WO2015063979A1 - 負極活物質、負極活物質の製造方法、並びに、リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
負極活物質、負極活物質の製造方法、並びに、リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015063979A1 WO2015063979A1 PCT/JP2014/003869 JP2014003869W WO2015063979A1 WO 2015063979 A1 WO2015063979 A1 WO 2015063979A1 JP 2014003869 W JP2014003869 W JP 2014003869W WO 2015063979 A1 WO2015063979 A1 WO 2015063979A1
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a method for producing the negative electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery having a negative electrode using the negative electrode active material.
- This secondary battery is not limited to a small electronic device, but is also considered to be applied to a large-sized electronic device represented by an automobile or the like, or an electric power storage system represented by a house.
- lithium ion secondary batteries are highly expected because they are small in size and easy to increase in capacity, and can obtain higher energy density than lead batteries and nickel cadmium batteries.
- the above lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator together with an electrolyte, and the negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material involved in a charge / discharge reaction.
- this negative electrode active material a carbon material is widely used, but further improvement in battery capacity is required due to recent market demand.
- silicon As a negative electrode active material, use of silicon as a negative electrode active material has been studied. This is because the theoretical capacity of silicon (4199 mAh / g) is 10 times or more larger than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh / g), so that significant improvement in battery capacity can be expected.
- the development of a siliceous material as a negative electrode active material has been examined not only for silicon itself but also for compounds represented by alloys and oxides.
- the shape of the active material has been studied from a standard coating type for carbon materials to an integrated type directly deposited on a current collector.
- the negative electrode active material when silicon is used as the negative electrode active material as the main raw material, the negative electrode active material expands and contracts during charge / discharge, and therefore, it tends to break mainly near the surface of the negative electrode active material. In addition, an ionic material is generated inside the active material, and the negative electrode active material is easily broken. When the negative electrode active material surface layer is cracked, a new surface is generated thereby increasing the reaction area of the active material. At this time, a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs on the new surface, and a coating that is a decomposition product of the electrolytic solution is formed on the new surface, so that the electrolytic solution is consumed. For this reason, the cycle characteristics are likely to deteriorate.
- silicon and amorphous silicon dioxide are deposited simultaneously using a vapor phase method (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Further, in order to obtain a high battery capacity and safety, a carbon material (electron conductive material) is provided on the surface layer of the silicon oxide particles (see, for example, Patent Document 2). Furthermore, in order to improve cycle characteristics and obtain high input / output characteristics, an active material containing silicon and oxygen is produced, and an active material layer having a high oxygen ratio in the vicinity of the current collector is formed ( For example, see Patent Document 3). Further, in order to improve cycle characteristics, oxygen is contained in the silicon active material, the average oxygen content is 40 at% or less, and the oxygen content is increased at a location close to the current collector. (For example, refer to Patent Document 4).
- Si phase (for example, see Patent Document 5) by using a nanocomposite containing SiO 2, M y O metal oxide in order to improve the initial charge and discharge efficiency.
- the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon in the negative electrode active material is set to 0.1 to 1.2, and the difference between the maximum and minimum molar ratios in the vicinity of the active material and current collector interface The active material is controlled within a range of 0.4 or less (see, for example, Patent Document 7).
- Patent Document 8 a metal oxide containing lithium is used (see, for example, Patent Document 8).
- a hydrophobic layer such as a silane compound is formed on the surface layer of the siliceous material (see, for example, Patent Document 9).
- conductivity is imparted by using silicon oxide and forming a graphite film on the surface layer (see, for example, Patent Document 10).
- Patent Document 10 with respect to the shift value obtained from the RAMAN spectrum for graphite coating, with broad peaks appearing at 1330 cm -1 and 1580 cm -1, their intensity ratio I 1330 / I 1580 is 1.5 ⁇ I 1330 / I 1580 ⁇ 3.
- particles having a silicon microcrystalline phase dispersed in silicon dioxide are used in order to improve high battery capacity and cycle characteristics (see, for example, Patent Document 11). Further, in order to improve overcharge and overdischarge characteristics, silicon oxide in which the atomic ratio of silicon and oxygen is controlled to 1: y (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2) is used (see, for example, Patent Document 12).
- lithium ion secondary batteries which are the main power sources, are required to have an increased battery capacity.
- development of a lithium ion secondary battery composed of a negative electrode using a siliceous material as a main material is desired.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using a siliceous material is desired to have a cycle characteristic close to that of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material.
- a negative electrode active material that exhibits cycle stability equivalent to that of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material has not been proposed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material, a method for producing the negative electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery having a negative electrode using the negative electrode active material.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode active material for a negative electrode active material layer of a lithium secondary battery, wherein the negative electrode active material is a silicon-based material (SiO x : 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1). And 6), and a Si1s waveform obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has a binding energy having at least two peaks in the range of 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less. To do.
- the negative electrode active material containing this silicon-based material is converted into a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material containing this silicon-based material When used as a substance, it has a high battery capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics.
- the at least two or more peaks are at least two selected from SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 O, Li 2 CO 3 , Li 2 Si 2 O 5 , and Li 2 Si 2 O 3.
- a peak resulting from the above is preferable.
- a silicon-based material having such a configuration can be suitably used.
- the chemical shift peak obtained from 7Li MAS NMR spectrum preferably has a peak in the range of 15 to 50 ppm.
- the negative electrode active material includes a peak intensity value A of a binding energy peak existing in a range of 90 eV or more and 105 eV or less, and a peak of a binding energy peak existing in a range of 106 eV or more. It is preferable that the intensity value B satisfies the relationship of 0.3 ⁇ A / B ⁇ 3.
- the peak intensity value A and the peak intensity value B satisfy the relationship of 0.5 ⁇ A / B ⁇ 2.
- the negative active material comprises Li 2 SiO 3, the half-width of the diffraction peak of 38.2680 vicinity ° obtained by X-ray diffraction due to Li 2 SiO 3 (2 ⁇ ) is not less 0.75 ° or more preferable.
- the negative active material comprises Li 4 SiO 4, the half-width of the diffraction peak of 23.9661 vicinity ° obtained by X-ray diffraction due to Li 4 SiO 4 (2 ⁇ ) is not less 0.2 ° or more preferable.
- the Li compound that forms the two or more peaks is preferably substantially amorphous.
- the negative electrode active material particles contain two or more kinds of amorphous Li compounds, better cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak due to the Si (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction is 1.2 ° or more, and the crystallite size due to the crystal plane is 7 It is preferable that it is 5 nm or less.
- the negative electrode active material has the above-described crystallinity, better cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a negative electrode active material according to the present invention, comprising a step of modifying the silicon-based material using an electrochemical method. provide.
- This manufacturing method includes a step of modifying a silicon-based material using an electrochemical method, so that when it is used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery, it has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial performance.
- a negative electrode active material having charge / discharge characteristics can be manufactured.
- the modifying step includes a step of inserting Li into the silicon-based material while performing potential regulation and current regulation.
- the silicon-based material can be effectively modified.
- the modifying step further includes a step of partially removing the inserted Li from the silicon-based material while performing potential regulation and current regulation.
- a negative electrode active material having better cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics when used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery can be produced.
- the step of inserting Li and the step of partially removing Li are repeated a plurality of times.
- Li source used for inserting Li it is preferable to use at least one selected from Li metal, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, and lithium composite oxide. The above-mentioned thing can be used suitably as Li source used for inserting Li.
- the step of modifying is preferably a step of modifying the silicon-based material formed on the metal current collector using an electrochemical method.
