WO2016117380A1 - 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- WO2016117380A1 WO2016117380A1 PCT/JP2016/050438 JP2016050438W WO2016117380A1 WO 2016117380 A1 WO2016117380 A1 WO 2016117380A1 JP 2016050438 W JP2016050438 W JP 2016050438W WO 2016117380 A1 WO2016117380 A1 WO 2016117380A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
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- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/84—Layers having high charge carrier mobility
- H10K30/85—Layers having high electron mobility, e.g. electron-transporting layers or hole-blocking layers
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- H10K30/84—Layers having high charge carrier mobility
- H10K30/86—Layers having high hole mobility, e.g. hole-transporting layers or electron-blocking layers
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- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
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- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a film containing poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT / PSS) is applied on ITO as a transparent electrode.
- PEDOT / PSS poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid)
- To form an active layer by coating a solution containing a perovskite compound on the hole injecting layer, and forming a fullerene derivative [6,6] -phenyl C on the active layer.
- a photoelectric conversion element is described in which an electron transport layer is formed by applying a solution containing 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (C 60 PCBM) and forming a film, and a cathode material is deposited on the electron transport layer. ing.
- Non-Patent Document 1 the photoelectric conversion element described in Non-Patent Document 1 described above does not have sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element capable of obtaining high photoelectric conversion efficiency and a method for manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element.
- the present invention provides the inventions according to the following [1] to [10].
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a residual film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the residual film ratio after the water rinsing treatment shown below,
- the material of the hole injection layer is selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents as repeating units.
- a photoelectric conversion element that is one or more materials.
- a film is applied by spin coating on a 1 inch square substrate so as to form a film as a hole injection layer in a photoelectric conversion element, and then a meniscus shape is formed on the film. Water is placed on the plate and allowed to stand for 30 seconds, followed by spinning at 4000 rpm and shaking off the water to perform a water rinse treatment. The film thickness before and after the water rinse treatment was measured with a stylus type film thickness meter, and the value of (film thickness after the water rinse treatment / film thickness before the water rinse treatment) ⁇ 100 (%) was determined as the remaining after the water rinse treatment. The film rate.
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a remaining film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after the water rinsing treatment described above,
- the material of the hole injection layer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of an aromatic amine compound and a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit; and
- the photoelectric conversion element whose thickness of a positive hole injection layer is 15 nm or less.
- the electron transport layer comprises The photoelectric conversion device according to [4], which is a layer formed by applying a coating liquid containing one or more materials selected from the group consisting of fullerenes and fullerene derivatives.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the active layer is a layer formed by a coating method.
- An organic photosensor having the photoelectric conversion element described in any one of [1] to [7].
- a photoelectric conversion element having a support substrate, an anode, a cathode, an active layer containing a perovskite compound provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole injection layer provided between the anode and the active layer
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a remaining film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after the water rinsing treatment described above,
- the material of the hole injection layer is selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing a phenyl group having at least three
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element which is 1 or more types of materials.
- a photoelectric conversion device having a support substrate, an anode, a cathode, an active layer containing a perovskite compound provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole injection layer provided between the anode and the active layer
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a remaining film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after the water rinsing treatment described above,
- the material of the hole injection layer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of an aromatic amine compound and a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit; and
- the manufacturing method of a photoelectric conversion element whose thickness of a positive hole injection layer is 15 nm or less.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a photoelectric conversion element using a perovskite compound in an active layer, which can obtain high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and a method for manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element.
- the first form of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is: An anode, a cathode, an active layer including a perovskite compound provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole injection layer provided between the anode and the active layer,
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a remaining film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after water rinsing treatment described later,
- the material of the hole injection layer is selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents as repeating units. It is a photoelectric conversion element which is one or more kinds of materials.
- the second form of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is: An anode, a cathode, an active layer including a perovskite compound provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole injection layer provided between the anode and the active layer,
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a remaining film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after water rinsing treatment described later,
- the material of the hole injection layer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of an aromatic amine compound and a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit; and
- the photoelectric conversion element has a hole injection layer having a thickness of 15 nm or less.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention means both the first form and the second form of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is preferably a photoelectric conversion element having a configuration in which a support substrate, an anode, a hole injection layer, an active layer, and a cathode are laminated in this order, and the support substrate, the anode, and the hole injection It is more preferable that the photoelectric conversion element has a configuration in which the layer, the active layer, the electron transport layer, and the cathode are laminated in this order.
- At least one of the anode and the cathode is transparent or translucent.
- the perovskite compound contained in the active layer usually has a crystal structure, and light incident from a transparent or translucent electrode is absorbed by the perovskite compound in the active layer, thereby generating electrons and holes. Is done. As electrons and holes move in the active layer, electric energy (current) is extracted to the outside.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is usually formed on a support substrate.
- a substrate that is not chemically changed when a photoelectric conversion element is manufactured is preferably used.
- the support substrate include a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, a polymer film, and a silicon plate.
- a substrate having high light transmittance is preferably used as the support substrate.
- the cathode is composed of a transparent or translucent electrode because light cannot be taken in from the anode side. By using such an electrode, even if an opaque support substrate is used, light can be taken in from the cathode side opposite to the anode side provided on the support substrate side.
- anode For the anode, a conductive metal oxide film, a metal thin film, a conductive film containing an organic substance, or the like is used.
- the material of the anode include indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide (abbreviated as ITO), fluorinated tin oxide (abbreviated as FTO), and indium zinc oxide (Indium).
- Zinc Oxide (abbreviation IZO) gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, and polythiophene and derivatives thereof are used.
- ITO, FTO, IZO, and tin oxide are suitably used as the anode material.
- a transparent or translucent electrode in which the thickness of the thin film constituting the above-described anode is set to such a thickness that light can be transmitted is usually used as the anode.
- the hole injection layer is provided between the anode and the active layer and has a function of promoting hole injection into the anode.
- the hole injection layer is preferably provided in contact with the anode.
- a material that is insoluble in water after film formation is used as the material for the hole injection layer.
- being insoluble in water means that the remaining film ratio is 80% or more in the measurement of the remaining film ratio after the water rinsing process described later.
- the remaining film rate is preferably 90% or more, and more preferably 98% or more and 100% or less.
- the remaining film ratio after the water rinsing treatment is determined by the following measuring method.
- a film is applied by spin coating on a 1 inch square substrate so as to form a film as a hole injection layer in a photoelectric conversion element, and then a meniscus shape is formed on the film.
- Water is placed on the plate and allowed to stand for 30 seconds, followed by spinning at 4000 rpm and shaking off the water to perform a water rinse treatment.
- the film thickness before and after the water rinse treatment was measured with a stylus type film thickness meter, and the value of (film thickness after the water rinse treatment / film thickness before the water rinse treatment) ⁇ 100 (%) was determined as the remaining after the water rinse treatment.
- the film rate In the examples of the present specification, the film thickness before and after the water rinse treatment was measured using a stylus film thickness meter manufactured by DEKTAK Bruker Nano as a stylus film thickness meter.
- the film used for the residual film ratio measurement is substantially the same film as the hole injection layer included in the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention. More specifically, the film used for the residual film ratio measurement is substantially the same as the hole injection layer included in the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, and is formed by substantially the same method. The films have the same film thickness.
- water By placing water in a meniscus shape on the membrane used for measuring the residual film ratio (that is, by placing water so as to form a meniscus), water is applied so that the water covers substantially the entire surface of the membrane. Can be placed.
- the film thickness before the water treatment and the film thickness after the water treatment are usually measured at the center of the film formed on a 1-inch square substrate.
