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WO2018001355A1 - 一种低合金铸钢及其热处理方法和在铁路行业的应用 - Google Patents

一种低合金铸钢及其热处理方法和在铁路行业的应用 Download PDF

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WO2018001355A1
WO2018001355A1 PCT/CN2017/091074 CN2017091074W WO2018001355A1 WO 2018001355 A1 WO2018001355 A1 WO 2018001355A1 CN 2017091074 W CN2017091074 W CN 2017091074W WO 2018001355 A1 WO2018001355 A1 WO 2018001355A1
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cast steel
alloy cast
low alloy
low
total weight
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French (fr)
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文超
张俊新
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CRRC Qishuyan Institute Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • C21D1/28—Normalising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of alloy steel, relates to a low alloy cast steel and a heat treatment method thereof, and particularly relates to a novel low alloy cast steel suitable for preparing railway locomotive vehicle parts and a heat treatment method thereof.
  • CN101880838A patent proposes a technical scheme for a new type of cast steel composition.
  • the performance index that the program can achieve is: tensile strength ⁇ 910 MPa, yield strength ⁇ 760 MPa, elongation ⁇ 14%, and area shrinkage ⁇ 30%.
  • the actual carbon equivalent of the technical scheme ranges from 0.80 to 0.83.
  • the maximum carbon equivalent of the E-grade steel widely used in China is ⁇ 0.81, and the average value is controlled at about 0.70. This will inevitably lead to poor soldering repair due to the increase of carbon equivalent;
  • the technical scheme uses high content of manganese to improve the strength and hardenability, but when the manganese in the casting exceeds 1.2%, the composition segregation of the casting is likely to be intensified. Affect the consistency of casting performance.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a novel low-alloy cast steel which, after heat treatment, obtains mechanical performance requirements of E-grade cast steel superior to American Railway Association Standard M-201-05, and has strong weldability.
  • a low alloy cast steel the components thereof and their weight percentages relative to the total weight of the low alloy cast steel are as follows: carbon 0.20% to 0.30%, silicon 0.20% to 0.40%, Manganese 0.95% to 1.05%, phosphorus ⁇ 0.020%, sulfur ⁇ 0.020%, chromium 0.45% to 0.55%, nickel 0.50% to 0.60%, molybdenum 0.35% to 0.45%, aluminum 0.02% to 0.06%, ⁇ 0.01% to 0.05 %, copper ⁇ 0.20%, and must meet 0.03% ⁇ aluminum + ⁇ ⁇ 0.09%; the balance is iron and other unavoidable elements.
  • a heat treatment method for the above low alloy cast steel includes first performing a normalizing treatment and then performing a quenching and tempering treatment.
  • the above low alloy cast steel is used for preparing a railway locomotive The use of cast parts.
  • a railway rolling stock casting component is produced using the above low alloy cast steel.
  • the carbon equivalent can be controlled from 0.62% to 0.79%, and further optimized to 0.65% to 0.71%.
  • the low-alloy cast steel of the invention adopts the idea of adding a small amount of a small amount, and the main added reinforcing elements are carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and selecting a suitable ratio thereof, can improve the hardness and toughness of the low alloy cast steel.
  • the microstructure of the obtained steel casting after heat treatment is substantially tempered sorbite.
  • the addition of the alloying elements aluminum and lanthanum and the selection of the appropriate ratio can effectively inhibit the austenite grain growth during the casting process, refine the grains, strengthen the matrix and improve the hardenability of the steel casting.
  • the grain size of the low alloy cast steel of the present invention is about 8 grades.
  • the additional action of the alloying element aluminum can be used for deoxidation.
  • the mechanical properties are as follows: tensile strength ⁇ 931 MPa, yield strength ⁇ 793 MPa, elongation ⁇ 14%, reduction of area ⁇ 30%, Charpy V of -40 ° C Type impact energy ⁇ 35J, hardness range is 288HBW ⁇ 325HBW. Further optimization, the elongation can be increased to ⁇ 15%.
