WO2017212596A1 - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017212596A1 WO2017212596A1 PCT/JP2016/067138 JP2016067138W WO2017212596A1 WO 2017212596 A1 WO2017212596 A1 WO 2017212596A1 JP 2016067138 W JP2016067138 W JP 2016067138W WO 2017212596 A1 WO2017212596 A1 WO 2017212596A1
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
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- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/002—Inorganic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally includes a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to a current collector and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to a current collector, and the non-aqueous electrolyte is held in a separator. It has the structure connected through the electrolyte layer. Then, when ions such as lithium ions are occluded / released in the electrode active material, a charge / discharge reaction of the battery occurs.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries with a low environmental load are being used not only for portable devices, but also for power supply devices for electric vehicles such as hybrid vehicles (HEV), electric vehicles (EV), and fuel cell vehicles. .
- HEV hybrid vehicles
- EV electric vehicles
- fuel cell vehicles fuel cell vehicles.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries intended for application to electric vehicles are required to have high output and high capacity. Furthermore, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries intended for application to electric vehicles are required to have cycle characteristics capable of maintaining capacity even when charge / discharge cycles are repeated for a long period of time.
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer is increased, and the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is decreased, so that the penetration of the electrolyte solution in the negative electrode active material layer is inhibited, In some cases, exchange of lithium ions becomes difficult, and the reaction in the negative electrode active material layer may become non-uniform. Due to such a local reaction, a part of the negative electrode active material is overcharged or overdischarged, and generation of lithium dendrite or reductive decomposition of the electrolytic solution is likely to proceed, and cycle characteristics may be deteriorated.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique using composite graphite particles in which natural graphite and carbonaceous or graphite are combined as a negative electrode active material of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. By adopting such a structure, it is said that even if the density of the negative electrode active material layer is increased to increase the capacity, the battery has good electrolyte permeability and excellent cycle characteristics.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries for electric vehicles are required to extend the cruising distance in a single charge.
- battery durability with repeated charging and discharging
- Improvement of cycle characteristics is demanded.
- the cycle characteristics may not be sufficiently obtained. It became clear that there was.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the durability of the battery is improved in a flat-stacked battery having a high capacity, a high density, and a large area.
- the present inventor has intensively studied to solve the above problems. As a result, in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a capacity and size assuming high capacity, the ratio of the electrolyte salt weight in the pores of the negative electrode active material layer to the negative electrode active material weight is controlled to a predetermined value. The inventors have found that the above problems can be solved, and have completed the present invention.
- a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material is formed on the surface of a positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material containing a negative electrode active material on the surface of the negative electrode current collector
- a power generation element including a negative electrode formed with a layer and an electrolyte layer, wherein the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.12 Ah / cc or more, and the battery area relative to the rated capacity is A flat laminated nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a ratio of 4.0 cm 2 / Ah or more and a rated capacity of 30 Ah or more, wherein the electrolyte layer includes an electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a basic configuration of a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery that is not a flat (stacked) bipolar type, which is an embodiment of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material is formed on the surface of a positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material on the surface of the negative electrode current collector are formed.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.12 Ah / cc or more, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is 4
- a flat laminated nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a rated capacity of not less than 0.0 cm 2 / Ah and a rated capacity of not less than 30 Ah, wherein the electrolyte layer includes an electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved,
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material, which is 0.031 or more.
- the electrolytic solution can uniformly penetrate into the negative electrode active material.
- the reaction resistance decreases and the reaction can proceed uniformly, so that a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery with excellent durability can be obtained.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries particularly non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries for electric vehicles, are required to have high output and high capacity in order to increase the cruising distance in one charge.
- improvement of durability is an important issue for a battery mounted on an electric vehicle so that high output and high capacity are not lowered by repeated charging and discharging with a large current for a short time.
- the negative electrode active material layer tends to have relatively small pores. Therefore, a concentration gradient of Li ions in the vacancies (between particles / inside particles) is likely to occur during charge / discharge, and local overvoltage is likely to occur. It was found that when a local overvoltage occurs during charging, the negative electrode is lower than the electrodeposition potential of Li, so that generation of Li dendrite and reductive decomposition (coating formation) of the electrolyte proceeds, and the durability of the battery is likely to decrease. .
- the negative electrode active material is likely to be burdened during charge and discharge, and the life is likely to deteriorate.
- the diffusibility of lithium ions is reduced when charging / discharging with a large current is repeated in a short time, such as in a vehicle application. Because of the badness, the variation in overvoltage in the surface during charging is large due to the variation in the in-plane direction of the amount of pores in the negative electrode active material layer. Since Li is likely to precipitate at a location where the overvoltage is large, battery life is likely to deteriorate.
- the lithium ion diffuses into the anode active material layer with higher resistance, resulting in excessive reaction on the surface side. It has been found that the durability may be lowered by causing Li deposition as a reaction or reductive decomposition of the electrolytic solution.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material is 0.031 or more, so that the current density in the negative electrode active material layer is reduced. Therefore, the optimum amount of lithium ions can be secured in the vacancies of the negative electrode active material layer, and the reaction resistance is reduced. Further, since a sufficient amount of lithium ions can be secured in the vacancies of the negative electrode active material layer, the lithium ions are uniformly distributed in the in-plane direction and the thickness direction of the negative electrode active material layer, and the reaction can proceed uniformly. As a result, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent durability can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an outline of a flat laminated battery which is an embodiment of the battery of the present invention.
- the battery can be made compact and have a high capacity.
- the flat-stacked lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 that is not a bipolar type battery will be described in detail as an example.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a basic configuration of a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as “stacked battery”) that is not a flat stacked bipolar type.
- the stacked battery 10 of the present embodiment has a structure in which a flat, substantially rectangular power generation element 21 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a battery exterior material 29 that is an exterior body.
- the power generation element 21 has a configuration in which a positive electrode, an electrolyte layer 17, and a negative electrode are stacked.
- the electrolyte layer 17 includes a separator and a nonaqueous electrolyte (for example, a liquid electrolyte).
- the positive electrode has a structure in which the positive electrode active material layers 15 are disposed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 12.
- the negative electrode has a structure in which the negative electrode active material layer 13 is disposed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 11.
