WO2016174862A1 - 非水電解質蓄電素子用負極 - Google Patents
非水電解質蓄電素子用負極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016174862A1 WO2016174862A1 PCT/JP2016/002177 JP2016002177W WO2016174862A1 WO 2016174862 A1 WO2016174862 A1 WO 2016174862A1 JP 2016002177 W JP2016002177 W JP 2016002177W WO 2016174862 A1 WO2016174862 A1 WO 2016174862A1
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- negative electrode
- graphitizable carbon
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- graphite
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element, a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element and a storage device using the same.
- non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements represented by lithium ion secondary batteries have been used in a wide range of applications such as electric vehicle power supplies, electronic device power supplies, and power storage power supplies.
- Patent Document 1 states that “a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material used in a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material, a binder, a layered compound, and a dispersion medium. And the dispersion medium is water.
- (Claim 1) is disclosed.
- the negative electrode mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the negative electrode active material contains hard carbon (claim 11)
- the negative electrode active material contains graphite. It is disclosed that the negative electrode mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 2 (claim 12).
- Patent Document 2 states that “in a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the positive electrode includes a general formula LiNi 1-x Co x O 2 (provided that 0.1% ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6 is satisfied.), And the negative electrode contains natural graphite in the range of 60 to 90% by weight and is hardly graphitized. A carbon material containing carbon in the range of 40 to 10% by weight is used, and the self-diffusion coefficient of 7 Li nuclei calculated by the pulse magnetic field gradient NMR method is 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery characterized by using a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having a cm 2 / s or more ”(Claim 1) is disclosed.
- the solvent recovery step can be omitted compared to the case of using a non-aqueous solvent.
- the cost merit in the manufacturing process such as easy handling is great.
- the environmental load can be reduced.
- the present inventors have found that the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element using the negative electrode provided with the negative electrode mixture layer produced in this way has an increased DC resistance at low temperatures.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe the use of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) as the negative electrode active material. However, there is no mention of means for overcoming the increase in DC resistance at low temperatures.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described prior art, and it is an object to reduce the direct current resistance at a low temperature of a negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element including a negative electrode mixture layer prepared using an aqueous solvent. To do.
- the present invention comprises graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, and a binder, wherein the non-graphitizable carbon has an average particle size of 8 ⁇ m or less, based on the total mass of the graphite and the non-graphitizable carbon. It is a negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage elements in which the ratio of the non-graphitizable carbon is 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less.
- the present invention it is possible to reduce the direct current resistance of the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element at a low temperature.
- FIG. 1 is an external perspective view showing an embodiment of a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention. Schematic showing a power storage device constructed by assembling a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte power storage elements according to the present invention
- the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element contains graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, and a binder, and the average particle size of the non-graphitizable carbon is 8 ⁇ m or less, The ratio of the non-graphitizable carbon to the total mass of the graphite and the non-graphitizable carbon is 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less.
- graphite refers to carbon having a (002) plane lattice spacing d (002) of 0.34 nm or less. Examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, and graphitized products. Further, a carbon material other than graphite may be coated over part or the entire surface of the graphite particles. When the carbon material contains non-graphitizable carbon, it is determined that the non-graphitizable carbon coated on the surface of the graphite particles is a part of the graphite particles, and is included in the mass of the non-graphitizable carbon. Absent.
- graphite having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less can be used. Preferably, they are 8 micrometers or more and 40 micrometers or less.
- non-graphitizable carbon is a carbon substance having a lattice plane distance d (002) of the (002) plane of greater than 0.36 nm.
- the average particle size of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon indicates a particle size having a cumulative degree of 50% (D50) in a volume standard particle size distribution.
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (SALD-2200, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) is used as a measuring device, and Wing SALD-2200 is used as measurement control software.
- SALD-2200 a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device
- Wing SALD-2200 is used as measurement control software.
- a scattering type measurement mode is adopted, and a wet cell for measurement containing a dispersion in which non-graphitizable carbon is dispersed in a dispersion solvent is placed in an ultrasonic environment for 5 minutes. Set, irradiate with laser light and measure to obtain scattered light distribution.
- the obtained scattered light distribution is approximated by a lognormal distribution, and in the particle size distribution (horizontal axis, ⁇ ), a particle size corresponding to a cumulative degree of 50% (D50) in a range where the minimum is set to 0.1 ⁇ m and the maximum is set to 100 ⁇ m. Is the average particle size.
- nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg
- Typical metal elements such as Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, and Ge
- transition metals such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Ta, Hf, Nb, and W It does not exclude the inclusion of elements.
- the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage elements may contain an active material other than graphite and non-graphitizable carbon.
- the aqueous binder is used as the binder used for the negative electrode for the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the aqueous binder can be defined as a binder that can use an aqueous solvent when preparing a mixture (electrode paste). More specifically, the aqueous binder can be defined as a binder that can use water or a mixed solvent mainly composed of water as a solvent when mixing with an active material to form a paste. .
- various non-solvent polymers can be used.
- the aqueous binder it is preferable to use at least one selected from a rubber-based polymer and a resin-based polymer that can be dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous solvent.
