WO2017094680A1 - 積層塗膜及び塗装物 - Google Patents
積層塗膜及び塗装物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017094680A1 WO2017094680A1 PCT/JP2016/085222 JP2016085222W WO2017094680A1 WO 2017094680 A1 WO2017094680 A1 WO 2017094680A1 JP 2016085222 W JP2016085222 W JP 2016085222W WO 2017094680 A1 WO2017094680 A1 WO 2017094680A1
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- coating film
- base coating
- metallic base
- colored
- light
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/36—Successively applying liquids or other fluent materials, e.g. without intermediate treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
- B05D5/067—Metallic effect
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
- C09D17/004—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints containing an inorganic pigment
- C09D17/005—Carbon black
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D201/00—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/29—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes for multicolour effects
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/66—Additives characterised by particle size
- C09D7/69—Particle size larger than 1000 nm
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2202/00—Metallic substrate
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
- B05D2350/10—Phosphatation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2601/00—Inorganic fillers
- B05D2601/02—Inorganic fillers used for pigmentation effect, e.g. metallic effect
- B05D2601/08—Aluminium flakes or platelets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
- B05D3/0254—After-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/10—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
- B05D3/102—Pretreatment of metallic substrates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/56—Three layers or more
- B05D7/57—Three layers or more the last layer being a clear coat
- B05D7/572—Three layers or more the last layer being a clear coat all layers being cured or baked together
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/56—Three layers or more
- B05D7/57—Three layers or more the last layer being a clear coat
- B05D7/574—Three layers or more the last layer being a clear coat at least some layers being let to dry at least partially before applying the next layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a laminated coating film and a painted product.
- a coating for automobile bodies a multi-layer with high design, excellent in high saturation, high brightness and color depth, in which a color clear coating containing a color pigment is laminated on a metallic base coating containing a glittering material
- the coating film is known, and the chromatic color is called “candy color” coating film, and the achromatic color is called “metal tone coating film”.
- Patent Document 1 forms a first coating film by applying a first paint containing a bright material, and contains a coloring component without baking and curing the first coating film.
- a clear coating film is formed thereon, and the whole is baked and cured. It is disclosed that the content is 0.01 to 1% by weight based on the resin solid content. This technique eliminates the disadvantages of using color clear by controlling the pigment content of the colored base paint of the second coating film, and prevents unevenness and discoloration of the coating film.
- Patent Document 2 a metallic base paint containing a bright pigment is applied to form a metallic base coating film, and a colored base paint containing a colored pigment is applied thereon to perform coloring.
- the lightness L * value of the metallic base coating film is set to 60 or less, It is disclosed that the light transmittance between 400 nm and 700 nm is made 30 to 50%. This technique is also described to reduce the occurrence of color unevenness due to variations in the film thickness of the candy color coating film. However, this method does not sufficiently improve productivity, and a candy color coating film or a metallic coating film with a deeper feeling is desired.
- the present invention provides a uniform design that is less likely to cause color unevenness in the coating without strictly suppressing film thickness fluctuations during coating, has no turbidity, is highly transparent, and has a deep sense of color. It aims at obtaining a certain high design laminated coating film.
- the laminated coating film according to the present invention includes a colored base coating film that contains a colored pigment formed on the surface of an object to be coated and does not contain a bright material, and a colored pigment and a bright material formed on the surface of the colored base coating film. And a metallic base coating film containing The light receiving angle (illuminated from an angle of 45 ° with respect to the normal of the coating surface) measured in a state where only the colored base coating film was formed on the surface of the object to be coated and the metallic base coating film was not formed.
- the angle of inclination from the specular reflection direction to the light source side is the same hereinafter.
- the light reflectance at 15 ° and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° are both 2% or less at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° measured at the metallic base coating alone is 20 to 50% at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is 2.5% at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm. It is characterized by the following.
- the color pigment of the colored base coating film and the color pigment of the metallic base coating film are preferably the same.
- a carbon black pigment is preferably used as the coloring pigment.
- the metallic base coating film preferably has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and a pigment mass concentration of 10% or more and 20% or less.
- the glittering material of the metallic base coating film it is preferable to employ aluminum flakes obtained by pulverizing aluminum foil, and the thickness is preferably 25 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the orientation angle of the aluminum flake relative to the surface of the metallic base coating film is preferably 3 degrees or less.
- a transparent clear coating film is formed on the surface of the metallic base coating film.
- Examples of the coated object having the above-mentioned laminated coating film on the object to be coated include an automobile body, a motorcycle, other vehicle bodies, and other metal products. Good.
- the light reflectance in the state in which only the colored base coating film is formed on the surface of the object to be coated and the light transmittance of the metallic base coating film alone are defined as described above. Even if there is a slight change in film thickness, it is possible to obtain a highly designed laminated coating film that does not cause color unevenness, has no turbidity, is highly transparent, and has a sense of depth in color.