- Examples of the material of the hole injection layer that is insoluble in water after film formation include polymer compounds such as polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polypyrrole and derivatives thereof, and polymer compounds having aromatic amine residues as repeating units. , Low molecular weight compounds such as aniline, thiophene, pyrrole, and aromatic amine compounds. Among these, one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit are preferable. Among the polymer compounds, from the viewpoint of long life, a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit is preferable.
- the material of the hole injection layer in the first embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has polythiophene and a derivative thereof, an aromatic amine compound containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents, and at least three substituents. It is preferably one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polymer compounds having a phenyl group-containing aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit, polythiophene and its derivatives, and a phenyl group having at least three substituents More preferably, the material is one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing as a repeating unit.
- the material of the hole injection layer in the second embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is preferably a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit.
- aromatic amine compound examples include the following.
- the aromatic amine compound preferably contains a phenyl group having at least three substituents.
- aromatic amine compound containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents are as follows.
- the repeating unit having an aromatic amine residue is a repeating unit obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic amine compound.
- the repeating unit having an aromatic amine residue include a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1).
- the polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit preferably includes a phenyl group having at least three substituents.
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 3 and Ar 4 each independently represent an arylene group (A1) or a divalent heterocyclic group (B1).
- E 1 , E 2 and E 3 each independently represents an aryl group (A2) or a heterocyclic group (B2).
- a and b each independently represent 0 or 1, and 0 ⁇ a + b ⁇ 1.
- Arylene group (A1) A remaining atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic hydrocarbon, having a benzene ring or a condensed ring, and two or more rings selected from independent benzene rings and condensed rings are directly or vinylene And those bonded through groups such as.
- the arylene group may have a substituent.
- substituents examples include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylalkynyl group, an amino group, and a substituted amino group.
- the carbon number of the unsubstituted arylene group (that is, the carbon number of the arylene group not including the carbon number of the substituent) is usually about 6 to 60, preferably 6 to 20.
- Divalent heterocyclic group (B1) It is the remaining atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from the heterocyclic compound, and the divalent heterocyclic group may have a substituent.
- the heterocyclic compound is an organic compound having a cyclic structure, and the elements constituting the ring are not only carbon atoms but also heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and arsenic in the ring. This includes things.
- substituents examples include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylalkynyl group, an amino group, and a substituted amino group.
- An alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, a substituted amino group, a substituted silyl group, a substituted silyloxy group, or a monovalent heterocyclic group is preferable.
- the carbon number of the unsubstituted divalent heterocyclic group (that is, the carbon number of the divalent heterocyclic group not including the carbon number of the substituent) is usually about 3 to 60.
- Aryl group (A2) Alkyl group, alkoxy group, alkylthio group, aryl group, aryloxy group, arylthio group, arylalkyl group, arylalkoxy group, arylalkylthio group, arylalkenyl group, arylalkynyl group, amino group, substituted amino group, silyl group, substituted
- An aryl group optionally having a substituent selected from the group consisting of a silyl group, a silyloxy group, a substituted silyloxy group, a monovalent heterocyclic group and a halogen atom;
- the carbon number of the unsubstituted aryl group is usually about 6 to 60, and preferably 6 to 30.
- Monovalent heterocyclic group (B2) Alkyl group, alkoxy group, alkylthio group, aryl group, aryloxy group, arylthio group, arylalkyl group, arylalkoxy group, arylalkylthio group, arylalkenyl group, arylalkynyl group, amino group, substituted amino group, silyl group, substituted
- a monovalent heterocyclic group optionally having a substituent selected from the group consisting of a silyl group, a silyloxy group, a substituted silyloxy group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, and a halogen atom.
- the carbon number of the unsubstituted monovalent heterocyclic group is usually about 4 to 60.
- the aryl group (A2) is preferably an aryl group having 3 or more substituents, a phenyl group having 3 or more substituents, a naphthyl group having 3 or more substituents, or an anthracenyl having 3 or more substituents. It is more preferably a group, and further preferably a group represented by the following formula (2).
- Re, Rf and Rg are each independently an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkenyl group, An arylalkynyl group, an amino group, a substituted amino group, a silyl group, a substituted silyl group, a silyloxy group, a substituted silyloxy group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, or a halogen atom is represented.
- the polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit may further have a repeating unit represented by the following formula (3), formula (4), formula (5) or formula (6). . -Ar 12 - (3) —Ar 12 —X 1 — (Ar 13 —X 2 ) c —Ar 14 — (4) —Ar 12 —X 2 — (5) -X 2- (6) [Where, Ar 12 , Ar 13 and Ar 14 each independently represent an arylene group, a divalent heterocyclic group or a divalent group having a metal complex structure. X 1 represents —CR 2 ⁇ CR 3 —, —C ⁇ C— or — (SiR 5 R 6 ) d —.
- X 2 represents —CR 2 ⁇ CR 3 —, —C ⁇ C—, —N (R 4 ) —, or — (SiR 5 R 6 ) d —.
- R 2 and R 3 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, a carboxyl group, a substituted carboxyl group or a cyano group.
- R 4 , R 5 and R 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group or an arylalkyl group.
- c represents an integer of 0-2.
- d represents an integer of 1 to 12.
- Me represents a methyl group
- Pr represents a propyl group
- Bu represents a butyl group
- MeO represents a methoxy group
- BuO represents a butyloxy group.
- the thickness of the hole injection layer is preferably 15 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the thickness of a positive hole injection layer is 10 nm or less from a viewpoint of obtaining higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the hole injection layer is preferably formed by a coating method.
- the coating solution used in the coating method includes a solvent and a material for the hole injection layer.
- the solvent include water, alcohol, ketone, hydrocarbon and the like.
- Specific examples of the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butoxyethanol, methoxybutanol and the like.
- Specific examples of the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, cyclohexanone and the like.
- the hydrocarbon include n-pentane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, chlorobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene and the like.
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of solvents exemplified above.
- the solvent is preferably 1 to 10000 times by weight, more preferably 10 to 1000 times by weight, relative to 1 weight of the material of the hole injection layer.
- the hole transport layer is provided between the hole injection layer and the active layer and has a function of an electron block. By providing the hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion element showing higher photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the material for the hole transport layer include an aromatic amine compound and a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit. In the case where an aromatic amine compound or a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit is used as the material for the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer may or may not be provided.
- the hole transport layer is preferably formed by a coating method.
- the coating solution used in the coating method includes a solvent and a material for the hole transport layer.
- the solvent include water, alcohol, ketone, hydrocarbon and the like.
- Specific examples of the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butoxyethanol, methoxybutanol and the like.
- Specific examples of the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, cyclohexanone and the like.
- the hydrocarbon include n-pentane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, chlorobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene and the like.
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of solvents exemplified above.
- the solvent is preferably 1 to 10000 times by weight, more preferably 10 to 1000 times by weight, relative to 1 weight of the material of the hole transport layer.
- the active layer includes a perovskite compound.
- the perovskite compound is preferably a perovskite compound having an organic-inorganic hybrid structure.
- the perovskite compound in the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is preferably a compound represented by any one of the following formulas (7) and (8), and more preferably a compound of the formula (7).
- a compound represented by formula (7) CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 SnCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 SnBr 3 and the like are more preferable.
- M 1 represents a divalent metal (for example, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co, Pd, Ge, Sn, Pb, or Eu).
- X represents F, Cl, Br or I.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, or a monovalent heterocyclic group (preferably a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group).
- M 1 represents a divalent metal (for example, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co, Pd, Ge, Sn, Pb, or Eu).
- X represents F, Cl, Br or I.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention preferably has an electron transport layer provided between the active layer and the cathode.
- the electron transport layer is preferably formed by a coating method.
- the coating liquid used in the coating method includes a solvent and an electron transporting material.