- the aqueous solvent represents water or a mixed solvent mainly composed of water. Examples of the solvent other than water constituting the mixed solvent include organic solvents (such as lower alcohols and lower ketones) that can be uniformly mixed with water.
- Examples of rubber polymers that can be dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous solvent include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber (MBR), and the like. These can be used as a binder preferably in a state dispersed in water. That is, examples of usable aqueous binders include an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), an aqueous dispersion of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), an aqueous dispersion of methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber (MBR), and the like. Is mentioned. Of these rubbery polymers that can be dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous solvent, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is preferably used.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- Examples of the resin polymer that can be dissolved or dispersed in the aqueous solvent include acrylic resins, olefin resins, fluorine resins, and nitrile resins.
- Examples of the acrylic resin include acrylic acid esters and methacrylic acid esters.
- Examples of the olefin resin include polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE).
- Examples of the fluorine resin include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- Examples of the nitrile resin include polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
- a copolymer containing two or more monomers can be used as the aqueous binder.
- Such copolymers include ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, propylene-butene copolymer, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, methyl methacrylate-butadiene.
- -A styrene copolymer etc. can be illustrated.
- aqueous binder a polymer having a functional group introduced by modification or a polymer having a crosslinked structure can be used.
- the aqueous binder has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of ⁇ 30 ° C. or more and 50 ° C. or less. It is preferable because the flexibility of the negative electrode is improved.
- the amount of the aqueous binder added is preferably 0.5 to 50% by mass, more preferably 1 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 10% by mass with respect to the total mass of the negative electrode mixture layer of the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element. % Is particularly preferred.
- the above polymers can be used alone or in combination with a plurality of polymers.
- a thickener can be included in the negative electrode for the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the thickener include starch polymer, alginic acid polymer, microbial polymer, and cellulose polymer.
- the cellulosic polymer can be classified into nonionic, cationic and anionic.
- the nonionic cellulose polymer include alkyl cellulose and hydroxyalkyl cellulose.
- the cationic cellulose polymer include chloride- [2-hydroxy-3- (trimethylammonio) propyl] hydroxyethylcellulose (polyquaternium-10).
- the anionic cellulose polymer include alkyl cellulose having a structure represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) in which the nonionic cellulose polymer is substituted with various derivative groups, and metal salts, ammonium salts, and the like thereof. be able to.
- X is preferably an alkali metal, NH 4 or H.
- R is preferably a divalent hydrocarbon group. The number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited, but is usually about 1 to 5. Furthermore, R may be a hydrocarbon group or an alkylene group containing a carboxy group or the like.
- anionic cellulose polymer examples include carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), sodium cellulose sulfate, methylcellulose, methylethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and salts thereof. It can. Among these, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) are preferable, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is more preferable.
- the degree of substitution of hydroxy groups (three) per one anhydroglucose unit in cellulose with a substituent such as a carboxymethyl group is called the degree of etherification, and can theoretically take a value from 0 to 3. It shows that the smaller the degree of etherification, the greater the number of hydroxy groups in the cellulose and the less the substitution product.
- the cellulose as the thickener contained in the negative electrode mixture layer preferably has a degree of etherification of 1.5 or less, more preferably 1.0 or less, and 0.8 or less. Even more preferred.
- the ratio of the non-graphitizable carbon to the total mass of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon is preferably 10% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less. This is preferable because the energy density can be increased while keeping the direct current resistance at a low temperature of the negative electrode for the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element low.
- the ratio of the non-graphitizable carbon to the total mass of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon is more preferably 10% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less.
- the average particle diameter of the non-graphitizable carbon is smaller than the average particle diameter of the graphite.
- the average particle diameter of the non-graphitizable carbon is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, more preferably the average particle diameter is 2.5 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, and the average particle diameter is It is particularly preferable that the particle size is 3 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the non-graphitizable carbon has a crystal structure that does not exhibit an orientation with respect to a specific uniaxial direction.
- a crystal structure that does not exhibit an orientation with respect to a specific uniaxial direction is preferable because the number of sites for occluding and releasing lithium ions increases, and the input / output characteristics of the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements are improved.
- crystals are less likely to be oriented in the thickness direction of the negative electrode mixture layer, so that expansion and contraction of the negative electrode mixture layer during charge and discharge is suppressed, and the cycle performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element is improved. It is preferable because it improves.
- the non-graphitizable carbon particles are preferably non-spherical.
- the dispersibility of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon in the negative electrode mixture layer is increased, and the contact ratio between graphite and non-graphitizable carbon can be increased. It is preferable because the direct current resistance at a low temperature can be further reduced.
- the non-spherical shape of the non-graphitizable carbon particles is determined by the ratio of the longest diameter (major axis) to the shortest diameter (minor axis) of the non-graphitizable carbon particles. Specifically, when the major axis of the non-graphitizable carbon particles is a and the minor axis is b, those that satisfy the relationship of b / a ⁇ 0.85 are made non-spherical.
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is prepared by adding a negative electrode active material containing graphite and non-graphitizable carbon, an aqueous binder, a thickener, and an aqueous solvent such as water and kneading to obtain a negative electrode paste.
- the negative electrode paste is suitably produced by applying it on a current collector such as a copper foil and heat-treating it at a temperature of about 50 to 250 ° C.