  • the present invention maintains the carbon equivalent without increasing the strength of the E-grade steel, and also improves the impact toughness.
  • the low alloy cast steel of the invention can be generally used for the preparation of railway rolling stock parts, such as the hook body, the knuckle, the hook frame, etc., and can also be used for other parts with the same mechanical performance requirements.
  • FIG. 1 is a picture showing a 100-fold magnification of a metallographic structure of a low-alloy cast steel of the present invention after normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment.
  • a low alloy cast steel characterized in that each component and its weight percentage relative to the total weight of the low alloy cast steel are as follows: carbon 0.20% to 0.30%, silicon 0.20% to 0.40%, manganese 0.95% to 1.05%, phosphorus ⁇ 0.020%, sulfur ⁇ 0.020%, chromium 0.45% to 0.55%, nickel 0.50% to 0.60%, molybdenum 0.35% to 0.45%, aluminum 0.02% to 0.06%, ⁇ 0.01% to 0.05% , copper ⁇ 0.20%, and must meet 0.03% ⁇ aluminum + ⁇ ⁇ 0.09%; the balance is iron and other inevitable elements.
  • the low-alloy cast steel according to claim 1 characterized in that the weight percentage of carbon is 0.23% to 0.29%, 0.24% to 0.28%, or 0.25 with respect to the total weight of the low alloy cast steel. % to 0.27%, or 0.24% to 0.26%.
  • the low alloy cast steel according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein It is characterized in that the weight percentage of sulfur is ⁇ 0.017%, or ⁇ 0.014%, or ⁇ 0.012%, or ⁇ 0.010%, relative to the total weight of the low alloy cast steel.
  • the low-alloy cast steel according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the carbon equivalent CE is between 0.62% and 0.79%, or between 0.65% and 0.71%, or Between 0.66% and 0.71%, or between 0.67% and 0.68%, The carbon equivalent is calculated according to the following formula: CE C + (Mn + Si) / 6 + (Cr + Mo + V) / 5 + (Ni + Cu) / 15.
  • the low-alloy cast steel according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it is not subjected to normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment.
  • the low-alloy cast steel according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it has been subjected to normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment.
  • the method of heat treatment of a low-alloy cast steel according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that it comprises a normalizing treatment and then a quenching and tempering treatment.
  • the heat treatment method according to claim 16, wherein the normalizing treatment comprises heating the low alloy cast steel to 920 ° C to 940 ° C, preferably 925 to 935 ° C, for 2 to 5 hours of heat preservation. Preferably, it is 3 to 4 hours, and then air-cooled to room temperature.
  • the heat treatment method according to claim 16, wherein the quenching treatment in the quenching and tempering treatment comprises heating the low alloy cast steel to 900 ° C to 920 ° C, preferably 910 ° C, and holding the heat 2 5 hours, preferably 3 to 4 hours, and then cooled in water, the temperature of the water is 20 ° C ⁇ 40 ° C.
  • tempering in the quenching and tempering treatment comprises heating the quenched low alloy cast steel to 590 ° C to 610 ° C, preferably 600 ° C, and holding the heat for 3 ⁇ . 5 hours, preferably 3.5 to 4 hours, and then air-cooled to room temperature.
  • the component is a coupler hook body, a knuckle, a hook frame or other components having the same mechanical performance requirements.
  • the invention relates to a cast part of a railway rolling stock according to claim 22, which is characterized in that it is a hook body, a knuckle, a hook frame or other parts having the same mechanical performance requirements.
  • the inevitable impurities described in this application refer to impurities that cannot be completely smelted and removed in scrap steel or ore during smelting, such as As, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi and other trace elements.
  • the content of these elements usually needs to be controlled. As ⁇ 0.01%, Sn ⁇ 0.01%, Pb ⁇ 0.01%, Sb ⁇ 0.01%, Bi ⁇ 0.01%, if these elements are too high, it will have a certain adverse effect on the toughness properties in the product.
  • the smelting process can be carried out using conventional heating equipment such as a power frequency, an intermediate frequency furnace or an electric arc furnace which are commonly used in the art, and the main purpose is to obtain the required components and ratios, and to minimize other harmful elements in the steel. Reduce impurities.