- the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode are laminated in this order so that one positive electrode active material layer 15 and the negative electrode active material layer 13 adjacent thereto face each other with the electrolyte layer 17 therebetween. .
- the adjacent positive electrode, electrolyte layer, and negative electrode constitute one unit cell layer 19. Therefore, it can be said that the stacked battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 19 are stacked and electrically connected in parallel.
- the negative electrode active material layer 13 is arrange
- the positive electrode current collector 12 and the negative electrode current collector 11 are each provided with a positive electrode current collector plate (tab) 27 and a negative electrode current collector plate (tab) 25 that are electrically connected to the respective electrodes (positive electrode and negative electrode). It has the structure led out of the battery exterior material 29 so that it may be pinched
- the positive electrode current collector 27 and the negative electrode current collector 25 are ultrasonically welded to the positive electrode current collector 12 and the negative electrode current collector 11 of each electrode, respectively, via a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead (not shown) as necessary. Or resistance welding or the like.
- FIG. 1 shows a flat battery that is not a flat stacked bipolar battery, but a positive electrode active material layer that is electrically coupled to one surface of the current collector and a surface opposite to the current collector.
- a bipolar battery including a bipolar electrode having a negative electrode active material layer that is electrically coupled may be used.
- one current collector also serves as a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- Electrode current collector There is no particular limitation on the material constituting the positive electrode current collector, but a metal is preferably used. Specifically, examples of the metal include aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, and other alloys. In addition, in the negative electrode described later, when the negative electrode current collector is used, the same one as described above, copper, or the like can be used. In addition to these, a clad material of nickel and aluminum, a clad material of copper and aluminum, or a plating material of a combination of these metals can be preferably used. Moreover, the foil by which aluminum is coat
- the size of the current collector is determined according to the intended use of the battery. For example, if it is used for a large battery that requires a high energy density, a current collector having a large area is used. There is no particular limitation on the thickness of the current collector.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually about 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 includes a positive electrode active material, and, if necessary, a binder; a conductive additive, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolytic solution, etc.), and a lithium salt for increasing ion conductivity. And other additives.
- the positive electrode active material examples include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2, and lithium-- such as those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements.
- Examples include transition metal composite oxides, lithium-transition metal phosphate compounds, and lithium-transition metal sulfate compounds.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- NMC composite oxide Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2 and those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements (hereinafter also simply referred to as “NMC composite oxide”) are used.
- the NMC composite oxide has a layered crystal structure in which lithium atomic layers and transition metal (Mn, Ni, and Co are arranged in order) atomic layers are alternately stacked via oxygen atomic layers.
- one Li atom is contained per one atom of the transition metal, and the amount of Li that can be taken out is twice that of the spinel-based lithium manganese oxide, that is, the supply capacity is doubled, so that a high capacity can be obtained.
- the NMC composite oxide includes a composite oxide in which a part of the transition metal element is substituted with another metal element.
- Other elements in that case include Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, Cr, Fe, B, Ga, In, Si, Mo, Y, Sn, V, Cu , Ag, Zn and the like.
- Preferred are Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, and Cr. More preferred are Ti, Zr, P, Al, Mg, and Cr. From the viewpoint of improving cycle characteristics, Ti, Zr, Al, Mg, and Cr are more preferable.
- the NMC composite oxide has a high theoretical discharge capacity, it is preferable that the general formula (1): Li a Ni b Mn c Co d M x O 2 (where a, b, c, d, x Satisfies 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.5, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, where M is Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr and Cr.
- a represents the atomic ratio of Li
- b represents the atomic ratio of Ni
- c represents the atomic ratio of Mn
- d represents the atomic ratio of Co
- x represents the atomic ratio of M.
- the composition of each element can be measured by, for example, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- Ni nickel
- Co cobalt
- Mn manganese
- Ti or the like partially replaces the transition metal in the crystal lattice. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, a part of the transition element may be substituted with another metal element. In this case, it is preferable that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3 in the general formula (1). Since at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, and Cr is dissolved, the crystal structure is stabilized. It is considered that the battery capacity can be prevented from decreasing even if the above is repeated, and that excellent cycle characteristics can be realized.
- the NMC composite oxide can be prepared by selecting various known methods such as a coprecipitation method and a spray drying method.
- the coprecipitation method is preferably used because the composite oxide is easy to prepare.
- a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide is produced by a coprecipitation method as in the method described in JP2011-105588A. Thereafter, the nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide and the lithium compound are mixed and fired to obtain an NMC composite oxide.
- positive electrode active materials other than those described above may be used.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 25 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing the output.
- the average particle diameter is measured by a particle size distribution measuring apparatus using a laser diffraction / scattering method.
- the content of the positive electrode active material (in terms of solid content) is preferably 80 to 99.5% by weight, and more preferably 85 to 99.5% by weight.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 3.0 to 3.7 g / cm 3 , more preferably 3.1 to 3.6 g / cm 3 from the viewpoint of increasing the density.
- the binder used for the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited.
- polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and a salt thereof Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer and Its hydrogenated product, thermoplastic polymer such as styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer and its hydrogenated product, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene ( TFE), tetrafluoro
- the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of binding the active material, but preferably 0.5 to 15% by weight with respect to the active material layer. More preferably, it is 1 to 10% by weight.
- the conductive assistant refers to an additive that is blended in order to improve the conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer or the negative electrode active material layer.
- the conductive auxiliary agent include carbon materials such as carbon black such as ketjen black and acetylene black, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- the amount of the conductive auxiliary agent contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 to 15% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight with respect to the active material layer. It is.
- electrolyte salt examples include Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like.
- Examples of the ion conductive polymer include polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO) polymers.
- the compounding ratio of the components contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited.
- the blending ratio can be adjusted by appropriately referring to known knowledge about lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge about the battery can be referred to as appropriate.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is about 2 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material and, if necessary, other materials such as a conductive aid, a binder, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolyte, etc.), and a lithium salt for increasing ion conductivity. Further includes an additive. Other additives such as conductive assistants, binders, electrolytes (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymers, electrolytes, etc.) and lithium salts for improving ion conductivity are those described in the above positive electrode active material layer column. It is the same.