- the electron transport layer is preferably formed by coating a coating liquid containing an electron transport material and a solvent on the active layer.
- the coating solution may be a dispersion such as an emulsion (emulsion) or a suspension (suspension).
- the coating solution is preferably one that causes little damage to the layer (active layer, etc.) to which the coating solution is applied. Specifically, the coating solution is difficult to dissolve the layer (active layer, etc.) to be applied. Is preferred.
- the electron transporting material may be an organic compound or an inorganic compound.
- the electron transporting material that is an organic compound may be a low molecular organic compound or a high molecular organic compound.
- Examples of electron transport materials that are low molecular weight organic compounds include oxadiazole derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, benzoquinone and its derivatives, naphthoquinone and its derivatives, anthraquinone and its derivatives, tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane.
- Polypyrrole and derivatives thereof polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, and polyfluorene and derivatives thereof.
- fullerenes and derivatives thereof are preferable.
- fullerenes include C 60 fullerene, C 70 fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of the C 60 fullerene derivative include the following.
- Examples of the electron transporting material that is an inorganic compound include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, GZO (gallium doped zinc oxide), ATO (antimony doped tin oxide), and AZO (aluminum doped zinc oxide). ).
- zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide is preferable.
- the electron transporting layer is formed using an electron transporting material composed only of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles.
- the average particle diameter corresponding to the spheres of the zinc oxide nanoparticles, the gallium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, and the aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles is preferably 1 nm to 1000 nm, and more preferably 10 nm to 100 nm.
- the average particle diameter can be measured by, for example, a laser light scattering method, an X-ray diffraction method, or the like.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the coating liquid containing the electron transporting material include alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons.
- the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butoxyethanol, methoxybutanol and the like.
- Specific examples of the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, cyclohexanone and the like.
- the hydrocarbon include n-pentane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, chlorobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene and the like.
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of solvents exemplified above.
- the solvent is preferably 1 to 10,000 times by weight, more preferably 10 to 1000 times by weight, relative to 1 weight of the electron transporting material.
- the coating solution containing a solvent and an electron transporting material is preferably filtered with a Teflon (registered trademark) filter having a pore diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the cathode may be in the form of a single layer or in a form in which a plurality of layers are laminated.
- a metal, a conductive polymer, etc. can be used for the material of a cathode.
- cathode material examples include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, scandium, vanadium, zinc, yttrium, indium, cerium, samarium, europium, terbium, ytterbium, gold, Metals such as silver, platinum, copper, manganese, titanium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and tin; alloys containing two or more metals selected from the group consisting of these metals; graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, and the like are used.
- alloys include magnesium-silver alloy, magnesium-indium alloy, magnesium-aluminum alloy, indium-silver alloy, lithium-aluminum alloy, lithium-magnesium alloy, lithium-indium alloy, calcium-aluminum alloy, and the like. It is done.
- the transparent or translucent cathode material examples include a conductive metal oxide film and a translucent metal thin film.
- a conductive metal oxide film and a translucent metal thin film examples include indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide; conductive materials such as indium, tin, oxide (ITO), indium, zinc, oxide, etc., which are composites thereof; NESA, gold, platinum, silver, copper Can be mentioned.
- conductive materials such as ITO, indium / zinc / oxide, and tin oxide are preferable.
- Examples of the method for producing the cathode include a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a plating method, and a coating method.
- a coating liquid used when forming the cathode by a coating method an emulsion (emulsion) containing conductive material nanoparticles, conductive material nanowires, or conductive material nanotubes, and a solvent, Suspension (suspension) etc. are mentioned.
- Examples of the conductive material include metals such as gold and silver; oxides such as ITO (indium tin oxide); and carbon nanotubes.
- the cathode may be composed only of nanoparticles of a conductive substance or nanowires of a conductive substance, or as described in JP 2010-525526 A, the cathode of the conductive substance or conductive
- the nanowire of the substance may be dispersed in a predetermined medium such as a conductive polymer.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the coating solution used when forming the cathode by a coating method include carbonization such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin, decalin, bicyclohexyl, n-butylbenzene, s-butylbezen, and t-butylbenzene.
- Hydrogenated solvents halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chlorobutane, bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexane, bromocyclohexane, etc .; chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents such as trichlorobenzene; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran; water, alcohols and the like.
- halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chlorobutane, bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chloro
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of solvents exemplified above.
- the first mode of the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is: Method for manufacturing photoelectric conversion element having support substrate, anode, cathode, active layer containing perovskite compound provided between anode and cathode, and hole injection layer provided between anode and active layer Because Forming a hole injection layer on the anode formed on the support substrate; Forming an active layer on the hole injection layer,
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a residual film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the residual film ratio after the water rinse treatment described above,
- the material of the hole injection layer is selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents as repeating units. It is a manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element which is 1 or more types of materials.
- the second form of the method for producing a photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is: Method for manufacturing photoelectric conversion element having support substrate, anode, cathode, active layer containing perovskite compound provided between anode and cathode, and hole injection layer provided between anode and active layer Because Forming a hole injection layer on the anode formed on the support substrate; Forming an active layer on the hole injection layer,
- the hole injection layer is a layer having a residual film ratio of 80% or more in the measurement of the residual film ratio after the water rinse treatment described above,
- the material of the hole injection layer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of an aromatic amine compound and a polymer compound having an aromatic amine residue as a repeating unit; and It is a manufacturing method of a photoelectric conversion element whose thickness of a positive hole injection layer is 15 nm or less.
- the method for producing a photoelectric conversion element of the present invention means both the first and second modes of the method for producing a photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the anode can be formed by depositing the above-described anode material on a supporting substrate by a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a plating method, or the like.
- the anode material such as polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, or the like
- the anode may be formed by a coating method using a coating solution containing the organic material.
- the anode may be formed by a coating method using a metal ink, a metal paste, a molten low melting point metal, or the like.
- the anode may be subjected to surface treatment such as ozone UV treatment, corona treatment, ultrasonic treatment or the like.
- a positive hole injection layer is not specifically limited, From a viewpoint of simplification of a manufacturing process, it is preferable to form a positive hole injection layer by the apply
- the hole injection layer can be formed, for example, by applying a coating solution containing the above-described material of the hole injection layer and a solvent.
- Examples of the method for applying the coating liquid containing the material for the hole injection layer and the solvent include spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, and wire bar coating. Dip coating method, spray coating method, screen printing method, flexographic printing method, offset printing method, ink jet printing method, dispenser printing method, nozzle coating method, capillary coating method and the like. Among these, the spin coat method, the flexographic printing method, the inkjet printing method, and the dispenser printing method are preferable.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of this invention may further include the process of forming the positive hole transport layer provided between the positive hole injection layer and the active layer.
- the hole transport layer can be formed, for example, by applying a coating liquid containing the above-described material for the hole transport layer and a solvent.
- Examples of the method for applying a coating solution containing a material for the hole transport layer and a solvent include spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, and wire bar coating. Dip coating method, spray coating method, screen printing method, flexographic printing method, offset printing method, ink jet printing method, dispenser printing method, nozzle coating method, capillary coating method and the like. Among these, the spin coat method, the flexographic printing method, the inkjet printing method, and the dispenser printing method are preferable.
- an active layer forming step Although the formation method of an active layer is not specifically limited, From a viewpoint of simplification of a manufacturing process, it is preferable to form an active layer by the apply
- the active layer can be formed, for example, by applying a coating solution containing the perovskite compound described above and a solvent. Perovskite compounds can be synthesized by a self-assembly reaction using a precursor solution.
- a method of applying a coating solution containing an ammonium halide and a solvent or a coating solution containing an amine halide and a solvent on the metal halide film, or Formed by applying a coating solution containing a metal halide and a solvent and then immersing the metal halide film in a coating solution containing an ammonium halide and a solvent or a coating solution containing an amine halide and a solvent. can do.