  • Suitable hot working forming (for example, casting, etc., may be carried out according to a conventional method) depending on the final product.
  • the heat treatment after hot working forming includes normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment.
  • the low-alloy cast steel of the invention comprises not only low-alloy cast steel which has not been subjected to normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment, but also low-alloy cast steel which has been subjected to normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment, and after casting, after heat treatment use.
  • the mechanical properties of the low alloy cast steel which have been subjected to normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment according to the present invention are as follows: tensile strength ⁇ 931 MPa, yield strength ⁇ 793 MPa, elongation ⁇ 14%, reduction of area ⁇ 30%, -40 ° C Charpy V-type impact energy ⁇ 35J, hardness range is 288HBW ⁇ 325HBW.
  • the mechanical properties are determined based on the A.A.R standard American Railroad Association standard.
  • the hardenability test was performed in accordance with the requirements of ASTM Standard A255, wherein the hardness of J13 represents the hardness at 13 mm from the water quenched end face.
  • the component contents are all based on their weight percentages.
  • a low alloy cast steel is obtained, the weight percentage of each component and its total weight relative to the low alloy cast steel is as follows: carbon 0.25%, silicon 0.31%, manganese 0.98 %, phosphorus 0.015%, sulfur 0.012%, chromium 0.47%, nickel 0.55%, molybdenum 0.40%, copper 0.07%, aluminum 0.03%, ⁇ 0.03%, aluminum + ⁇ 0.06%, balance and other unavoidable elements .
  • the carbon equivalent is 0.68.
  • the heat treatment includes first normalizing treatment and then quenching and tempering.
  • the normalizing process is to heat the low alloy cast steel to 940 ° C for 4 hours, and then air-cooled.
  • the quenching and tempering process is to heat the low alloy cast steel to 910 ° C for 3 hours, and then perform water quenching at a water temperature of 25 ° C; then the quenched steel castings are heated to 600 ° C for 3.5 hours, and then cooled to room temperature in air. .
  • the obtained metallographic structure is basically tempered sorbite, and the metallographic structure photograph thereof is shown in FIG. 1 and FIG.
  • a typical tempered sorbite metallographic morphology can be seen from Figures 1 and 2.
  • the mechanical properties of the low alloy cast steel were tested and found to be: tensile strength 996 MPa, yield strength 879 MPa, elongation 17.5%, section shrinkage 51%, and -40 °C Charpy V-type impact work (average ) 56J, hardness 298 HBW.
  • the hardness at J13 is 38 HRC.
  • the low alloy cast steel was prepared in substantially the same manner as the preparation and treatment process described in Example 1.
  • the specific components and contents and carbon equivalents are shown in Table 1, wherein the content is the weight percentage relative to the total weight of the low alloy cast steel (%) weight).
  • the corresponding mechanical properties and hardness at J13 are shown in Table 2 below:
  • the mechanical properties of the low-alloy cast steel of the present invention after the heat treatment according to the present invention are as follows: tensile strength ⁇ 931 MPa, yield strength ⁇ 793 MPa, elongation ⁇ 14%, The section shrinkage rate is ⁇ 30%, the Charpy V-type impact energy of -40°C is ⁇ 35J, and the hardness range is 288HBW ⁇ 325HBW. Its performance is better than The American Railroad Association standard M-201-05 has the mechanical properties of E-grade cast steel and has strong weldability.