- the negative electrode active material examples include artificial graphite, coated natural graphite, graphite such as natural graphite, carbon materials such as soft carbon and hard carbon, and lithium-transition metal composite oxide (for example, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), Metal materials, lithium alloy negative electrode materials, and the like.
- two or more negative electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a carbon material or a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the negative electrode active material.
- negative electrode active materials other than those described above may be used.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing the output.
- the negative electrode active material layer preferably contains at least an aqueous binder.
- a water-based binder has a high binding power.
- it is easy to procure water as a raw material and since steam is generated at the time of drying, the capital investment in the production line can be greatly suppressed, and the environmental load can be reduced. There is.
- the water-based binder refers to a binder using water as a solvent or a dispersion medium, and specifically includes a thermoplastic resin, a polymer having rubber elasticity, a water-soluble polymer, or a mixture thereof.
- the binder using water as a dispersion medium refers to a polymer that includes all expressed as latex or emulsion and is emulsified or suspended in water.
- kind a polymer latex that is emulsion-polymerized in a system that self-emulsifies.
- water-based binders include styrene polymers (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic copolymer, etc.), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, and methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- styrene-vinyl acetate copolymer styrene-acrylic copolymer
- acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
- methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber
- (Meth) acrylic polymers (polyethyl acrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polypropyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate (methyl methacrylate rubber), polypropyl methacrylate, polyisopropyl acrylate, polyisopropyl methacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, Polyhexyl acrylate, polyhexyl methacrylate, polyethylhexyl acrylate, polyethylhexyl methacrylate, polylauryl acrylate, poly Uryl methacrylate, etc.), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, polybutadiene, butyl rubber, fluororubber, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer
- the aqueous binder may contain at least one rubber binder selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber, and methyl methacrylate rubber from the viewpoint of binding properties. preferable. Furthermore, it is preferable that the water-based binder contains styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) because of good binding properties.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- Water-soluble polymers suitable for use in combination with styrene-butadiene rubber include polyvinyl alcohol and modified products thereof, starch and modified products thereof, cellulose derivatives (carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and salts thereof) ), Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid (salt), or polyethylene glycol. Among them, it is preferable to combine styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (salt) as a binder.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the amount of the binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it can bind the active material, but it is preferably 0.5 to 15% by weight with respect to the active material layer. More preferably, it is 1 to 10% by weight.
- the content of the aqueous binder is preferably 80 to 100% by weight, more preferably 90 to 100% by weight, and preferably 100% by weight.
- the compounding ratio of the components contained in the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited.
- the blending ratio can be adjusted by appropriately referring to known knowledge about lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge about the battery can be appropriately referred to.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is about 2 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 40 to 90 ⁇ m.
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1.3 to 1.9 g / cm 3 , and preferably 1.4 to 1.8 g / cm 3 .
- the coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer is, for example, 5 to 17 mg / cm 2 , and preferably 7 to 15 mg / cm 2 .
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 1.5 m 2 / g or more.
- the reaction area in the negative electrode active material layer can be increased. That is, since the current density per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer can be reduced, resistance can be reduced and input / output characteristics can be improved. Moreover, low temperature durability improves and it becomes possible to reduce the reaction nonuniformity in an electrode surface direction and thickness direction.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.7 m 2 / g or more.
- the upper limit of the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, it is preferably 5.0 m 2 / g or less from the viewpoint of suppressing irreversible capacity during initial charge / discharge.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer is a BET specific surface area (m 2 / g) measured by a nitrogen adsorption method.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer can be controlled, for example, by appropriately selecting the type, particle size, and surface treatment of the negative electrode active material.
- the specific surface area can be increased by using a negative electrode active material having a small particle diameter. Moreover, it can control by adjusting the press conditions at the time of negative electrode preparation.
- the electrolyte layer includes an electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved, and the electrolyte solution is preferably held in the separator.
- the electrolytic solution constituting the electrolytic solution layer has a form in which a lithium salt that is an electrolyte salt is dissolved in an organic solvent that is a plasticizer.
- organic solvent examples include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the organic solvent only 1 type may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- a lithium salt can be used as the electrolyte salt.
- the lithium salt Li (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N, of LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6, LiTaF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3 or the like of the electrode Compounds that can be added to the active material layer can be employed as well.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.2 to 2.0 mol / L, preferably 0.7 to 1.7 mol / L, and more preferably 0.8 to 1.5 mol / L. is there.
- the electrolytic solution may further contain additives other than the components described above.
- additives include, for example, vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, dimethyl vinylene carbonate, phenyl vinylene carbonate, diphenyl vinylene carbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate, diethyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1,2-divinyl ethylene.
- vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, and vinyl ethylene carbonate are preferable, and vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate are more preferable.
- vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate are more preferable.
- these additives only 1 type may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material is 0.031 or more.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material is 0.033 or more, more preferably 0.034 or more.
- an upper limit is not specifically limited, It is 0.060 or less substantially.
- the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores of the negative electrode active material layer is calculated by the following formula.
- Electrolyte salt weight (g) in pores of negative electrode active material layer pore volume (m 3 ) ⁇ electrolyte salt concentration of electrolyte (g / m 3 )
- electrolyte salt concentration of electrolyte g / m 3
- the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer can be controlled by adjusting the coating amount, the press temperature, and the press pressure, whereby the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores can be adjusted.
- the electrolyte salt weight in the pores of the negative electrode active material layer is a value obtained by dividing the electrolyte salt weight in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the negative electrode active material weight.
- the weight is not particularly limited as long as the weight is 0.031 or more.
- the negative electrode active material weight is obtained from the following formula by measuring the weight of the negative electrode after coating and drying.
- the negative electrode active material weight should be such that the value obtained by dividing the electrolyte salt weight in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the negative electrode active material weight is 0.031 or more.
- the weight of the negative electrode active material layer per 1 cm 2 area is 6 to 15 g / cm 2 , and preferably 7.5 to 14 g / cm 2 .
- the negative electrode active material weight can be adjusted by controlling the composition, coating amount, density, and thickness of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the Walden product at 0 ° C. of the electrolytic solution is 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 .
- the Walden product of the electrolytic solution is 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 .
- the viscosity is obtained by measuring the viscosity at a predetermined temperature by a rotational viscosity measurement method.
