WO2015098903A1 - アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ - Google Patents
アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015098903A1 WO2015098903A1 PCT/JP2014/084028 JP2014084028W WO2015098903A1 WO 2015098903 A1 WO2015098903 A1 WO 2015098903A1 JP 2014084028 W JP2014084028 W JP 2014084028W WO 2015098903 A1 WO2015098903 A1 WO 2015098903A1
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- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- current collector
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/145—Liquid electrolytic capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
- H01G11/70—Current collectors characterised by their structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/02—Diaphragms; Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/042—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by the material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an alkali metal ion capacitor using a current collector having a three-dimensional network metal skeleton on a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- ⁇ Amid the close-up of environmental issues, systems for converting clean energy such as sunlight and wind power into electric power and storing it as electric energy are being actively developed.
- a lithium ion secondary battery, an electric double layer capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor, and the like are known.
- a capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor has attracted attention from the viewpoints of being excellent in instantaneous charge / discharge characteristics, obtaining high output characteristics, and being excellent in handleability.
- a lithium ion capacitor includes a positive electrode including a porous carbon material such as activated carbon as an active material, a negative electrode including a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions as an active material, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and lithium ions.
- the separator has a role of preventing a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and holding a nonaqueous electrolyte in the vicinity of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- Patent Document 1 proposes to use a separator having two or more layers having different fiber structures in an electrochemical device such as a lithium ion capacitor.
- Patent Document 1 has a relatively small thickness of 5 to 40 ⁇ m. However, when the thickness of the separator is reduced, the amount of electrolyte that can be retained is reduced, so that it is difficult to obtain a sufficient capacity (and / or output).
- an alkali metal ion capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor
- the alkali metal ion that is a carrier ion of a charge / discharge reaction is not supplied from the electrode but only contained in the electrolyte. is there.
- the amount of electrolyte retained in the separator decreases, the amount of carrier ions that can move decreases, thus significantly reducing the capacitance (and / or output) of the capacitor. Therefore, in practice, it is difficult to use a separator having a small thickness for an alkali metal ion capacitor.
- the separator when the thickness of the separator is small, when a large load is applied to the separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during assembly of the electrochemical device and in the electrochemical device, the separator is easily broken and an internal short circuit is likely to occur.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an alkali metal ion capacitor in which an internal short circuit is suppressed and a sufficient capacity for charging and discharging can be obtained despite the use of a separator having a small thickness.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte containing an alkali metal ion and an anion, and the thickness of the separator is 10 ⁇ m or less.
- a positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network metal skeleton, and a positive electrode active material supported on the positive electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode has a three-dimensional network metal skeleton.
- an anode active material carried on the anode current collector wherein the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface and the maximum roughness Rz2 of the anode surface are each 35 ⁇ m or less.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a sufficient capacity for charging and discharging despite the use of a separator having a small thickness. Moreover, the breakage of the separator when assembling the alkali metal ion capacitor can be suppressed, and thereby an internal short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- 1 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an alkali metal capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes (1) a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte containing alkali metal ions and anions, and the thickness of the separator is 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network metal skeleton, and a positive electrode active material supported on the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode has a three-dimensional network metal skeleton.
- the present invention relates to an alkali metal ion capacitor.
- an alkali metal ion capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor
- an alkali metal ion serving as a carrier ion for a charge / discharge reaction is not supplied from an electrode.
- an alkali metal ion capacitor only ions contained in the electrolyte are carrier ions responsible for charge / discharge reactions.
- the metal porous body having the above three-dimensional network skeleton is used as a current collector in the positive electrode and the negative electrode, even after the active material is supported on the current collector, the positive electrode and the negative electrode Has high porosity. Therefore, since a large amount of electrolyte can be held in the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a sufficient capacity (and / or output) for charging and discharging can be ensured even when a separator having a small thickness is used.
- the electrode mixture can be filled in the skeleton, which is advantageous in terms of increasing the capacity.
- the surface roughness of the electrode tends to increase. If a separator with a small thickness is used when the surface roughness of the electrode is large, it is difficult to suppress internal short circuit because the separator is very easy to break.
- a separator having a small thickness has high flexibility and therefore has a large difference in rigidity from an electrode using a metal porous body.
- the maximum roughness of the surface of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is set within a specific range, so that the separator is thin during the assembly of the electrode group and / or in the capacitor despite the small thickness of the separator. Breakage and / or deviation can be suppressed. Therefore, an internal short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- the surface roughness of the positive electrode and the negative electrode means the maximum roughness (maximum height) Rz, and the maximum roughness Rz and the maximum roughness Rz1 and Rz2 are JIS B0601: 2001, respectively. Or the maximum roughness (maximum height) Rz (micrometer) based on ISO1302: 2002 is meant.
- breakage of the separator is suppressed means that the load applied to the separator is within a predetermined range in the alkali metal ion capacitor, and the separator is not torn and / or damaged. Or it is meant to be reduced.
- the load within the predetermined range is, for example, 0.05 to 0.80 MPa, preferably 0.09 to 0.70 MPa, more preferably 0.20 to 0.70 MPa, or 0.40 to 0.70 MPa.
- the separator preferably has a thickness of 3 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector preferably each have a hollow skeleton.
- Such a current collector is lightweight and easy to control the surface roughness of the electrode. Further, since the hollow skeleton of the electrode current collector has a tunnel shape or a tube shape, the electrolyte is more easily distributed in the capacitor.
- the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface is preferably 15 to 35 ⁇ m, and the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface is preferably less than 15 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material includes at least a porous carbon material that reversibly supports the anions
- the negative electrode active material includes a material that reversibly supports the alkali metal ions.
- the surface roughness of the positive electrode tends to be larger than the surface roughness of the negative electrode.
- the breakage and / or deviation of the separator is suppressed, and the short circuit is more effectively suppressed. Can do.
- the separator is a microporous film containing an aromatic polyamide, and the porosity of the separator is 40 to 70% by volume.
- the ratio of the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface to the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface: Rz1 / Rz2 is preferably 1.5 to 5.
- Rz1 / Rz2 is in such a range, breakage and / or deviation of the separator can be suppressed in a more balanced manner.
- the positive electrode includes the positive electrode current collector, and a positive electrode mixture that is filled in the positive electrode current collector and includes the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode mixture includes the positive electrode active material and a conductive material. It contains an auxiliary agent and a binder, and the binder preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of carboxyalkyl cellulose and salts thereof. When such a binder is used, the surface roughness of the positive electrode tends to increase, but even in such a case, by controlling the surface roughness of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, damage and / or deviation of the separator can be further reduced. It can be effectively suppressed.
- the alkali metal ion capacitor includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte containing alkali metal ions and anions.
- an electrolyte containing alkali metal ions and anions hereinafter, the constituent elements of the alkali metal ion capacitor will be described in more detail.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network metal skeleton and a positive electrode active material supported on the positive electrode current collector.
- Examples of the material of the positive electrode current collector include aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
- Examples of the aluminum alloy include an aluminum-iron alloy, an aluminum-silicon alloy, an aluminum-copper alloy, an aluminum-manganese alloy, an aluminum-chromium alloy, an aluminum-zinc alloy, an aluminum-titanium alloy, an aluminum-nickel alloy, and an aluminum-magnesium. Alloy, aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy and the like.
- the content of aluminum in the positive electrode current collector is, for example, 80% by mass or more, preferably 90% by mass or more, and more preferably 95% by mass or more.