- a current collector such as a copper foil
- the negative electrode paste may contain a conductive agent.
- the paste for negative electrodes does not need to contain the thickener.
- the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 120 ⁇ m or less, and the porosity of the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably 15% or more and 40% or less.
- the filler is preferably an inorganic oxide that is electrochemically stable even at the negative electrode potential of the fully charged nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the inorganic oxide which has the heat resistance of 250 degreeC or more is more preferable from a viewpoint of improving the heat resistance of a coating layer.
- alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and the like can be mentioned. Of these, alumina and titania are particularly preferable.
- the particle diameter (mode diameter) of the filler is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the filler one kind of the above may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used.
- the thickness of the coating layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of the energy density of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element. Furthermore, 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less is more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the reliability of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element, and 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- binder for the coating layer examples include the following, but are not limited thereto.
- fluorine resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyacrylonitrile derivatives, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- polyacrylic acid derivatives polyacrylonitrile derivatives
- polyethylene polyacrylonitrile derivatives
- styrene-butadiene examples include rubber binders such as rubber, and polyacrylonitrile derivatives.
- Examples of the material of the current collector such as a current collector foil used for the negative electrode for the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element include metal materials such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, and chrome-plated steel. Among these, copper is preferable from the viewpoints of ease of processing, cost, and electrical conductivity.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as the reversible potential caused by charging and discharging is noble than the negative electrode active material.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula Li w Ni x Mn y Co 1-xy O 2 (0 ⁇ w ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1) is used as the positive electrode.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element combined with the positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element used as the main component of the active material and the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element of the embodiment of the present invention has energy density, charge / discharge characteristics, high temperature storage, etc. It is preferable because of its excellent balance of life characteristics and high effect of the present invention.
- the use as a main component of the positive electrode active material means that the mass of the lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula Li w Ni x Mn y Co 1-xy O 2 in the total mass of the positive electrode active material. Means the most.
- the ratio of the number of moles x of nickel in Li w Ni x Mn y Co 1-xy O 2 is larger, the increase in DC resistance before and after high-temperature storage of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element can be further suppressed. preferable. For this reason, x> 0.3 is preferable, and x ⁇ 0.33 is more preferable.
- x in Li w Ni x Mn y Co 1-xy O 2 is preferably x> 0.3, more preferably x ⁇ 0.33, and 0.33 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.8. It is particularly preferable to do this.
- a positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is prepared by adding a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone, toluene or the like and kneading it into a paste. It is preferably produced by coating on a current collector and heat-treating it at a temperature of about 50 to 250 ° C.
- the application method for example, it is desirable to apply to any thickness and any shape using means such as roller coating such as applicator roll, screen coating, doctor blade method, spin coating, bar coater, etc. It is not limited.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited, and those generally proposed for use in lithium batteries, lithium ion capacitors and the like can be used.
- Nonaqueous solvents used for nonaqueous electrolytes include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate; cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate Chain esters such as methyl acetate; tetrahydrofuran or derivatives thereof; ethers such as 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane and methyldiglyme; nitriles such as acetonitrile; dioxolane or derivatives thereof; ethylene sulfide, sulfolane , Sultone or a derivative thereof alone or a mixture of two or more thereof, but not limited thereto.
- cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate
- cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone
- chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate
- electrolyte salt used for the nonaqueous electrolyte examples include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), or potassium (K) such as LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , Li 2 SO 4 , NaClO 4 , NaSCN, KClO 4 , and KSCN.
- Organic ionic salts such as these can be used, and these ionic compounds can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the viscosity of the electrolyte can be further reduced, The low temperature characteristics can be further improved, and self-discharge can be suppressed, which is more desirable.
- a room temperature molten salt or ionic liquid may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the concentration of lithium ions (Li + ) in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably from 0.1 mol / l to 5 mol / l, more preferably from 0.1 mol / l to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte electricity storage device having high charge / discharge characteristics. It is 5 mol / l to 2.5 mol / l, particularly preferably 0.8 mol / l to 1.0 mol / l.
- the separator be used alone or in combination with a porous film or a non-woven fabric that exhibits excellent high rate discharge performance.
- the material constituting the separator include polyolefin resins typified by polyethylene and polypropylene, polyester resins typified by polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride copolymers, various amide resins, and various celluloses. And polyethylene oxide resins.
- the polymer gel comprised with polymers, such as an acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and a nonaqueous electrolyte can be mentioned.
- polymers such as an acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and a nonaqueous electrolyte can be mentioned.
- a polymer gel in combination with the above-described porous film or nonwoven fabric because the liquid retention of the nonaqueous electrolyte is improved. That is, by forming a film having a thickness of several ⁇ m or less coated with a solvophilic polymer on the surface of the polyethylene microporous membrane and the microporous wall, and retaining the nonaqueous electrolyte in the micropores of the film, The conductive polymer gels.
- the solvophilic polymer include polyvinylidene fluoride, an acrylate monomer having an ethylene oxide group or an ester group, an epoxy monomer, a polymer having a monomer having an isocyanate group, and the like crosslinked.