- the Walden product of the electrolytic solution can be adjusted by appropriately selecting the electrolyte salt concentration and the organic solvent.
- the separator has a function of holding the electrolytic solution to ensure lithium ion conductivity between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a function as a partition wall between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- Examples of the form of the separator include a porous sheet separator or a nonwoven fabric separator made of a polymer or fiber that absorbs and holds the electrolytic solution.
- a microporous (microporous film) can be used as the separator of the porous sheet made of polymer or fiber.
- the porous sheet made of the polymer or fiber include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP); a laminate in which a plurality of these are laminated (for example, three layers of PP / PE / PP) And a microporous (microporous membrane) separator made of a hydrocarbon resin such as polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), glass fiber, and the like.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- a microporous (microporous membrane) separator made of a hydrocarbon resin such as polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), glass fiber, and the like.
- the thickness of the microporous (microporous membrane) separator cannot be uniquely defined because it varies depending on the intended use. For example, in applications such as secondary batteries for driving motors such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV), it is 4 to 60 ⁇ m in a single layer or multiple layers. Is desirable.
- the fine pore diameter of the microporous (microporous membrane) separator is desirably 1 ⁇ m or less (usually a pore diameter of about several tens of nm).
- nonwoven fabric separator cotton, rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester; polyolefins such as PP and PE; conventionally known ones such as polyimide and aramid are used alone or in combination.
- the bulk density of the nonwoven fabric is not particularly limited as long as sufficient battery characteristics can be obtained by the impregnated electrolyte.
- the thickness of the nonwoven fabric separator may be the same as that of the electrolyte layer, and is preferably 5 to 200 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the separator may be a separator in which a heat resistant insulating layer is laminated on a porous substrate (a separator with a heat resistant insulating layer).
- the heat-resistant insulating layer is a ceramic layer containing inorganic particles and a binder.
- a highly heat-resistant separator having a melting point or a heat softening point of 150 ° C. or higher, preferably 200 ° C. or higher is used.
- the separator is less likely to curl in the battery manufacturing process due to the effect of suppressing thermal shrinkage and high mechanical strength.
- the inorganic particles in the heat resistant insulating layer contribute to the mechanical strength and heat shrinkage suppressing effect of the heat resistant insulating layer.
- the material used as the inorganic particles is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium oxides (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 ), hydroxides and nitrides, and composites thereof. These inorganic particles may be derived from mineral resources such as boehmite, zeolite, apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine and mica, or may be artificially produced. Moreover, only 1 type may be used individually for these inorganic particles, and 2 or more types may be used together. Of these, silica (SiO 2 ) or alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) is preferably used, and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) is more preferably used from the viewpoint of cost.
- the basis weight of the inorganic particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 15 g / m 2 . If it is this range, sufficient ion conductivity will be acquired and it is preferable at the point which maintains heat resistant strength.
- the binder in the heat-resistant insulating layer has a role of adhering the inorganic particles and the inorganic particles to the resin porous substrate layer. With the binder, the heat-resistant insulating layer is stably formed, and peeling between the porous substrate layer and the heat-resistant insulating layer is prevented.
- the binder used for the heat-resistant insulating layer is not particularly limited.
- a compound such as butadiene rubber, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), or methyl acrylate can be used as a binder.
- carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methyl acrylate, or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) is preferably used.
- only 1 type may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the binder content in the heat resistant insulating layer is preferably 2 to 20% by weight with respect to 100% by weight of the heat resistant insulating layer.
- the binder content is 2% by weight or more, the peel strength between the heat-resistant insulating layer and the porous substrate layer can be increased, and the vibration resistance of the separator can be improved.
- the binder content is 20% by weight or less, the gaps between the inorganic particles are appropriately maintained, so that sufficient lithium ion conductivity can be ensured.
- the thermal contraction rate of the separator with a heat-resistant insulating layer is preferably 10% or less for both MD and TD after holding for 1 hour at 150 ° C. and 2 gf / cm 2 .
- the material which comprises a current collector plate (25, 27) is not restrict
- a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof are preferable. From the viewpoint of light weight, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity, aluminum and copper are more preferable, and aluminum is particularly preferable.
- the same material may be used for the positive electrode current collecting plate 27 and the negative electrode current collecting plate 25, and different materials may be used.
- the battery outer case 29 a known metal can case can be used, and a bag-like case using a laminate film containing aluminum that can cover the power generation element can be used.
- a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be used as the laminate film, but the laminate film is not limited thereto.
- a laminate film is desirable from the viewpoint of high output and excellent cooling performance, and can be suitably used for a battery for large-size equipment for EV and HEV, and an aluminum laminate film is more preferable from the viewpoint of weight reduction.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.12 Ah / cc or more.
- the ratio of the capacity of the negative electrode active material layer to the pore volume is an index indicating the increase in capacity density of the negative electrode active material layer.
- g / cc which shows the active material density of a negative electrode active material layer, the density of negative electrode active material itself needs to be considered.
- hole volume is prescribed
- the ratio of the capacity to the vacancy volume of the negative electrode is an indicator of the diffusibility of Li ions
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the vacancy volume of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.12 Ah / cc or more
- the diffusibility of Li ions is Even under a low environment, the cycle characteristics are remarkably improved by setting the ratio of the electrolyte salt weight to the negative electrode active material weight to be 0.031 or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but considering the diffusibility of Li ions, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material is, for example, 2 It is 0.000 Ah / cc or less, preferably 1.80 Ah / cc or less, and more preferably 1.70 Ah / cc or less. Further, from the viewpoint of high density, it is preferably 1.20 Ah / cc or more, and more preferably 1.40 Ah / cc or more because the effect of the present invention is more easily exhibited.
- the rated capacity is measured by the following procedures 1 and 2 at a temperature of 25 ° C and a predetermined voltage range.
- Procedure 1 After reaching the upper limit voltage by constant current charging at 0.2 C, charge for 2.5 hours by constant voltage charging, and then rest for 10 seconds.
- Procedure 2 After reaching the lower limit voltage by constant current discharge of 0.2 C, pause for 10 seconds.
- the discharge capacity (CC discharge capacity) in constant current discharge in procedure 2 is defined as the rated capacity.