- the content of aluminum in the positive electrode current collector is 100% by mass or less, and may be 99.9% by mass or less. These lower limit values and upper limit values can be arbitrarily combined.
- the content of aluminum in the positive electrode current collector may be, for example, 80 to 100% by mass, or 95 to 100% by mass.
- the positive electrode current collector may contain impurities inevitably mixed therein.
- the positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network skeleton includes a plurality of fiber parts (or rod-like parts). The plurality of fiber portions are three-dimensionally connected to form a three-dimensional network skeleton.
- the positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network skeleton is a metal that constitutes the current collector by, for example, plating a resin porous body (resin foam, resin nonwoven fabric, etc.) having continuous voids. (Specifically, it can be formed by coating with aluminum and / or an aluminum alloy).
- Each of the obtained positive electrode current collectors has a large number of cell-like pores corresponding to the shape of the resin foam, and these cell-like pores are connected to communicate with each other in continuous voids ( That is, it has a communication hole. It is preferable that an opening (or window) is formed between the adjacent cell-like holes, and that the openings are in communication with each other.
- the porosity of the positive electrode current collector is, for example, 30 to 99% by volume, preferably 50 to 98% by volume, more preferably 80 to 98% by volume, or 90 to 98% by volume.
- the average pore diameter in the three-dimensional network skeleton (the average diameter of the cell-like pores in communication) is, for example, 50 to 1000 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of retention of the positive electrode active material (and / or filling ability of the positive electrode mixture).
- the thickness is preferably 100 to 900 ⁇ m, more preferably 350 to 900 ⁇ m.
- the average pore diameter is preferably smaller than the thickness of the positive electrode current collector (or positive electrode).
- the positive electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network skeleton has a cavity (that is, hollow) inside the skeleton by removing the porous resin body.
- the cavity in the skeleton of the positive electrode current collector may have a communication hole shape, and such a skeleton has a tunnel shape or a tube shape.
- a positive electrode current collector having a hollow skeleton is extremely lightweight while having a bulky three-dimensional structure, and it is easy to control the surface roughness of the positive electrode when the positive electrode is produced by compression.
- the average width of the cavity inside the skeleton is, for example, 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 4 ⁇ m or 2 to 3 ⁇ m. Since the cavity in the skeleton remains to some extent after compression, the electrolyte can flow through the cavity in the skeleton in the capacitor.
- the positive electrode active material is supported on the positive electrode current collector (or after filling the positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material), the positive electrode is usually dried and compressed (or rolled) in the thickness direction of the positive electrode current collector. ).
- the porosity and average pore diameter of the positive electrode current collector change due to the compression.
- the ranges of the porosity and the average pore diameter of the positive electrode current collector are those before supporting the positive electrode active material (or before filling the positive electrode mixture) and before the rolling and the average pore diameter. .
- the positive electrode current collector has a very high porosity and a large specific surface area. That is, a large amount of active material can be attached to a wide area of the current collector surface including the surface in the gap. Further, in the positive electrode, the active material can be effectively used because the contact area between the current collector and the active material can be increased and the porosity can be increased while filling a large amount of the active material in the gap.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode collector (BET specific surface area) is, for example, 100 ⁇ 700cm 2 / g, preferably 150 ⁇ 650cm 2 / g, more preferably 200 ⁇ 600cm 2 / g.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode since the three-dimensional network of the current collector is stretched, the fiber parts of the current collector are close to each other, and the distance between the fiber part and the active material particles is short. Therefore, the positive electrode and the negative electrode have high conductivity. Further, since a certain degree of porosity can be secured even after the electrode mixture is filled in the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the electrolyte can be sufficiently held in the vicinity of the active material even when the separator is thin. By using such a positive electrode and a negative electrode, sufficient capacity and / or output for charging / discharging can be secured.
- the positive electrode active material preferably includes at least a material that reversibly supports anions.
- the positive electrode active material preferably includes a material that reversibly supports anions and cations.
- the material that reversibly carries at least an anion includes a material that adsorbs and desorbs at least an anion, a material that absorbs and desorbs at least an anion (or insertion and desorption), and the like.
- the former is a material that causes a non-Faraday reaction during charging and discharging, and the latter is a material that causes a Faraday reaction during charging and discharging. Of these, materials that adsorb and desorb at least anions can be preferably used.
- Examples of such a material include a porous carbon material (also referred to as a first porous carbon material), and specifically, a porous carbon material that adsorbs and desorbs at least anions can be preferably used.
- a porous carbon material also referred to as a first porous carbon material
- a porous carbon material that adsorbs and desorbs at least anions can be preferably used.
- the first porous carbon material include activated carbon, nanoporous carbon, mesoporous carbon, microporous carbon, and carbon nanotube.
- the first porous carbon material may be activated or may not be activated. These 1st porous carbon materials can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- activated carbon, microporous carbon, and the like are preferable.
- the positive electrode active material can further contain other active materials as required in addition to the first porous carbon material.
- the content of the first porous carbon material in the positive electrode active material is preferably more than 50% by mass, and may be 80% by mass or more or 90% by mass or more. Content of the 1st porous carbon material in a positive electrode active material is 100 mass% or less. In particular, the content of activated carbon and microporous carbon in the positive electrode active material is preferably within such a range. It is also preferable that the positive electrode active material contains only the first porous carbon material (particularly activated carbon and / or microporous carbon).
- microporous carbon As microporous carbon, the well-known thing used for an alkali metal ion capacitor can be used, for example, the thing obtained by heating metal carbides, such as silicon carbide and titanium carbide, in the atmosphere containing chlorine gas is used. May be.
- the activated carbon known ones used for alkali metal ion capacitors can be used.
- the raw material of activated carbon include wood; coconut shells; pulp waste liquid; coal or coal-based pitch obtained by thermal decomposition thereof; heavy oil or petroleum-based pitch obtained by thermal decomposition thereof; phenol resin and the like.
- the carbonized material is generally then activated.
- the activation method include a gas activation method and a chemical activation method.
- the average particle diameter of the activated carbon is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the specific surface area is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 800 to 3000 m 2 / g. When the specific surface area is in such a range, it is advantageous for increasing the capacitance of the capacitor, and the internal resistance can be reduced.
- the positive electrode active material only needs to be supported on the positive electrode current collector by being immobilized, adhered and / or held, but by filling the positive electrode current collector with the positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material, It is preferably supported.
- the positive electrode mixture includes a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and includes a conductive additive and / or a binder as an optional component. Even if at least part of the conductive auxiliary agent used for the positive electrode is adhered to the surface of the positive electrode current collector to form a conductive layer, and the positive electrode mixture is supported on the positive electrode current collector so as to cover the conductive layer Good.
- the conductivity of the positive electrode can be further improved.
- a binder in the positive electrode mixture, the space between the positive electrode active material particles, between the positive electrode active material particles and the conductive auxiliary agent, and between the positive electrode active material particles or the conductive auxiliary agent and the current collector are further strengthened. Can be bound.
- Examples of conductive assistants include carbon blacks such as acetylene black and ketjen black; graphite (natural graphite such as flake graphite and earth graphite; artificial graphite and the like); conductive compounds such as ruthenium oxide; carbon fibers and metal fibers, etc. Examples of the conductive fibers can be exemplified.
- a conductive support agent can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the amount of the conductive assistant is, for example, 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- the amount of the conductive auxiliary is in such a range, it is easy to ensure the conductivity of the positive electrode mixture.
- the amount of the conductive auxiliary is 5 parts by mass or less (for example, 0.1 to 5 parts by mass) or 3 parts by mass or less (for example, 0.1 to 3 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material. ).