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Abstract

一种低合金铸钢，其各组分及其相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比如下：碳0.20％～0.30％、硅0.20％～0.40％、锰 0.95％～1.05％、磷≤0.020％、硫≤0.020％、铬0.45％～0.55％、镍0.50％～0.60％、钼0.35％～0.45％、铝 0.02％～0.06％、铌0.01％～0.05％、铜≤0.20％，且须满足0.03％≤铝+铌≤0.09％；余量为铁及其他不可避免的元素。经正火处理和调质处理后的所述的低合金铸钢的性能为：抗拉强度≥931MPa，屈服强度≥793MPa，伸长率≥14％，断面收缩率≥30％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功≥35J，硬度范围为288HBW～325HBW。其具有优越的可焊性，通常可用于铁路机车车辆零部件的制备，如车钩钩体、钩舌、钩尾框等，也可用于其他同等机械性能要求的零部件。

Description

一种低合金铸钢及其热处理方法和在铁路行业的应用 技术领域
本发明属于合金钢技术领域，涉及一种低合金铸钢及其热处理方法，特别是涉及一种适于制备铁路机车车辆零部件的新型低合金铸钢及其热处理方法。
背景技术
美国铁路协会(AAR)于2005年修订发布了M-201-05的标准，以满足铁道行业铸造零部件的材质需求，其中提出了A级、B级、B+级、C级、E级钢的化学成分范围和机械性能等要求。生产厂家通常选择强度等级为E级的低合金铸钢来制造车钩钩体、钩舌等零件。然而在实际应用过程中，由于我国铁路工况条件恶劣、重载要求更高，使得车钩钩舌早期出现疲劳破坏，其原因在于其主要受到较大的拉伸应力和冲击应力，而本身强度和韧性还不能完全满足工况条件。因此，经研究认为只有通过进一步提高材料的强度等级，提高材料的综合力学性能，才能更有利于改善这类铸件的早期疲劳失效。
基于这种认识，人们一直在寻求合适的铸钢成分，以满足A.A.R规定的化学成分范围和碳当量指标，以得到比E级钢更优的机械性能。如CN101880838A专利，提出了一种新型铸钢成分的技术方案，该方案能达到的性能指标是：抗拉强度≥910MPa，屈服强度≥760MPa，伸长率≥14％，断面收缩率≥30％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功≥33J。其采用的是高锰成分体系，通过碳锰来提高强度。其技术方案在应用 过程中存在两个较为明显的问题：一是技术方案的实际碳当量范围在0.80～0.83，然而，国内目前广泛使用的E级钢的最大碳当量≤0.81，均值控制在0.70左右。这必然会由于碳当量增加造成铸件焊修变差；二是技术方案采用高含量的锰来提高强度和淬透性，但铸件中锰超过1.2％以上时易造成铸件的成分偏析程度加剧，从而影响铸件性能的一致性。
因此，针对铁路机车车辆零部件性能需求和可焊性需求，本领域中需要一种满足现有E级钢碳当量要求的合金铸钢以使其具有较优的可焊性，同时，其经过热处理后应得到优于美国铁道协会标准M-201-05的E级铸钢机械性能要求。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种新型的低合金铸钢，其经热处理后，得到优于美国铁道协会标准M-201-05的E级铸钢机械性能要求，同时具有较强的可焊性。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
根据本发明的第一方面，一种低合金铸钢，其各组分及其相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比如下：碳0.20％～0.30％、硅0.20％～0.40％、锰0.95％～1.05％、磷≤0.020％、硫≤0.020％、铬0.45％～0.55％、镍0.50％～0.60％、钼0.35％～0.45％、铝0.02％～0.06％、铌0.01％～0.05％、铜≤0.20％，且须满足0.03％≤铝+铌≤0.09％；余量为铁及其他不可避免的元素。
根据本发明的第二方面，上述低合金铸钢的热处理方法，其包括先进行正火处理，然后进行调质处理。
根据本发明的第三方面，上述低合金铸钢用于制备铁路机车车 辆铸造零部件的用途。
根据本发明的第四方面，一种铁路机车车辆铸造零部件，其采用上述低合金铸钢制备。
本发明的低合金铸钢，碳当量可控制在0.62％～0.79％，进一步优化为0.65％～0.71％。
本发明的低合金铸钢采用多元少量添加的思路，主要添加的强化元素为碳、硅、锰、铬、镍、钼，并选择其合适的配比，可以提高低合金铸钢的硬度和韧性，并使得所获得的铸钢件在热处理后的组织基本上为回火索氏体。复合添加合金元素铝和铌，并选择其合适的配比，则能有效地抑制铸造过程中奥氏体晶粒长大，细化晶粒，同时强化基体和提高铸钢件的淬透性，本发明低合金铸钢的晶粒度在8级左右。合金元素铝的另外作用可用于脱氧。
本发明的低合金铸钢经过热处理工艺以后，其机械性能指标如下：抗拉强度≥931MPa，屈服强度≥793MPa，伸长率≥14％，断面收缩率≥30％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功≥35J，硬度范围为288HBW～325HBW。进一步优化，伸长率可提高到≥15％。