- the battery storage space is about 170L. Since auxiliary devices such as cells and charge / discharge control devices are stored in this space, the storage efficiency of a normal cell is about 50%. The efficiency of loading cells into this space is a factor that governs the cruising range of electric vehicles. If the size of the single cell is reduced, the loading efficiency is impaired, so that the cruising distance cannot be secured.
- the battery structure in which the power generation element is covered with the exterior body is preferably large. Further, as described above, the effect of the present invention is exhibited in a large battery. Specifically, in this embodiment, the enlargement of the battery is defined from the relationship between the battery area and the battery capacity. Specifically, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to this embodiment, the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is 4.0 cm 2 / Ah or more. In the present invention, since the rated capacity is as large as 30 Ah or more, the battery area inevitably becomes as large as 120 cm 2 or more.
- the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is preferably as large as possible, but is usually 18 cm 2 / Ah or less because of the in-vehicle volume.
- the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is preferably 5.0 to 15 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is preferably 15 cm 2 / Ah or less, and more preferably 10 cm 2 / Ah or less.
- the battery area refers to the area of the positive electrode (in the plane direction).
- the maximum positive electrode area is defined as the battery area.
- the rated capacity is 30 Ah or more.
- a high capacity can be maintained by repeating charge and discharge cycles. It becomes even more difficult, and the problem of improving cycle characteristics can be even more pronounced.
- a battery having a large area and not having a large capacity as described above such as a conventional consumer battery, occurrence of such a problem is difficult to manifest (Comparative Examples 7 and 8 described later).
- the rated capacity is preferably as large as possible, and the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 Ah or less.
- the rated capacity is preferably 30 to 70 Ah, more preferably 40 to 60 Ah, and even more preferably 50 to 60 Ah.
- the value measured by the method as described in the following Example is employ
- the length of the short side of the battery is preferably 100 mm or more. Such a large battery can be used for vehicle applications.
- the length of the short side of the battery refers to the side having the shortest length.
- the upper limit of the short side length is not particularly limited, but is usually 400 mm or less.
- the size of the electrode is defined as the size of the positive electrode.
- the aspect ratio of the rectangular electrode is preferably 1 to 3, and more preferably 1 to 2.
- the electrode aspect ratio is defined as the aspect ratio of the rectangular positive electrode active material layer.
- the assembled battery is configured by connecting a plurality of batteries. Specifically, at least two or more are used, and are configured by serialization, parallelization, or both. Capacitance and voltage can be freely adjusted by paralleling in series.
- a small assembled battery that can be attached and detached by connecting a plurality of batteries in series or in parallel. Then, a plurality of small assembled batteries that can be attached and detached are connected in series or in parallel to provide a large capacity and large capacity suitable for vehicle drive power supplies and auxiliary power supplies that require high volume energy density and high volume output density.
- An assembled battery having an output can also be formed. How many batteries are connected to make an assembled battery, and how many small assembled batteries are stacked to make a large-capacity assembled battery depends on the battery capacity of the mounted vehicle (electric vehicle) It may be determined according to the output.
- the cell unit in which a plurality of batteries are stacked in this way may be accommodated in upper and lower cases (for example, metal cases) to form an assembled battery.
- the battery case is accommodated in the case by fastening the metal case with the fastening member. Therefore, the battery is pressurized in the stacking direction within the case. Due to such pressurization, in-plane pressure distribution is likely to occur in a large battery, but according to the configuration of the present embodiment, the variation in the porosity in the positive electrode active material is small, so current concentration due to pressure distribution It is thought that can be relaxed.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment maintains a discharge capacity even when used for a long period of time, and has good cycle characteristics.
- Vehicle applications such as electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and hybrid fuel cell vehicles require higher capacity, larger size, and longer life than electric and portable electronic devices. . Therefore, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be suitably used as a vehicle power source, for example, a vehicle driving power source or an auxiliary power source.
- a battery or an assembled battery formed by combining a plurality of these batteries can be mounted on the vehicle.
- a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle having a long EV mileage or an electric vehicle having a long charging mileage can be formed by installing such a battery.
- a battery having a long life with excellent long-term reliability and output characteristics can be configured
- a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle having a long EV mileage or an electric vehicle having a long charging mileage can be formed by installing such a battery. it can.
- a hybrid car a fuel cell car, an electric car (four-wheeled vehicles (passenger cars, trucks, buses, commercial vehicles, light cars, etc.)
- the application is not limited to automobiles.
- it can be applied to various power sources for moving vehicles such as other vehicles, for example, trains, and power sources for mounting such as uninterruptible power supplies. It is also possible to use as.
- Example 1 Preparation of Electrolyte Solution A mixed solvent (30:30:40 (volume ratio)) of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was used as a solvent. LiPF 6 was used as the electrolyte salt (lithium salt). Further, 2.0% by weight of vinylene carbonate with respect to the total weight was added to prepare an electrolytic solution. The concentration of LiPF 6, the value obtained by dividing the negative electrode active material weight per the LiPF 6 weight of the electrolyte single cell in Fukyokusora holes was adjusted to be 0.033. The Walden product of this electrolytic solution at 0 ° C. was 2.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 .
- positive electrode LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 90% by weight as a positive electrode active material, 5% by weight of acetylene black as a conductive additive, and 5% by weight of PVdF as a binder
- a solid content was prepared.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode slurry composition was applied to both surfaces of an aluminum foil (thickness 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector, dried and pressed, and the density of the positive electrode active material layer was 3.4 g / cm 3 .
- a positive electrode having a single-side coating amount of 15.0 mg / cm 2 was prepared.
- the negative electrode active material slurry composition was applied to both surfaces of a copper foil (10 ⁇ m) as a current collector, dried and pressed, and the density of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.5 g / cm 3 .
- a negative electrode having an amount of 7.3 mg / cm 2 was produced.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.7 m 2 / g.
- Step of Completing Single Cell The positive electrode produced above was cut into a 200 mm ⁇ 204 mm rectangular shape, and the negative electrode was cut into a 205 ⁇ 209 mm rectangular shape (24 positive electrodes, 25 negative electrodes). This positive electrode and negative electrode were alternately laminated via a 210 ⁇ 214 mm separator (polypropylene microporous membrane, thickness 25 ⁇ m, porosity 55%) to produce a power generation element.