- the active layer is formed by, for example, applying a coating solution containing lead iodide and a solvent on the hole injection layer or the hole transporting layer, and then forming methylammonium iodide and a solvent on the lead iodide film. It can form by apply
- the solvent is preferably 1 to 10000 times by weight, more preferably 10 to 1000 times by weight based on 1 weight of the metal halide, ammonium halide or amine halide.
- each coating step it is preferable to remove the solvent by subjecting the coating film to heat treatment, air drying treatment, reduced pressure treatment, and the like.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the coating solution used when the active layer is formed by a coating method include esters (for example, methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, pentyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, pentyl).
- ketones eg, ⁇ -butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, acetone, dimethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexanone, etc.
- ethers eg, diethyl ether, methyl-tert
- -Butyl ether diisopropyl ether, dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyldioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, anisole, phene Alcohol
- methanol ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, methoxypropanol, Diace
- These solvents may have a branched structure or a cyclic structure. These solvents have two or more functional groups of esters, ketones, ethers and alcohols (that is, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, —OH). Also good.
- the hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon moiety of the esters, ketones, ethers and alcohols may be substituted with a halogen atom (particularly a fluorine atom).
- the coating liquid may contain one type of solvent, may contain two or more types of solvents, and may contain two or more types of solvents exemplified above.
- Examples of the method of applying a coating solution containing a perovskite compound and a solvent, a solution containing a metal halide and a solvent, a solution containing an ammonium halide and a solvent, and a solution containing a halogenated amine and a solvent include, for example: Spin coating method, casting method, micro gravure coating method, gravure coating method, bar coating method, roll coating method, wire bar coating method, dip coating method, spray coating method, screen printing method, flexographic printing method, offset printing method, inkjet Examples thereof include a printing method, a dispenser printing method, a nozzle coating method, and a capillary coating method. Among these, the spin coat method, the flexographic printing method, the inkjet printing method, and the dispenser printing method are preferable.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of this invention may further include the process of forming the electron carrying layer provided between the active layer and the cathode.
- the formation method of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to form the electron transport layer by a coating method from the viewpoint of simplifying the manufacturing process. That is, it is preferable to form the electron transport layer by coating the active layer with the coating liquid containing the electron transport material and the solvent described above after the formation of the active layer and before the formation of the cathode.
- a coating method of the coating liquid containing the electron transporting material and the solvent the same method as the coating method exemplified in the step of forming the active layer can be given.
- the cathode can be formed by depositing the above-described cathode material on the active layer or the electron transport layer by vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, plating, coating, or the like.
- the material of the cathode is polyaniline and its derivatives, polythiophene and its derivatives, nanoparticles of conductive material, nanowires of conductive material or nanotubes of conductive material, a marshon containing these materials and a solvent
- the cathode can be formed by a coating method using (emulsion), suspension (suspension) or the like.
- the cathode material includes a conductive substance
- the cathode may be formed by a coating method using a coating liquid containing a conductive substance, a metal ink, a metal paste, a molten low melting point metal, or the like.
- the coating method of the coating solution containing the cathode material and the solvent include the same methods as the coating method exemplified in the step of forming the active layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be operated as a solar cell because a photovoltaic power is generated between the electrodes by irradiating light such as sunlight to a transparent or translucent electrode.
- the solar cell is preferably an organic / inorganic perovskite solar cell. By integrating a plurality of solar cells, it can be used as a thin film solar cell module.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be operated as an organic photosensor because photocurrent flows by irradiating light to a transparent or translucent electrode with a voltage applied between the electrodes.
- a transparent or translucent electrode with a voltage applied between the electrodes.
- the number average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) under the following conditions.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- Synthesis Example 1 (Synthesis of Polymer Compound 1) Bis (4-bromophenyl) -4-sec-butylphenylamine (6.2 g) and 2,2′-bipyridyl (5.6 g) were added to the reaction vessel, and the gas in the reaction system was replaced with nitrogen gas. Tetrahydrofuran (dehydrated solvent) (400 g) was added. Next, bis (1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (0) (10 g) was added to the mixed solution, and the mixture was reacted at room temperature for 24 hours. This reaction was performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the mixed solution obtained after the reaction was poured into a mixed solution of methanol (200 ml) and ion-exchanged water (200 ml) and stirred.
- the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration and dried.
- this precipitate was dissolved in toluene, unnecessary substances were removed with filter paper, and the obtained filtrate was treated with an alumina column.
- Aqueous ammonia was added to the resulting toluene solution and stirred to remove the aqueous layer, and then ion-exchanged water was added and stirred to remove the aqueous layer.
- the obtained organic layer was added dropwise to methanol and stirred, and then the deposited precipitate was filtered and dried under reduced pressure to obtain polymer compound 1 (0.6 g).
- polymer compound 2 (4.7 g).
- composition 1 was prepared by dissolving 460 mg of lead iodide in 1 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide, followed by stirring at 70 ° C. for complete dissolution.
- composition 10 (Production of Composition 10) After dissolving 368 mg of lead iodide in 1 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide, the mixture was stirred and completely dissolved at 70 ° C. to prepare composition 10.
- composition 2 was prepared by completely dissolving 45 mg of methylammonium iodide in 1 ml of 2-propanol.
- composition 3 (Production of Composition 3) 2 parts by weight of [6,6] -phenyl C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (C60PCBM) (E100, manufactured by Frontier Carbon Co.) as a fullerene derivative and 100 parts by weight of chlorobenzene as a solvent are mixed and completely dissolved. It was. Next, the obtained solution was filtered through a Teflon (registered trademark) filter having a pore diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m to prepare a composition 3.
- Polymer compound 4 having the following repeating unit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Poly [bis (4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine], average Mn 7,000-10,000) is 0.5.
- the composition 5 was prepared by mixing 100 parts by weight of chlorobenzene as a solvent and completely dissolving the solvent.
- composition 8 Spiro-MeOTAD [2,2 ′, 7,7′-tetrakis (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino) -9,9′-spirobifluorene] represented by the following structural formula (Lumescence Technology) 1 part by weight and 100 parts by weight of chlorobenzene as a solvent were mixed and completely dissolved to prepare composition 8.
- composition 9 was prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of the compound (A) represented by the following structural formula and 100 parts by weight of chlorobenzene as a solvent and completely dissolving them.
- Synthesis Example 3 (Synthesis of polymer compound 3) After replacing the gas in the 100 mL three-necked flask with nitrogen gas, 222 mg (0.300 mmol) of the compound (A) represented by the following structural formula and 226 mg of the compound (B) represented by the following structural formula ( 0.303 mmol), 9.5 mg (0.027 mmol) of tris (2-methoxyphenyl) phosphine [P (o-OMePh) 3 ] and 8.0 mL of toluene were added, and nitrogen gas bubbling was performed for 30 minutes.
- Example 1 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film. Next, it is included in Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink (organic solar cell fabrication kit (PV2000 kit) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.
- PV2000 kit organic solar cell fabrication kit manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.
- Sulfonate polythiophene (thiophene-3- [2- (2-methoxyethyoxy)) [Ethoxy] -2,5-diyl) (S-P3MEET) 1.8% in 2-butoxyethanol: water (2: 3)) was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating and heated at 170 ° C. in the atmosphere for 10 minutes. As a result, a hole injection layer having a thickness of 50 nm was formed.
- the composition 1 was applied onto the hole injection layer by a spin coating method at a rotational speed of 6000 rpm, and air-dried in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to obtain a lead iodide coating film.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 200 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 60 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 8.1%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 2 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film. Next, it is included in Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink (organic solar cell fabrication kit (PV2000 kit) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.