- the present invention provides a lithium ion secondary battery having a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material layer containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention and a negative electrode current collector as a negative electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a negative electrode containing such a negative electrode active material has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention when used as the negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery, high capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained. Moreover, if it is the manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material of this invention, the negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries which has favorable cycling characteristics and initial stage charge / discharge characteristics can be manufactured.
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries of this invention. It is a TEM photograph showing the cross-sectional structure of a negative electrode active material. It is a figure showing the structural example (laminate film type) of the lithium secondary battery of this invention. It is the reformer in the bulk used when manufacturing the negative electrode active material of this invention. It is a figure which shows Si1s waveform obtained by a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the present invention will be described in detail as an example of an embodiment with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- a negative electrode using a silicon material as a main material as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery has been studied.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using this silicon material is expected to have cycle characteristics similar to those of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material, but the cycle is equivalent to that of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material.
- No proposal has been made for a negative electrode active material exhibiting stability.
- the inventors have made extensive studies on a negative electrode active material that can provide good cycle characteristics when used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the silicon-based material has a composition ratio of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and has a binding energy in the range of 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less in the Si1s waveform obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the present invention has been made.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter referred to as “negative electrode”) according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates a transmission electron microscope (TEM) illustrating a cross-sectional structure of a negative electrode active material. : Transmission electron microscope
- the negative electrode 10 is configured to have a negative electrode active material layer 12 on a negative electrode current collector 11. Further, the negative electrode active material layer 12 may be provided on both surfaces or only one surface of the negative electrode current collector 11. Furthermore, the negative electrode current collector 11 may be omitted as long as the negative electrode active material of the present invention is used.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 is an excellent conductive material and is made of a material having high mechanical strength.
- the conductive material include copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni).
- the conductive material is preferably a material that does not form an intermetallic compound with lithium (Li).
- the negative electrode current collector 11 preferably contains carbon (C) or sulfur (S) in addition to the main element. This is because the physical strength of the negative electrode current collector 11 is improved.
- the current collector contains the above-described element, there is an effect of suppressing electrode deformation including the current collector.
- content of said content element is not specifically limited, Especially it is preferable that it is 100 ppm or less. This is because a higher deformation suppressing effect can be obtained.
- the surface of the negative electrode current collector 11 may be roughened or may not be roughened.
- the roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, a metal foil subjected to electrolytic treatment, embossing treatment, or chemical etching treatment.
- the non-roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, a rolled metal foil.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 includes a plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions (hereinafter referred to as negative electrode active material particles). From the viewpoint of battery design, the negative electrode binder is further included. (Binder) and other materials such as a conductive aid may be included. Moreover, when the said roughening foil is used as a negative electrode collector, you may form a negative electrode active material layer directly in a negative electrode collector. In this case, the formation method is not particularly limited, but a vapor phase method is desirable, and examples thereof include a vapor deposition method and a CVD method.
- the negative electrode active material particles are composed of a core part capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a Li compound formed in at least a part of the active material or in the surface layer part.
- the negative electrode active material particles are a silicon oxide material containing a silicon-based material (SiO x : 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), and it is preferable that x is close to 1 as the composition of the silicon-based material. This is because high cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the siliceous material composition in the present invention does not necessarily mean 100% purity, and may contain a trace amount of impurity elements.
- the silicon-based material includes at least two compound states in the range of the binding energy of 520 eV or more and 537 eV in the Si1s waveform obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (that is, it has two or more peaks in the above range). Stable battery characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of the Si1s waveform obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As shown in FIG. 5, when the peak of the Si1s waveform has an asymmetric shape, two peaks are included. The first peak indicated by peak fit 1 and the second peak indicated by peak fit 2 are included. It can be broken down into two peaks.
- an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer In the measurement of the Si1s waveform by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used, the X-ray source is a monochromatic AlK ⁇ ray, the X-ray spot diameter is 100 ⁇ m, and the Ar ion gun sputtering conditions are: 0.5 to 3.0 kV / 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- a part of the SiO 2 component generated in the silicon oxide can be selectively changed to the Li compound.
- Two or more peaks are present in at least two or more selected from SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 O, Li 2 CO 3 , Li 2 Si 2 O 5 , and Li 2 Si 2 O 3.
- the resulting peak is preferred.
- particularly good characteristics are exhibited when two or more peaks are peaks caused by at least two kinds selected from Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 CO 3, and Li 2 O.
- an electrochemical method is preferably used as a method for producing the selective compound (Li compound).
- selective compounds can be produced by changing conditions such as potential regulation and current regulation with respect to the lithium counter electrode. Further, after the selective compound is partially produced by an electrochemical method, a denser substance can be obtained by drying in a carbonic acid atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere.
- the number of times of modification by the electrochemical method is not particularly limited, but more stable material generation is possible by performing lithium insertion and partial desorption several times rather than once lithium insertion and partial desorption. At this time, the insertion potential / current, the release potential / current, and the number of times of modification are closely related to the improvement of the characteristics of the negative electrode active material.
- Li compound formation in the Si region can be reduced or avoided, and the substance becomes stable in the air, in the aqueous slurry, or in the solvent slurry. Moreover, according to said method, it is possible to make a more stable substance compared with the thermal reforming which makes a compound at random.
- the surface treatment method applied to the outermost layer of the active material is effective for the stability of water-based and solvent-based slurry.
- water resistance, water repellency, and a hydrophobic substance are preferably covered at least partially.
- the material is not particularly limited, but a fluorine compound is effective.
- silazanes, siloxanes, silanes, metals, metal oxides, and the like can be easily applied.
- Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 2 SiO 3 , and Li 2 CO 3 produced in the bulk improves the characteristics, but two or more of the above Li compounds improve the characteristics more. In the case of coexistence.
- the silicon material is a 0V constant current / constant voltage charge (70) at least at one point during 50 cycles of a 0V constant current / constant voltage (cccc) charge / 1.5V constant current (cc) discharge cycle. It is preferable that the chemical shift peak obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum occurs in the range of 15 ppm or more and 50 ppm or less. This is because a stable Li compound that contributes to charge and discharge is generated at the beginning of the cycle.
- 0 V constant current constant voltage charging means charging in a constant current (current density: 0.2 mA / cm 2 ) mode up to 0 V, switching from 0 V to a constant voltage mode, and a current density of 0.05 mA / cm 2 . It means to stop charging.
- 1.5V constant current discharge means discharging after charging in a constant current (current density: 0.2 mA / cm 2 ) mode and stopping the discharge when the potential is 1.5V.
- the chemical shift peak generated in the range of 15 ppm to 50 ppm obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum is suggested to be a Li compound.
- a peak appears at approximately 0 ppm.
- the present material includes a Li compound as a compound from the waveform obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Considering these, it is suggested that Li 4 SiO 4 or Li salt sold as a normal reagent may have a different valence or coordination number of Si.
- the silicon material has a peak intensity value A of a peak existing in the range of 105 eV (low binding energy position) in the Si2P waveform obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a range in which the binding energy is 106 eV or more (low binding energy position). It is preferable that the peak intensity value B of the peak existing at the high binding energy position) satisfies the relationship of 0.3 ⁇ A / B ⁇ 3. If the peak intensity value ratio is within the above range, more stable battery characteristics can be obtained.
- the peak intensity value ratio satisfies the relationship of 0.5 ⁇ A / B ⁇ 2, the characteristics are further improved, which is more preferable.
- a high Si valence state is selected.
- the Li compound state is described from the Si1s peak waveform, it is more stable when the state having a particularly high Si valence is selectively reduced and reformed to the Li compound.
