないことを意味するものであるが、実質的にはシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンを熱処理する際に二酸化ケイ素の生成を本発明の効果に悪影響を与えない程度に抑えられていればよく(すなわちI1/I2の値が本発明で規定する数値範囲内となればよく)、したがって「非酸化性」もその目的を達成できるように酸素が除去されていればよい。ここで、I1とは、820~920cm-1にあるSi-H結合に由来するピーク1の強度(I1)を言う。このようにして得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物の組成を元素分析により測定すると、ケイ素(Si)、酸素(O)及び水素(H)を含有しており、一般式SiOx2Hy2(0.3<x2<1.5、0.01<y2<0.35)で表示され、本質的に炭素を含まないシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物である。
焼成物の上記のピーク1の強度(I1)とピーク2の強度(I2)の比(I1/I2)は、好ましくは0.01から0.35、より好ましくは0.01から0.30、さらに好ましくは0.03から0.20の範囲にあれば、適量のSi-H結合の存在により、リチウムイオン電池の負極活物質とした場合に高い放電容量、良好な初期充放電効率およびサイクル特性を発現させることができる。
非酸化性雰囲気としては、不活性ガス雰囲気、高真空により酸素を除去した雰囲気(目的とするシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物の生成を阻害しない程度に酸素が除去されている雰囲気であればよい)、還元性雰囲気およびこれらの雰囲気を併用した雰囲気が包含される。不活性ガスとしては、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウムなどが挙げられる。これらの不活性ガスは、一般に使用されている高純度規格のものであれば問題なく使用できる。また、不活性気体を用いることなく、高真空により酸素を除去した雰囲気でもよい。還元性雰囲気としては、水素などの還元性ガスを含む雰囲気が包含される。例えば、2容積%以上の水素ガスと不活性ガスとの混合ガス雰囲気が挙げられる。また、還元性雰囲気として、水素ガス雰囲気も使用することができる。
したがって、高容量と良好なサイクル特性を共に発現させるには適量のSi-H結合を残存させることが必要となり、そのような条件を満足させる熱処理温度は通常600℃から1000℃、好ましくは750℃から900℃である。600℃未満ではSi-H結合が多すぎ、放電容量が十分でなく、1000℃を超えるとSi-H結合が消失してしまうため良好なサイクル特性が得られなくなり、さらに表面に強固なSiO2層が発達し、リチウムの挿入脱離を阻害するため容量が発現しにくくなる。
熱処理時間は、特に限定されないが通常30分から10時間、好ましくは1から8時間である。
次に、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を含んでなるリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質について説明する。
したがって、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物に炭素系物質を複合又は被覆させることも本発明の一態様である。
炭素系物質を複合又は被覆させるには、メカノフュージョンやボールミルあるいは振動ミル等を用いた機械的混合法等により、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物と炭素系物質を分散させる方法が挙げられる。
本発明に係るリウムイオン二次電池における負極は、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物あるいは前記炭素系物質を複合又は被覆させたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を含有する負極活物質を用いて製造される。
例えば、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物あるいは前記炭素系物質を複合又は被覆させたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を含んで形成された負極活物質および結着剤を含む負極混合材料を一定の形状に成形してもよく、該負極混合材料を銅箔などの集電体に塗布させる方法で製造されたものでもよい。負極の成形方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法を用いることができる。
本発明のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を含んでなる負極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン電池は、次のように製造できる。
まず、リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵及び放出可能な正極活物質、導電助剤、結着剤及び溶媒を混合して正極活物質組成物を準備する。前記正極活物質組成物を負極と同様、公知の方法にて金属集電体上に直接コーティング及び乾燥し、正極板を準備する。
前記正極活物質組成物を別途、支持体上にキャスティングした後、この支持体から剥離して得たフィルムを金属集電体上にラミネートして正極を製造することも可能である。正極の成形方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法を用いることができる。
この時、正極活物質、導電助剤、結着剤及び溶媒の含有量は、リチウムイオン電池で一般的に使用することができる量とする。
より具体的には、リチウムイオン電池の場合には、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンのような材料からなる巻き取り可能なセパレータを使用し、リチウムイオンポリマー電池の場合には、有機電解液含浸能に優れたセパレータを使用する事が好ましい。
各実施例及び比較例における「赤外分光法測定」および「元素分析測定」の測定装置及び測定方法並びに「電池特性の評価」は、以下のとおりである。
赤外分光法測定は、赤外分光装置として、Thermo Fisher Scientific製 Nicolet iS5 FT-IRを用いて、KBr法による透過測定(分解能4cm-1、スキャン回数16回、データ間隔 1.928cm-1、検出器 DTGS KBr)にて、1000~1200cm-1にあるSi-O-Si結合に由来するピーク2の強度(I2)を測定した。なお、各々のピーク強度は、対象のピークの始点と終点を直線で結び、部分的にベースライン補正を行った後、ベースラインからピークトップまでの高さを計測して求めた。Si-O-Si結合に由来するピークは、2箇所に存在するため、ピーク分離を行いピーク位置が1170cm-1付近のピークの強度をI2-1、1070cm-1付近のピークの強度をI2-2とし、2ピークのうち高強度なピークの強度をI2と規定した。