- a 210 ⁇ 214 mm separator polypropylene microporous membrane, thickness 25 ⁇ m, porosity 55%)
- a tab was welded to the resulting power generation element, and the battery was completed by sealing together with the electrolyte in an exterior made of an aluminum laminate film. Thereafter, the battery was sandwiched between a urethane rubber sheet (thickness 3 mm) larger than the electrode area and an Al plate (thickness 5 mm), and the battery was appropriately pressed from both sides in the stacking direction.
- the battery thus obtained was charged for the first time over 5 hours (upper limit voltage 4.15 V), then aged at 45 ° C. for 5 days, degassed and discharged, The battery of the example was completed.
- the battery thus produced had a rated capacity (cell capacity) of 40 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 10.2 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.12 Ah / cc.
- Example 1 In the battery produced in Example 1, the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.033.
- the rated capacity of the battery was obtained as follows.
- the rated capacity is measured by the following procedures 1 and 2 at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a voltage range of 3.0 V to 4.15 V.
- Procedure 1 After reaching 4.15 V by constant current charging at 0.2 C, charge for 2.5 hours by constant voltage charging, and then rest for 10 seconds.
- Procedure 2 After reaching 3.0 V by constant current discharge of 0.2 C, pause for 10 seconds.
- the discharge capacity (CC discharge capacity) in constant current discharge in procedure 2 was defined as the rated capacity.
- Example 2 In Example 1, the Walden product of the electrolyte solution at 0 ° C. was prepared to be 3.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 . Furthermore, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate to obtain the non-electrolyte secondary battery shown in Table 1. Obtained.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 40 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 10.2 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.12 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.041.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.7 m 2 / g.
- Example 3 In Example 2, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.2 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 50 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 8.4 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.25 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.038.
- Example 4 In Example 2, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.6 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 60 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 7.0 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.65 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.035.
- Example 5 In Example 1, the Walden product of the electrolytic solution at 0 ° C. was prepared to be 3.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 . Furthermore, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate to obtain the non-electrolyte secondary battery shown in Table 1. Obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.7 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 40 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 10.2 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.12 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.048.
- Example 6 In Example 5, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.2 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 50 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 8.4 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.25 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.045.
- Example 7 In Example 5, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.6 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 60 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 7.0 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.65 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.041.
- Example 8 In Example 1, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.3 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 40 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 10.2 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.12 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.033.
- Example 9 In Example 1, the Walden product of the electrolytic solution at 0 ° C. was prepared to be 3.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 . Furthermore, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate to obtain the non-electrolyte secondary battery shown in Table 1. Obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.6 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 60 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 7.0 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.65 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.032.
- Example 1 In Example 1, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.030.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.2 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 50 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 8.4 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.25 Ah / cc.
- Example 2 In Example 1, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.6 m 2 / g.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.027.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 60 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 7.0 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.65 Ah / cc.
- Example 3 (Comparative Example 3)
- the Walden product of the electrolyte solution at 0 ° C. was prepared to be 2.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 .
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate to obtain the non-electrolyte secondary battery shown in Table 1. Obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.7 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 40 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 10.2 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.12 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.027.
- Comparative Example 4 In Comparative Example 3, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.025.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.2 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 50 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 8.4 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.25 Ah / cc.
- Comparative Example 5 Comparative Example 3, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.022.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 2.6 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 60 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 7.0 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.65 Ah / cc.
- Comparative Example 6 Comparative Example 6, In Comparative Example 3, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were adjusted as appropriate. The next battery was obtained.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.8 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 30 Ah, and the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 14.0 cm 2 / Ah.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.01 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.028.
- Comparative Example 7 In Comparative Example 3, the density of the negative electrode active material layer, the single-sided coating amount of the negative electrode active material layer, the density of the positive electrode active material layer, and the single-sided coating amount of the positive electrode active material layer were appropriately adjusted.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.8 m 2 / g.
- the size of the positive electrode was changed to 80 mm ⁇ 132 mm, the negative electrode was changed to 85 mm ⁇ 137 mm, and the number of layers was changed from 24 layers to 35 layers.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.8 m 2 / g.
- the rated capacity (cell capacity) of the battery was 27 Ah, and the value of the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity was 3.9 cm 2 / Ah. Further, the ratio of the rated capacity to the pore volume of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.25 Ah / cc.
- the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was 0.028.
- the current density with respect to the positive electrode was set to 2 mA / cm 2 , and the batteries produced in each Example and Comparative Example were charged to a cutoff voltage of 4.15 V to obtain an initial charge capacity, and after a pause of 1 hour, to a cutoff voltage of 3.0 V
- the capacity when discharged was defined as the initial discharge capacity.
- This charge / discharge cycle was repeated 500 times.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 500th cycle to the initial discharge capacity was defined as the capacity maintenance rate (%), and the cycle durability was evaluated.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the example can secure the optimum electrolyte salt concentration in the pores of the negative electrode active material with respect to the current density of the negative electrode. It can be seen that the cycle characteristics are excellent in a large-area flat-stacked battery.
- the batteries of Examples 1 to 4 and 9 in which the Walden product at 0 ° C. of the electrolyte is in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ s ⁇ S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 An increase in the viscosity of the electrolyte at a low temperature can be suppressed, and input / output characteristics at a low temperature can be improved.
- the ratio of the rated capacity to the void volume of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.12 Ah / cc or more, the ratio of the battery area to the rated capacity is less than 4.0 cm 2 / Ah, or the rated capacity is less than 30 Ah.
- the durability and input / output performance were obtained even when the value obtained by dividing the weight of the electrolyte salt in the pores in the negative electrode active material layer by the weight of the negative electrode active material was smaller than 0.031. There is no effect.