- the Li compounds Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 produced in the bulk are preferably low in crystallinity, and particularly preferably amorphous. This is because the resistance of the negative electrode active material is increased when the degree of crystallinity is high. Specifically, the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak near 38.2680 ° obtained by X-ray diffraction caused by Li 2 SiO 3 is preferably 0.75 ° or more. By including the Li compound having such crystallinity in the negative electrode active material particles, better cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the half value width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak near 23.9661 ° obtained by X-ray diffraction caused by Li 4 SiO 4 is 0.2 ° or more.
- the half-value width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction is 1.2 or more, and the crystal attributed to the crystal plane
- the child size is desirably 7.5 nm or less.
- the presence of Si crystals not only deteriorates battery characteristics, but also makes it difficult to generate a stable Li compound.
- the median diameter is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. This is because, within the above range, lithium ions are easily occluded / released at the time of charge / discharge, and the particles are difficult to break. A smaller particle size increases the surface area, so the battery irreversible capacity tends to increase. On the other hand, if the median diameter is too large, the particles may be easily broken and a new surface may be easily obtained.
- the negative electrode binder for example, one or more of polymer materials, synthetic rubbers, and the like can be used.
- the polymer material include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamideimide, aramid, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, and carboxymethylcellulose.
- the synthetic rubber include styrene butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and ethylene propylene diene.
- the negative electrode conductive additive for example, one or more carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber can be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 may be produced in a mixed state with a carbon material. As a result, the electrical resistance of the negative electrode active material layer 12 can be reduced and the expansion stress associated with charging can be reduced.
- the carbon material include pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbon fibers, organic polymer compound fired bodies, and carbon blacks.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 is formed by, for example, a coating method.
- the coating method is a method in which negative electrode active material particles and the above-mentioned binder, and the like, and a conductive additive and a carbon material are mixed as necessary, and then dispersed and applied in an organic solvent or water.
- Electrochemical method is desirable as bulk reforming method. This is because selective Li compounds can be produced by using potential regulation and current regulation.
- the Li source used when inserting Li is not particularly limited, but it is desirable to use Li metal, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, or lithium composite oxide as the Li source.
- Li source lithium composite oxide is particularly desirable. This is because high rate characteristics and environmental stability can be obtained.
- the lithium composite oxide used as the Li source used when inserting Li can be recycled.
- an oxide from which Li is released by bulk modification can be reused by mixing and firing with, for example, lithium carbonate.
- the characteristics are improved when an electrode formed directly on a copper foil by using a vapor phase method is used. This is because the current collecting property and the active material structure are stabilized.
- the negative electrode 10 is manufactured by the following procedure, for example. First, a raw material that generates silicon oxide gas is heated in a temperature range of 900 ° C. to 1600 ° C. under reduced pressure in the presence of an inert gas to generate silicon oxide gas. At this time, the raw material is a mixture of metal silicon powder and silicon dioxide powder, and considering the surface oxygen of the metal silicon powder and the presence of trace amounts of oxygen in the reactor, the mixing molar ratio is 0.8 ⁇ metal silicon powder / It is desirable that the silicon dioxide powder is in the range of ⁇ 1.3. Next, the generated gas is solidified and deposited on the adsorption plate. Next, the deposit is taken out with the temperature in the reactor lowered to 100 ° C.
- Si crystallites in the particles are controlled by changing the vaporization temperature or by heat treatment after generation.
- Directly formed electrodes can be obtained by changing the adsorption plate to copper foil.
- the copper foil to be used is preferably run through a can roll.
- a carbon layer is preferably formed on the surface layer of the obtained silicon oxide powder material.
- a thermal decomposition CVD method is desirable.
- a method for generating a carbon material layer by pyrolytic CVD will be described.
- silicon oxide powder is set in a furnace.
- hydrocarbon gas is introduced into the furnace to raise the temperature in the furnace.
- the decomposition temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1200 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 950 ° C. or lower. By making the decomposition temperature 1200 ° C. or less, disproportionation of the active material particles can be suppressed.
- a carbon layer is formed on the silicon oxide powder.
- hydrocarbon gas is not particularly limited, it is desirable in C n H m composition is n ⁇ 3. If n ⁇ 3, the production cost can be reduced, and the physical properties of the decomposition product can be improved.
- the bulk modification of the silicon oxide powder is performed.
- in-bulk modification it is desirable to insert Li electrochemically.
- the generated substance in the bulk can be controlled by adjusting the insertion potential and the separation potential, and changing the current density, the bath temperature, and the number of insertions and separations.
- the apparatus structure is not particularly limited, for example, in-bulk reforming can be performed using the in-bulk reforming apparatus 20 shown in FIG.
- the reformer 20 in the bulk is disposed in the bathtub 27 filled with the organic solvent 23, the positive electrode (lithium source) 21 disposed in the bathtub 27 and connected to one of the power sources 26, and the bathtub 27. It has a powder storage container 25 connected to the other side of the power source 26 and a separator 24 provided between the positive electrode 21 and the powder storage container 25.
- the modified active material is then dried in an oxygen atmosphere, a carbon dioxide atmosphere, a fluorine atmosphere, or a hydrogen atmosphere.
- an oxygen atmosphere a carbon dioxide atmosphere, a fluorine atmosphere, or a hydrogen atmosphere.
- the temperature is not particularly limited, but it is desirable to set the temperature to 800 ° C. or lower. This is because particle disproportionation can be suppressed.
- the fluorine compound is desirably generated by changing the potential and temperature conditions. Thereby, a denser film can be obtained.
- lithium fluoride is desirably held at 45 ° C. or higher when Li is inserted or removed.
- the obtained modified particles may not contain a carbon layer. However, when more uniform control is required in the reforming process in the bulk, it is necessary to reduce the potential distribution, and it is desirable that a carbon layer exists.
- organic solvent 23 in the bathtub 27 ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate, or the like can be used.
- electrolyte salt contained in the organic solvent 23 lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode 21 may use a Li foil, or may use a Li-containing compound or a Li-containing composite oxide. Furthermore, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, or the like can be used as the Li-containing compound, and lithium cobaltate or olivine iron lithium can be used as the main component as the Li-containing composite oxide.
- the negative electrode active material particles and other materials such as a negative electrode binder and a conductive additive are mixed to form a negative electrode mixture, and then an organic solvent or water is added to obtain a slurry.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 11 and dried to form the negative electrode active material layer 12. At this time, you may perform a heat press etc. as needed.
- the negative electrode described above by changing the SiO 2 component present in the bulk of the negative electrode active material particles into a stable Li compound, the initial efficiency of the battery and the stability of the active material accompanying cycle characteristics are improved.
- the binding energy has at least two peaks in the range of 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less.
- Li silicate, lithium carbonate, and lithium oxide are produced, a higher effect can be obtained.
- coating the anode active material particles with a carbon material can make the compound state in the bulk more uniform, and the presence of fluoride in the surface layer of the anode active material particles can stabilize the active material. Property can be improved and higher effects can be obtained.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 contains 90 ppm or less of carbon and sulfur, an effect of suppressing deformation of the electrode including the current collector can be obtained.
- a laminated film type secondary battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 is one in which a wound electrode body 31 is accommodated mainly in a sheet-like exterior member 35. This wound body has a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode and is wound. There is also a case where a separator is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and a laminate is accommodated.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode
- the negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode.
- the outermost peripheral part of the electrode body is protected by a protective tape.
- the positive and negative electrode leads are led out in one direction from the inside of the exterior member 35 to the outside, for example.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is formed of a conductive material such as aluminum
- the negative electrode lead 33 is formed of a conductive material such as nickel or copper.