- Sectional drawing which shows a laminated coating film typically. Explanatory drawing of the measuring method of light reflectivity.
- the graph which shows the light-reflectance characteristic of the light reception angle of 15 degrees of the coloring base single coating film and metallic base coating film single which concern on an Example.
- the graph which shows the light reflectivity characteristic of 45 degrees of light reception angles of the coloring base independent coating film and metallic base coating film which concern on an Example.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the measurement result of brightness L * in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing measurement results of color unevenness ⁇ L * in Example 1.
- a laminated coating film 12 provided on the surface of a car body (steel plate) 11 of an automobile is formed by sequentially laminating a colored base coating film 14, a metallic base coating film 15, and a transparent clear coating film 16. It becomes.
- An electrodeposition coating (undercoat) 13 is formed on the surface of the vehicle body 11 by cationic electrodeposition coating, and the laminated coating 12 is provided on the electrodeposition coating 13.
- the colored base coating film 14 contains a color pigment 17 and does not contain a glittering material.
- the metallic base coating film 15 contains a color pigment 17 and a glittering material 18.
- the colored base coating film 14 conceals the color of the base (electrodeposition coating film 13) and, in combination with the metallic base coating film 15 and the transparent clear coating film 16, can exhibit a high transparency design.
- the laminated coating film 12 according to the present invention contains a color pigment and a glittering material with respect to the surface of an object to be coated (in the example of FIG. 1, the body 11 is provided with the electrodeposition coating film 13).
- Step (2) a step (3) of forming a transparent clear coating film 16 by applying a clear paint on the metallic base coating film 15, and a colored base obtained in the above steps (1) to (3)
- the coating film 14, the metallic base coating film 15, and the transparent clear coating film 16 can be obtained by sequentially performing the step (4) of heating and curing to form the laminated coating film 12.
- Examples of the objects to be coated include metals such as iron, steel, aluminum, tin, and zinc, alloys containing these, and molded products obtained by plating or vapor-depositing these metals, and molding using glass, plastic, or foam.
- the vehicle body 11 and automobile parts shown in FIG. 1 are specifically mentioned.
- the object to be coated may have an undercoat film formed on the surface thereof as in the example shown in FIG.
- the above-mentioned undercoat coating film is formed to conceal the surface of the material, prevent corrosion, and prevent rust, and can be obtained by applying the undercoat paint and then curing the coating film by heating.
- the undercoat coating film has a dry film thickness of, for example, 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the undercoat paint is not particularly limited, and specific examples include cationic electrodeposition paints and anion electrodeposition paints, and more specifically, those containing a hydroxyl group-containing resin and a blocked polyisocyanate, Those well known by those skilled in the art such as those containing a resin containing a sulfonium group and a propargyl group can be exemplified. After these are electrodeposited, they are heat cured according to the type of paint used.
- the intermediate object coating film may be formed on the undercoat film.
- the intermediate coat film is applied to the undercoat film.
- the film thickness of the intermediate coating film is, for example, 10 to 50 ⁇ m as a dry film thickness.
- the intermediate coating material contains a film-forming component and is well known by those skilled in the art, for example, one containing a hydroxyl group-containing polyester resin and / or a hydroxyl group-containing acrylic resin, a melamine resin and / or a blocked polyisocyanate.
- these are dried or cured by being applied at normal temperature or by heating.
- the said process (1) can also be implemented by what is called wet on wet coating, without hardening an intermediate coating film.
- the colored base coating material for forming the colored base coating film is preferably a curable coating material, and includes a coating film forming component and a coloring pigment.
- the coating film forming component examples include resins such as acrylic resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, and urethane resin. Furthermore, what has a sclerosing
- the color pigment conceals the color of the surface of the object to be coated and gives the laminated coating a color without turbidity.
- the color pigment include carbon black, iron black, chromium black, copper chromate, titanium black pigment, inorganic color pigments such as iron oxide, and organic color pigments such as pigment black and aniline black.
- the content of the colored pigment in the colored base paint is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of giving color development without turbidity, the pigment mass concentration (mass of pigment contained in paint / (mass of pigment contained in paint and film formation) The sum of the solid masses of the components))) is preferably 3 to 20% by mass.
- the amount is less than 3% by mass, the light reflectance is not sufficiently suppressed, and color unevenness may not be prevented. If it exceeds 20% by mass, the viscosity of the paint increases, the paintability becomes insufficient, the surface smoothness cannot be obtained, and the coating film quality may be deteriorated.
- a more preferred concentration is 5 to 15% by mass, and a more preferred concentration is 8 to 12% by mass.