- PV2000 kit organic solar cell fabrication kit manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.
- Sulfonate polythiophene (thiophene-3- [2- (2-methoxyethyoxy)) [Ethoxy] -2,5-diyl) (S-P3MEET) 1.8% in 2-butoxyethanol: water (2: 3)) was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating and heated at 170 ° C. in the atmosphere for 10 minutes. As a result, a hole injection layer having a thickness of 50 nm was formed. Next, the composition 4 was applied onto the hole injection layer by a spin coating method, and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of about 10 nm.
- the composition 1 was applied onto the hole transport layer by a spin coating method at a rotation speed of 6000 rpm, and air-dried in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to obtain a lead iodide coating film.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 200 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 60 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 9.5%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 3 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 5 was applied onto the ITO film by a spin coating method, and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 20 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- the heated substrate is placed on a spin coater, and the composition 1 is rotated at 6000 rpm on the hole injection layer.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 300 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum during the deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 12.3%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 4 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 6 was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 25 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- the heated substrate is placed on a spin coater, and the composition 1 is rotated at 6000 rpm on the hole injection layer.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 300 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 6.4%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 5 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 8 was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated in the atmosphere at 170 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 40 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- the heated substrate is placed on a spin coater, and the composition 1 is rotated at 6000 rpm on the hole injection layer.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 300 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 6.0%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 6 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 4 was applied onto the ITO film by a spin coating method and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 13.5%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 7 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 5 was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 14.6%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 8 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 6 was applied on the ITO film by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum during the deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ), and the generated current and voltage are measured. did.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 14.2%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 9 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 8 was applied on the ITO film by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 20 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 10.3%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 10 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 9 was applied on the ITO film by a spin coating method, and dried at room temperature in the air to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the obtained solar cell is irradiated with a constant light using a solar simulator (manufactured by Yamashita Denso, trade name: YSS-80A: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ), and the generated current and voltage are It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 10.3%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Example 11 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 11 was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- the heated substrate is placed on a spin coater, and the composition 10 is rotated on the hole injection layer at 2000 rpm.
- the film was coated by spin coating and air-dried in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to obtain a lead iodide coating film.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 350 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the obtained solar cell is irradiated with a constant light using a solar simulator (manufactured by Yamashita Denso, trade name: YSS-80A: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ), and the generated current and voltage are It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 11.8%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Comparative Example 1 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- a PEDOT: PSS solution manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083
- the composition 1 was applied onto the hole injection layer by a spin coating method at a rotational speed of 6000 rpm, and air-dried in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to obtain a lead iodide coating film.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 200 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 60 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 2.94%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Comparative Example 2 (Production and Evaluation of Solar Cell) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared.
- the ITO thin film was formed by the sputtering method, and the thickness was 150 nm.
- a glass substrate having an ITO thin film was subjected to ozone UV treatment to perform surface treatment of the ITO thin film.
- the composition 7 was applied onto the ITO film by a spin coating method and vacuum-dried to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 30 nm. Next, after the glass substrate on which the hole injection layer is formed is sufficiently heated to 70 ° C.
- the heated substrate is placed on a spin coater, and the composition 1 is rotated at 6000 rpm on the hole injection layer.
- a coating film of lead iodide was obtained by applying the film by a spin coating method with a few and air-drying in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the composition 2 was dropped on the lead iodide coating film, spin-coated at 6000 rpm, and heated in air at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an active layer.
- the thickness of the active layer was about 300 nm.
- the composition 3 was formed on the active layer by spin coating to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- calcium was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 4 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and then silver was vapor-deposited with a film thickness of 60 nm to produce a solar cell.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1 to 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa in all cases.
- the shape of the obtained solar cell was a 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm square.