- the type of the binder is not particularly limited.
- a fluorine resin such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene
- a chlorine-containing vinyl resin such as polyvinyl chloride
- a polyolefin resin such as polyvinyl chloride
- a rubbery heavy material such as styrene butadiene rubber.
- Polyvinyl pyrrolidone polyvinyl alcohol
- cellulose derivatives [cellulose ether such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxyalkyl cellulose such as carboxyethyl cellulose (carboxy C 1-4 alkyl-cellulose etc.) or salts thereof (eg carboxy Alkali metal salts such as methylcellulose sodium)] and the like.
- a binder can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- cellulose ethers such as CMC having high heat resistance (carboxyalkyl cellulose, etc.)
- a binder containing a salt thereof is preferably used.
- the content of cellulose ether (particularly carboxyalkyl cellulose such as CMC) and a salt thereof in the binder is, for example, 50 to 100% by mass, preferably 70 to 100% by mass, and more preferably 85 to 100% by mass.
- the amount of the binder can be selected from the range of, for example, about 0.5 to 15 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, preferably 1 to 12 parts by mass, and more preferably 3 to 10 parts by mass. .
- the amount of the binder can be 5 parts by mass or less (for example, 1 to 5 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, and may be 2 to 4 parts by mass.
- the positive electrode mixture When producing the positive electrode, the positive electrode mixture is usually used in the form of a slurry containing components of the positive electrode mixture (positive electrode active material, conductive assistant, binder, etc.).
- the positive electrode mixture slurry is obtained by dispersing the components of the positive electrode mixture in a dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium for example, water or the like is used in addition to an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the dispersion medium is removed by drying in the process of manufacturing the positive electrode (after filling the current collector with the slurry and / or after rolling).
- the positive electrode mixture can be filled into the current collector by a known method.
- the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface is 35 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 28 ⁇ m or less.
- Rz1 is, for example, 15 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or more. These lower limit values and upper limit values can be arbitrarily combined.
- Rz1 may be 15 to 35 ⁇ m, 15 to 30 ⁇ m, or 20 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the separator is easily damaged, and an internal short circuit is likely to occur.
- Rz1 is less than 15 ⁇ m, the separator is liable to shift and an internal short circuit is likely to occur.
- the surface roughness of the positive electrode varies depending on the type of positive electrode active material, the particle size, the type of binder, etc., but the compression pressure at the time of producing the positive electrode (in the case of rolling using a roll, the linear pressure) By adjusting, the surface roughness of the positive electrode can be adjusted.
- the thickness of the positive electrode is, for example, 150 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably 180 to 1500 ⁇ m, and more preferably 200 to 1200 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the positive electrode is within such a range, a large amount of electrolyte can be retained, and thus a capacity and / or output sufficient for charging and discharging can be easily obtained.
- the porosity of the positive electrode is, for example, 10 to 70% by volume, preferably 15 to 70% by volume, and more preferably 20 to 70% by volume.
- the porosity of the positive electrode is in such a range, it is easy to ensure a high capacity (and / or output) even if a separator having a small thickness is used.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector having a three-dimensional network metal skeleton and a negative electrode active material supported on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material can be supported by immobilizing, adhering and / or holding on the negative electrode current collector.
- the three-dimensional network skeleton of the negative electrode current collector is the same as that described for the positive electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector preferably has a hollow skeleton.
- the porosity, average pore diameter, void width inside the skeleton, specific surface area, and the like of the current collector can be appropriately selected from the ranges exemplified for the positive electrode current collector.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector is preferably copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, stainless steel, or the like.
- the negative electrode current collector can be produced according to the case of the positive electrode current collector using these materials instead of aluminum or aluminum alloy when the resin porous body is metal-coated.
- the negative electrode active material preferably contains a material that reversibly carries alkali metal ions.
- materials that reversibly carry alkali metal ions include materials that adsorb and desorb alkali metal ions, and materials that occlude and release (or insert and desorb) alkali metal ions.
- the former is a material that causes a non-Faraday reaction during charging and discharging
- the latter is a material that causes a Faraday reaction during charging and discharging.
- materials that occlude and release (or insert and desorb) alkali metal ions can be preferably used.
- an alkali metal titanium oxide for example, a spinel type such as lithium titanium oxide (lithium titanate or the like) Lithium titanium oxide etc.), sodium titanium oxide (sodium titanate etc.)], silicon oxide, silicon alloy, tin oxide and tin alloy.
- the second carbon material include graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), and a carbonaceous material having a graphite type crystal structure.
- a negative electrode active material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the negative electrode active material preferably has a theoretical capacity of 300 mAh / g or more.
- the second carbon material is preferable, and in particular, a carbonaceous material having a graphite-type crystal structure (hereinafter also referred to as a third carbon material) and / or hard carbon is preferable.
- the graphite-type crystal structure means a layered crystal structure, and examples thereof include a cubic crystal structure and a rhombohedral crystal structure.
- the third carbon material include natural graphite (such as flake graphite), artificial graphite, and graphitized mesocarbon microspheres. These 3rd carbon materials can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- alkali metal ions are inserted between the layers of the graphite type crystal structure of the third carbon material in the alkali metal ion capacitor during charging, and in the graphite type crystal structure during discharge. Alkali metal ions are released from the interlayer.
- an average interplanar spacing d002 of the (002) plane measured by the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the third carbon material is used as an index of the degree of development of the graphite-type crystal structure in the third carbon material.
- the third carbon material, the average spacing d 002 is preferably less than 0.337 nm.
- the lower limit of the average spacing d 002 is not particularly limited, the average spacing d 002, for example, may be equal to or larger than 0.335 nm.
- the third carbon material having an average interplanar spacing d002 in such a range, alkali metal ions can be more efficiently inserted into the graphite-type crystal structure during charging, and the graphite-type crystal structure during discharge. Alkali metal ions can be released smoothly from
- Hard carbon unlike graphite having a graphite-type crystal structure in which carbon network surfaces overlap in a layered manner, has a turbostratic structure in which the carbon network surfaces overlap in a three-dimensionally shifted state. Hard carbon does not change from a turbulent layer structure to a graphite-type crystal structure even by heat treatment at a high temperature (for example, 3000 ° C.), and the development of graphite crystallites is not observed. Therefore, hard carbon is also referred to as non-graphitizable carbon.
- the average interplanar spacing d 002 of the third carbon material classified as graphite is as small as less than 0.337 nm as described above, but the average interplanar spacing d 002 of the hard carbon having a disordered layer structure is large, for example, 0.37 nm or more It is.
- the upper limit of the average spacing d 002 of the hard carbon is not particularly limited, the average spacing d 002, for instance, can be less than or equal to 0.42 nm.
- the average plane spacing d 002 of hard carbon may be, for example, 0.37 to 0.42 nm, preferably 0.38 to 0.40 nm.
- the alkali metal ions When alkali metal ions are supported on the hard carbon, the alkali metal ions are inserted between the layers of the graphite-type crystal structure that is slightly contained in the hard carbon, inside the turbostratic structure (specifically, the graphite-type crystal structure It is considered that the carbon is supported (or occluded) by the hard carbon by entering and / or being adsorbed by the hard carbon.
- Hard carbon has a turbulent structure, and the ratio of the graphite-type crystal structure in the hard carbon is small. Therefore, most of the alkali metal ions are inserted into portions other than the interlayer of the graphite-type crystal structure (for example, voids formed in the turbulent layer structure) and / or adsorbed to hard carbon, It is thought that it is occluded by hard carbon. Therefore, when using hard carbon (particularly, hard carbon having an average interplanar spacing d 002 in the above range), the volume change during charge / discharge is small, and deterioration is easy to suppress even after repeated charge / discharge. .