- the above-mentioned colored base paint may include those well known by those skilled in the art, such as extender pigments, curing catalysts, surface conditioners, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, and the like, if necessary.
- the form of the colored base paint is not particularly limited, and may be any of a solvent type, a water dispersion type, and a water-soluble type.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° was 2% or less at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, measured in a state where a metallic base coating film was not formed (hereinafter referred to as “colored base single coating film”).
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is 2% or less at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm.
- Deviating from this light reflectance characteristic is disadvantageous for the formation of a laminated coating film having transparency without turbidity, and it is disadvantageous for suppressing color unevenness.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is more preferably 1.0% or less at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm.
- the light reflectance is, for example, irradiated from a light source using a U-3310 type spectrophotometer (manufactured by Hitachi) in a wavelength scan mode with a wavelength range of 300 to 780 nm, a scan speed of 300 nm / min, and a sampling interval of 0.5 nm. It can be determined by measuring the ratio of the intensity of the reflected light and the intensity at which the light is reflected by the colored base coating alone.
- the adjustment of the light reflectance of the single colored base coating film is carried out by adjusting the types of colored pigments contained in the colored base paint, the mass concentration of these pigments, and the coating thickness. Specifically, when the coating color is a gray color gamut, the color pigment is carbon black, and the pigment mass concentration is 5 to 20% by mass. The coating is applied so that the dry film thickness is 7 to 20 ⁇ m. By doing so, it is possible to finally obtain a laminated coating film in which color unevenness hardly occurs, the resulting design is homogeneous, there is no turbidity, the transparency is high, and the color is deep.
- the solid content concentration and viscosity of the colored base paint to be applied can be appropriately adjusted by diluting with an organic solvent and / or water.
- Examples of the application method of the colored base paint in the step (1) include air spray coating, airless spray coating, electrostatic spray coating, and the like. From the viewpoint of coating efficiency, electrostatic spray coating is used. It is preferable.
- step (1) Before proceeding to step (2), it is preferable to perform an operation for opening a time interval called an interval.
- an interval By this interval, the organic solvent and / or water contained in the colored base coating film can be sufficiently volatilized, and the appearance of the obtained multilayer coating film is improved.
- the interval is, for example, 15 seconds to 15 minutes. Moreover, you may perform heating operation with respect to the to-be-coated object which formed the colored base coating film during the said interval.
- This heating operation may cure the colored base coating film, but from the viewpoint of energy saving, it does not actively cure the colored base coating film, but the organic solvent contained in the colored base coating film and It is preferable to use so-called preheating that efficiently volatilizes water in a short time.
- the preheating conditions are, for example, 40 to 80 ° C. and 2 to 10 minutes.
- the preheating can be performed using, for example, a warm air heater or an infrared heater.
- the metallic base coating material for forming the metallic base coating film is preferably a curable coating material, and includes a coating film forming component, a color pigment, and a glittering material.
- the colored pigment conceals the color of the surface of the object to be coated and gives the laminated coating film transparency without turbidity.
- carbon black, iron black, chromium black, copper chromate, titanium black Illustrative examples include pigments, inorganic color pigments such as iron oxide, and organic color pigments such as pigment black and aniline black.
- the glittering material gives lightness to the resulting laminated coating film, and is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies a predetermined light reflectance.
- flaky aluminum powder, alumina powder, bronze powder, copper powder, tin powder Zinc powder, iron phosphide, metal-coated mica powder, titanium dioxide-coated mica powder and the like can be exemplified.
- the bright material is preferably flaky aluminum powder, that is, aluminum flakes, from the viewpoint of efficiently obtaining a predetermined light reflectance.
- the particle size of the aluminum flakes is preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. When the particle size is less than 8 ⁇ m, the orientation deteriorates. When the particle size exceeds 20 ⁇ m, a part of the aluminum flakes protrudes from the metallic base coating film, and the corrosion resistance may be lowered.
- the thickness of the aluminum flakes is preferably 25 nm or more and 200 nm or less. If the aluminum flakes become excessively thin, the proportion of light that passes through the flakes increases, which is disadvantageous in obtaining a glittering feeling. In addition, when the aluminum flakes are too thin with respect to the particle diameter, the aluminum flakes are easily deformed, which is disadvantageous for the orientation. From this viewpoint, the thickness of the aluminum flakes is preferably 0.4% or more of the particle size, for example, 30 nm or more. On the other hand, when the aluminum flakes are excessively thick, the orientation thereof is lowered, and the volume ratio of the aluminum flakes in the glittering material-containing layer necessary for securing the glitter is increased, and the physical properties of the coating film are lowered. Therefore, the thickness of the aluminum flakes is preferably 200 nm or less. More preferably, the thickness of the aluminum flake is 80 nm or more and 150 nm or less.
- the aluminum flakes preferably have a surface roughness Ra of 100 nm or less in order to suppress irregular reflection or scattering of light.