- the monomer can be subjected to a crosslinking reaction using a radical initiator in combination with heating or ultraviolet rays (UV), or using an actinic ray such as an electron beam (EB).
- a surface layer containing an inorganic filler may be provided on the separator surface.
- Examples of the inorganic filler include inorganic oxides, inorganic nitrides, sparingly soluble ion binding compounds, covalent bonding compounds, and montmorillonite clay.
- Examples of the inorganic oxide include iron oxide, silica (SiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ).
- Examples of the inorganic nitride include aluminum nitride and silicon nitride.
- Examples of the poorly soluble ion binding compound include calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, barium sulfate and the like.
- the safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element of the embodiment of the present invention can be further improved by disposing the surface layer containing the inorganic filler so as to face the positive electrode. To more preferable.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 98% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength. Further, the porosity is preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a rectangular nonaqueous electrolyte storage element 1 which is an embodiment of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention.
- the electrode group 2 is housed in an exterior body 3.
- the electrode group 2 is formed by winding a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material via a separator.
- the positive electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 4 via the positive electrode lead 4 ′
- , and the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 5 via the negative electrode lead 5 ′.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is hold
- the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include cylindrical, rectangular (rectangular), flat, and other nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements.
- the present invention can also be realized as a power storage device including a plurality of the above non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
- a power storage device is shown in FIG. In FIG. 2, the power storage device 30 includes a plurality of power storage units 20. Each power storage unit 20 includes a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1.
- the power storage device 30 can be mounted as a power source for vehicles such as an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV).
- EV electric vehicle
- HEV hybrid vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- a lithium ion secondary battery is exemplified as the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element, but the present invention is not limited to the lithium ion secondary battery, and can be applied to other nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements. .
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- the negative electrode mixture paste was prepared through a kneading step using a multi-blender mill by adjusting the solid content (mass%) by adjusting the amount of water. This negative electrode paste was intermittently applied to both sides of the copper foil leaving an uncoated portion (negative electrode mixture layer non-formation region) and dried to prepare a negative electrode mixture layer. After producing the negative electrode mixture layer as described above, roll pressing was performed so that the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer was 70 ⁇ m.
- Lithium cobalt nickel manganese composite oxide LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- acetylene black AB
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a positive electrode paste was prepared using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) which is a non-aqueous solvent.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- a 12% NMP solution (# 1100 manufactured by Kureha Corporation) was used as the PVDF.
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive agent was 90: 5: 5 (in terms of solid content).
- This positive electrode paste was intermittently applied to both sides of the aluminum foil, leaving an unapplied portion (positive electrode mixture layer non-forming region), and dried. Thereafter, roll pressing was performed to produce a positive electrode.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte is LiPF so that the salt concentration becomes 1.2 mol / l in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate are mixed so as to be 30% by volume, 40% by volume, and 30% by volume, respectively. 6 was dissolved. The amount of water in the nonaqueous electrolyte was less than 50 ppm.
- Example 2 A battery of Example 2 was made in the same manner as Example 1 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was 80:20.
- Example 3 A battery of Example 3 was made in the same manner as Example 1 except that the mass ratio of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon was 70:30.
- Example 4 A battery of Example 4 was made in the same manner as Example 1 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was 50:50.
- Comparative Example 1 A battery of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was set to 100: 0.
- Capacity measurement For each of the batteries of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 manufactured as described above, the following capacity measurement was carried out in a thermostat set at 25 ° C., and the electric capacity equivalent to the nominal capacity of the battery was measured. It was confirmed that an amount of charge / discharge was possible.
- the charging conditions for the capacity measurement were constant current and constant voltage charging with a current value of 1 CA and a voltage of 4.2 V.
- the charging time was 3 hours from the start of energization.
- the discharge conditions were a constant current discharge with a current of 1 CA and a final voltage of 2.75V. A 10 minute rest period was provided between charging and discharging.
- 1CA which is the current value, is a current value that provides the same amount of electricity as the nominal capacity of the battery when the battery is energized for one hour at a constant current.
- discharging was performed for 10 seconds at a current of 0.2 CA, and after a pause of 2 minutes, supplementary charging was performed for 10 seconds at a current of 0.2 CA. Further, after a rest of 2 minutes, the battery was discharged for 10 seconds at a current of 0.5 CA, and after a rest of 2 minutes, supplementary charging was performed for 25 seconds at a current of 0.2 CA. Further, after a rest of 2 minutes, the battery was discharged at a current of 1 CA for 10 seconds. The voltage of 10 seconds after each rate discharge was plotted with respect to the current value, and the direct current resistance value was calculated from the slope of the graph subjected to fitting by the least square method.
- Example 5 A battery of Example 5 was made in the same manner as Example 1 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was 85:15.
- the negative electrode mixture paste was prepared by adjusting the solid content (mass%) by adjusting the amount of NMP and through a kneading step using a multi-blender mill. This negative electrode paste was applied to both sides of the copper foil leaving an uncoated part (negative electrode mixture layer non-formation region) and dried to prepare a negative electrode mixture layer. After preparing the negative electrode mixture layer as described above, roll pressing was performed so that the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer was 70 ⁇ m.