- hard carbon has a lower average specific gravity than graphite having a crystal structure in which the carbon network surface is densely stacked in a layered manner.
- the average specific gravity of graphite is about 2.10 to 2.25 g / cm 3
- the average specific gravity of hard carbon is, for example, 1.7 g / cm 3 or less, and preferably 1.4 to 1.7 g / cm 3. 3 or 1.5 to 1.7 g / cm 3 .
- Hard carbon includes, for example, a carbonaceous material obtained by carbonizing a raw material in a solid phase.
- the raw material that undergoes carbonization in the solid phase is a solid organic substance, and specifically includes sugars, resins (thermosetting resins such as phenol resins; thermoplastic resins such as polyvinylidene chloride) and the like.
- the saccharide include saccharides having relatively short sugar chains (monosaccharides or oligosaccharides such as sugar), and polysaccharides such as cellulose [eg cellulose or derivatives thereof (cellulose ester, cellulose ether, etc.); wood, Materials containing cellulose, such as fruit shells (coconut shells, etc.)] and the like.
- Hard carbon is obtained by heating and carbonizing the above raw material in a solid phase. Carbonization can be performed at a temperature of about 500 to 1600 ° C., for example, and heating at a first temperature (for example, a temperature of 500 ° C. or more and less than 800 ° C.) and a second temperature higher than the first temperature (for example, , A temperature of 800 to 1600 ° C.) may be appropriately combined. Glassy carbon is also included in hard carbon. Hard carbon may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the negative electrode active material can contain an active material other than hard carbon and the third carbon material. From the viewpoint of efficiently occluding and releasing alkali metal ions, the content of hard carbon and / or third carbon material in the negative electrode active material is 80% by mass or more (specifically, 80 to 100% by mass). It is preferably 90% by mass or more (specifically, 90 to 100% by mass).
- the negative electrode active material may be composed of only hard carbon and / or third carbon material.
- the negative electrode is filled with a negative electrode mixture (specifically, a negative electrode mixture slurry), dried if necessary, and compressed (or rolled) in the thickness direction of the negative electrode collector.
- a negative electrode mixture specifically, a negative electrode mixture slurry
- the negative electrode is obtained by forming a deposited film of a negative electrode active material on the surface of the negative electrode current collector by a vapor phase method such as vapor deposition or sputtering, and compressing (or rolling) the negative electrode current collector in the thickness direction. You may use.
- a negative electrode mixture or a negative electrode active material is formed so that at least a part of the conductive auxiliary agent used for the negative electrode is attached to the surface of the negative electrode current collector to form a conductive layer and cover the conductive layer.
- the substance may be supported on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material may be pre-doped with alkali metal ions.
- pre-doping means that the alkali metal ions are previously occluded in the negative electrode before the capacitor is operated.
- the alkali metal ion is the same as the alkali metal ion contained in the electrolyte.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry may contain a binder, a conductive aid and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material.
- a dispersion medium and a binder it can select suitably from what was illustrated about the positive mix.
- a fluororesin such as PVDF.
- the amount of the binder with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material can be appropriately selected from the range of the amount of the binder with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material described above.
- Examples of the conductive assistant include carbon blacks such as acetylene black and ketjen black; conductive compounds such as ruthenium oxide; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers.
- the amount of the conductive additive relative to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material can be appropriately selected from the range of the amount of the conductive auxiliary relative to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material described above.
- the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface is 35 ⁇ m or less, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less (or less than 15 ⁇ m), more preferably 12 ⁇ m or less or 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of Rz2 is 0 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more. These upper limit value and lower limit value can be arbitrarily combined.
- Rz2 may be 5 to 20 ⁇ m, or 5 ⁇ m or more and less than 15 ⁇ m, or 5 to 12 ⁇ m or 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are of different types, so that the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface is larger than the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface.
- the surface roughness may vary depending on the type of binder.
- the surface roughness of the negative electrode may be adjusted by appropriately selecting the constituent components and / or the amount of the negative electrode, and may be adjusted by adjusting the compression pressure in the same manner as in the case of the positive electrode. Both may be used.
- the ratio of the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface to the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface: Rz1 / Rz2 is preferably 1.5 or more, and more preferably 2 or more.
- the ratio Rz1 / Rz2 is, for example, 5 or less, preferably 3 or less, more preferably 2.5 or less.
- the ratio Rz1 / Rz2 may be 1.5-5, or 1.5-3.
- the thickness of the negative electrode can be selected from the same range as the thickness of the positive electrode.
- the separator has ion permeability, is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and physically separates them to prevent a short circuit.
- the separator has a porous structure and allows ions to pass through by holding an electrolyte in the pores.
- a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene
- a polyester resin such as polyethylene terephthalate
- a polyamide resin such as polyamide or polyamideimide
- the separator may contain one or more of these materials.
- polyamide resins are preferable, and among them, aromatic polyamides (such as wholly aromatic polyamides such as aramid) are preferable.
- Aromatic polyamides have relatively high rigidity, so even when the thickness of the separator is small, slipping occurs especially when combined with a positive electrode using a binder containing carboxyalkyl cellulose (such as CMC) and / or a salt thereof. Is easily suppressed, and the separator is less likely to be displaced.
- the thickness of the separator is 10 ⁇ m or less, preferably 9 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more. These upper limit value and lower limit value can be arbitrarily combined.
- the thickness of the separator may be 3 to 10 ⁇ m, or 5 to 10 ⁇ m. In the embodiment of the present invention, even when the thickness of the separator is small, a large amount of electrolyte for the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be retained, so that a sufficient capacity and / or output for charging / discharging can be ensured. Moreover, by controlling the surface roughness of the positive electrode and the negative electrode within a specific range, damage and / or shift of the separator can be suppressed, and thereby internal short circuit can be suppressed.
- the separator may be a non-woven fabric of ultrafine fibers, but is manufactured using a microporous film (specifically, cast and / or stretching, etc.) from the viewpoint of easily obtaining the small thickness as described above.
- a porous film is preferable.
- a microporous film containing a polyamide resin such as aromatic polyamide is preferably used as the separator.
- the average pore diameter of the microporous membrane may be, for example, 0.001 to 10 ⁇ m, or 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the microporous membrane may be a single layer film or a multilayer film including a plurality of layers having different materials and / or porosity.
- the microporous membrane may contain at least one filler selected from the group consisting of inorganic fillers (ceramic particles, glass fibers, etc.) and organic fillers (resin particles, resin fibers, etc.) as necessary.
- the porosity of the separator is, for example, 40 to 80% by volume, preferably 40 to 70% by volume, and more preferably 50 to 70% by volume.
- the porosity of the separator is in such a range, it is easy to ensure high ion conductivity (or ion permeability) while easily suppressing an internal short circuit.
- the electrolyte can include anions and cations. Since the electrolyte of an alkali metal ion capacitor has alkali metal ion conductivity, it contains alkali metal ions and anions.
- the electrolyte is preferably a non-aqueous electrolyte containing alkali metal ions and anions.
- Nonaqueous electrolytes include, for example, electrolytes (organic electrolytes) in which a salt of an alkali metal ion and an anion (alkali metal salt) is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent (or an organic solvent), as well as ions containing an alkali metal ion and an anion. Liquid or the like is used.