- the content of the colored pigment in the metallic base paint is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of obtaining transparency without lightness and turbidity, the pigment mass concentration ((mass of pigment contained in paint) / (mass of pigment contained in paint) And 5 to 20% by mass in terms of the solid content mass of the coating film forming component)). If the amount is less than 5% by mass, the light reflectance may not be sufficiently suppressed and uneven color may not be prevented. If the amount exceeds 20% by mass, the transparency and lightness without turbidity are insufficient and high design properties are obtained. In addition, the coating film quality may be deteriorated. A more preferred concentration is 10 to 18% by mass.
- the content of the glittering material in the metallic base paint is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 to 15% by mass in terms of pigment mass concentration from the viewpoint of obtaining lightness and transparency without turbidity. If it is less than 3% by mass, the transparency and lightness without turbidity may be insufficient and high designability may not be obtained, and if it exceeds 15% by mass, the coating quality may be deteriorated. A more preferred concentration is 5 to 10% by mass.
- the metallic base paint may include those well known by those skilled in the art, such as extender pigments, curing catalysts, surface conditioners, ultraviolet absorbers, and antioxidants, as necessary.
- the form of the metallic base paint is not particularly limited, and may be any of a solvent type, a water dispersion type, and a water-soluble type.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° measured by a metallic base coating alone formed by a metallic base paint is 20 to 50% at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is 450 nm. It is 2.5% or less at ⁇ 700 nm.
- the paint color is a gray color gamut, it is necessary to have such light reflectance characteristics. Deviating from this light reflectance characteristic is disadvantageous for gray color development.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° is preferably 25 to 45% at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is preferably 0.5% or more at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm. Is more preferably 1 to 1.5%.
- the measurement of the light reflectance of the metallic base coating film alone is performed as follows. For example, spray coating the prepared metallic base paint on the polypropylene plate so that it becomes a dry coating film of a predetermined thickness, heat cure, and then peel off the coating from the polypropylene plate to create a single metallic base coating film To do.
- Metallic base coating film alone means a coating film obtained by peeling only the metallic base coating film from the substrate as described above.
- the light reflectance can be measured by the same method as that for the colored base single coating described above.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° is 20 to 50% at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is 450 to 700 nm. In this case, it is necessary to be 2.5% or less.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° is less than 20%, the brightness of the resulting laminated coating film is lowered.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° exceeds 50%, the transparency of the resulting laminated coating film is lowered.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° exceeds 2.5%, it is disadvantageous for suppressing color unevenness.
- the fact that the light reflectance exceeds 2.5% means that the orientation of the bright material such as aluminum flakes is largely disturbed, and as a result, uneven color tends to occur.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is preferably 0.5% or more.
- this light reflectance is less than 0.5%, the appearance in the regular reflection direction is deteriorated. That is, that the light reflectance is less than 0.5% means that the specularly reflected light is strengthened because the coating surface is close to a mirror or a plating surface. In that case, only a part that regularly reflects light becomes brighter (appears as whitish), and if the angle of the viewpoint is slightly shifted even in the vicinity of the regular reflection direction, the brightness sharply decreases. In other words, there is no spread in the highlight portion, a feeling of shining on the surface with a certain extent cannot be obtained, and the appearance is deteriorated.
- the adjustment of the light reflectance in the metallic base coating film alone is performed by adjusting the types of color pigments and glittering materials contained in the metallic base paint, the mass concentration of these pigments, and the film thickness at the time of coating.
- the coating color is a gray color gamut
- the coloring pigment is carbon black
- the pigment mass concentration is 10 to 20% by mass so that the dry film thickness is 1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the solid content concentration and viscosity of the metallic base paint can be appropriately adjusted by diluting with an organic solvent and / or water.
- step (2) In order to suppress bleeding and inversion between layers of the metallic base coating film obtained in step (2) and the transparent clear coating film obtained in step (3) described later, after step (2), step ( Before proceeding to 3), as in the case of proceeding from step (1) to step (2) above, an operation for opening a time interval called an interval, and the coating with a colored base coating film formed during the interval You may heat operation with respect to a thing.
- the interval and the heating operation can be performed in the same manner as in the case of proceeding from step (1) to step (2).
- the transparent clear coating film can prevent discoloration of the colored base coating film and the metallic base coating film, and can give a high transparency and color depth to the resulting laminated coating film.
- the clear paint for forming the transparent clear paint film is preferably a curable paint from the viewpoint of the performance of the obtained paint film.
- the clear paint contains a coating film forming component.
- the coating film forming component include a combination of a resin and a curing agent described in the section of the colored base paint, and from the viewpoint of acid resistance, an acrylic resin having an active hydrogen-containing functional group such as a hydroxyl group, and It is preferable to use a combination of a polyester resin and a polyisocyanate resin curing agent blocked as necessary, or a combination of a carboxylic acid group-containing acrylic resin and / or a polyester resin and an epoxy group-containing acrylic resin. .