- the exterior member 35 is, for example, a laminate film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order.
- This laminate film is formed of two films so that the fusion layer faces the electrode body 31.
- the outer peripheral edges of the fusion layer are bonded together with an adhesive or an adhesive.
- the fused part is, for example, a film such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and the metal part is aluminum foil or the like.
- the protective layer is, for example, nylon.
- An adhesion film 34 is inserted between the exterior member 35 and the positive and negative electrode leads to prevent intrusion of outside air.
- This material is, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyolefin resin.
- the positive electrode has, for example, a positive electrode active material layer on both surfaces or one surface of the positive electrode current collector, similarly to the negative electrode 10 of FIG.
- the positive electrode current collector is formed of, for example, a conductive material such as aluminum.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes one or more of positive electrode materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and includes other materials such as a binder, a conductive additive, and a dispersant depending on the design. You may go out.
- the details regarding the binder and the conductive additive can be the same as, for example, the negative electrode binder and the negative electrode conductive additive already described.
- a lithium-containing compound is desirable.
- the lithium-containing compound include a composite oxide composed of lithium and a transition metal element, or a phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element.
- these positive electrode materials compounds having at least one of nickel, iron, manganese, and cobalt are preferable.
- the chemical formulas of these positive electrode materials are represented by, for example, Li x M1O 2 or Li y M2PO 4 .
- M1 and M2 represent at least one or more transition metal elements, and the values of x and y vary depending on the battery charge / discharge state, but generally 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 .10, 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.10.
- Examples of the composite oxide having lithium and a transition metal element include lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ) and lithium nickel composite oxide (Li x NiO 2 ).
- the negative electrode has the same configuration as the negative electrode 10 for lithium ion secondary battery in FIG. 1 described above, and has, for example, a negative electrode active material layer on both sides of the current collector.
- This negative electrode preferably has a negative electrode charge capacity larger than the electric capacity (charge capacity as a battery) obtained from the positive electrode active material agent. Thereby, precipitation of lithium metal on the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material layer is provided on a part of both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer is also provided on a part of both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer provided on the negative electrode current collector is provided with a region where there is no opposing positive electrode active material layer. This is to perform a stable battery design.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and allows lithium ions to pass through while preventing current short-circuiting due to bipolar contact.
- This separator is formed of, for example, a porous film made of synthetic resin or ceramic, and may have a laminated structure in which two or more kinds of porous films are laminated.
- the synthetic resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- Electrode At least a part of the active material layer or the separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution).
- This electrolytic solution has an electrolyte salt dissolved in a solvent, and may contain other materials such as additives.
- a non-aqueous solvent can be used as the solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
- the dissociation property and ion mobility of the electrolyte salt are improved by using a combination of a high viscosity solvent such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate and a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. be able to.
- a high viscosity solvent such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate
- a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.
- halogenated chain carbonate ester is a chain carbonate ester having halogen as a constituent element (at least one hydrogen is replaced by halogen).
- halogenated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having halogen as a constituent element (that is, at least one hydrogen is replaced by a halogen).
- halogen is not particularly limited, but fluorine is preferred. This is because a film having a better quality than other halogens is formed. Further, the larger the number of halogens, the better. This is because the resulting coating is more stable and the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte is reduced.
- halogenated chain carbonate examples include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate and difluoromethyl methyl carbonate.
- halogenated cyclic carbonate examples include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and the like.
- the solvent additive contains an unsaturated carbon bond cyclic carbonate. This is because a stable film is formed on the negative electrode surface during charging and discharging, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- unsaturated carbon-bonded cyclic ester carbonate include vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate.
- sultone cyclic sulfonic acid ester
- solvent additive examples include propane sultone and propene sultone.
- the solvent preferably contains an acid anhydride. This is because the chemical stability of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the acid anhydride include propanedisulfonic acid anhydride.
- the electrolyte salt can contain, for example, any one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ).
- the content of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.5 mol / kg or more and 2.5 mol / kg or less with respect to the solvent. This is because high ion conductivity is obtained.
- a positive electrode is manufactured using the positive electrode material described above.
- a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, a binder, a conductive additive and the like are mixed to form a positive electrode mixture, and then dispersed in an organic solvent to obtain a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the mixture slurry is applied to the positive electrode current collector with a coating apparatus such as a die coater having a knife roll or a die head, and dried with hot air to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode active material layer is compression molded with a roll press or the like. At this time, it may be heated or repeated a plurality of times.
- a positive electrode active material layer is formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector. At this time, the active material application lengths on both sides may be shifted.
- a negative electrode is produced by forming a negative electrode active material layer on the negative electrode current collector using the same operation procedure as that of the negative electrode 10 for lithium ion secondary batteries described above.
- the electrolytic solution is adjusted.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode current collector by ultrasonic welding or the like.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated or wound through a separator to produce a wound electrode body 31, and a protective tape is adhered to the outermost periphery thereof.
- the wound body is molded so as to have a flat shape.
- the insulating portions of the exterior member 35 are adhered to each other by a thermal fusion method, and the wound electrode body is released in only one direction. Enclose.
- the laminated film type secondary battery 30 can be manufactured as described above.
- the positive electrode active material is a mixture of 95% by mass of LiCoO 2 which is a lithium cobalt composite oxide, 2.5% by mass of a positive electrode conductive additive, and 2.5% by mass of a positive electrode binder (polyvinylidene fluoride: PVDF).
- a positive electrode mixture was obtained.
- the positive electrode mixture was dispersed in an organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone: NMP) to obtain a paste slurry.
- the slurry was applied to both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector with a coating apparatus having a die head, and dried with a hot air drying apparatus. At this time, a positive electrode current collector having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was used.
- compression molding was performed with a roll press.
- a negative electrode was produced.
- the negative electrode active material a raw material mixed with metallic silicon and silicon dioxide is introduced into a reaction furnace, vaporized in a vacuum atmosphere of 10 Pa is deposited on an adsorption plate, sufficiently cooled, and then the deposit is taken out. It grind
- the produced powder was reformed in bulk using an electrochemical method in a 1: 1 mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (containing 1.3 mol / Kg of electrolyte salt) using the bulk reformer 20. Went. The obtained material was dried in a carbon dioxide atmosphere as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material particles and the negative electrode binder precursor, the conductive auxiliary agent 1 and the conductive auxiliary agent 2 were mixed at a dry weight ratio of 80: 8: 10: 2, and then diluted with NMP to obtain a paste form.
- Negative electrode mixture slurry In this case, NMP was used as a solvent for the polyamic acid.
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate: LiPF 6
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate: LiPF 6
- the content of the electrolyte salt was 1.2 mol / kg with respect to the solvent.
- a secondary battery was assembled as follows. First, an aluminum lead was ultrasonically welded to one end of the positive electrode current collector, and a nickel lead was welded to one end of the negative electrode current collector. Subsequently, a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and a separator were laminated in this order, and wound in the longitudinal direction to obtain a wound electrode body. The end portion was fixed with a PET protective tape. As the separator, a laminated film (thickness: 12 ⁇ m) sandwiched between a film mainly composed of porous polyethylene and a film mainly composed of porous polypropylene was used.
- the outer peripheral edges excluding one side were heat-sealed, and the electrode body was housed inside.
- the exterior member a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and an aluminum laminate film in which a polypropylene film was laminated were used.
- an electrolytic solution prepared from the opening was injected, impregnated in a vacuum atmosphere, heat-sealed, and sealed.
- Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6 x of SiO x is fixed at 0.9, and the ratio of the peak intensity value A in the low bond energy region to the peak intensity value B in the high bond energy region: A / B was fixed at 1, and Li insertion and Li release conditions were changed in the electrochemical method to control the substance to be generated and change the substance to be generated in the bulk.
- the number of peaks was 1 or less within the range of the binding energy from 520 eV to 537 eV.
- Comparative Example 1-2 the generated substances of Comparative Example 1-2, Comparative Example 1-3, Comparative Example 1-4, Comparative Example 1-5, and Comparative Example 1-6 are SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 SiO 3 , respectively.
- a Li 2 CO 3, Li 2 O in Comparative example 1-1, a peak does not appear in Si1s waveform obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we can not identify the product material.
- the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles is 4 ⁇ m
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak due to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction of the negative electrode active material is 1.22 °
- the negative electrode active material The material Si (111) crystallite was 7.21 nm.
- the cycle characteristics were examined as follows. First, in order to stabilize the battery, charge and discharge was performed for 2 cycles in an atmosphere at 25 ° C., and the discharge capacity at the second cycle was measured. Subsequently, charge and discharge were performed until the total number of cycles reached 100, and the discharge capacity was measured each time. Finally, the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle was divided by the discharge capacity at the second cycle, and the capacity retention rate was calculated.
- the battery was charged at a constant current density of 2.5 mA / cm 2 until 4.2 V was reached, and when the voltage reached 4.2 V, the current density was 0.25 mA / cm at a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Charged until 2 was reached. During discharging, discharging was performed at a constant current density of 2.5 mA / cm 2 until the voltage reached 2.5V.
- the initial efficiency (%) (initial discharge capacity / initial charge capacity) ⁇ 100 was calculated.
- the atmosphere and temperature were the same as when the cycle characteristics were examined, and the charge / discharge conditions were 0.2 times the cycle characteristics. That is, a constant current density until reaching 4.2V, and charged at 0.5 mA / cm 2, at 4.2V constant voltage at the stage where the voltage reaches 4.2V until the current density reached 0.05 mA / cm 2
- the battery was charged and discharged at a constant current density of 0.5 mA / cm 2 until the voltage reached 2.5V.
- Example 1-1 to Example 1-11 A secondary battery is produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-6, the Li insertion and release conditions in the electrochemical method are changed, the generated substance is controlled, and the secondary battery is generated in the bulk. The substance was changed.
- Examples 1-1 to 1-11 in the Si1s waveform obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the number of peaks is 2 or more within the range where the binding energy is 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less, and 0 V Chemical shift obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum in a constant current constant voltage charge / 1.5 V constant current discharge during 50 times, in a 0 V constant current constant voltage charge state (charge stopped in 70 hours) at at least one point It had a peak in the range of 15 to 50 ppm.
- the products of Examples 1-1 to 1-11 are shown in Table 2.
- Example 1-1 to Example 1-11 the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-6.
- Table 2 shows the measurement results of Example 1-1 to Example 1-11.
- the number of peaks is 2 or more within the range of 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less.
- Examples 1-1 to 1-11 Thus, the capacity retention ratio and the initial efficiency were improved as compared with Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6 in which the number of peaks was 1 or less.
- the generated substances are roughly classified into silicon oxide, lithium oxide compound, and lithium silicate. In particular, when lithium oxide and lithium silicate are generated, capacity retention ratio and initial efficiency are improved.
- the product preparation conditions are controlled by controlling the atmosphere, raw material ratio, and additives at the time of preparing the silicon-based material, thereby controlling the balance in the bulk. Can be controlled.
- Example 2-1 to Example 2-4 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, the reforming in the bulk was performed by using the electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to generate Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 2 O (that is, in the Si1s waveform, the binding energy was Within the range of 520 eV or more and 537 eV or less, the number of peaks was 2 or more). The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Further, the amount of oxygen in the bulk was adjusted to change x of SiO x .
- Example 2-1 the amount of oxygen in the deposit was changed by changing the ratio of the evaporation starting material and the evaporation temperature.
- the x values of SiO x in Example 2-1, Example 2-2, Example 2-3, and Example 2-4 were 0.5, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.6, respectively. .
- Example 2-1 to Example 2-4 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-6.
- Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2 x of SiO x was 0.3 and 1.8, respectively.
- the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-2 and Examples 2-1 to 2-4.
- Table 1 also shows Examples 1-8 in which x of SiO x is 0.9.
- Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6. However, it is obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum in the state of 0 V constant current constant voltage charge (charge is terminated in 70 hours) at at least one point during 50 times of 0 V constant current constant voltage charge / 1.5 V constant current discharge.
- the chemical shift peak has a peak in the range of 15 to 50 ppm, and changes the Li insertion and release conditions in the electrochemical method to control the substance to be generated and change the substance generated in the bulk.
- the x of SiO x was changed.
- Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4 in the Si1s waveform obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the number of peaks was 1 within the range of the binding energy from 520 eV to 537 eV. Further, the product of Comparative Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-3 was Li 4 SiO 4 , and the product of Comparative Example 3-2 and Comparative Example 3-4 was Li 2 O. Further, Comparative Example 3-1, the x of SiO x in Comparative Example 3-2 and 0.7 and Comparative Example 3-3, the x of SiO x in Comparative Example 3-4 is 1.2. For Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4, the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 4 shows the measurement results of Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4.
- Example 3-1 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. In addition, it was obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum in the state of 0V constant current constant voltage charge (charging stopped at 70 hours) at at least one point during 50 times of 0V constant current constant voltage charge / 1.5V constant current discharge. There was no peak in the range of 15 to 50 ppm of chemical shift peak.
- Example 3-1 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary battery were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-5.
- the measurement results of Example 3-1 are shown in Table 5.
- Table 5 also shows Examples 1-8 having a chemical shift peak of 15 to 50 ppm obtained from 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum.
- the chemical shift peak obtained from the 7 Li-MAS-NMR spectrum has a peak in the range of 15 to 50 ppm, so that stabilization is achieved at least during repeated charge and discharge at the beginning of the cycle.
- the chemical shift peak obtained by NMR is considered to be caused by Li silicate.
- general Li silicate has a peak in the vicinity of 0 ppm, which suggests that the state of atoms at least after the second proximity is different.
- Example 4-1 to Example 4-8 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Further, the ratio A / B of the peak intensity value A in the low bond energy region and the peak intensity value B in the high bond energy region in the Si2P waveform obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was changed.
- Example 4-1 Example 4-2, Example 4-3, Example 4-4, Example 4-5, Example 4-6, Example 4-7, and Example 4-8, the peak The intensity value ratios A / B were 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 respectively.
- Example 4-1 to Example 4-8 the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 to 1-5.
- the measurement results of Example 4-1 to Example 4-6 are shown in Table 6.
- Table 1 also shows Examples 1-8 in which the peak intensity value ratio A / B is 1.
- Example 5-1 to Example 5-12 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. In addition, the potential at the time of Li compound creation, the amount of current, the insertion and release method of Li are controlled, the state of the generated inclusions is changed, the state of the inclusions is changed by adjusting the gas atmosphere after generation and heat drying To change the crystallinity of the product. In Example 5-1 to Example 5-12, the crystallinity of Li 2 SiO 3 and the crystallinity of Li 4 SiO 4 were changed.
- Example 5-1 to Example 5-12 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- the measurement results of Example 5-1 to Example 5-12 are shown in Table 7.
- Table 7 also shows Examples 1-8 in which both Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 are amorphous.
- Example 6-1 to Example 6-9 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. In addition, the crystallinity of the active material was changed.