- the solar cell obtained is irradiated with a certain amount of light using a solar simulator (trade name: OTENTO-SUNII: AM1.5G filter, irradiance: 100 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd. It was measured.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 4.5%
- Jsc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill factor
- Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink (included in the organic solar cell fabrication kit (PV2000 kit) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich as described above) was applied by spin coating, A coating film having a thickness of 50 nm was formed by heating in the atmosphere at 170 ° C. for 10 minutes. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- a PEDOT: PSS solution (manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083) is applied on a 1-inch square substrate by spin coating, and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of 50 nm. Formed. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 0%.
- composition 4 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coat method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- composition 5 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 20 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 5 was coated on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- composition 6 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 25 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- composition 6 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coat method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 7 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a coating film having a thickness of about 30 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 8 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 170 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 40 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 8 was coated on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and heated in the atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film having a thickness of about 20 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 9 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by a spin coating method and dried at room temperature in the atmosphere to form a coating film having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
- the composition 11 was applied on a 1-inch square substrate by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to form a coating film having a thickness of about 10 nm. Next, water was placed on the coating film in a meniscus shape and spun off by spinning at 4000 rpm after 30 seconds. The remaining film ratio of the coating film was 100%.
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Abstract
Description
正孔注入層が、下記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子。
<水リンス処理後の残膜率測定方法>
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)の値を、水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。
[2]陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有し、
正孔注入層が、上記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子。
[3]支持基板、前記陽極、前記正孔注入層、前記活性層および前記陰極がこの順で積層された構造を有する、[1]または[2]に記載された光電変換素子。
[4]前記活性層と前記陰極の間に設けられた電子輸送層をさらに有する、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
[5]前記電子輸送層が、
フラーレン類およびフラーレン類の誘導体からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料を含む塗布液を塗布することによって形成される層である、[4]に記載された光電変換素子。
[6]前記正孔注入層と前記活性層の間に設けられた正孔輸送層をさらに有する、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
[7]前記活性層が、塗布法によって形成される層である、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
[8][1]~[7]のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子を有する有機光センサー。
[9]支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、上記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子の製造方法。
[10]支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、上記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子の製造方法。
本発明の光電変換素子の第1の形態は、
陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有し、
正孔注入層が、後述する水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子である。
陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有し、
正孔注入層が、後述する水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子である。
本発明の光電変換素子は、通常、支持基板上に形成される。支持基板には、光電変換素子を作製する際に化学的に変化しないものが好適に用いられる。支持基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、プラスチック基板、高分子フィルム、シリコン板等が挙げられる。透明または不透明な陽極側から光を取り込む形態の光電変換素子の場合には、支持基板には光透過性の高い基板が好適に用いられる。また、不透明な支持基板上に光電変換素子を作製する場合には、陽極側から光を取り込むことができないため、陰極が透明または半透明な電極から構成されることが好ましい。このような電極を用いることにより、たとえ不透明な支持基板を用いたとしても、支持基板側に設けられる陽極側とは反対側の陰極側から光を取り込むことができる。
陽極には、導電性の金属酸化物膜、金属薄膜、および、有機物を含む導電膜等が用いられる。陽極の材料には、例えば、酸化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化スズ、インジウムスズ酸化物(Indium Tin Oxide:略称ITO)、フッ素化スズ酸化物(FLUORINE Tin Oxide:略称FTO)、インジウム亜鉛酸化物(Indium Zinc Oxide:略称IZO)、金、白金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、ポリアニリンおよびその誘導体、並びに、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体等が用いられる。これらの中でも、陽極の材料には、ITO、FTO、IZO、酸化スズが好適に用いられる。なお、陽極側から光を取り込む構成の光電変換素子では、通常、上述の陽極を構成する薄膜の膜厚を、光が透過する程度の厚さとした透明または半透明な電極が、陽極として用いられる。
正孔注入層は、陽極と活性層との間に設けられ、陽極への正孔注入を促進する機能を有する。正孔注入層は、陽極に接して設けられることが好ましい。本発明の光電変換素子において、正孔注入層の材料は、成膜後に水に不溶である材料が用いられる。本発明の光電変換素子において、水に不溶であるとは、後述する水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上であることを意味する。残膜率は90%以上であることが好ましく、残膜率が98%以上100%以下であることが更に好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子において、水リンス処理後の残膜率は、以下に示す測定法によって求められる。
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)の値を、水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。
なお、本明細書の実施例では、触針式膜厚計として、DEKTAK Bruker Nano社製の触針式膜厚計を用いて、水リンス処理前後の膜厚の測定を行った。
これらの中でも、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であることが好ましい。
また、高分子化合物の中では、長寿命の観点から、芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物であることが好ましい。
Ar1、Ar2、Ar3およびAr4は、それぞれ独立に、アリーレン基(A1)または2価の複素環基(B1)を表す。
E1、E2およびE3は、それぞれ独立に、アリール基(A2)または複素環基(B2)を表す。
aおよびbは、それぞれ独立に、0または1を表し、0≦a+b≦1である。
アリーレン基(A1):
芳香族炭化水素から、水素原子2個を除いた残りの原子団であり、ベンゼン環または縮合環をもつもの、および、独立したベンゼン環および縮合環から選ばれる2個以上の環が直接またはビニレン等の基を介して結合したものも含まれる。アリーレン基は置換基を有していてもよい。置換基としては、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、アリールアルキル基、アリールアルコキシ基、アリールアルキルチオ基、アリールアルケニル基、アリールアルキニル基、アミノ基、置換アミノ基、シリル基、置換シリル基、シリルオキシ基、置換シリルオキシ基、ハロゲン原子、アシル基、アシルオキシ基、イミン残基、アミド基、酸イミド基、1価の複素環基、カルボキシル基、置換カルボキシル基、シアノ基等が挙げられ、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、置換アミノ基、置換シリル基、置換シリルオキシ基または1価の複素環基が好ましい。無置換のアリーレン基の炭素数(すなわち、置換基の炭素数を含めないアリーレン基の炭素数)は、通常6~60程度であり、好ましくは6~20である。
2価の複素環基(B1):
複素環式化合物から水素原子2個を除いた残りの原子団であり、2価の複素環基は置換基を有していてもよい。ここで複素環式化合物とは、環式構造をもつ有機化合物のうち、環を構成する元素が炭素原子だけでなく、酸素、硫黄、窒素、リン、ホウ素、ヒ素等のヘテロ原子を環内に含むものをいう。置換基としては、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、アリールアルキル基、アリールアルコキシ基、アリールアルキルチオ基、アリールアルケニル基、アリールアルキニル基、アミノ基、置換アミノ基、シリル基、置換シリル基、シリルオキシ基、置換シリルオキシ基、ハロゲン原子、アシル基、アシルオキシ基、イミノ基、アミド基、イミド基、1価の複素環基、カルボキシル基、置換カルボキシル基、シアノ基等が挙げられ、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、置換アミノ基、置換シリル基、置換シリルオキシ基または1価の複素環基が好ましい。無置換の2価の複素環基の炭素数(すなわち、置換基の炭素数を含めない2価の複素環基の炭素数)は、通常3~60程度である。
アリール基(A2):
アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、アリールアルキル基、アリールアルコキシ基、アリールアルキルチオ基、アリールアルケニル基、アリールアルキニル基、アミノ基、置換アミノ基、シリル基、置換シリル基、シリルオキシ基、置換シリルオキシ基、1価の複素環基およびハロゲン原子からなる群より選ばれる置換基を有していてもよいアリール基。無置換のアリール基の炭素数(すなわち、置換基の炭素数を含めないアリール基の炭素数)は、通常6~60程度であり、好ましくは6~30である。
1価の複素環基(B2):
アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリール基、アリールオキシ基、アリールチオ基、アリールアルキル基、アリールアルコキシ基、アリールアルキルチオ基、アリールアルケニル基、アリールアルキニル基、アミノ基、置換アミノ基、シリル基、置換シリル基、シリルオキシ基、置換シリルオキシ基、1価の複素環基およびハロゲン原子からなる群より選ばれる置換基を有していてもよい1価の複素環基。無置換の1価の複素環基の炭素数(すなわち、置換基の炭素数を含めない1価の複素環基の炭素数)は、通常4~60程度である。〕