- the clear paint can contain various additives well known by those skilled in the art, such as a surface conditioner, a viscosity control agent, an ultraviolet absorber, and a light stabilizer.
- the clear paint does not contain a color pigment and a glittering material from the viewpoint of color fading, weather resistance and color depth of the resulting coating film.
- the form of the clear paint is not particularly limited, and may be any of solvent type, water dispersion type, water-soluble type, and powder.
- step (3) when the clear paint to be applied is a solvent-type, water-dispersed type or water-soluble type, its solid content concentration and viscosity should be adjusted as appropriate by diluting with an organic solvent and / or water. Can do.
- the application method in step (3) is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the type and form of the clear paint. Specifically, in the case of a solvent type, a water dispersion type or a water type, air spray coating Airless spray coating, electrostatic spray coating and the like, and in the case of powder, powder coating can be mentioned.
- the film thickness is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 to 50 ⁇ m in dry film thickness.
- step (4) the colored base coating film, metallic base coating film and transparent clear coating film obtained in the above steps (1), (2) and (3) are heated and cured to form a laminated coating film.
- the conditions for the heat curing are not particularly limited.
- a high-design laminated coating film can be obtained on the surface of the object to be coated by drying or curing at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time.
- the predetermined temperature and the predetermined time can be appropriately set according to the type of the clear paint.
- the high-design laminated coating film obtained in this way is excellent in transparency, deep in color, and has high chroma design, and does not strictly suppress film thickness fluctuations during painting. However, the occurrence of uneven color can be suppressed, and a homogeneous design can be obtained.
- the dry film thickness of the high design laminated coating film is not particularly limited and is, for example, 30 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Power zinc 110 (Nihon Paint Co., Ltd., cationic electrodeposition coating composition) is electrodeposited onto a zinc phosphate treated dal steel plate and dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes for electrodeposition. A coating film was obtained.
- the colored base paint 1 was spray-coated on the object to be coated so that the dried coating film had a thickness of 12 ⁇ m, and was cured by heating at 140 ° C. for 20 minutes in a hot air drying furnace to obtain a colored base single coating film.
- a wavelength range of 300 to 780 nm, a scanning speed of 300 nm / min, and a sampling interval of 0 are used for the light reflectance of the colored base single coating at 15 ° and 45 °. Measured in a wavelength scan mode of 5 nm.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a method for measuring light reflectance.
- the light source 21 illuminates the coating surface 22 at an angle inclined by 45 ° from the normal line.
- the regular reflection direction was set to 0 °
- the sensor (the spectrophotometer) 23 was arranged so as to receive light at an angle of 15 ° from the regular reflection direction toward the light source 21, and the light reflectance at a light reception angle of 15 ° was measured.
- the sensor 23 was arranged to receive light at an angle inclined by 45 ° from the regular reflection direction toward the light source 21, and the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° was measured.
- FIG. 3 shows the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° for the colored base coating material 1 and the colored base coating film 1 and the metallic base coating material alone
- FIG. 4 shows the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 °. Show.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 15 ° is 2% or less at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm (average light reflectance 0.4%), and the light receiving angle is 45 °.
- the light reflectance is 2% or less (average light reflectance 0.4%) at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm.
- the light reflectivity at a light receiving angle of 15 ° is 30 to 40% (average light reflectivity 36.3%) at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and falls within the range of 20 to 50%.
- the light reflectance at a light receiving angle of 45 ° is 1 to 1.5% (average light reflectance 1.3%) at a wavelength of 450 to 700 nm, and is in the range of 0.5 to 2.5%.
- a colored base paint 2-4 was prepared in the same manner as the colored base paint 1 by blending the components and blends shown in Table 1, and the light reflectance of the single colored base paint film for each of the colored base paints 2-4 was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Metallic base paint 2-6 was prepared in the same manner as Metallic base paint 1 with the ingredients and composition shown in Table 1, and the light reflectance of the metallic base coating film alone for each of the metallic base paints 2-6 was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Powernics 110 (Cation Electrodeposition Paint Composition manufactured by Nippon Paint Co., Ltd.) is electrodeposited so that the dry film thickness is 20 ⁇ m, and cured by heating at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes. A film was formed. This was the object to be painted.