- the concentration of the alkali metal salt or alkali metal ion in the electrolyte can be appropriately selected from the range of 0.3 to 5 mol / L, for example.
- the organic electrolyte can contain an ionic liquid and / or an additive in addition to the nonaqueous solvent (organic solvent) and the alkali metal salt, but the total content of the nonaqueous solvent and the alkali metal salt in the electrolyte is: For example, it may be 60 to 100% by mass, 70 to 100% by mass, or 70 to 95% by mass.
- the content of the ionic liquid and the additive is preferably small, and when the ionic liquid is not included (that is, when the content of the nonaqueous solvent and the alkali metal salt in the electrolyte is 100% by mass, the nonaqueous solvent and the alkali It is also preferred that the remainder of the electrolyte other than the metal salt is an additive.
- ionic liquid is a salt in a molten state (molten salt), and is used to mean a liquid having ionic conductivity.
- the electrolyte can contain a non-aqueous solvent and / or an additive in addition to an ionic liquid containing a cation and an anion such as an alkali metal ion, but the content of the ionic liquid in the electrolyte Is, for example, 60 to 100% by mass, preferably 70 to 100% by mass.
- alkali metal ions include at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, rubidium ions, and cesium ions. Of these, at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium ions and sodium ions is preferred.
- An alkali metal ion capacitor using an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity is also referred to as a lithium ion capacitor.
- An alkali metal ion capacitor using an electrolyte having sodium ion conductivity is also referred to as a sodium ion capacitor.
- anion (first anion) constituting the alkali metal salt examples include hexafluorophosphate ion (PF 6 ⁇ ), tetrafluoroborate ion (BF 4 ⁇ ), and trifluoromethanesulfonate ion (CF 3 SO 3). - ), Bissulfonylamide anion and the like.
- One alkali metal salt may be used alone, or two or more alkali metal salts having different types of first anions may be used in combination.
- bissulfonylamide anion examples include, for example, a bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion (FSA ⁇ : bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion); a bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide anion (TFSA ⁇ : bis (trifluoromethylsulfamide) amide anion.
- FSA ⁇ bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion
- TFSA ⁇ bis (trifluoromethylsulfamide) amide anion.
- PFSA ⁇ bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anion
- PFSA ⁇ bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anion
- the non-aqueous solvent contained in the electrolyte is not particularly limited, and known non-aqueous solvents used for alkali metal ion capacitors can be used.
- Non-aqueous solvents include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; cyclic carbonates such as ⁇ -butyrolactone. Etc. can be preferably used.
- a non-aqueous solvent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the ionic liquid containing alkali metal ions contains alkali metal ions and anions (second anions).
- the anions exemplified for the first anion can be used.
- the second anion preferably contains at least a bissulfonylamide anion.
- the content of the bissulfonylamide anion in the second anion is, for example, 80 to 100 mol%, preferably 90 to 100 mol%.
- the ionic liquid containing alkali metal ions may further contain a second cation in addition to the alkali metal ion (first cation).
- second cations inorganic cations other than alkali metal ions such as magnesium ions, calcium ions and ammonium cations may be used, but organic cations are preferred.
- a 2nd cation can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- Examples of the organic cation used as the second cation include cations derived from aliphatic amines, alicyclic amines and aromatic amines (for example, quaternary ammonium cations), as well as cations having nitrogen-containing heterocycles ( That is, nitrogen-containing organic onium cations such as cations derived from cyclic amines; sulfur-containing onium cations; phosphorus-containing onium cations, and the like.
- nitrogen-containing organic onium cations those having pyrrolidine, pyridine, or imidazole as the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton are preferable.
- the quaternary ammonium cation include tetraalkylammonium cation, ethyltrimethylammonium cation, hexyltrimethylammonium cation, tetraethylammonium cation (TEA + : tetraethylammonium cation), and methyltriethylammonium cation (TEMA + : methyltriethylammonium cation).
- TAA + tetraethylammonium cation
- TEMA + methyltriethylammonium cation
- the organic onium cation having a pyrrolidine skeleton preferably has two alkyl groups on one nitrogen atom constituting the pyrrolidine ring.
- Examples of such organic onium cations include 1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium cation, 1,1-diethylpyrrolidinium cation, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation, and 1-methyl-1-propyl.
- Pyrrolidinium cation (MPPY + : 1-methyl-1-pyrrolidinium cation), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation (MBPY + : 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation), 1-ethyl-1-propyl Examples include pyrrolidinium cation.
- the organic onium cation having a pyridine skeleton preferably has one alkyl group on one nitrogen atom constituting the pyridine ring.
- Examples of such organic onium cations include 1-alkylpyridinium cations such as 1-methylpyridinium cation, 1-ethylpyridinium cation, and 1-propylpyridinium cation.
- the organic onium cation having an imidazole skeleton preferably has one alkyl group on each of two nitrogen atoms constituting the imidazole ring.
- organic onium cations include 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMI + : 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation), 1-methyl-3- Propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMI + : 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation), 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium cation Etc.
- imidazolium cations having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as EMI + and BMI + are preferable.
- the alkali metal ion capacitor according to the embodiment of the present invention includes, for example, (a) a step of forming an electrode group with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and (b) an electrode group and an electrolyte.
- a step of forming an electrode group with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and (b) an electrode group and an electrolyte.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an alkali metal ion capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the alkali metal ion capacitor includes a stacked electrode group, an electrolyte (not shown), and a rectangular aluminum case 10 for housing them.
- the case 10 includes a bottomed container body 12 having an upper opening and a lid 13 that closes the upper opening.
- the electrode group When assembling the alkali metal ion capacitor, first, the electrode group is configured by laminating the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 with the separator 1 interposed therebetween, and the configured electrode group is the case 10. Inserted into the container body 12. Thereafter, a step of injecting an electrolyte into the container body 12 and impregnating the electrolyte in the gaps of the separator 1, the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 constituting the electrode group is performed.
- the electrolyte is an ionic liquid
- the electrode group may be impregnated with the ionic liquid, and then the electrode group containing the ionic liquid may be accommodated in the container body 12.
- a safety valve 16 is provided for releasing gas generated inside when the internal pressure of the case 10 rises.
- an external positive terminal 14 penetrating the lid 13 while being insulated from the case 10 is provided near one side of the lid 13, and at a position near the other side of the lid 13.
- an external negative terminal (not shown) that penetrates the lid body 13 while being electrically connected to the case 10 is provided.
- the stacked electrode group is composed of a plurality of positive electrodes 2, a plurality of negative electrodes 3, and a plurality of separators 1 interposed therebetween, all in the form of a rectangular sheet.
- the separator 1 is formed in a bag shape so as to surround the positive electrode 2, but the form of the separator is not particularly limited.
- the plurality of positive electrodes 2 and the plurality of negative electrodes 3 are alternately arranged in the stacking direction within the electrode group.
- a positive electrode lead piece 2 a may be formed at one end of each positive electrode 2.
- the plurality of positive electrodes 2 are connected in parallel by bundling the positive electrode lead pieces 2 a of the plurality of positive electrodes 2 and connecting them to the external positive terminal 14 provided on the lid 13 of the case 10.
- a negative electrode lead piece 3 a may be formed at one end of each negative electrode 3.
- a plurality of negative electrodes 3 are connected in parallel by bundling the negative electrode lead pieces 3a of the plurality of negative electrodes 3 and connecting them to an external negative terminal provided on the lid 13 of the case 10.
- the bundle of the positive electrode lead pieces 2a and the bundle of the negative electrode lead pieces 3a are desirably arranged on the left and right sides of one end face of the electrode group with an interval so as to avoid mutual contact.