本发明与现有技术相比，在获得比E级钢更高的强度的前提下，保持碳当量不增加，还提高了冲击韧性。
本发明的低合金铸钢通常可用于铁路机车车辆零部件的制备，如车钩钩体、钩舌、钩尾框等，也可用于其他同等机械性能要求的零部件。
附图说明
图1为本发明的低合金铸钢经正火处理和调质处理后的金相组织放大100倍的图片。
图2为本发明的低合金铸钢经正火处理和调质处理后的金相组 织放大500倍的图片。
具体实施方式
本申请提供以下技术方案：
技术方案1.一种低合金铸钢，其特征在于，各组分及其相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比如下：碳0.20％～0.30％、硅0.20％～0.40％、锰0.95％～1.05％、磷≤0.020％、硫≤0.020％、铬0.45％～0.55％、镍0.50％～0.60％、钼0.35％～0.45％、铝0.02％～0.06％、铌0.01％～0.05％、铜≤0.20％，且须满足0.03％≤铝+铌≤0.09％；余量为铁及其他不可避免的元素。
技术方案2.根据技术方案1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，碳的重量百分比为0.23％～0.29％，0.24％～0.28％，或者0.25％～0.27％，或者0.24％～0.26％。
技术方案3.根据技术方案1或2所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，硅的重量百分比为0.21％～0.39％，或者0.22％～0.38％，或者0.24％～0.35％，或者0.25％～0.32％，或者0.26％～0.31％，或者0.23％，或者0.27％，或者0.28％，或者0.29％，或者0.30％，或者0.36％，或者0.37％。
技术方案4.根据技术方案1-3中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，锰的重量百分比为0.96％～1.04％，或者0.96％～1.02％，或者0.98％～1.01％，或者0.97％，或者0.99％，或者1.00％。
技术方案5.根据技术方案1-4中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，磷的重量百分比≤0.018％，或者≤0.016％，或者≤0.014％，或者≤0.012％，或者≤0.010％。
技术方案6.根据技术方案1-5中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其 特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，硫的重量百分比≤0.017％，或者≤0.014％，或者≤0.012％，或者≤0.010％。
技术方案7.根据技术方案1-6中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铬的重量百分比为0.46％～0.54％，或者0.47％～0.51％，或者0.48％～0.50％。
技术方案8.根据技术方案1-7中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，镍的重量百分比为0.52％～0.59％，或者0.53％～0.57％，或者0.54％～0.58％，或者0.55％～0.56％。
技术方案9.根据技术方案1-8中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，钼的重量百分比为0.36％～0.44％，或者0.37％～0.43％，或者0.37％～0.42％，或者0.39％～0.41％。
技术方案10.根据技术方案1-9中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铝的重量百分比为0.03％～0.05％，或者0.03％～0.04％。
技术方案11.根据技术方案1-10中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铌的重量百分比为0.02％～0.04％，或者0.02％～0.03％。
技术方案12.根据技术方案1-11中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铜的重量百分比≤0.18％，或者≤0.15％，或者≤0.12％，或者≤0.10％，或者≤0.08％。
技术方案13.根据技术方案1-11中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，碳当量CE在0.62％～0.79％之间，或者在0.65％～0.71％之间，或者在0.66％～0.71％之间，或者在0.67％～0.68％之间，所述 碳当量按照以下公式计算：CE＝C+(Mn+Si)/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15。