- Example 1 The colored base paint 1 was applied to the object to be coated with a metabell (rotary atomization electrostatic coating machine) so that the dry film thickness was 12 ⁇ m. After setting for 2 minutes, the metallic base paint 1 was applied with a metal bell so that the dry film thickness was 5 ⁇ m or less. After setting for 4 minutes, the clear paint was applied with a ⁇ (micro micro) bell (rotary atomizing electrostatic coater) so that the dry coating film became 35 ⁇ m. Further, after setting for 10 minutes, the laminate coating film of Example 1 shown in Table 2 was obtained by baking and curing at 140 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- a metabell rotary atomization electrostatic coating machine
- Example 2-6 Comparative Example 1-10-
- the colored base paint 1-4 shown in Table 1 and the metallic base paint 1-6 were selectively combined to give Example 2-6 shown in Table 2 and Comparative Example 1-10 shown in Table 3.
- a laminated coating film was obtained.
- Example 1-6 and Comparative Example 1-10 The transparency of Example 1-6 and Comparative Example 1-10, the intensity of color depth, and the presence or absence of color unevenness were visually evaluated. The results are shown in Tables 2 and 3. In Tables 2 and 3, “O” in each column of “Transparency without turbidity”, “I feel high depth” and “I don't feel color unevenness” are “good”, and “ ⁇ ” is “normal” , “X” means “bad”, respectively.
- Example 1-6 had no problem from the viewpoints of transparency, depth, and color unevenness of the coating film.
- Example 1 had no turbidity, high transparency, a strong sense of depth, and no color unevenness was visually observed.
- Example 2 showed high transparency like Example 1, but was slightly inferior to Example 1 in terms of depth and color unevenness prevention.
- Example 3 was slightly inferior in transparency to Example 1, but was as good as Example 1 in terms of depth and color unevenness prevention.
- Example 4-6 the light reflectance of the colored base coating alone is higher than that in Example 1-3 (Example 1-3 is 0.4%, Example 4-6 is 1.5%). However, the transparency, depth, and color unevenness of the coating film were generally good although they were slightly inferior to those of Example 1-3.
- Comparative Example 1 the reflectance of the colored base coating film by the colored base paint 2 was high, and uneven color was observed. Comparative Example 2 resulted in inferior transparency and depth. This is because the viscosity of the paint is increased because the pigment concentration of the colored base paint 3 is high, and as a result, the surface smoothness is lowered. In Comparative Example 3-5, uneven color was observed. This is recognized as a result of an increase in the brightness of the colored base coating film by the colored base paint 2. Moreover, in the case of the comparative example 4, since the amount of aluminum flakes of a metallic base coating material is large, it is recognized that the color unevenness became strong due to the disorder of the orientation.
- Comparative Example 6 The low transparency of Comparative Example 6 is recognized as a result of the low surface smoothness of the colored base coating film.
- the reduction in reflectance due to aluminum flakes was relatively good in terms of depth and color unevenness suppression.
- Comparative Example 7 although the amount of carbon in the metallic base paint is small, the amount of aluminum flakes is large, so that the color irregularity becomes strong due to the disorder of the orientation, and the transparency and depth are inferior. It is recognized.
- Comparative Example 8 the amount of aluminum flakes in the metallic base paint is appropriate, but the feeling of depth is reduced due to the decrease in the carbon concentration.
- the light reflectance of the colored base coating film is 2% or less, but the light reflectance of 15 ° and 45 ° of the metallic base coating film is low. As a result, the transparency is poor. It has become.
- the light reflectance of the colored base coating film is 2% or less, but the light reflectance of 15 ° and 45 ° of the metallic base coating film is high, and as a result, the feeling of depth is poor. It has become normal to not feel uneven color.
- L * is a spectrophotometer specified in JIS ⁇ Z 7222 (in this example, MA98 multi-angle spectrocolorimeter manufactured by X-Rite Co., Ltd.). Measured at ° (vertical light reception). The measurement result of the lightness L * of Example 1 is shown in FIG. 5, and the measurement result of the color unevenness ⁇ L * is shown in FIG.
- ⁇ L * is 0.4 or less, it is difficult to feel color unevenness, and if ⁇ L * is 0.25 or less, color unevenness is not felt.
- ⁇ L * is 0.25 or less, and it can be seen that color unevenness is not felt.