元素組成分析については、試料粉末をペレット状に固めたのち、2.3MeVに加速したHeイオンを試料に照射し、後方散乱粒子のエネルギースペクトル、及び前方散乱された水素原子のエネルギースペクトルを解析することにより水素を含めた確度の高い組成値が得られるRBS(ラザフォード後方散乱分析)/HFS(水素前方散乱分析)法により行った。測定装置はNational Electrostatics Corporation製 Pelletron 3SDHにて、入射イオン:2.3MeV He、RBS/HFS同時測定時入射角:75deg.、散乱角:160deg.、試料電流:4nA、ビーム径:2mmφの条件で測定した。
所定の実施例又は比較例の試料を含有する負極活物質を用いてリチウムイオン電池を作製し、電池の充放電特性を、次のようにして測定した。
株式会社ナガノ製BTS2005Wを用い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物1g当たり、100mAの電流で、Li電極に対して0.001Vに達するまで定電流充電し、次に0.001Vの電圧を維持しつつ、電流が活物質1g当たり20mA以下の電流値になるまで定電圧充電を実施した。
充電が完了したセルは、約30分間の休止期間を経た後、活物質1g当たり100mAの電流で電圧が1.5Vに達するまで定電流放電を行った。
また、充電容量は、定電圧充電が終了するまで積算電流値から計算し、放電容量は、電池電圧が1.5Vに到達するまでの積算電流値から計算し、初回の放電容量を初回の充電容量で除した値を100分率で表したものを初期充放電効率とした。各充放電の切り替え時には、30分間、開回路で休止した。
なお、充放電効率は、初回(充放電の第1サイクル目)の充電容量に対する放電容量の比率とし、容量維持率は初回の放電容量に対する、充放電50サイクル目の放電容量の比率とした。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(1)の調製)
50mlビーカーに純水20gとシリコンナノパウダー(シグマアルドリッチ、100nm未満(体積基準平均粒径、ただし、10nmは超える))1.92gを入れ、超音波洗浄機にてシリコンナノ粒子分散水溶液を調製した。500mlの三つ口フラスコに、このシリコン微粒子分散液と36重量%濃度の塩酸2.43g(24mmol)及び純水218.6gを仕込み、室温にて10分攪拌してシリコンナノ粒子を全体に分散させ、撹拌下にトリエトキシシラン(東京化成工業社製)45g(274mmol)を25℃にて滴下した。滴下終了後、撹拌しながら25℃にて加水分解反応および縮合反応を2時間行った。
反応時間経過後、反応物をメンブランフィルター(孔径0.45μm、親水性)にてろ過し、固体を回収した。得られた固体を80℃にて10時間、減圧乾燥し、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(1)(実施例1)16.4gを得た。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)の調製)
実施例1のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(1)10.0gをSSA-Sグレードのアルミナ製ボートにのせた後、該ボートを真空パージ式チューブ炉 KTF43N1-VPS(光洋サーモシステム社製)にセットし、熱処理条件として、アルゴンガス雰囲気下(高純度アルゴンガス99.999%)にて、アルゴンガスを250ml/分の流量で供給しつつ、4℃/分の割合で昇温し、900℃で1時間焼成することで、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの焼成物を得た。
次いで、得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を乳鉢にて5分間解砕粉砕し、目開き32μmのステンレス製篩を用いて分級することにより最大粒子径が32μmであるシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)9.58gを得た。
カルボキシメチルセルロースの2重量%水溶液20g中に、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)3.2gと0.4gのデンカ株式会社製アセチレンブラックを加え、フラスコ内で攪拌子を用いて15分間混合した後、固形分濃度が15重量%となるよう蒸留水を加え、さらに15分間撹拌してスラリー状組成物を調製した。このスラリー状組成物をプライミックス社製の薄膜旋回型高速ミキサー(フィルミックス40-40型)に移し、回転数20m/sで30秒間、撹拌分散を行った。分散処理後のスラリーを、ドクターブレード法により、銅箔ロール上にスラリーを200μmの厚さにて塗工した。
塗工後、80℃のホットプレートにて90分間乾燥した。乾燥後、負極シートを2t小型精密ロールプレス(サンクメタル社製)にてプレスした。プレス後、φ14.50mmの電極打ち抜きパンチHSNG-EPにて電極を打ち抜き、ガラスチューブオーブンGTO―200(SIBATA)にて、80℃で、16時間減圧乾燥を行い、負極を作製した。
図5に示す構造の2032型コイン電池を作製した。負極1として上記負極体、対極3として金属リチウム、セパレータ2として微多孔性のポリプロピレン製フィルムを使用し、電解液としてLiPF6を1モル/Lの割合で溶解させたエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネート1:1(体積比)混合溶媒にフルオロエチレンカーボネートを5重量%添加したものを使用した。
次いで、リチウムイオン電池の電池特性の評価を既述の方法で実施した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(2)の調製)
500mlビーカーに純水200gとシリコンナノパウダー(シグマアルドリッチ、<100nm未満(体積基準平均粒径、ただし、10nmは超える))19.2gを入れ、超音波洗浄機にてシリコンナノ粒子分散水溶液を調製した。3lのセパラブルフラスコに、このシリコンナノ粒子分散液と36重量%濃度の塩酸12.2g(120mmol)及び純水0.94kg、室温にて10分攪拌してシリコンナノ粒子を全体分散させ、撹拌下にトリメトキシシラン(東京化成工業社製)167g(1.37mol)を25℃にて滴下した。滴下終了後、撹拌しながら25℃にて加水分解反応および縮合反応を2時間行った。
反応時間経過後、反応物をメンブランフィルター(孔径0.45μm、親水性)にてろ過し、固体を回収した。得られた固体を80℃にて10時間、減圧乾燥し、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(2)(実施例3)95.2gを得た。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(2)の調製)