- a battery of Comparative Example 4 was produced in the same manner as Example 1 except that the negative electrode produced in this way was used.
- Comparative Example 5 A battery of Comparative Example 5 was produced in the same manner as Comparative Example 4 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was 85:15.
- Comparative Example 6 A battery of Comparative Example 6 was produced in the same manner as Comparative Example 4 except that the mass ratio of graphite to non-graphitizable carbon was 80:20.
- Capacity measurement For each of the batteries of Example 1, Example 2, Example 5 and Comparative Examples 4 to 6 produced as described above, the following capacity measurement was carried out in a thermostat set at 25 ° C. It was confirmed that charging and discharging with the same amount of electricity as the nominal capacity was possible.
- the charging conditions for the capacity measurement were constant current and constant voltage charging with a current value of 1 CA and a voltage of 4.2 V.
- the charging time was 3 hours from the start of energization.
- the discharge conditions were a constant current discharge with a current of 1 CA and a final voltage of 2.75V. A 10 minute rest period was provided between charging and discharging.
- 1CA which is the current value, is a current value that provides the same amount of electricity as the nominal capacity of the battery when the battery is energized for one hour at a constant current.
- the battery was discharged for 10 seconds at a current of 0.5 CA, and after a rest of 2 minutes, supplementary charging was performed for 25 seconds at a current of 0.2 CA. Further, after a rest of 2 minutes, the battery was discharged at a current of 1 CA for 10 seconds. The voltage of 10 seconds after each rate discharge was plotted with respect to the current value, and the direct current resistance value was calculated from the slope of the graph subjected to fitting by the least square method. This DC resistance value is defined as “DC resistance value before storage”.
- the direct current resistance relative values of the batteries of Examples 1 to 4 using graphite and non-graphitizable carbon having an average particle diameter of 8 ⁇ m or less are the same as those of Comparative Example 1 in which non-graphitizable carbon is not used. It is smaller than the battery. That is, the direct current resistance values of the batteries of Examples 1 to 4 are smaller than those of the battery of Comparative Example 1, and the direct current resistance is reduced. From this, it is possible to reduce the direct current resistance value of the battery and the negative electrode at low temperature by coexisting graphite and non-graphitizable carbon having an average particle diameter of 8 ⁇ m or less.
- the battery of Comparative Example 2 using graphite and non-graphitizable carbon having an average particle diameter of 9 ⁇ m has a higher direct current resistance relative value than the battery of Comparative Example 1. That is, the DC resistance value of the battery of Comparative Example 2 is larger than that of the battery of Comparative Example 1, and the DC resistance is increased. From this, it can be seen that even when non-graphitizable carbon having an average particle size of greater than 8 ⁇ m is used, the effect of reducing the direct current resistance value at low temperatures of the battery and the negative electrode cannot be obtained.
- the battery of Comparative Example 3 using graphite and graphitizable carbon also has a higher direct current resistance relative value than the battery of Comparative Example 1. That is, the DC resistance value of the battery of Comparative Example 3 is larger than that of the battery of Comparative Example 1, and the DC resistance is increased. From this, it can be seen that even when graphitizable carbon is used, the effect of reducing the direct current resistance value of the battery and the negative electrode at low temperatures cannot be obtained.
- the average particle diameter of the non-graphitizable carbon exceeds 8 ⁇ m, so the amount of the non-graphitizable carbon entering the gaps between the graphite particles is too small, so the filling property of the negative electrode mixture layer for the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element is improved. Therefore, it is difficult to improve the current collecting property of the negative electrode mixture layer. Therefore, it is considered that the effect of reducing the direct current resistance value of the battery and the negative electrode at a low temperature cannot be obtained.
- the direct current resistance reduction rate of the battery of Example 1 employing an aqueous binder is that of a non-aqueous solvent system. It is larger than the battery of Comparative Example 4 using a binder. That is, by employing an aqueous binder for the negative electrode, it is possible to further increase the direct current resistance reduction rate of the battery and the negative electrode at low temperatures.
- a high “DC resistance reduction rate” indicates that the effect of reducing the DC resistance of the battery when stored at high temperatures is high. Therefore, even if the battery has a DC resistance that increases due to high-temperature storage, it is considered possible to suppress the increase in DC resistance.
- Example 5 and Comparative Example 5 and Example 2 and Comparative Example 6 the battery of the Example has a higher DC resistance reduction rate than the battery of the Comparative Example. From this, it can be seen that even when the ratio of non-graphitizable carbon is changed, the DC resistance decrease rate at low temperatures of the battery and the negative electrode is increased by employing an aqueous binder for the negative electrode.
- the DC resistance value is calculated based on the voltage 10 seconds after the start of each rate discharge.
- the present inventors have confirmed through experiments that the direct current resistance value calculated based on the voltage 30 seconds after the start of discharge of each rate discharge has the same tendency as in the above example.
- the present invention is capable of reducing the low-temperature DC resistance of a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element and a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element including the same, so that it can be used for electric vehicle power supplies, electronic device power supplies, power storage power supplies, etc. It is useful for non-aqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices for a wide range of applications.