- the external positive terminal 14 and the external negative terminal are both columnar, and at least a portion exposed to the outside has a thread groove.
- a nut 7 is fitted in the screw groove of each terminal, and the nut 7 is fixed to the lid 13 by rotating the nut 7.
- a flange 8 is provided in a portion of each terminal accommodated in the case 10, and the flange 8 is fixed to the inner surface of the lid 13 through a washer 9 by the rotation of the nut 7.
- the electrode group is not limited to a laminated type, and may be formed by winding a positive electrode and a negative electrode through a separator. From the viewpoint of preventing the alkali metal from being deposited on the negative electrode, the size of the negative electrode may be made larger than that of the positive electrode.
- a separator having a small thickness is used, a sufficient capacity for charging and discharging can be obtained, and an internal short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- each of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector has a hollow skeleton, and the positive electrode fills the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material the positive electrode mixture contains the positive electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder, and the positive electrode active material reversibly at least the anions.
- the binder contains at least one selected from the group consisting of carboxy C 1-4 alkyl-cellulose and a salt thereof, and the negative electrode active material reversibly contains the alkali metal ions.
- the separator is a microporous membrane containing aromatic polyamide, the porosity of the separator is 50 to 70% by volume, and the thickness of the separator is
- the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface is 15 to 35 ⁇ m, and the ratio of the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode surface to the maximum roughness Rz2 of the negative electrode surface: Rz1 / Rz2 is: It is preferably 1.5 to 3. In such an alkali metal ion capacitor, it is easy to ensure a sufficient capacity and / or output, but the effect of suppressing breakage and / or deviation of the separator when assembling the alkali metal ion capacitor is extremely high.
- Example 1 A lithium ion capacitor was produced according to the following procedure.
- the foam having the conductive layer formed on the surface was immersed in a molten salt aluminum plating bath, and a direct current having a current density of 3.6 A / dm 2 was applied for 90 minutes to form an aluminum layer.
- the mass of the aluminum layer per apparent area of the foam was 150 g / m 2 .
- the molten salt aluminum plating bath contained 33 mol% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 67 mol% aluminum chloride, and the temperature was 40 ° C.
- the foam with the aluminum layer formed on the surface was immersed in a lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic molten salt at 500 ° C., and a negative potential of ⁇ 1 V was applied for 30 minutes to decompose the foam.
- the obtained aluminum porous body was taken out from the molten salt, cooled, washed with water, and dried to obtain a positive electrode current collector.
- the obtained positive electrode current collector has a porous structure having a three-dimensional network skeleton in which pores communicate, reflecting the pore shape of the foam, has a porosity of 94% by volume, and has an average void volume.
- the pore diameter was 500 ⁇ m
- the specific surface area (BET specific surface area) by the BET method was 350 cm 2 / g
- the thickness was 1000 ⁇ m.
- the three-dimensional mesh-like aluminum skeleton had a communication hole-like cavity formed by removing the foam. In this way, a positive electrode current collector was obtained.
- a Cu film having a basis weight of 5 g / cm 2 is formed on the surface of the same thermosetting polyurethane foam as used in the production of the positive electrode current collector ( Conductive layer) was formed.
- a foam having a conductive layer formed on the surface was used as a work, immersed in a copper sulfate plating bath, and a direct current having a cathode current density of 2 A / dm 2 was applied to form a Cu layer on the surface.
- the copper sulfate plating bath contained 250 g / L copper sulfate, 50 g / L sulfuric acid, and 30 g / L copper chloride, and the temperature was 30 ° C.
- the foam with the Cu layer formed on the surface is heat-treated at 700 ° C. in an air atmosphere to decompose the foam, and then fired in a hydrogen atmosphere to reduce the oxide film formed on the surface.
- a copper porous body (negative electrode current collector) was obtained.
- the obtained negative electrode current collector has a porous structure having a three-dimensional network skeleton in which pores communicate, reflecting the pore shape of the foam, has a porosity of 92% by volume, and has an average void volume.
- the pore diameter was 500 ⁇ m
- the BET specific surface area was 200 cm 2 / g.
- the three-dimensional network copper skeleton had a communication hole-like cavity formed by removing the foam.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry was prepared by mixing artificial graphite powder as a negative electrode active material, acetylene black as a conductive additive, PVDF as a binder, and NMP as a dispersion medium. .
- the mass ratio of the graphite powder, acetylene black, and PVDF was 100: 4: 4.
- the obtained negative electrode mixture slurry was filled in the current collector obtained in the step (a) and dried at 120 ° C. for 120 minutes. The dried product was rolled using a pair of rolls to produce a negative electrode having a thickness of 220 ⁇ m.
- the filling amount of the positive electrode mixture and the negative electrode mixture is adjusted so that the chargeable capacity of the negative electrode after pre-doping is about 1.2 times or more of the capacity of the positive electrode. did.
- a single-cell electrode group was formed by laminating the positive electrode and the negative electrode with an aramid separator (thickness: 8.8 ⁇ m, porosity: 50% by volume) interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Further, a lithium separator is disposed on the negative electrode side of the electrode group with a polyolefin separator (a laminate of a polyethylene microporous membrane and a polypropylene microporous membrane), and the obtained laminate is made of an aluminum laminate sheet. It accommodated in the produced cell case.
- an electrolyte was injected into the cell case, and the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator were impregnated.
- a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- the cell case was sealed while reducing the pressure with a vacuum sealer.
- the negative electrode lead wire and the lithium electrode lead wire were connected to a power source outside the cell case.
- the cell in this state was allowed to stand for a predetermined time in a thermostat at 30 ° C. so that the temperature of the electrolyte was the same as the temperature of the thermostat.
- a lithium ion capacitor (A1) was produced by pre-doping lithium into the negative electrode active material.
- the design capacity of the lithium ion capacitor A1 was about 2.1 mAh / cm 2 when charged with 5.0V.
- Capacity of Capacitor A lithium ion capacitor was charged with an electric current of 1 mA / cm 2 to an upper limit voltage of 3.8 V, and discharged with an electric current of 1 mA / cm 2 until the voltage reached 2.2 V. This charge / discharge cycle was repeated 10 times, and the discharge capacity (mAh) at the 10th discharge was measured. A ratio (%) of the discharge capacity to the design capacity was calculated and evaluated as a capacity.
- An electrode group was formed by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with an aramid separator similar to the above interposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode similar to the above.
- the obtained electrode group was accommodated in a cell case made of an aluminum laminate sheet to prepare a sample (single cell).
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are provided with a current collector exposed portion from which the mixture has been removed.
- the positive electrode current collector exposed portion has an aluminum lead
- the negative electrode current collector exposed portion has a nickel lead.
- a load of 0.70 MPa was applied to the thickness direction of the electrode group on the single cell sample. And by measuring the voltage of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the internal short circuit was investigated and the ratio (%) of the single cell by which the internal short circuit was confirmed was computed. This ratio was evaluated as a short circuit rate.
- Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 A positive electrode and a lithium ion capacitor were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the maximum roughness Rz1 of the positive electrode was changed to the value shown in Table 1. In addition, the load applied to the electrode group at the time of measuring the short circuit rate was changed as shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 3 An aluminum foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) is used as the positive electrode current collector, a copper foil (thickness: 18 ⁇ m) is used as the negative electrode current collector, and the positive electrode mixture and the negative electrode mixture layer are respectively formed into the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode were respectively produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium ion capacitor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the obtained positive electrode and negative electrode were used.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results for the examples and comparative examples and the loads applied to the electrode group when measuring the short-circuit rate.