実施例3のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(2)を用いて、実施例2と同様の方法で、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(2)を調製した。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(2)を用いて、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様にして、負極体を作製し、それを備えたリチウムイオン電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(3)の調製)
シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの調製において、シリコンナノパウダー(シグマアルドリッチ、100nm未満(体積基準平均粒径、ただし、10nmは超える))仕込み量を、77.0gに変えた以外は、実施例3と同様の手順で、調製を行い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(3)(実施例5)153gを得た。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(3)の赤外分光スペクトルを図1に、電子顕微鏡(SEM)による写真を図2に示す。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(3)の調製)
実施例5のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(3)を用いて、実施例2と同様の方法で、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(3)を調製した。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(3)を用いて、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極の作製を行い、それを備えたリチウムイオン電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(4)の調製)
シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの調製において、縮合触媒として36重量%濃度の塩酸12.2g(120mmol)を代わりに、酢酸(和光特級試薬)7.2g(120mmol)を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の手順で調製を行い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(4)(実施例7)95.4gを得た。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(4)の調製)
実施例4のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(4)を用いて、実施例2と同様の方法で、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(4)を調製した。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(4)について、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極体を作製し、それを備えたリチウムイオン電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(5)の調製)
100mlビーカーに純水50gとシリコンナノパウダー(シグマアルドリッチ、100nm未満(体積基準平均粒径、ただし、10nmは超える))6.63gを入れ、超音波洗浄機にてシリコンナノ粒子分散水溶液を調製した。500mlの三つ口フラスコに、このシリコンナノ粒子分散液と純水46gを仕込んで10分間攪拌した後、フラスコ内を窒素にて置換した。続いてフラスコを氷冷しながら、撹拌下にトリクロロシラン16.0g(118mmol)を20℃にて滴下した。滴下終了後、撹拌しながら20℃にて加水分解反応および縮合反応を2時間行った。
反応時間経過後、メンブランフィルター(孔径0.45μm、親水性)を用いて反応物をろ過し、固体を回収した。得られた固体を80℃にて10時間、減圧乾燥し、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(5)(実施例9)12.6gを得た。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(5)の調製)
実施例9のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(5)を用いて、実施例2と同様の方法で、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(5)を調製した。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(5)を用いて、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極を作製し、それを備えたリチウムイオン電池の電池特性を評価した。得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(5)(実施例10)の赤外分光スペクトルを図3に、電子顕微鏡(SEM)による写真を図4に示す。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(6)の調製)
前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(5)10.0gを用い、供給ガスをアルゴン-水素混合ガス(水素ガス濃度:10容積%)にしたこと以外は、実施例2と同様の方法で、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(6)9.83gを得た。
該シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(6)について、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極体の作製を行い、それを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(7)の調製)
前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン粉体(5)10.0gを用い、焼成温度を800℃にしたこと以外は、実施例2と同様に焼成物の調製を行い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(7)9.81gを得た。
該シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(7)について、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極体の作製を行い、それを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子複合ケイ素酸化物(1)の調製)
市販の一酸化珪素(アルドリッチ社製 under325mesh)を20μmのステンレス製篩を用いて分級することにより最大粒子径が20μmである一酸化ケイ素粉末を得た。該20μm以下の一酸化珪素10.0gを、シリコンナノパウダー(シグマアルドリッチ、体積基準平均粒径<100nm(100nm未満))6.37gとジルコニア製の容器とジルコニア製ボールを用いて遊星ボールミルにて10分間ボールミリング処理混合し、シリコンナノ粒子混合ケイ素酸化物(1)を得た。得られたシリコンナノ粒子混合ケイ素酸化物(1)の赤外分光スペクトルを図3に示す(図3では比較例1と表記する)。次に、該シリコンナノ粒子混合ケイ素酸化物(1)にカルボキシメチルセルロースの2重量%水溶液5gを加え、ジルコニア製の容器とジルコニア製ボールを用いて遊星ボールミルにて2時間ボールミリング処理を行い、真空乾燥機にて100℃で8時間乾燥して水分を除去してシリコンナノ粒子複合ケイ素酸化物(1)(比較例1)を得た。
比較例1のシリコンナノ粒子複合ケイ素酸化物(1)を用いた以外は、実施例2と同様に行い負極体を作製した。
負極体として、前記シリコンナノ粒子複合ケイ素酸化物(1)から作製された負極を用いた以外は、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様にしてリチウムイオン電池を作製し、それを備えた電池特性を評価した。
(水素シルセスキオキサン重合体(1)の調製)
3lのセパラブルフラスコに、36重量%濃度の塩酸12.2g(120mmol)及び純水1.19kgを仕込み、撹拌下にトリメトキシシラン(東京化成工業社製)167g(1.37mol)を25℃にて滴下した。滴下終了後、撹拌しながら25℃にて加水分解反応および縮合反応を2時間行った。
反応時間経過後、反応物をメンブランフィルター(孔径0.45μm、親水性)にてろ過し、固体を回収した。得られた固体を80℃にて10時間、減圧乾燥し、水素シルセスキオキサン重合体(1)(比較例2)76.0gを得た。
(水素シルセスキオキサン重合体焼成物(1)の調製)
比較例2の水素シルセスキオキサン重合体(1)を用いて、実施例2と同様の方法で、水素シルセスキオキサン重合体焼成物(1)の調製を行った。
得られた水素シルセスキオキサン重合体焼成物(1)について、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に負極を作製し、それを備えたリチウムイオン電池の電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(8)の調製)
焼成物の調製において、熱処理における焼成温度を1100℃にしたこと以外は、実施例2と同様に行い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(8)を得た。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(8)(比較例4)の赤外分光測定の結果を図3に示す。
シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(8)を用いた以外は、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様に行い負極体を作製した。
(リチウムイオン二次電池の作製及び評価)
負極体として、前記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(8)から作製された負極体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、電池特性を評価した。
(シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(9)の調製)
焼成物の調製において、熱処理における焼成温度を500℃にしたこと以外は、実施例2と同様に行い、シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(9)を得た。
得られたシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(9)(比較例5)の赤外分光測定の結果を図3に示す。
上記シリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(9)を用いた以外は、実施例2のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物(1)を用いたときと同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、電池特性を評価した。
比較例3であるシリコンナノ粒子を含まない水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの焼成物(比較例2の焼成物)は、シリコンナノ粒子表面水素ポリシルセスキオキサン由来のケイ素酸化物構造との間に化学的な結合を有する新しい構造体でないため、赤外吸収スペクトルにおいてSi-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近のピーク2-1の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク2-2の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超えない。このようなシリコンナノ粒子表面と化学的な結合を持たない本発明以外の方法で得られたケイ素酸化物から作製された負極活物質を用いた負極を採用した電池特性は、本発明で得られた負極活物質を採用した負極と同じ条件下で作製した電池特性と比較したとき、初期充放電効率は一定程度の値を示すものの、急激に容量が低下しており、リチウムイオン電池として実用的なレベルに達していない。
比較例4において示した1000℃を超える温度で焼成したシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物には適量のSi-H結合を有しておらず、そして比較例5のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物には、Si-H結合が多すぎるため、これらの焼成物から作製された負極を採用した電池の特性は、サイクル特性は良好なものの、初回の放電容量が極めて低く実用性に乏しいものであった。
2:セパレータ
3:リチウム対極
Claims (14)
- 一般式 SiOx2Hy2(0.3<x2<1.5、0.01<y2<0.35)で表わされ、
体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、
前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサン由来のケイ素酸化物構造との間に化学的な結合を有し、