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Abstract
Description
この様な、開発の取り組みの一つとして、負極の構成に関する検討が行われている。
さらに、「前記負極活物質にハードカーボンを含む請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の負極用合剤。」(請求項11)、「前記負極活物質に黒鉛を含む請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の負極用合剤。」(請求項12)とすることが開示されている。
しかしながら、低温時の直流抵抗の増大を克服する手段については言及されていない。
この様な構成の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極とすることにより、低温時の直流抵抗を低減することができる。
また、黒鉛粒子の表面の一部或いは全体に渡り、黒鉛以外の炭素材が被覆されていても良い。なお、炭素材に難黒鉛化性炭素が含まれる場合、黒鉛粒子の表面上に被覆された難黒鉛化性炭素は、黒鉛粒子の一部と判断し、難黒鉛化性炭素の質量には含まない。
具体的には、測定装置としてレーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(SALD-2200、株式会社島津製作所製)、測定制御ソフトとしてWing SALD-2200を用いる。
測定手法としては、散乱式の測定モードを採用し、難黒鉛化性炭素を分散溶媒中に分散させた分散液を入れた測定用湿式セルを5分間超音波環境下に置いた後、装置にセットし、レーザー光を照射して測定を行い散乱光分布を得る。得られた散乱光分布を対数正規分布により近似し、その粒度分布(横軸、σ)において最小を0.1μm、最大を100μmに設定した範囲の中で累積度50%(D50)にあたる粒径を平均粒径とする。
さらに、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極には、黒鉛及び難黒鉛化性炭素以外の活物質が含まれていても良い。
水性結着剤は、合剤(電極ペースト)を調整する際に水系溶媒を用いることが可能な結着剤、と定義することができる。より具体的には、水性結着剤は、活物質と混合してペースト化する際の溶媒として水または水を主体とする混合溶媒を用いることが可能な結着剤、と定義することができる。このような結着剤としては、非溶剤系の各種の高分子を用いることができる。
水性結着剤としては、水系溶媒に溶解又は分散可能な、ゴム系高分子及び樹脂系高分子から選択される少なくとも1つを用いることが好ましい。ここで、水系溶媒とは、水又は水を主体とする混合溶媒を表す。混合溶媒を構成する水以外の溶媒としては、水と均一に混合し得る有機溶媒(低級アルコールや低級ケトン等)を例示することができる。
これにより、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極の低温時の直流抵抗を低く保ちつつ、エネルギー密度を高めることができるため好ましい。
これにより、後述する実施例に示す様に、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極の高温保管耐性を高めることができる。
この構成により、黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素とを混合した際に、黒鉛粒子の隙間に難黒鉛化性炭素が効率よく入り込むようになるので、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極の低温時の直流抵抗をより低減させることができるため好ましい。
負極用ペーストは導電剤を含んでいても良い。また、負極用ペーストは増粘剤を含んでいなくても良い。
フィラーとしては、満充電状態の非水電解質蓄電素子の負極電位においても電気化学的に安定な無機酸化物が好ましい。さらに、被覆層の耐熱性を高める観点から、250℃以上の耐熱性を有する無機酸化物がより好ましい。例えば、アルミナ、シリカ、ジルコニア、チタニアなどを挙げることができる。中でも、アルミナやチタニアが特に好ましい。また、フィラーの粒径(モード径)は0.1μm以上が好ましい。
フィラーは上記の一種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いても良い。
例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)等のフッ素樹脂や、ポリアクリル酸誘導体、ポリアクリロニトリル誘導体、ポリエチレン、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム等のゴム系結着剤、さらには、ポリアクリロニトリル誘導体等がある。
中でも、式LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2(0<w≦1.2、0<x≦1、0≦y<1)で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質の主成分として使用した非水電解質蓄電素子用正極と、本発明の実施形態の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極と組み合わせた非水電解質蓄電素子は、エネルギー密度、充放電特性、高温放置等の寿命特性のバランスに優れ、本発明の効果も高いことから好ましい。なお、正極活物質の主成分として使用するとは、正極活物質の全質量の中で、式LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の質量が最も多いことを意味する。
また、LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2のニッケルのモル数xの割合が多い程、非水電解質蓄電素子の高温保存前後の直流抵抗の増加をより抑制することができるため好ましい。このため、x>0.3が好ましく、x≧0.33であることがより好ましい。
一方、x>0.8では、LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2の初期クーロン効率が低下する傾向がある。
これらの観点から、LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2のxは、x>0.3が好ましく、x≧0.33がより好ましく、0.33≦x≦0.8とすることが特に好ましい。
また、アクリロニトリル、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、メチルメタアクリレート、ビニルアセテート、ビニルピロリドン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のポリマーと非水電解質とで構成されるポリマーゲルを挙げることができる。
前記親溶媒性ポリマーとしては、ポリフッ化ビニリデンの他、エチレンオキシド基やエステル基等を有するアクリレートモノマー、エポキシモノマー、イソシアナート基を有するモノマー等が架橋したポリマー等が挙げられる。該モノマーは、ラジカル開始剤を併用して加熱や紫外線(UV)を用いたり、電子線(EB)等の活性光線等を用いて架橋反応を行わせることが可能である。
無機酸化物の例としては、酸化鉄、シリカ(SiO2)、アルミナ(Al2O3)、酸化チタン(TiO2)、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、酸化ジルコニウム(ZrO2)等がある。