技术方案14.根据技术方案1-13中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于其未经过正火处理和调质处理。
技术方案15.根据技术方案1-13中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于其已经过正火处理和调质处理。
技术方案16.根据技术方案1-14中任一项所述的低合金铸钢的热处理方法，其特征在于，其包括先进行正火处理，然后进行调质处理。
技术方案17.根据技术方案16所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述正火处理包括将所述低合金铸钢加热到920℃～940℃，优选925～935℃，保温2～5小时，优选3～4小时，然后出炉空冷到室温。
技术方案18.根据技术方案16所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述调质处理中的淬火处理包括将所述低合金铸钢加热到900℃～920℃，优选910℃，保温2～5小时，优选3～4小时，然后出炉在水中冷却，水的温度为20℃～40℃。
技术方案19.根据技术方案16所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述调质处理中的回火包括将淬火的低合金铸钢加热到590℃～610℃，优选600℃，保温3～5小时，优选3.5～4小时，然后出炉空冷到室温。
技术方案20.根据技术方案1-15中任一项所述的低合金铸钢用于制备铁路机车车辆铸造零部件的用途。
技术方案21.根据技术方案20所述的用途，其特征在于，所述零部件为车钩钩体、钩舌、钩尾框或具有同等机械性能要求的其他零部件。
技术方案22.一种铁路机车车辆铸造零部件，其特征在于，其采用根据技术方案1-15中任一项所述的低合金铸钢制备。
技术方案23.根据技术方案22所述的铁路机车车辆铸造零部件，其特征在于，其为车钩钩体、钩舌、钩尾框或具有同等机械性能要求的其他零部件。
本申请中所述的不可避免的杂质是指冶炼过程中，在废钢、矿石中无法完全冶炼去除的杂质，比如：As、Sn、Pb、Sb、Bi等微量元素，这些元素的含量通常需要控制为As≤0.01％，Sn≤0.01％，Pb≤0.01％，Sb≤0.01％，Bi≤0.01％，如果这些元素过高，则会对产品中的韧性性能产生一定的不利影响。
冶炼过程可以使用本领域中常用的加热设备例如工频、中频炉或电弧炉采用常规冶炼工艺进行，主要目的是为了得到所需的组分和配比，和尽量减少钢中的其他有害元素，减少杂质。可根据最终产品进行合适的热加工成形(例如铸造等，采用常规方法进行)。在热加工成形后的热处理包括正火处理和调质处理。本发明的低合金铸钢既包括未经过正火处理和调质处理的低合金铸钢，也包括已经过正火处理和调质处理的低合金铸钢，经铸造成型后，需经过热处理后使用。本发明已经过正火处理和调质处理的低合金铸钢机械性能指标如下：抗拉强度≥931MPa，屈服强度≥793MPa，伸长率≥14％，断面收缩率≥30％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功≥35J，硬度范围为288HBW～325HBW。
现在参考以下具体实施例中对本发明进行详细说明。然而，本领域技术人员不难理解，此处的实施例仅仅用于示例目的，本发明的范围并不局限于此。
本发明中，机械性能的测定依据的是A.A.R标准美国铁道协会标 准M-201-05的相关规定，所用试样为基尔试块，其中碳当量的计算：CE＝C+(Mn+Si)/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15。淬透性测定依据ASTM标准A255的要求，其中J13的硬度表示距离水淬端面13mm处的硬度。
以下实施例中，组分含量均以其重量百分含量计。
实施例1
通过常规的中频炉或电弧炉进行冶炼，得到一种低合金铸钢，其各组分及其相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比如下：碳0.25％、硅0.31％、锰0.98％、磷0.015％、硫0.012％、铬0.47％、镍0.55％、钼0.40％、铜0.07％、铝0.03％、铌0.03％，铝+铌为0.06％，余量为及其他不可避免的元素。碳当量为0.68。
在所述的低合金铸钢经常规方法铸造成型后(最好对所用铸造过程以及所用参数进行描述)，进行热处理。热处理包括先进行正火处理，然后进行调质处理，正火工艺为将低合金铸钢加热到940℃保温4小时，然后出炉进行空冷。调质工艺为将低合金铸钢加热到910℃保温3小时，出炉进行水冷淬火，水温25℃；随后将淬火过的铸钢件加热到600℃保温3.5小时，再出炉在空气中冷却到室温。
所述的低合金铸钢经过上述正火和调质处理以后，所获得的金相组织基本上为回火索氏体，其金相组织照片如图1和图2所示。由图1和2可以看到典型的回火索氏体金相形貌。
对所述低合金铸钢的机械性能进行测试，结果为：抗拉强度996MPa，屈服强度879MPa，伸长率17.5％，断面收缩率51％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功(平均值)56J，硬度298HBW。J13处的硬度为38HRC。
实施例2～15