- Example 6-1, Example 6-2, Example 6-3, Example 6-4, Example 6-5, Example 6-6, Example 6-7, Example 6-8, Example 6-9, the half-value widths (2 ⁇ ) of diffraction peaks attributed to the Si (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction representing crystallinity are 0.756 °, 0.796 °, and 1.025 °, respectively.
- the Si (111) crystallite size is 11.42 nm, 10.
- Example 6-9 the half-value width is calculated to be 20 ° or more, but it is a result of fitting using analysis software, and a peak is not substantially obtained. Therefore, it can be said that Example 6-9 is substantially amorphous.
- Example 6-1 to Example 6-9 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 8 shows the measurement results of Example 6-1 to Example 6-9.
- Table 8 also shows Examples 1-8 in which the half width (2 ⁇ ) is 1.22 and the Si (111) crystallite size is 7 and 21 nm.
- Example 7-1 to Example 7-3 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O were generated by reforming in the bulk. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Various methods for modifying the bulk of silicon-based materials were used. In Example 7-1, Example 7-2, and Example 7-3, the reforming method is a method in which the potential / current control + Li insertion method and the potential / current control + Li partial release method are repeated three times, respectively. The thermal doping method.
- the potential / current control + Li insertion method is a method of inserting Li into the bulk while controlling the potential / current supplied to the Li source 21 using the in-bulk reformer 20 shown in FIG. is there.
- the potential / current control + Li partial insertion after Li insertion method uses the in-bulk reformer 20 shown in FIG. 5 to insert Li into the bulk while controlling the potential / current supplied to the Li source 21. Later, the inserted lithium is partially removed while controlling the potential and current.
- the thermal doping method is a method in which a silicon material and Li metal or a Li compound are mixed and heat treatment is performed.
- Example 7-1 to Example 7-3 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 9 shows the measurement results of Example 7-1 to Example 7-3.
- Table 9 also shows Examples 1-8 in which the reforming method is the potential / current control + Li partial removal method after inserting Li.
- the thermal doping method does not become a method for reforming into a higher quality active material.
- Example 8-1 to Example 8-7 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Various types of reforming sources (Li sources) were used. In Example 8-1, Example 8-2, Example 8-3, Example 8-4, Example 8-5, Example 8-6, and Example 8-7, Lithium metal, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium olivine, Ni-containing lithium composite oxide, and Mn-containing lithium composite oxide were used.
- Li sources Lithium metal, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium olivine, Ni-containing lithium composite oxide, and Mn-containing lithium composite oxide were used.
- Example 8-1 to Example 8-7 the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 10 shows the measurement results of Example 8-1 to Example 8-7.
- Table 1 also shows Examples 1-8 using lithium cobaltate as the reforming source.
- the reforming source is not particularly limited, but a more stable material is desirable in consideration of the manufacturing process.
- Lithium composite oxide is preferable to lithium metal, for example, lithium cobaltate and lithium olivine iron are preferable.
- olivine iron lithium is particularly desirable because it has a low charging potential and can be industrially reduced in cost and has excellent output characteristics.
- the lithium composite oxide has an advantage that it can be reused by repeating insertion and removal of lithium for a certain amount and then mixing with a lithium-containing composite material and performing heat treatment. Note that the lithium composite oxide is substantially similar to the positive electrode material that has deteriorated to a greater degree than the battery grade, but when used as a reforming source, it is acceptable even if the battery characteristics are particularly low.
- Example 9-1 to Example 9-2 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Further, the crystallinity of the negative electrode active material had a half width (2 ⁇ ) of 20.221 (amorphous).
- the modification in the bulk is performed in a state in which the SiO film is directly formed on the copper foil by vapor deposition as the modification. In Example 9-1, the modification is performed as the modification.
- the film is directly deposited on the copper foil by thermal decomposition CVD (that is, a method in which siloxane and argon gas are introduced into a vacuum chamber and heat is applied at 650 ° C. or more to thermally decompose and deposit on the substrate). In-bulk modification was performed with the film formed.
- thermal decomposition CVD that is, a method in which siloxane and argon gas are introduced into a vacuum chamber and heat is applied at 650 ° C. or more to thermally decompose and deposit on the substrate.
- In-bulk modification was performed with the film formed.
- Example 9-1 to Example 9-2 the cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- the measurement results of Example 9-1 to Example 9-2 are shown in Table 11.
- Table 11 also shows Examples 6-9 in which bulk modification is performed in a powder state as a modified form.
- the capacity retention rate and initial efficiency are improved by creating an SiO film directly on the copper foil by vapor deposition and modifying it using an electrochemical method, and the SiO film directly on the copper foil by pyrolytic CVD.
- the initial efficiency is improved by making the material and modifying it using an electrochemical method.
- Example 10-1 to Example 10-8 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Further, various negative electrode binders were used. In Example 10-1, Example 10-2, Example 10-3, Example 10-4, Example 10-5, Example 10-6, Example 10-7, and Example 10-8, the negative electrode The binder was polyamideimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, aramid, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, polyimide carbide, polyethylene, and polymaleic acid, respectively.
- Example 10-1 to Example 10-8 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 12 shows the measurement results of Example 10-1 to Example 10-8.
- Table 12 also shows Examples 1-8 in which the negative electrode binder is polyimide.
- Example 11-1 to Example 11-3 Secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1-1 to Example 1-11. However, in-bulk reforming was performed using an electrochemical Li insertion / extraction method to produce Li 2 SiO 3 , SiO 2 , Li 4 SiO 4 , and Li 2 O. The produced Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 were amorphous. Furthermore, the negative electrode active material composition was changed. In Example 11-1, Example 11-2, and Example 11-3, the composition ratios of graphite (particle size was approximately 20 ⁇ m) and SiO were 90:10, 80:20, and 65:35, respectively. .
- Example 11-1 to Example 11-3 the cycle characteristics and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-6.
- Table 13 shows the measurement results of Example 11-1 to Example 11-3.