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Abstract
Description
上記被塗装物の表面に上記着色ベース塗膜のみが形成され、上記メタリックベース塗膜が形成されていない状態で測定した、受光角(塗膜面の法線に対して45゜の角度から照明したときの、正反射方向から光源側への傾き角度のこと。以下、同じ。)15゜の光線反射率及び受光角45゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて共に2%以下であり、
上記メタリックベース塗膜単独で測定した、受光角15゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて20~50%であり、かつ受光角45゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて2.5%以下であることを特徴とする。
図1に示すように本実施形態の自動車の車体(鋼板)11の表面に設けられた積層塗膜12は、着色ベース塗膜14、メタリックベース塗膜15及び透明クリヤ塗膜16を順に積層してなる。車体11の表面にはカチオン電着塗装によって電着塗膜(下塗り)13が形成され、電着塗膜13の上に上記積層塗膜12が設けられている。
上記被塗装物としては、例えば、鉄、鋼、アルミニウム、スズ、亜鉛等の金属やこれらを含む合金、および、これらの金属のメッキまたは蒸着した成型物、ならびに、ガラス、プラスチックや発泡体による成型物等を挙げることができ、具体的には、図1に示す自動車車体11や自動車部品が挙げられる。被塗装物は、図1に示す例のように、その表面に下塗り塗膜が形成されていてもよい。
着色ベース塗膜を形成するための着色ベース塗料は、硬化型塗料であることが好ましく、塗膜形成成分と、着色顔料とを含んでいる。
工程(2)で形成するメタリックベース塗膜によって、着色ベース塗膜で得られた色を微調整し、さらに濁りのない透明性と色の深み感を増すことができる。
透明クリヤ塗膜により、上記着色ベース塗膜およびメタリックベース塗膜の色落ちを防止し、さらに、得られる積層塗膜に高い透明感と色の深み感を与えることができる。
工程(4)では、上記工程(1)、(2)および(3)で得られた着色ベース塗膜、メタリックベース塗膜および透明クリヤ塗膜を加熱硬化して積層塗膜を形成する。
ステンレス容器に日本ペイント社製アクリル樹脂65.6質量部(固形分量)を入れ、これにEMPEROR 2000(キャボット社製カーボンブラック、商品名)を11.0質量部加えて粒度が0.4μm以下となるように分散させた。次いでユーバン128(三井化学社製ブチル化メラミン樹脂、商品名)15.5質量部(固形分量)を加えて卓上攪拌機で攪拌し、表1に示す着色ベース塗料1を調製した。これを塗装粘度に調整した。
リン酸亜鉛処理したダル鋼板に、パワーニクス110(日本ペイント社製カチオン電着塗料組成物)を乾燥膜厚が20μmとなるように電着塗装し、160℃で30分間加熱硬化させて電着塗膜を得た。この被塗装物上に、着色ベース塗料1を乾燥塗膜が12μmとなるようにスプレー塗装し、熱風乾燥炉にて140℃で20分間加熱硬化させて着色ベース単独塗膜を得た。この着色ベース単独塗膜の受光角15゜及び45゜の光線反射率を、U-3310型分光光度計(日立社製)を用い、波長域300~780nm、スキャンスピード300nm/min、サンプリング間隔0.5nmの波長スキャンモードで測定した。
ステンレス容器に日本ペイント社製アクリル樹脂33.3質量部(固形分量)を入れ、これにEMPEROR 2000(キャボット社製カーボンブラック、商品名)を16.2質量部を加えて粒度が5μm以下となるように分散させた。次いでユーバン128(三井化学社製ブチル化メラミン樹脂、商品名、固形分60%)を13.5質量部(固形分量)及びアルミペースト7640NS(東洋アルミニウム社製アルミニウム顔料、商品名)8.0質量部(固形分量)を加えて卓上攪拌機で攪拌して、表1に示すメタリックベース塗料1を調製した。これを塗装粘度に調整した。
ポリプロピレン板上に、メタリックベース塗料1を乾燥塗膜が3μmとなるようにスプレー塗装し、熱風乾燥炉にて140℃で20分間加熱硬化させた後、形成した塗膜をポリプロピレン板より剥離して単独のメタリックベース塗膜を得た。このメタリックベース塗膜単独の受光角15゜及び45゜の光線反射率を、U-3310型分光光度計(日立社製)を用い、波長域300~780nm、スキャンスピード300nm/min、サンプリング間隔0.5nmの波長スキャンモードで測定した。
図3は着色ベース塗料1及びメタリックベース塗料1に係る着色ベース単独塗膜及びメタリックベース塗膜単独の受光角15゜の光線反射率を示し、図4は同じく受光角45゜の光線反射率を示す。
着色ベース塗料2-4を表1に記載の成分と配合によって着色ベース塗料1と同様に調製し、着色ベース塗料2-4各々に係る着色ベース単独塗膜の光線反射率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
メタリックベース塗料2-6を表1に記載の成分と配合によってメタリックベース塗料1と同様に調製し、メタリックベース塗料2-6各々に係るメタリックベース塗膜単独の光線反射率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
マックフローO-1600クリヤ(日本ペイント社製酸・エポキシ硬化系クリヤ塗料、商品名)を塗装粘度に調整した。
リン酸亜鉛処理したダル鋼板に、パワーニクス110(日本ペイント社製カチオン電着塗料組成物)を乾燥膜厚が20μmとなるように電着塗装し、160℃で30分間加熱硬化し電着塗膜を形成した。これを被塗装物とした。
-実施例1-
上記被塗装物に、着色ベース塗料1を乾燥膜厚が12μmとなるようにメタベル(回転霧化式静電塗装機)により塗装した。2分間のセッティングの後、メタリックベース塗料1を乾燥膜厚が5μm以下となるようにメタベルにより塗装した。4分間のセッティングの後、クリヤ塗料を乾燥塗膜が35μmとなるようにμμ(マイクロマイクロ)ベル(回転霧化式静電塗装機)により塗装した。さらに10分間のセッティングの後、140℃で20分間焼付硬化させることにより、表2に示す実施例1の積層塗膜を得た。
実施例1と同様にして、表1に示す着色ベース塗料1-4とメタリックベース塗料1-6を選択的に組み合わせて表2に示す実施例2-6及び表3に示す比較例1-10の積層塗膜を得た。
実施例1-6及び比較例1-10の透明性の高低、色の深み感の強弱及び色むらの有無を目視で評価した。結果を表2及び表3に示す。表2及び表3において、「濁りがなく透明である」、「高い深み感がある」及び「色むらを感じない」の各欄の「○」は「良好」、「△」は「普通」、「×」は「不良」をそれぞれ意味する。
12 積層塗膜
13 電着塗膜
14 着色ベース塗膜