与实施例1中所述制备和处理过程基本相同，制备低合金铸钢，具体组分及含量和碳当量见表1，其中含量为相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比(％重量)。相对应的机械性能和J13处的硬度如下表2所示：
表1 实施例2-15的低合金铸钢的组分及含量和碳当量
Figure PCTCN2017091074-appb-000001
表2 实施例2-15的低合金铸钢的机械性能和J13处的硬度数据
Figure PCTCN2017091074-appb-000002
从以上数据可以看出，本发明的本发明的低合金铸钢经过本发明所述的热处理以后，其机械性能指标如下：抗拉强度≥931MPa，屈服强度≥793MPa，伸长率≥14％，断面收缩率≥30％，-40℃的夏比V型冲击功≥35J，硬度范围为288HBW～325HBW，其性能要优于 美国铁道协会标准M-201-05的E级铸钢机械性能要求，同时具有较强的可焊性。
虽然已经展示和讨论了本发明的一些方面，但是本领域的技术人员应该意识到，可以在不背离本发明原理和精神的条件下对上述方面进行改变，因此本发明的范围将由权利要求以及等同的内容所限定。

Claims (18)

  1. 一种低合金铸钢，其特征在于，各组分及其相对于所述低合金铸钢总重的重量百分比如下：碳0.20％～0.30％、硅0.20％～0.40％、锰0.95％～1.05％、磷≤0.020％、硫≤0.020％、铬0.45％～0.55％、镍0.50％～0.60％、钼0.35％～0.45％、铝0.02％～0.06％、铌0.01％～0.05％、铜≤0.20％，且须满足0.03％≤铝+铌≤0.09％；余量为铁及其他不可避免的元素。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，碳的重量百分比为0.24％～0.28％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，硅的重量百分比为0.24％～0.35％。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，锰的重量百分比为0.96％～1.02％。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铬的重量百分比为0.47％～0.51％。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，镍的重量百分比为0.53％～0.57％。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，钼的重量百分比为0.37％～0.42％。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，相对于所述低合金铸钢总重，铜的重量百分比≤0.12％。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，碳当量CE在0.62％～0.79％之间，所述碳当量按照以下公式计算：CE＝C+(Mn+Si)/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于，碳当量 CE为0.65％～0.71％之间。
  11. 根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于其未经过正火处理和调质处理。
  12. 根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的低合金铸钢，其特征在于其已经过正火处理和调质处理。
  13. 根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的低合金铸钢的热处理方法，其特征在于，其包括先进行正火处理，然后进行调质处理。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述正火处理包括将所述低合金铸钢加热到920℃～940℃保温2～5小时，然后出炉空冷到室温。
  15. 根据权利要求13所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述调质处理中的淬火处理包括将所述低合金铸钢加热到900℃～920℃保温2～5小时，然后出炉在水中冷却，水的温度为20℃～40℃。
  16. 根据权利要求13所述的热处理方法，其特征在于，所述调质处理中的回火处理包括将淬火的低合金铸钢加热到590℃～610℃保温3～5小时，然后出炉空冷到室温。
  17. 一种铁路机车车辆铸造零部件，其特征在于，其采用根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的低合金铸钢制备。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的铁路机车车辆铸造零部件，其特征在于，其为车钩钩体、钩舌、钩尾框或具有同等机械性能要求的其他零部件。
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