無機窒化物の例としては、窒化アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素等がある。
難溶性のイオン結合性化合物の例としては、フッ化カルシウム、フッ化バリウム、硫酸バリウム等がある。
(負極の作製)
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素(平均粒子径3.5μm、b/a=0.8、d(002)=0.37nm)、結着剤であるスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、及び溶媒である水を用いて負極ペーストを作製した。黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率は90:10、黒鉛及び難黒鉛化性炭素の合計質量とSBRとCMCの質量比率は96:2:2とした。
負極合剤ペーストは、水の量を調整することにより、固形分(質量%)を調整し、マルチブレンダーミルを用いた混練工程を経て作製した。この負極ペーストを銅箔の両面に、未塗布部(負極合剤層非形成領域)を残して間欠塗布し、乾燥することにより負極合剤層を作製した。
上記の様に負極合剤層を作製した後、負極合剤層の厚みが70μmとなるようにロールプレスを行った。
正極活物質であるリチウムコバルトニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2)、導電剤であるアセチレンブラック(AB)、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)及び非水系溶媒であるN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)を用いて正極ペーストを作製した。ここで、前記PVDFは12%NMP溶液(株式会社クレハ製#1100)を用いた。なお、正極活物質、結着剤及び導電剤の質量比率は90:5:5(固形分換算)とした。この正極ペーストをアルミ箔の両面に、未塗布部(正極合剤層非形成領域)を残して間欠塗布し、乾燥した。その後、ロールプレスを行い、正極を作製した。
非水電解質は、エチレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートを、それぞれ30体積%、40体積%、30体積%となるように混合した溶媒に、塩濃度が1.2mol/lとなるようにLiPF6を溶解させて作製した。非水電解質中の水分量は50ppm未満とした。
セパレータには、厚み21μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を用いた。
正極と、負極と、セパレータとを積層して巻回した。その後、正極の正極合剤層非形成領域及び負極の負極合剤層非形成領域を正極リード及び負極リードにそれぞれ溶接して容器に封入し、容器と蓋板とを溶接後、非水電解質を注入して封口した。この様にして、実施例1の電池を作製した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を80:20としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例2の電池を作製した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を70:30としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例3の電池を作製した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を50:50としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例4の電池を作製した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を100:0としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして比較例1の電池を作製した。
難黒鉛化性炭素(d(002)=0.37nm)の平均粒子径を9μmとしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして比較例2の電池を作製した。
難黒鉛化性炭素の代わりに易黒鉛化性炭素(平均粒子径15μm、d(002)=0.345nm)を用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして比較例3の電池を作製した。
上記のようにして作製された実施例1~4及び比較例1~3の各電池について、25℃に設定した恒温槽中で、以下の容量測定を実施し、電池の公称容量と同等の電気量の充放電が可能であることを確認した。
容量測定の充電条件は、電流値1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電とした。充電時間は通電開始から3時間とした。放電条件は、電流1CA、終止電圧2.75Vの定電流放電とした。充電と放電の間には、10分間の休止時間を設けた。
なお、上記電流値である1CAとは、電池に1時間の定電流通電を行った時に、電池の公称容量と同じ電気量となる電流値である。
容量測定の後、電流値0.1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電を行った。充電時間は通電開始から15時間とした。10分の休止後、電流値0.1CAにて定電流放電を行った。放電は、電池の公称容量の50%の電気量を通電した時点で停止した。
各電池を-10℃に設定した恒温槽中に移して5時間静置した。
その後、各率放電電流でそれぞれ10秒放電する試験を行った。具体的には、まず、電流0.2CAにて10秒放電し、2分の休止後、電流0.2CAにて10秒の補充電を行った。さらに2分の休止後、電流0.5CAにて10秒放電し、2分の休止後、電流0.2CAにて25秒の補充電を行った。さらに2分の休止後、電流1CAにて10秒放電した。以上の結果を各率放電の10秒後の電圧をその電流値に対してプロットし、最小二乗法によるフィッティングを行ったグラフの傾きから、直流抵抗値を算出した。
比較例1の電池の直流抵抗値を100%とした場合の、各電池の直流抵抗値を比較例1の電池の直流抵抗値に対する相対値として算出した値を「直流抵抗相対値」として表1に記録した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を85:15としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例5の電池を作製した。
(負極の作製)
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素(平均粒子径3.5μm、b/a=0.8、d(002)=0.37nm)、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)及び溶媒であるN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)を用いて負極ペーストを作製した。黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率は90:10、黒鉛及び難黒鉛化性炭素の合計質量と結着剤の質量比率は92:8とした。