15 メタリックベース塗膜
16 透明クリヤ塗膜
17 着色顔料
18 光輝材
Claims (8)
- 被塗装物の表面に形成された着色顔料を含有し光輝材を含有しない着色ベース塗膜と、該着色ベース塗膜の表面に形成された着色顔料および光輝材を含有するメタリックベース塗膜とを備える積層塗膜であって、
上記被塗装物の表面に上記着色ベース塗膜のみが形成され、上記メタリックベース塗膜が形成されていない状態で測定した、受光角(塗膜面の法線に対して45゜の角度から照明したときの、正反射方向から光源側への傾き角度のこと。以下、同じ。)15゜の光線反射率及び受光角45゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて共に2%以下であり、
上記メタリックベース塗膜単独で測定した、受光角15゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて20~50%であり、かつ受光角45゜の光線反射率が波長450~700nmにおいて2.5%以下であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項1において、
上記着色ベース塗膜の着色顔料と上記メタリックベース塗膜の着色顔料が同一であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項2において、
上記着色ベース塗膜の着色顔料及び上記メタリックベース塗膜の着色顔料がカーボンブラック系顔料であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項3において、
上記メタリックベース塗膜は、厚さが1μm以上5μm以下であり、顔料質量濃度が10%以上20%以下であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか一において、
上記メタリックベース塗膜の光輝材がアルミフレークであり、その厚さが25nm以上200nm以下であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項5において、
上記メタリックベース塗膜の表面に対する上記アルミフレークの配向角が3度以下であることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
上記メタリックベース塗膜の表面に透明クリヤ塗膜が形成されていることを特徴とする積層塗膜。 - 請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか一に記載された積層塗膜を備えていることを特徴とする塗装物。
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| WO2019219297A1 (de) * | 2018-05-18 | 2019-11-21 | Karl Wörwag Lack- Und Farbenfabrik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Mehrschichtige, farb- und/oder effektgebende lackierung sowie verfahren zur bildung einer basislackschicht |
| WO2019230954A1 (ja) * | 2018-06-01 | 2019-12-05 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 金属調加飾用部材及びそれを用いた金属調加飾成形体 |
| JP2021160219A (ja) * | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | マツダ株式会社 | 加飾フィルム及びその製造方法 |
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| US11118061B2 (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2021-09-14 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Article including at least one metal portion |
| CN111974657A (zh) * | 2020-08-25 | 2020-11-24 | 苏州欧普照明有限公司 | 一种多彩涂层的制备方法、多彩涂层和灯具配件 |
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| US12384926B2 (en) | 2018-05-18 | 2025-08-12 | Ppg Advanced Surface Technologies, Llc | Multilayer color and/or effect giving coating and method of forming a basecoat layer |
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| JP7384156B2 (ja) | 2018-06-01 | 2023-11-21 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 金属調加飾用部材及びそれを用いた金属調加飾成形体 |
| JP2021160219A (ja) * | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | マツダ株式会社 | 加飾フィルム及びその製造方法 |
| JP7532854B2 (ja) | 2020-03-31 | 2024-08-14 | マツダ株式会社 | 加飾フィルム及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20180304305A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
| MX2018006426A (es) | 2018-08-01 |
| CN108367311A (zh) | 2018-08-03 |
| JPWO2017094680A1 (ja) | 2018-09-13 |
| DE112016005041T5 (de) | 2018-08-02 |
| JP6658769B2 (ja) | 2020-03-04 |
| CN108367311B (zh) | 2021-07-27 |
| RU2686175C1 (ru) | 2019-04-24 |
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