Si-H結合を有する、
本質的に炭素を含まないシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。 - 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、820~920cm-1にあるSi-H結合に由来するピーク1の強度(I1)と1000~1200cm-1にあるSi-O-Si結合に由来するピーク2の強度(I2)の比(I1/I2)が0.01から0.35の範囲にある請求項1に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。
- 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、Si-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近の(ピーク2-1)の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-2)の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超える請求項1又は2に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物。
- 請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を含むリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質。
- 請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質を含むリチウムイオン電池用負極。
- 請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を備えたリチウムイオン電池。
- 一般式 SiOx2Hy2(0.3<x2<1.5、0.01<y2<0.35)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサン由来のケイ素酸化物構造との間に化学的な結合を有し、Si-H結合を有する本質的に炭素を含まないシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン焼成物を製造する方法であって、
一般式 SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサンとの間に化学的な結合を有するシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンを焼成する工程を含む、製造方法。 - 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、820~920cm-1にあるSi-H結合に由来するピーク1の強度(I1)と1000~1200cm-1にあるSi-O-Si結合に由来するピーク2の強度(I2)の比(I1/I2)が0.01から0.35の範囲にある請求項7に記載の製造方法。
- 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、Si-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-1)の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-2)の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超える請求項7又は8に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼成は、非酸化性雰囲気下、600℃から900℃の温度で行われる、請求項7から9のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記非酸化性雰囲気が、水素ガス雰囲気、又は2容積%以上の水素ガスと不活性ガスとの混合ガス雰囲気である、請求項10に記載の製造方法。
- 一般式 SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサンとの間に化学的な結合を有するシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン。
- 赤外分光法により測定したスペクトルにおいて、Si-O-Siに由来するピークのうち、1170cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-1)の強度(I2-1)と1070cm-1付近のピーク(ピーク2-2)の強度(I2-2)の比(I2-1/I2-2)が1を超える請求項12に記載のシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサン。
- 一般式 SiOx1Hy1(0.25<x1<1.35、0.16<y1<0.90)で表わされ、体積基準平均粒径が10nmを超え500nm未満であるシリコンナノ粒子を5重量%から65重量%含有し、前記シリコンナノ粒子表面と水素ポリシルセスキオキサンとの間に化学的な結合を有することを特徴とするシリコンナノ粒子含有水素ポリシルセスキオキサンの製造方法であって、シリコンナノ粒子の存在下で、式(1)で示されるケイ素化合物を加水分解および縮合反応させる工程を含む、製造方法。
HSi(R)3 (1)
(式中、Rは、それぞれ同一あるいは異なる、ハロゲン、水素、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ、炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシ、および炭素数7~30の置換または非置換のアリールアルコキシから選択される基である。但し、炭素数1~10の置換または非置換のアルコキシ基、炭素数6~20の置換または非置換のアリールオキシ基、および炭素数7~30の置換または非置換のアリールアルコキシ基において、任意の水素はハロゲンで置換されていてもよい。)
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| CN120054487A (zh) * | 2025-04-29 | 2025-05-30 | 浙江大学 | 一种回收电镀废水中铜元素用于制备催化剂的方法 |
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| KR20190025811A (ko) | 2019-03-12 |
| JP6819024B2 (ja) | 2021-01-27 |
| TW201810775A (zh) | 2018-03-16 |
| CN109415213A (zh) | 2019-03-01 |
| US20190152787A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
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