- Table 13 also shows Example 1-8 in which the composition ratio of graphite and SiO is 0: 100.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
この二次電池は、小型の電子機器に限らず、自動車などに代表される大型の電子機器、家屋などに代表される電力貯蔵システムへの適用も検討されている。
電池容量向上のために、負極活物質材としてケイ素を用いることが検討されている。なぜならば、ケイ素の理論容量(4199mAh/g)は黒鉛の理論容量(372mAh/g)よりも10倍以上大きいため、電池容量の大幅な向上を期待できるからである。
負極活物質材としてのケイ素材の開発はケイ素単体だけではなく、合金、酸化物に代表される化合物などについても検討されている。
また、活物質形状は、炭素材では標準的な塗布型から、集電体に直接堆積する一体型まで検討されている。
負極活物質表層が割れると、それによって新表面が生じ、活物質の反応面積が増加する。この時、新表面において電解液の分解反応が生じるとともに、新表面に電解液の分解物である被膜が形成されるため電解液が消費される。このためサイクル特性が低下しやすくなる。
また、高い電池容量や安全性を得るために、ケイ素酸化物粒子の表層に炭素材(電子伝導材)を設けている(例えば特許文献2参照)。
さらに、サイクル特性を改善するとともに高入出力特性を得るために、ケイ素及び酸素を含有する活物質を作製し、かつ、集電体近傍での酸素比率が高い活物質層を形成している(例えば特許文献3参照)。
また、サイクル特性向上させるために、ケイ素活物質中に酸素を含有させ、平均酸素含有量が40at%以下であり、かつ集電体に近い場所で酸素含有量が多くなるように形成している(例えば特許文献4参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のため、SiOx(0.8≦x≦1.5、粒径範囲=1μm~50μm)と炭素材を混合して高温焼成している(例えば特許文献6参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のために、負極活物質中におけるケイ素に対する酸素のモル比を0.1~1.2とし、活物質、集電体界面近傍におけるモル比の最大値、最小値との差が0.4以下となる範囲で活物質の制御を行っている(例えば特許文献7参照)。
また、電池負荷特性を向上させるため、リチウムを含有した金属酸化物を用いている(例えば特許文献8参照)。
また、サイクル特性を改善させるために、ケイ素材表層にシラン化合物などの疎水層を形成している(例えば特許文献9参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のため、酸化ケイ素を用い、その表層に黒鉛被膜を形成することで導電性を付与している(例えば特許文献10参照)。特許文献10において、黒鉛被膜に関するRAMANスペクトルから得られるシフト値に関して、1330cm-1及び1580cm-1にブロードなピークが現れるとともに、それらの強度比I1330/I1580が1.5<I1330/I1580<3となっている。
また、高い電池容量、サイクル特性の改善のため、二酸化ケイ素中に分散されたケイ素微結晶相を有する粒子を用いている(例えば、特許文献11参照)。
また、過充電、過放電特性を向上させるために、ケイ素と酸素の原子数比を1:y(0<y<2)に制御したケイ素酸化物を用いている(例えば特許文献12参照)。
この問題を解決する1つの手法として、ケイ素材を主材として用いた負極からなるリチウムイオン二次電池の開発が望まれている。
また、ケイ素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等に近いサイクル特性が望まれている。
しかしながら、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等のサイクル安定性を示す負極活物質を提案するには至っていなかった。
このような構成のケイ素系材料を好適に用いることができる。
このような構成の負極活物質を用いることで、より良好なサイクル特性が得られる。
負極活物質として、上記のピーク値強度値比を有するものを用いることで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
負極活物質として、上記のピーク値強度値比を有するものを用いることで、さらに良好な初期充放電特性が得られる。
このような結晶化度のLi化合物を負極活物質粒子が含むことで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
このような結晶性を有するLi化合物を負極活物質粒子が含むことで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
このように、負極活物質粒子が非晶質のLi化合物を2種以上含むことで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
負極活物質が上記の結晶性を有することで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
このようにして、効果的にケイ素系材料を改質することができる。
上記のように改質を行うことで、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として使用した際に、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性を有する負極活物質を製造することができる。
上記のように改質を行うことで、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として使用した際に、さらに良好な初期充放電特性を有する負極活物質を製造することができる。
Liを挿入するのに用いるLi源として、上記のものを好適に用いることができる。
前記改質する工程は、電気化学法を用いて前記金属集電体上に形成された前記ケイ素系材料を改質する工程であることが好ましい。
このように、気相成長により金属集電体上に形成されたケイ素系を電気化学法を用いて改質することで、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として使用した際に、より良好なサイクル特性を有する負極活物質を製造することができる。
前述のように、リチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量を増加させる1つの手法として、ケイ素材を主材として用いた負極をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極として用いることが検討されている。
このケイ素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等に近いサイクル特性が望まれているが、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等のサイクル安定性を示す負極活物質を提案するには至っていなかった。
その結果、ケイ素系材料として、SiOx(0.5≦x≦1.6)の組成比を有するとともに、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形において結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲に少なくとも2つ以上のピークを有するものを用いることで、このケイ素系材料を含む負極活物質をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として用いた際に、良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られることを見出し、本発明をなすに至った。
まず、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極について、説明する。
図1は本発明の一実施形態におけるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極(以下、「負極」と記述)の断面構成を表しており、図2は負極活物質の断面構造を示すTEM(Transmission Electron Microscope:透過型電子顕微鏡)写真である。
図1に示すように、負極10は、負極集電体11の上に負極活物質層12を有する構成になっている。また、負極活物質層12は負極集電体11の両面、又は、片面だけに設けられていても良い。さらに、本発明の負極活物質が用いられたものであれば、負極集電体11はなくてもよい。
負極集電体11は、優れた導電性材料であり、かつ、機械的な強度が大きい物で構成される。導電性材料として、例えば銅(Cu)やニッケル(Ni)があげられる。
また、この導電性材料は、リチウム(Li)と金属間化合物を形成しない材料であることが好ましい。
特に、充電時に膨張する活物質層を負極が有する場合、集電体が上記の元素を含んでいれば、集電体を含む電極変形を抑制する効果がある。
上記の含有元素の含有量は特に限定されないが、中でも100ppm以下であることが好ましい。なぜならば、より高い変形抑制効果が得られるからである。
負極活物質層12は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な複数の粒子状負極活物質(以下、負極活物質粒子と称する)を含んでおり、電池設計上の観点から、さらに、負極結着剤(バインダ)や導電助剤など他の材料を含んでいてもよい。
また、負極集電体として上記粗化箔を用いた場合、負極集電体に負極活物質層を直接形成しても良い。この場合、特に形成方法を限定しないが、気相法が望ましく、蒸着法、CVD法が挙げられる。
なお、本発明におけるケイ素材組成は必ずしも純度100%を意味しているわけではなく、微量の不純物元素を含んでいてもよい。
2つ以上のピークが、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2SiO3、Li2O、Li2CO3、Li2Si2O5、Li2Si2O3から選ばれる少なくとも2種以上に起因するピークであることが好ましい。
その中でも2つ以上のピークが、Li4SiO4、Li2SiO3、Li2CO3、Li2Oから選ばれる少なくとも2種以上に起因するピークである場合に、特に良い特性を示す。
選択的化合物(Li化合物)の作成方法としては、電気化学法を用いることが好ましい。