-Ar12- (3)
―Ar12-X1―(Ar13-X2)c―Ar14- (4)
-Ar12-X2- (5)
-X2- (6)
〔式中、
Ar12、Ar13およびAr14は、それぞれ独立に、アリーレン基、2価の複素環基または金属錯体構造を有する2価の基を表す。
X1は、-CR2=CR3-、-C≡C-または-(SiR5R6)d-を表す。
X2は、-CR2=CR3-、-C≡C-、-N(R4)-、または-(SiR5R6)d-を表す。
R2およびR3は、それぞれ独立に、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基、1価の複素環基、カルボキシル基、置換カルボキシル基またはシアノ基を表す。
R4、R5およびR6は、それぞれ独立に、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基、1価の複素環基またはアリールアルキル基を表す。
cは0~2の整数を表す。dは1~12の整数を表す。
Ar13、R2、R3、R5およびR6がそれぞれ複数存在する場合、それらは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。〕
正孔輸送層は、正孔注入層と活性層の間に設けられ、電子ブロックの機能を有する。正孔輸送層を設けることで、より高い光電変換効率を示す光電変換素子を得ることができる。正孔輸送層の材料としては、例えば、芳香族アミン化合物、芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位に持つ高分子化合物等が挙げられる。なお、正孔注入層の材料に、芳香族アミン化合物、芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位に持つ高分子化合物を用いる場合には、正孔輸送層を設けても設けなくてもよい。
活性層は、ペロブスカイト化合物を含む。ペロブスカイト化合物は、有機無機ハイブリッド構造のペロブスカイト化合物であることが好ましい。本発明の光電変換素子におけるペロブスカイト化合物は、下記式(7)または(8)のいずれかで表される化合物であることが好ましく、式(7)の化合物であることがより好ましい。式(7)で表される化合物のうち、CH3NH3PbI3、CH3NH3PbCl3、CH3NH3PbBr3、CH3NH3SnI3、CH3NH3SnCl3、CH3NH3SnBr3等がより好ましい。
〔式中、
M1は、2価の金属(例えば、Cu、Ni、Mn、Fe、Co、Pd、Ge、Sn、PbまたはEu)を表す。
Xは、F、Cl、BrまたはIを表す。〕
〔式中、
R1は、炭素数2以上のアルキル基、アルケニル基、アラルキル基、アリール基または1価の複素環基(1価の芳香族複素環基であることが好ましい)を表す。
M1は、2価の金属(例えば、Cu、Ni、Mn、Fe、Co、Pd、Ge、Sn、PbまたはEu)を表す。
Xは、F、Cl、BrまたはIを表す。〕
本発明の光電変換素子は、活性層と陰極との間に設けられた電子輸送層を有することが好ましい。
陰極は、単層の形態であっても、複数の層が積層された形態であってもよい。陰極の材料には、金属、導電性高分子等を用いることができる。陰極の材料には、例えば、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウム、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウム、アルミニウム、スカンジウム、バナジウム、亜鉛、イットリウム、インジウム、セリウム、サマリウム、ユーロピウム、テルビウム、イッテルビウム、金、銀、白金、銅、マンガン、チタン、コバルト、ニッケル、タングステン、錫等の金属;これらの金属からなる群より選ばれる2つ以上の金属を含む合金;グラファイト、グラファイト層間化合物等が用いられる。合金の例としては、例えば、マグネシウム-銀合金、マグネシウム-インジウム合金、マグネシウム-アルミニウム合金、インジウム-銀合金、リチウム-アルミニウム合金、リチウム-マグネシウム合金、リチウム-インジウム合金、カルシウム-アルミニウム合金等が挙げられる。
陰極を塗布法により形成する際に用いる塗布液としては、導電性物質のナノ粒子、導電性物質のナノワイヤー、または、導電性物質のナノチューブと、溶媒とを含む、エマルション(乳濁液)、サスペンション(懸濁液)等が挙げられる。導電性物質としては、金、銀等の金属;ITO(インジウムスズ酸化物)等の酸化物;カーボンナノチューブ等が挙げられる。
陰極は、導電性物質のナノ粒子または導電性物質のナノワイヤーのみから構成されていてもよいし、特表2010-525526号公報に記載されているように、導電性物質のナノ粒子または導電性物質のナノワイヤーが、導電性ポリマー等の所定の媒体中に分散して構成されていてもよい。
本発明の光電変換素子の製造方法の第1の形態は、
支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、前述した水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子の製造方法である。
支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、前述した水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子の製造方法である。
陽極は、前述した陽極の材料を、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、メッキ法等によって、支持基板上に成膜することで形成することができる。陽極の材料として、ポリアニリンおよびその誘導体、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体等の有機材料を用いる場合、有機材料を含む塗布液を用いて、塗布法によって陽極を形成してもよい。また、金属インク、金属ペーストまたは溶融状態の低融点金属等を用いて、塗布法によって陽極を形成してもよい。陽極は、オゾンUV処理、コロナ処理、超音波処理等の表面処理が施されていてもよい。
正孔注入層の形成方法は特に限定されないが、製造工程の簡易化の観点からは、塗布法によって正孔注入層を形成することが好ましい。正孔注入層は、例えば、前述した正孔注入層の材料と溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布することにより形成することができる。
本発明の光電変換素子の製造方法は、正孔注入層と活性層の間に設けられた正孔輸送層を形成する工程をさらに含んでいてもよい。
活性層の形成方法は特に限定されないが、製造工程の簡易化の観点からは、塗布法によって活性層を形成することが好ましい。活性層は、例えば、前述したペロブスカイト化合物と、溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布することにより形成することができる。ペロブスカイト化合物は、前躯体溶液を用いた自己組織化反応により合成することができる。
金属ハロゲン化物と溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布した後、金属ハロゲン化物の膜上に、ハロゲン化アンモニウムと溶媒を含む塗布液またはハロゲン化アミンと溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布する方法、あるいは、
金属ハロゲン化物と溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布した後、金属ハロゲン化合物の膜を、ハロゲン化アンモニウムと溶媒とを含む塗布液またはハロゲン化アミンと溶媒とを含む塗布液に浸漬させる方法によっても形成することができる。
本発明の光電変換素子の製造方法は、活性層と陰極の間に設けられた電子輸送層を形成する工程をさらに含んでいてもよい。
陰極は、前述した陰極の材料を、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、メッキ法、塗布法等によって、活性層上または電子輸送層上に成膜することで形成することができる。陰極の材料が、ポリアニリンおよびその誘導体、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、導電性物質のナノ粒子、導電性物質のナノワイヤーまたは導電性物質のナノチューブである場合には、これらの材料と、溶媒とを含むマルション(乳濁液)、サスペンション(懸濁液)等を用いて、塗布法によって陰極を形成することができる。また、陰極の材料が、導電性物質を含む場合、導電性物質を含む塗布液、金属インク、金属ペースト、溶融状態の低融点金属等を用いて、塗布法によって陰極を形成してもよい。陰極の材料と溶媒とを含む塗布液の塗布法としては、活性層の形成工程で例示した塗布法と同様の方法が挙げられる。
カラム:TOSOH TSKgel SuperHM-H(2本)+TSKgel SuperH2000(4.6mm I.d. × 15cm)
検出器:RI(SHIMADZU RID-10A)
移動相:クロロホルムまたはテトラヒドロフラン(THF)
ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-4-sec-ブチルフェニルアミン(6.2g)および2、2’-ビピリジル(5.6g)を反応容器に加えた後、反応系内の気体を窒素ガスで置換し、テトラヒドロフラン(脱水溶媒)(400g)を加えた。次に、この混合溶液に、ビス(1,5-シクロオクタジエン)ニッケル(0)(10g)を加えた後、室温で24時間反応させた。なお、この反応は、窒素ガス雰囲気中で行った。反応後に得られた混合溶液を、メタノール(200ml)およびイオン交換水(200ml)の混合溶液中にそそぎ込み、攪拌した。析出した沈殿を、ろ過することにより回収し、乾燥させた。次に、この沈殿をトルエンに溶解させ、ろ紙で不要物を除去した後、得られたろ液をアルミナカラムにより処理した。得られたトルエン溶液にアンモニア水を加えて攪拌し、水層を除去した後、イオン交換水を加えて撹拌し、水層を除去した。得られた有機層をメタノールに滴下して攪拌した後、析出した沈殿をろ過し、減圧乾燥させることにより、高分子化合物1(0.6g)を得た。
高分子化合物1のポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量は14,000であり、Mw/Mn=2.7であった。
N,N’-ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-N,N’-ビス(4-tert-ブチル-2,6-ジメチルフェニル)-1,4-フェニレンジアミン(11.1g)および2、2’-ビピリジル(5.6g)を反応容器に加えた後、反応系内の気体を窒素ガスで置換し、テトラヒドロフラン(脱水溶媒)(400g)を加えた。次に、この混合溶液に、ビス(1,5-シクロオクタジエン)ニッケル(0)(10g)加えた後、60℃で3時間反応させた。なお、この反応は、窒素ガス雰囲気中で行った。反応後に得られた溶液を冷却した後、25%アンモニア水(50ml)、メタノール(200ml)およびイオン交換水(200ml)の混合溶液中にそそぎ込み、攪拌した。析出した沈殿を、ろ過することにより回収し、減圧乾燥させた。次に、この沈殿をトルエンに溶解させ、ろ紙で不要物を除去した後、得られたろ液をアルミナカラムにより処理した。得られたトルエン溶液に1Nの塩酸水を加えて攪拌し、水層を除去した後、3%アンモニア水を加えて攪拌し、水層を除去した後、イオン交換水を加えて撹拌し、水層を除去した。得られた有機層をメタノールに滴下して攪拌した後、析出した沈殿をろ過し、減圧乾燥させることにより、高分子化合物2(4.7g)を得た。
高分子化合物2のポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量は45,000であり、Mw/Mn=6.7であった。
ヨウ化鉛460mgを1mlのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドに溶解させた後、70℃で攪拌し完溶させることにより、組成物1を調製した。
ヨウ化鉛368mgを1mlのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドに溶解させた後、70℃で攪拌し完溶させることにより、組成物10を調製した。
ヨウ化メチルアンモニウム45mgを1mlの2-プロパノールに完溶させることにより、組成物2を調製した。
フラーレン類の誘導体として2重量部の[6,6]-フェニルC61-酪酸メチルエステル(C60PCBM)(フロンティアカーボン社製、E100)と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させた。次に、得られた溶液を、孔径0.5μmのテフロン(登録商標)フィルターで濾過することにより、組成物3を調製した。
合成例1で得られた下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物1(Mw=14,000、Mw/Mn=2.7)を0.5重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物4を調整した。
下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物4(シグマアルドリッチ社製、Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]、average Mn 7,000-10,000)を0.5重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物5を調整した。
合成例2で得られた下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物2(Mw=45,000、Mw/Mn=6.7)を0.5重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物6を調整した。
下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物5(Mw=297,000、Mw/Mn=4.1)を0.5重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物7を調整した。なお、下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物は、国際公開公報第2010/026972号の明細書に記載の合成方法に従って合成した。
下記の構造式で表されるSpiro-MeOTAD[2,2’,7,7’-テトラキス(N,N-ジ-p-メトキシフェニルアミノ)-9,9’-スピロビフルオレン](Luminescence Technology社製)を1重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物8を調整した。
下記の構造式で表される化合物(A)を1重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物9を調整した。
100mL三ツ口フラスコ内の気体を窒素ガスで置換した後、下記の構造式で表される化合物(A)を222mg(0.300mmol)と、下記の構造式で表される化合物(B)を226mg(0.303mmol)と、tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine[P(o-OMePh)3]を9.5mg(0.027mmol)と、トルエン8.0mLとを加え、窒素ガスバブリングを30分間行った。その後、そこへ、tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)[Pd2(dba)3]を4.1mg(0.005mmol)と、炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液を3.0mLとを加え、100℃で30分間攪拌した。得られた反応混合物を室温まで冷却した後、水層を除去した。得られた有機層に10%酢酸を10mL加え、有機層を洗浄した後、水層を除去した。得られた有機層に純水を10mL加え、有機層を洗浄した後、水層を除去する操作を4回繰り返した。得られた有機層をヘキサンに注ぎ込み、沈殿した固体を回収した。得られた固体を乾燥させた後、トルエンを15mLを加え、50℃で15分間攪拌することで溶解させた。得られたトルエン溶液を、シリカゲル/アルミナカラムを通液させることでろ過した。得られたろ液をヘキサンに注ぎ込み、沈殿した固体を回収することで、高分子化合物3(Mw=90,600、Mw/Mn=3.1)を200mg(収率62%)得た。