負極合剤ペーストは、NMPの量を調整することにより、固形分(質量%)を調整し、マルチブレンダーミルを用いた混練工程を経て作製した。この負極ペーストを銅箔の両面に、未塗布部(負極合剤層非形成領域)を残して塗布し、乾燥することにより負極合剤層を作製した。
上記の様に負極合剤層を作製した後、負極合剤層の厚みが70μmとなるようにロールプレス行った。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を85:15としたことを除いては、比較例4と同様にして比較例5の電池を作製した。
黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素の質量比率を80:20としたことを除いては、比較例4と同様にして比較例6の電池を作製した。
上記のようにして作製された実施例1、実施例2、実施例5及び比較例4~6の各電池について、25℃に設定した恒温槽中で、以下の容量測定を実施し、電池の公称容量と同等の電気量の充放電が可能であることを確認した。
容量測定の充電条件は、電流値1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電とした。充電時間は通電開始から3時間とした。放電条件は、電流1CA、終止電圧2.75Vの定電流放電とした。充電と放電の間には、10分間の休止時間を設けた。
なお、上記電流値である1CAとは、電池に1時間の定電流通電を行った時に、電池の公称容量と同じ電気量となる電流値である。
容量測定の後、電流値0.1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電を行った。充電時間は通電開始から15時間とした。10分の休止後、電流値0.1CAにて定電流放電を行った。放電は、電池の公称容量の50%の電気量を通電した時点で停止した。
各電池を-10℃に設定した恒温槽中に移して5時間静置した。
その後、各率放電電流でそれぞれ10秒間放電する試験を行った。具体的には、まず、電流0.2CAにて10秒放電し、2分の休止後、電流0.2CAにて10秒の補充電を行った。さらに2分の休止後、電流0.5CAにて10秒放電し、2分の休止後、電流0.2CAにて25秒の補充電を行った。さらに2分の休止後、電流1CAにて10秒放電した。以上の結果を各率放電の10秒後の電圧をその電流値に対してプロットし、最小二乗法によるフィッティングを行ったグラフの傾きから、直流抵抗値を算出した。この直流抵抗値を「保管前直流抵抗値」とする。
低温直流抵抗測定の後、電流値1CA、終止電圧2.75Vの定電流放電を行った。10分の休止を挟んだ後、充電電流値1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電を行った。充電時間は通電開始から3時間とした。充電後の電池を60℃に設定した恒温槽に移し、25日間保管した。
高温保管工程後の電池を25℃に設定した恒温槽に移して1日静置した。その後、電流値1CA、終止電圧2.75Vの定電流放電を行った。
この後、保管前直流抵抗測定と同じ工程により、高温保管後の直流抵抗値を測定した。この時の直流抵抗値を「保管後直流抵抗値」とする。
実施例1、実施例2、実施例5及び比較例4~6の各電池において測定した「保管前直流抵抗値」と「保管後直流抵抗値」について、以下の式に基づいて算出した値を「直流抵抗減少率」として表2に記録した。
「直流抵抗減少率」=(「保管前直流抵抗値」-「保管後直流抵抗値」)/「保管前直流抵抗値」
一方、難黒鉛化性炭素の平均粒子径が8μmを超えると、黒鉛粒子の隙間に難黒鉛化性炭素が入り込む量が少なすぎるため、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極合剤層の充填性が向上せず、負極合剤層の集電性が改善されにくいため、電池及び負極の低温時の直流抵抗値を低減する効果は得られないと考えられる。
なお、「直流抵抗減少率」が高いことは、高温保管した際に、電池の直流抵抗を減少させる方向に作用する効果が高いことを示すものである。よって、高温保管により直流抵抗が増大するような電池であっても、直流抵抗の増大量を抑制することが可能と考えられる。
2 電極群
3 外装体
4 正極端子
4’ 正極リード
5 負極端子
5’ 負極リード
20 蓄電ユニット
30 蓄電装置
Claims (9)
- 黒鉛と難黒鉛化性炭素と結着剤とを含有し、前記難黒鉛化性炭素の平均粒子径が8μm以下であり、前記黒鉛と前記難黒鉛化性炭素との合計質量に対する前記難黒鉛化性炭素の比率が10質量%以上50質量%以下である非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記黒鉛と前記難黒鉛化性炭素との合計質量に対する前記難黒鉛化性炭素の比率が10質量%以上30質量%以下である請求項1に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記黒鉛と前記難黒鉛化性炭素との合計質量に対する前記難黒鉛化性炭素の比率が10質量%以上20質量%以下である請求項1に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記難黒鉛化性炭素の平均粒子径が2μm以上4μm以下である請求項1に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記難黒鉛化性炭素の平均粒子径が3μm以上4μm以下である請求項1に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記難黒鉛化性炭素の形状が非球状である請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極を備えた非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極と、式LiwNixMnyCo1-x-yO2(0<w≦1.2、0.3<x≦0.8、0≦y<1)で表される正極活物質を用いた非水電解質蓄電素子用正極、を備えた非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子を備えた蓄電装置。
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| CN201680024181.9A CN107534146A (zh) | 2015-04-28 | 2016-04-25 | 非水电解质蓄电元件用负极 |
| US15/569,831 US20180145329A1 (en) | 2015-04-28 | 2016-04-25 | Negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device |
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| JP7234654B2 (ja) * | 2019-01-28 | 2023-03-08 | 株式会社リコー | 電極及びその製造方法、電極素子、非水電解液蓄電素子 |
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| US20180145329A1 (en) | 2018-05-24 |
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| JP6658744B2 (ja) | 2020-03-04 |
| DE112016001947T5 (de) | 2018-02-15 |
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