- Lithium ion secondary battery 11 negative electrode current collector, 12 positive electrode current collector, 13 negative electrode active material layer, 15 positive electrode active material layer, 17 Separator (electrolyte layer), 19 cell layer, 21 power generation elements, 25 negative current collector, 27 positive current collector, 29 Battery exterior material.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の電池の一実施形態である扁平積層型電池の概要を模式的に表した断面概略図である。積層型とすることで、電池をコンパクトにかつ高容量化することができる。なお、本明細書においては、図1に示す扁平積層型の双極型でないリチウムイオン二次電池を例に挙げて詳細に説明する。
図1は、扁平積層型の双極型ではない非水電解質リチウムイオン二次電池(以下、単に「積層型電池」ともいう)の基本構成を模式的に表した断面概略図である。図1に示すように、本実施形態の積層型電池10は、実際に充放電反応が進行する扁平略矩形の発電要素21が、外装体である電池外装材29の内部に封止された構造を有する。ここで、発電要素21は、正極と、電解質層17と、負極とを積層した構成を有している。なお、電解質層17は、セパレータと、非水電解質(例えば、液体電解質)を内蔵している。正極は、正極集電体12の両面に正極活物質層15が配置された構造を有する。負極は、負極集電体11の両面に負極活物質層13が配置された構造を有する。具体的には、1つの正極活物質層15とこれに隣接する負極活物質層13とが、電解質層17を介して対向するようにして、負極、電解質層および正極がこの順に積層されている。これにより、隣接する正極、電解質層および負極は、1つの単電池層19を構成する。したがって、図1に示す積層型電池10は、単電池層19が複数積層されることで、電気的に並列接続されてなる構成を有するともいえる。
正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成された正極活物質を含む正極活物質層とを有するものである。
正極集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はないが、好適には金属が用いられる。具体的には、金属としては、アルミニウム、ニッケル、鉄、ステンレス、チタン、その他合金等などが挙げられる。また、後述の負極において、負極集電体を用いる場合も、上記と同様のもの、または銅などを用いることができる。これらのほか、ニッケルとアルミニウムとのクラッド材、銅とアルミニウムとのクラッド材、またはこれらの金属の組み合わせのめっき材などが好ましく用いられうる。また、金属表面にアルミニウムが被覆されてなる箔であってもよい。なかでも、電子伝導性や電池作動電位の観点からは、正極集電体としてはアルミニウム、ステンレスが、負極集電体としては銅が好ましい。
正極活物質層15は、正極活物質を含み、必要に応じて、バインダー;導電助剤、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、およびイオン伝導性を高めるためのリチウム塩などのその他の添加剤をさらに含む。
正極活物質としては、例えば、LiMn2O4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、Li(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの等のリチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム-遷移金属リン酸化合物、リチウム-遷移金属硫酸化合物などが挙げられる。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物が、正極活物質として用いられる。場合によっては、2種以上の正極活物質が併用されてもよい。
正極活物質層に用いられるバインダーとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)およびその塩、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。これらのバインダーは、単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
導電助剤とは、正極活物質層または負極活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
負極は、負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面に形成された負極活物質層とを有するものである。
負極活物質層は負極活物質を含み、必要に応じて、導電助剤、バインダー、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、イオン伝導性を高めるためのリチウム塩などのその他の添加剤をさらに含む。導電助剤、バインダー、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、イオン伝導性を高めるためのリチウム塩などのその他の添加剤については、上記正極活物質層の欄で述べたものと同様である。
電解質層は、電解質塩を溶解させた電解液を含み、好ましくは上記の電解液がセパレータに保持される。
負極活物質層の空孔体積(m3)は、下記の方法で測定した値を用いる。
装置名:マイクロメリティクス製 オートポアIV 9510型
測定細孔径範囲:φ370μm~3nm
水銀接触角:130°
水銀表面張力:485dynes/cm
上記条件で得られたデータより、φ10~0.01μmの細孔径範囲に相当する空孔の容積分布から空孔体積を求める。
本実施形態の非水電解質二次電池において、負極活物質重量は、上記負極活物質層における空孔内の電解質塩重量を負極活物質重量で除した値が0.031以上となる重量であれば特に制限されないが、例えば、負極活物質層の面積1cm2あたりの重量が、6~15g/cm2であり、好ましくは7.5~14g/cm2である。
集電板(25、27)を構成する材料は、特に制限されず、リチウムイオン二次電池用の集電板として従来用いられている公知の高導電性材料が用いられうる。集電板の構成材料としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、これらの合金等の金属材料が好ましい。軽量、耐食性、高導電性の観点から、より好ましくはアルミニウム、銅であり、特に好ましくはアルミニウムである。なお、正極集電板27と負極集電板25とでは、同一の材料が用いられてもよいし、異なる材料が用いられてもよい。
また、図示は省略するが、集電体11と集電板(25、27)との間を正極リードや負極リードを介して電気的に接続してもよい。正極および負極リードの構成材料としては、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池において用いられる材料が同様に採用されうる。なお、外装から取り出された部分は、周辺機器や配線などに接触して漏電したりして製品(例えば、自動車部品、特に電子機器等)に影響を与えないように、耐熱絶縁性の熱収縮チューブなどにより被覆することが好ましい。
電池外装体29としては、公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができるほか、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましく、軽量化の観点からアルミニウムラミネートフィルムがより好ましい。
本実施形態の非水電解質二次電池において、負極活物質層の空孔体積に対する定格容量の比は1.12Ah/cc以上である。負極活物質層の空孔体積に対する容量の比は、負極活物質層の高容量密度化を示す指標である。ここで、負極活物質層の活物質密度を示すg/ccでは、負極活物質自体の密度が考慮される必要がある。例えば、活物質の密度の小さい材料では、同じ容積中に同程度の活物質が充填されても、活物質の密度の大きい材料よりも、負極活物質層の密度が小さくなるため、密度が小さいのか、負極活物質の重量が小さいのかが把握できない。そのため、本明細書では、空孔体積あたりの容量を規定し、容量密度の高さの指標としている。さらに、空孔体積あたりの容量とすることで、どれだけ隙間なく負極活物質が充填されているかという密度の指標となる。さらに、充放電の際にリチウムイオンが移動する経路である電解液が存在する空孔の体積は、リチウムイオンの拡散性の指標となる。
一般的な電気自動車では、電池格納スペースが170L程度である。このスペースにセルおよび充放電制御機器等の補機を格納するため、通常セルの格納スペース効率は50%程度となる。この空間へのセルの積載効率が電気自動車の航続距離を支配する因子となる。単セルのサイズが小さくなると上記積載効率が損なわれるため、航続距離を確保できなくなる。
組電池は、電池を複数個接続して構成した物である。詳しくは少なくとも2つ以上用いて、直列化あるいは並列化あるいはその両方で構成されるものである。直列、並列化することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。
本実施形態の非水電解質二次電池は、長期使用しても放電容量が維持され、サイクル特性が良好である。電気自動車やハイブリッド電気自動車や燃料電池車やハイブリッド燃料電池自動車などの車両用途においては、電気・携帯電子機器用途と比較して、高容量、大型化が求められるとともに、長寿命化が必要となる。したがって、上記非水電解質二次電池は、車両用の電源として、例えば、車両駆動用電源や補助電源に好適に利用することができる。
1.電解液の作製
エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒(30:30:40(体積比))を溶媒とした。電解質塩(リチウム塩)にはLiPF6を用いた。さらに全体重量に対して2.0重量%のビニレンカーボネートを添加して電解液を作製した。LiPF6の濃度は、負極空孔内の電解液のLiPF6重量を単セルあたりの負極活物質重量で除した値が0.033となるように調製した。この電解液の0℃におけるワルデン積は2.9×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1であった。
正極活物質としてLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(平均粒子径:15μm)90重量%、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック5重量%、およびバインダーとしてPVdF5重量%からなる固形分を用意した。この固形分に対し、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量添加して、正極スラリー組成物を作製した。次に、正極スラリー組成物を、集電体であるアルミニウム箔(厚み20μm)の両面に塗布し、乾燥・プレスを行って、正極活物質層の密度3.4g/cm3、正極活物質層の片面塗工量15.0mg/cm2の正極を作製した。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛(平均粒子径:20μm)94重量%、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック2重量%およびバインダーとしてスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)3重量%、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)1重量%からなる固形分を用意した。この固形分に対し、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるイオン交換水を適量添加して、負極活物質スラリー組成物を作製した。次に、負極活物質スラリー組成物を、集電体である銅箔(10μm)の両面に塗布し、乾燥・プレスを行って、負極活物質層の密度1.5g/cm3、片面塗工量7.3mg/cm2の負極を作製した。負極活物質層の比表面積は1.7m2/gであった。
上記で作製した正極を200mm×204mmの長方形状に切断し、負極を205×209mmの長方形状に切断した(正極24枚、負極25枚)。この正極と負極とを210×214mmのセパレータ(ポリプロピレン製の微多孔膜、厚さ25μm、空隙率55%)を介して交互に積層して発電要素を作製した。
定格容量は、温度25℃、3.0Vから4.15Vの電圧範囲で、次の手順1~2によって測定される。
実施例1において、0℃における電解液のワルデン積を3.2×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1となるように調製した。さらに、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例2において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例2において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、0℃における電解液のワルデン積を3.6×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1となるように調製した。さらに、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例5において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例5において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、0℃における電解液のワルデン積を3.1×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1となるように調製した。さらに、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
実施例1において、0℃における電解液のワルデン積を2.7×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1となるように調製した。さらに、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
比較例3において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
比較例3において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
比較例3において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整し、表1に示す非電解質二次電池を得た。
比較例3において、負極活物質層の密度、負極活物質層の片面塗工量、正極活物質層の密度、正極活物質層の片面塗工量を適宜調整した。負極活物質層の比表面積は1.8m2/gであった。
正極に対する電流密度を2mA/cm2として、各実施例および比較例で作製した電池をカットオフ電圧4.15Vまで充電して初期充電容量とし、1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電したときの容量を初期放電容量とした。この充放電サイクルを500回繰返した。初期放電容量に対する500サイクル目の放電容量の割合を容量維持率(%)とし、サイクル耐久性として評価した。
各実施例および比較例で作製した電池について、25℃でSOCを50%に調整した後、電池の温度が0℃になった状態で1Cで20秒間放電を行い、直流抵抗(DCR、オーム)を測定した。実施例1で作製した電池の値を100として相対値として表した。
11 負極集電体、
12 正極集電体、
13 負極活物質層、
15 正極活物質層、
17 セパレータ(電解質層)、
19 単電池層、
21 発電要素、
25 負極集電板、
27 正極集電板、
29 電池外装材。
Claims (6)
- 正極集電体の表面に正極活物質を含む正極活物質層が形成されてなる正極と、
負極集電体の表面に負極活物質を含む負極活物質層が形成されてなる負極と、
電解質層と、
を含む発電要素を有し、
負極活物質層の空孔体積に対する定格容量の比が1.12Ah/cc以上であり、定格容量に対する電池面積の比が4.0cm2/Ah以上であり、かつ、定格容量が30Ah以上である扁平積層型の非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記電解質層が、電解質塩を溶解させた電解液を含み、負極活物質層における空孔内の電解質塩重量を負極活物質重量で除した値が0.031以上である、非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記電解液の0℃におけるワルデン積が、2.5×10-6~3.5×10-6Pa・s・S・m2・mol-1である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質層の比表面積が1.5m2/g以上である、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質層における空孔内の電解質塩重量を負極活物質重量で除した値が0.034以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記定格容量に対する電池面積の比が10cm2/Ah以下であるか、または、前記定格容量が50Ah以上である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質がLiaNibMncCodMxO2(但し、式中、a、b、c、d、xは、0.9≦a≦1.2、0<b<1、0<c≦0.5、0<d≦0.5、0≦x≦0.3を満たす。MはTi、Zr、Nb、W、P、Al、Mg、V、Ca、SrおよびCrから選ばれる少なくとも1種類である)で表される組成を有するリチウム複合酸化物である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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| CN201680086562.XA CN109314277B (zh) | 2016-06-08 | 2016-06-08 | 非水电解质二次电池 |
| KR1020187035551A KR102061442B1 (ko) | 2016-06-08 | 2016-06-08 | 비수전해질 이차 전지 |
| JP2018522243A JP6755311B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 | 2016-06-08 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
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| JP2024107605A (ja) * | 2023-01-30 | 2024-08-09 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP2025087119A (ja) * | 2023-11-29 | 2025-06-10 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池および製造方法 |
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| CN109314277B (zh) | 2020-07-31 |
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| JPWO2017212596A1 (ja) | 2019-04-04 |
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