- A1 and A2 are the lithium ion capacitors of Examples 1 and 2
- B1 to B3 are the lithium ion capacitors of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the short circuit rate was very low, and the separator was hardly displaced.
- the reason why the short-circuit rate is low in these capacitors is that the maximum roughness Rz1 and Rz2 of the surface of both the positive electrode and the negative electrode is 35 ⁇ m or less, so that even when a load is applied to the electrode group, the separator is damaged and / or displaced. This is probably because the internal short circuit did not occur.
- the short-circuit rate is extremely high, and the electrode group shows a shift in the separator.
- the reason why the short-circuit rate increased is considered to be that the separator was damaged and / or shifted when a load was applied to the electrode group.
- an alkali metal ion capacitor can be obtained in which a sufficient capacity for charging and discharging can be secured and an internal short circuit is suppressed. Therefore, it can be used as a power source for various electronic devices.
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Abstract
Description
最初に、本発明の実施形態の内容を列記して説明する。
本発明の一実施形態は、(1)正極、負極、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータ、ならびにアルカリ金属イオンおよびアニオンを含む電解質を含み、前記セパレータの厚みは、10μm以下であり、前記正極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に担持された正極活物質とを含み、前記負極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する負極集電体と、前記負極集電体に担持された負極活物質とを含み、前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1および前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2は、それぞれ、35μm以下であるアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタに関する。
本発明の実施形態に係るアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタの具体例を、適宜図面を参照しつつ以下に説明する。なお、本発明はこれらの例示に限定されるものではなく、請求の範囲によって示され、請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内での全ての変更が含まれることが意図される。
アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタは、正極、負極、正極と負極との間に介在するセパレータ、ならびにアルカリ金属イオンおよびアニオンを含む電解質を含む。以下、アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタの構成要素についてより詳細に説明する。
正極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する正極集電体と、正極集電体に担持された正極活物質とを含む。
(正極集電体)
正極集電体の材質としては、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金が例示できる。アルミニウム合金としては、例えば、アルミニウム-鉄合金、アルミニウム-ケイ素合金、アルミニウム-銅合金、アルミニウム-マンガン合金、アルミニウム-クロム合金、アルミニウム-亜鉛合金、アルミニウム-チタン合金、アルミニウム-ニッケル合金、アルミニウム-マグネシウム合金、アルミニウム-マグネシウム-ケイ素合金などが挙げられる。
正極活物質は、少なくともアニオンを可逆的に担持する材料を含むことが好ましい。正極活物質は、アニオンおよびカチオンを可逆的に担持する材料を含むことが好ましい。少なくともアニオンを可逆的に担持する材料には、少なくともアニオンを吸着および脱離する材料、少なくともアニオンを吸蔵および放出(もしくは挿入および脱離)する材料などが含まれる。前者は、充放電の際に非ファラデー反応を起こす材料であり、後者は、充放電の際にファラデー反応を起こす材料である。これらのうち、少なくともアニオンを吸着および脱離する材料が好ましく使用できる。
(正極合剤)
正極合剤は、必須成分として正極活物質を含み、任意成分として導電助剤および/またはバインダを含む。正極に使用される導電助剤の少なくとも一部を、正極集電体の表面に付着させて導電層を形成し、導電層を覆うように、正極合剤を正極集電体に担持させてもよい。正極(または正極合剤)が導電助剤を含むことで、正極の導電性をさらに向上することができる。正極合剤がバインダを含むことで、正極活物質の粒子間、正極活物質粒子と導電助剤との間、および正極活物質粒子または導電助剤と集電体との間を、より強固に結着させることができる。
負極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する負極集電体と、負極集電体に担持された負極活物質とを含む。負極活物質は、負極集電体に、固定化、付着および/または保持させることにより担持させることができる。
セパレータは、イオン透過性を有し、正極と負極との間に介在して、これらを物理的に離間させて短絡を防止する。セパレータは、多孔質構造を有し、細孔内に電解質を保持することで、イオンを透過させる。セパレータの材質としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂;ポリエチレンテレフタレートなどのポリエステル樹脂;ポリアミド樹脂;ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミドなどのポリイミド樹脂などを用いることができる。セパレータは、これらの材質を一種含んでいてもよく、二種以上含んでいてもよい。
電解質はアニオンおよびカチオンを含むことができる。アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタの電解質は、アルカリ金属イオン伝導性を有するため、アルカリ金属イオンとアニオンとを含む。電解質は、アルカリ金属イオンとアニオンとを含む非水電解質であることが好ましい。非水電解質としては、例えば、非水溶媒(または有機溶媒)にアルカリ金属イオンとアニオンとの塩(アルカリ金属塩)を溶解させた電解質(有機電解質)の他、アルカリ金属イオンおよびアニオンを含むイオン液体などが用いられる。電解質におけるアルカリ金属塩またはアルカリ金属イオンの濃度は、例えば、0.3~5mol/Lの範囲から適宜選択できる。
以上の実施形態に関し、さらに以下の付記を開示する。
(付記1)
正極、負極、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータ、ならびにアルカリ金属イオンおよびアニオンを含む電解質を含み、前記セパレータの厚みは、10μm以下であり、前記正極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に担持された正極活物質とを含み、前記負極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する負極集電体と、前記負極集電体に担持された負極活物質とを含み、前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1および前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2は、それぞれ、35μm以下であるアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。
付記1によれば、厚みの小さいセパレータを用いるにも拘わらず、充放電を行うのに十分な容量を得ることができるとともに、正極と負極との間の内部短絡を抑制することができる。
前記付記1のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタにおいて、前記正極集電体および前記負極集電体は、それぞれ、中空の骨格を有し、前記正極は、前記正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に充填され、かつ前記正極活物質を含む正極合剤とを含み、前記正極合剤は、前記正極活物質と、導電助剤と、バインダとを含み、前記正極活物質は、少なくとも前記アニオンを可逆的に担持する多孔質炭素材料を含み、前記バインダは、カルボキシC1-4アルキル-セルロースおよびその塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含み、前記負極活物質は、前記アルカリ金属イオンを可逆的に担持する材料を含み、前記セパレータは、芳香族ポリアミドを含む微多孔膜であり、前記セパレータの空隙率は、50~70体積%であり、前記セパレータの厚みは、5~10μmであり、前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1は、15~35μmであり、前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2に対する前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1の比:Rz1/Rz2は、1.5~3であることが好ましい。
このようなアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタでは、十分な容量および/または出力を確保し易いながらも、アルカリ金属イオンキャパシタを組み立てる際のセパレータの破損および/またはずれを抑制する効果が極めて高い。
下記の手順でリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製した。
(1)正極の作製
(a)正極集電体の作製
熱硬化性ポリウレタンの発泡体(気孔率:95体積%、表面1インチ(=2.54cm)長さ当たりの空孔(セル)数:約50個、縦100mm×横30mm×厚み600μm)を準備した。発泡体を、黒鉛、カーボンブラック(平均粒径D50:0.5μm)、樹脂バインダ、浸透剤、および消泡剤を含む導電性懸濁液の中に浸漬した後、乾燥することにより、発泡体の表面に導電性層を形成した。なお、懸濁液中の黒鉛およびカーボンブラックの含有量は合計で25質量%であった。