合成例3で得られた下記の繰り返し単位を持つ高分子化合物3(Mw=90,600、Mw/Mn=3.1)を0.5重量部と、溶媒として100重量部のクロロベンゼンとを混合し、完溶させることにより、組成物11を調整した。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製の有機太陽電池作製キット(PV2000 kit)に含まれている。具体的には、Sulfonated polythiophene(thiophene-3-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl)(S-P3MEET) 1.8% in 2-butoxyethanol:water(2:3))をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中170℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚50nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約200nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製の有機太陽電池作製キット(PV2000 kit)に含まれている。具体的には、Sulfonated polythiophene(thiophene-3-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl)(S-P3MEET) 1.8% in 2-butoxyethanol:water(2:3))をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中170℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚50nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層上に、組成物4をスピンコート法により塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔輸送層を形成した。次に、正孔輸送層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約200nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物5をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約20nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約300nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物6をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約25nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約300nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物8をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中170℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約40nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約300nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物4をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物5をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物6をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物8をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約20nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物9をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中室温で乾燥することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物11をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚約10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板をホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物10を2000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約350nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、PEDOT:PSS溶液(ヘレウス社製、CleviosP VP AI4083)をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚50nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約200nmであった。
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタリング法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。ITO薄膜を有するガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、組成物7をスピンコート法によりITO膜上に塗布し、真空乾燥することにより、膜厚約30nmの正孔注入層を形成した。次に、正孔注入層を形成したガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で70℃に充分に加熱した後、加熱した基板をスピンコーターに載せ、正孔注入層上に、組成物1を6000rpmの回転数でスピンコート法により塗布し、窒素ガス雰囲気下で風乾させることにより、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜を得た。次に、ヨウ化鉛の塗布膜上に、組成物2を滴下し、6000rpmでスピンコートし、大気中100℃で10分間加熱することにより、活性層を形成した。活性層の膜厚は約300nmであった。
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、Plexcore PV2000 Hole Transport Ink(上述のとおり、シグマ・アルドリッチ社製の有機太陽電池作製キット(PV2000 kit)に含まれている)を、スピンコート法により塗布し、大気中170℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚50nmの塗布膜を形成した。次に、この塗布膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒後に4000rpmでスピンさせて振り切った。塗布膜の残膜率は、100%であった。
Claims (10)
- 陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有し、
正孔注入層が、下記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子。
<水リンス処理後の残膜率測定方法>
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)の値を、水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。 - 陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有し、
正孔注入層が、下記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子。
<水リンス処理後の残膜率測定方法>
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)の値を、水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。 - 支持基板、前記陽極、前記正孔注入層、前記活性層および前記陰極が、この順で積層された構成を有する、請求項1または2に記載された光電変換素子。
- 前記活性層と前記陰極の間に設けられた電子輸送層をさらに有する、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
- 前記電子輸送層が、
フラーレン類およびフラーレン類の誘導体からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料を含む塗布液を塗布することによって形成される層である、請求項4に記載された光電変換素子。 - 前記正孔注入層と前記活性層の間に設けられた正孔輸送層をさらに有する、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
- 前記活性層が、塗布法によって形成される層である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載された光電変換素子を有する有機光センサー。
- 支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、下記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、ポリチオフェンおよびその誘導体、芳香族アミン化合物、並びに、少なくとも3つの置換基を有するフェニル基を含む芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料である、光電変換素子の製造方法。
<水リンス処理後の残膜率測定方法>
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)を水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。 - 支持基板と、陽極と、陰極と、陽極および陰極の間に設けられたペロブスカイト化合物を含む活性層と、陽極および活性層の間に設けられた正孔注入層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
支持基板上に形成された陽極上に、正孔注入層を形成する工程と、
正孔注入層上に、活性層を形成する工程とを含み、
正孔注入層が、下記に示す水リンス処理後の残膜率測定において残膜率が80%以上である層であり、
正孔注入層の材料が、芳香族アミン化合物および芳香族アミン残基を繰り返し単位にもつ高分子化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の材料であり、かつ、
正孔注入層の厚さが15nm以下である、光電変換素子の製造方法。
<水リンス処理後の残膜率測定方法>
一辺1インチの正方形の基板上に、光電変換素子における正孔注入層として成膜する場合と同等の膜厚となるように、スピンコート法により膜を塗布成膜した後、膜上にメニスカス状に水を載せ、30秒間静置した後、4000rpmでスピンさせて水を振り切ることにより、水リンス処理を行う。
水リンス処理前後の膜厚を触針式膜厚計で測定し、(水リンス処理後の膜厚/水リンス処理前の膜厚)×100(%)の値を、水リンス処理後の残膜率とする。
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| DE112016000443.5T DE112016000443T5 (de) | 2015-01-22 | 2016-01-08 | Photoelektrische Umwandlungsvorrichtung und dessen Herstellungsverfahren |
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| JP2019068028A (ja) * | 2017-03-28 | 2019-04-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
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| WO2014045021A1 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2014-03-27 | Isis Innovation Limited | Optoelectronic device |
| US20140332078A1 (en) * | 2013-05-09 | 2014-11-13 | National Cheng Kung University | Hybrid organic solar cell with perovskite structure as absorption material and manufacturing method thereof |
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| WO2012132828A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-04 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子の製造方法 |
| EP2994926A1 (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2016-03-16 | Greatcell Solar S.A. | Organic-inorganic perovskite based solar cell |
| CN103855307A (zh) * | 2014-03-14 | 2014-06-11 | 国家纳米科学中心 | 一种钙钛矿太阳电池及其制备方法 |
| JP6696428B2 (ja) * | 2014-10-21 | 2020-05-20 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
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| WO2014045021A1 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2014-03-27 | Isis Innovation Limited | Optoelectronic device |
| US20140332078A1 (en) * | 2013-05-09 | 2014-11-13 | National Cheng Kung University | Hybrid organic solar cell with perovskite structure as absorption material and manufacturing method thereof |
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| WO2018115817A1 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2018-06-28 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Oligo- or polyether-modified electroactive materials for charge storage devices |
| JP2019068028A (ja) * | 2017-03-28 | 2019-04-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
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