正極活物質として活性炭粉末(BET比表面積:2300m2/g、平均粒径D50:約5μm)、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック、バインダとしてCMC、および分散媒として水を、混合機にて混合、攪拌することにより、正極合剤スラリーを調製した。スラリー中の各成分の質量比は、活性炭:アセチレンブラック:CMC=100:3.2:3.2であった。得られた正極合剤スラリーを、上記工程(a)で得られた集電体に充填し、120℃にて120分乾燥した。乾燥物を、一対のロールを用いて厚み方向に圧縮することにより、厚み800μmの正極を作製した。
(a)負極集電体の作製
正極集電体の作製で用いたものと同じ熱硬化性ポリウレタンの発泡体の表面に、スパッタリングにより目付量5g/cm2のCu被膜(導電性層)を形成した。表面に導電性層を形成した発泡体をワークとして、硫酸銅メッキ浴中に浸漬して、陰極電流密度2A/dm2の直流電流を印加することにより、表面にCu層を形成した。硫酸銅メッキ浴は、250g/Lの硫酸銅、50g/Lの硫酸、および30g/Lの塩化銅を含み、温度は、30℃であった。
負極活物質としての人造黒鉛粉末と、導電助剤としてのアセチレンブラックと、バインダとしてのPVDFと、分散媒としてのNMPとを混合することにより、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。黒鉛粉末と、アセチレンブラックと、PVDFとの質量比は、100:4:4であった。得られた負極合剤スラリーを、上記工程(a)で得られた集電体に充填し、120℃にて120分乾燥した。乾燥物を、一対のロールを用いて圧延し、厚み220μmの負極を作製した。なお、工程(1)および(2)では、プレドープ後の負極の充電可能な容量が、正極の容量の約1.2倍以上となるように、正極合剤および負極合剤の充填量を調節した。
集電体としてのパンチング銅箔(厚み:20μm、開口径:50μm、開口率:50%、2cm×2cm)の一方の表面に、リチウム箔(厚み:50μm)を圧着することにより、リチウム極を作製した。リチウム極の集電体の他方の表面には、ニッケル製のリードを溶接した。
上記(1)および(2)で得られた正極および負極を、それぞれ、1.5cm×1.5cmのサイズに切り出し、1辺に沿って幅0.5cmの部分の合剤を取り除いて集電体露出部を形成した。正極の集電体露出部には、アルミニウム製のリードを、負極集電体露出部には、ニッケル製のリードを、それぞれ溶接した。なお、得られた正極および負極において、合剤が存在する部分の面積は、いずれも、1.5cm2であった。
(a)正極および負極の表面の最大粗さRz1およびRz2
正極の一方の表面について、JIS B0601:2001に準拠して最大粗さ(最大高さ)Rz1(μm)を測定した。また、同様にして、負極の一方の表面の最大粗さRz2(μm)を測定した。
リチウムイオンキャパシタを、1mA/cm2の電流で、上限電圧3.8Vまで充電し、1mA/cm2の電流で、電圧が2.2Vになるまで放電した。この充放電サイクルを10回繰り返し、10回目の放電時の放電容量(mAh)を測定した。この放電容量の設計容量に対する比率(%)を算出し、容量として評価した。
上記と同様の正極および負極の間に、上記と同様のアラミド製のセパレータを介在させて正極と負極とを積層することにより電極群を形成した。得られた電極群を、アルミニウムラミネートシートで作製されたセルケース内に収容することにより、サンプル(単セル)を作製した。なお、正極および負極には、合剤を除去した集電体露出部を設け、正極集電体露出部には、アルミニウム製のリードを、負極集電体露出部には、ニッケル製のリードを、それぞれ溶接した。単セルのサンプルは、各例について10個ずつ作製した。
正極の最大粗さRz1を表1に示す値となるように変更する以外は、実施例1と同様に正極およびリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製し、評価を行った。なお、短絡率の測定の際の電極群に加える荷重を表1に示すように変更した。
正極集電体として、アルミニウム箔(厚み:20μm)を用い、負極集電体として、銅箔(厚み:18μm)を用いるとともに、正極合剤および負極合剤の層を、それぞれ、正極集電体および負極集電体の一方の表面に形成する以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極および負極を、それぞれ作製した。得られた正極および負極を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製し、評価を行った。
Claims (8)
- 正極、負極、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータ、ならびにアルカリ金属イオンおよびアニオンを含む電解質を含み、
前記セパレータの厚みは、10μm以下であり、
前記正極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に担持された正極活物質とを含み、
前記負極は、三次元網目状の金属の骨格を有する負極集電体と、前記負極集電体に担持された負極活物質とを含み、
前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1および前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2は、それぞれ、35μm以下であるアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。 - 前記セパレータの厚みは、3~10μmである請求項1に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。
- 前記正極集電体および前記負極集電体は、それぞれ、中空の骨格を有する請求項1または請求項2に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。
- 前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1は、15~35μmであり、
前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2は、15μm未満である請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。 - 前記正極活物質は、少なくとも前記アニオンを可逆的に担持する多孔質炭素材料を含み、
前記負極活物質は、前記アルカリ金属イオンを可逆的に担持する材料を含む請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。 - 前記セパレータは、芳香族ポリアミドを含む微多孔膜であり、
前記セパレータの空隙率は、40~70体積%である、請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。 - 前記負極の表面の最大粗さRz2に対する前記正極の表面の最大粗さRz1の比:Rz1/Rz2は、1.5~5である請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。
- 前記正極は、前記正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に充填され、かつ前記正極活物質を含む正極合剤とを含み、
前記正極合剤は、前記正極活物質と、導電助剤と、バインダとを含み、
前記バインダは、カルボキシアルキルセルロースおよびその塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含む請求項1~請求項7のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ金属イオンキャパシタ。
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| WO2012111665A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-08-23 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 集電体用三次元網状アルミニウム多孔体、該アルミニウム多孔体を用いた電極並びに該電極を用いた電池、キャパシタ、及びリチウムイオンキャパシタ |
-
2014
- 2014-12-24 KR KR1020167014236A patent/KR20160102974A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-12-24 WO PCT/JP2014/084028 patent/WO2015098903A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-12-24 CN CN201480070570.6A patent/CN105849839A/zh active Pending
- 2014-12-24 JP JP2015554909A patent/JPWO2015098903A1/ja active Pending
- 2014-12-24 US US15/108,054 patent/US20160329157A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-24 EP EP14874177.0A patent/EP3089183A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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| JP2004172372A (ja) * | 2002-11-20 | 2004-06-17 | Japan Vilene Co Ltd | 電気二重層キャパシタ用セパレータ及び電気二重層キャパシタ |
| JP2009123664A (ja) * | 2006-11-27 | 2009-06-04 | Denso Corp | 集電体、電極および蓄電装置 |
| JP2012209181A (ja) | 2011-03-30 | 2012-10-25 | Teijin Techno Products Ltd | セパレータ |
| JP2013077734A (ja) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-25 | Asahi Kasei Corp | 電極およびその製造方法 |
| JP2013143422A (ja) * | 2012-01-10 | 2013-07-22 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | リチウムイオンキャパシタ |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106232413A (zh) * | 2014-04-22 | 2016-12-14 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 车辆和用于车辆的控制方法 |
| CN107102756A (zh) * | 2016-02-23 | 2017-08-29 | 群创光电股份有限公司 | 触控装置及其制造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20160102974A (ko) | 2016-08-31 |
| JPWO2015098903A1 (ja) | 2017-03-23 |
| US20160329157A1 (en) | 2016-11-10 |
| CN105849839A (zh) | 2016-08-10 |
| EP3089183A1 (en) | 2016-11-02 |
| EP3089183A4 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
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