電気化学法において、リチウム対極に対する電位規制や電流規制などの条件を変更することで選択的化合物の作製が可能となる。また、選択的化合物は一部電気化学法により生成した後に、炭酸雰囲気下、又は、酸素雰囲気下などで乾燥させることでより緻密な物質を得られる。
また、上記の手法によれば、ランダムに化合物化する熱改質と比較して、より安定した物質を作ることが可能である。
また、1.5V定電流放電とは、充電後、定電流(電流密度:0.2mA/cm2)モードで放電し、電位が1.5Vで放電終止することを意味する。
しかしながら、例えば試薬Li4SiO4やLi塩の7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumではほぼ0ppmにピークが出現する。
上記したように、本材料はX線光電子分光法から得られる波形からは、化合物としてLi化合物が挙げられる。
これらを考慮すると、通常試薬として販売されるLi4SiO4やLi塩とはSiの価数や配位数が異なる可能性が示唆される。
具体的には、Li2SiO3に起因するX線回折により得られる38.2680°付近の回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は、0.75°以上であることが好ましい。
このような結晶化度のLi化合物を負極活物質粒子が含むことで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
また、Li4SiO4に起因するX線回折により得られる23.9661°付近の回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は、0.2°以上であることが好ましい。
このような結晶性を有するLi化合物を負極活物質粒子が含むことで、より良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる。
より小さい粒径では表面積が増加するため、電池不可逆容量が増加しやすい。一方、メジアン径が大きすぎる場合、粒子が割れやすく新生面が出やすくなる可能性がある。
高分子材料は、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、アラミド、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸リチウム、カルボキシメチルセルロースなどである。
合成ゴムは、例えば、スチレンブタジエン系ゴム、フッ素系ゴム、エチレンプロピレンジエンなどである。
Li源として、特にリチウム複合酸化物が望ましい。高いレート特性、環境安定性が得られるからである。
特にバルク改質でLiが離脱した酸化物を、例えば炭酸リチウムなどと混合し焼成することで再利用が可能となる。
負極10は、例えば、以下の手順により製造される。
先ず、酸化珪素ガスを発生する原料を不活性ガスの存在下、減圧下で900℃~1600℃の温度範囲で加熱し、酸化ケイ素ガスを発生させる。このとき、原料は金属珪素粉末と二酸化珪素粉末との混合物であり、金属珪素粉末の表面酸素及び反応炉中の微量酸素の存在を考慮すると、混合モル比が、0.8<金属珪素粉末/二酸化珪素粉末<1.3の範囲であることが望ましい。
次に、発生したガスは吸着板上で固体化され、堆積される。
次に、反応炉内温度を100℃以下に下げた状態で堆積物を取出し、ボールミル、ジェットミルなどを用いて粉砕、粉末化を行う。
なお、粒子中のSi結晶子は、気化温度の変更、又は、生成後の熱処理で制御される。
吸着板を銅箔に変更することで直接形成した電極を得ることができる。用いる銅箔はキャンロールを介して走行させることが望ましい。
熱分解CVD法で炭素材の層を生成する方法について説明する。
先ず、酸化ケイ素粉末を炉内にセットする。
次に、炉内に炭化水素ガスを導入し、炉内温度を昇温させる。
分解温度は特に限定しないが、1200℃以下が望ましく、より望ましいのは950℃以下である。分解温度を1200℃以下にすることで、活物質粒子の不均化を抑制することができる。
所定の温度まで炉内温度を昇温させた後に、酸化ケイ素粉末に炭素層を生成する。
また、炭化水素ガスは特に限定しないが、CnHm組成においてn≦3であることが望ましい。n≦3であれは、製造コストを低くでき、また、分解生成物の物性を良好にすることができる。
バルク内改質は電気化学的にLiを挿入することが望ましい。この時、挿入電位、離脱電位の調整や電流密度、浴槽温度、挿入離脱回数を変化させることでバルク内生成物質を制御することができる。
特に装置構造を限定しないが、例えば、図4に示すバルク内改質装置20を用いて、バルク内改質を行うことができる。
バルク内改質装置20は、有機溶媒23で満たされた浴槽27と、浴槽27内に配置され、電源26の一方に接続された陽電極(リチウム源)21と、浴槽27内に配置され、電源26の他方に接続された粉末格納容器25と、陽電極21と粉末格納容器25との間に設けられたセパレータ24とを有している。
特に、フッ化リチウムは、Li挿入、Li離脱のときに45℃以上で保持することが望ましい。
また、有機溶媒23に含まれる電解質塩として、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)などを用いることができる。
次に負極集電体11の表面に、上記の負極合剤スラリーを塗布し、乾燥させて、負極活物質層12を形成する。この時、必要に応じて加熱プレスなどを行ってもよい。
次に、上記したリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池について、図3を参照しながら説明する。
図3に示すラミネートフィルム型二次電池30は、主にシート状の外装部材35の内部に倦回電極体31が収納されたものである。この倦回体は正極、負極間にセパレータを有し、倦回されたものである。また正極、負極間にセパレータを有し積層体を収納した場合も存在する。
どちらの電極体においても、正極に正極リード32が取り付けられ、負極に負極リード33が取り付けられている。電極体の最外周部は保護テープにより保護されている。
融着部は、例えばポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどのフィルムであり、金属部はアルミ箔などである。保護層は例えば、ナイロンなどである。
正極は、例えば、図1の負極10と同様に、正極集電体の両面または片面に正極活物質層を有している。
正極集電体は、例えば、アルミニウムなどの導電性材により形成されている。
正極活物質層は、リチウムイオンの吸蔵放出可能な正極材のいずれか1種または2種以上を含んでおり、設計に応じて結着剤、導電助剤、分散剤などの他の材料を含んでいてもよい。この場合、結着剤、導電助剤に関する詳細は、例えば、既に記述した負極結着剤、負極導電助剤と同様とすることができる。
これらの正極材の化学式は、例えば、LixM1O2、又は、LiyM2PO4で表される。上記の化学式中、M1、M2は少なくとも1種以上の遷移金属元素を示しており、x、yの値は電池充放電状態によって異なる値を示すが、一般的に、0.05≦x≦1.10、0.05≦y≦1.10で示される。
負極は、上記した図1のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極10と同様の構成を有し、例えば、集電体の両面に負極活物質層を有している。この負極は、正極活物質剤から得られる電気容量(電池としての充電容量)に対して、負極充電容量が大きくなることが好ましい。これにより、負極上でのリチウム金属の析出を抑制することができる。
セパレータは正極、負極を隔離し、両極接触に伴う電流短絡を防止しつつ、リチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータは、例えば、合成樹脂、あるいはセラミックからなる多孔質膜により形成されており、2種以上の多孔質膜が積層された積層構造を有しても良い。合成樹脂として、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどが挙げられる。
活物質層の少なくとも一部、又は、セパレータには、液状の電解質(電解液)が含浸されている。この電解液は、溶媒中に電解質塩が溶解されており、添加剤など他の材料を含んでいても良い。
またこの場合、炭酸エチレン、炭酸プロピレンなどの高粘度溶媒と、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸エチルメチル、炭酸ジエチルなどの低粘度溶媒とを組み合わせて用いることで、電解質塩の解離性やイオン移動度を向上させることができる。
これにより、充放電時、特に充電時において、負極活物質表面に安定な被膜が形成される。
ここで、ハロゲン化鎖状炭酸エステルとは、ハロゲンを構成元素として有する(少なくとも1つの水素がハロゲンにより置換された)鎖状炭酸エステルである。また、ハロゲン化環状炭酸エステルとは、ハロゲンを構成元素として有する(すなわち、少なくとも1つの水素がハロゲンにより置換された)環状炭酸エステルである。
最初に上記した正極材を用い正極電極を作製する。
先ず、正極活物質と、必要に応じて結着剤、導電助剤などを混合し正極合剤とした後に、有機溶剤に分散させ正極合剤スラリーとする。
続いて、ナイフロールまたはダイヘッドを有するダイコーターなどのコーティング装置で正極集電体に合剤スラリーを塗布し、熱風乾燥させて正極活物質層を得る。
最後に、ロールプレス機などで正極活物質層を圧縮成型する。この時、加熱または複数回繰り返しても良い。
ここで、正極集電体の両面に正極活物質層を形成する。この時、両面部の活物質塗布長がずれていても良い。
続いて、正極と負極とをセパレータを介して積層、または倦回させて倦回電極体31を作製し、その最外周部に保護テープを接着させる。次に、扁平な形状となるように巻回体を成型する。
続いて、折りたたんだフィルム状の外装部材の間に倦回電極体を挟み込んだ後、熱融着法により外装部材35の絶縁部同士を接着させ、一方向のみ解放状態にて、倦回電極体を封入する。正極リード、および負極リードと外装部材の間に密着フィルムを挿入する。
解放部から上記調整した電解液を所定量投入し、真空含浸を行う。含浸後、解放部を真空熱融着法により接着させる。
以上のようにして、ラミネートフィルム型二次電池30を製造することができる。
以下の手順により、図3に示したラミネートフィルム型リチウム二次電池30を作製した。
粒径を調整した後、必要に応じて熱分解CVDを行うことで炭素層で被覆した。
作製した粉末は、バルク内改質装置20を用いて、プロピレンカーボネート及びエチレンカーボネートの1:1混合溶媒(電解質塩を1.3mol/Kg含んでいる)中で電気化学法を用いバルク内改質を行った。
得られた材料は必要に応じて炭酸雰囲気下で乾燥処理を行った。
続いて、負極活物質粒子と負極結着剤の前駆体、導電助剤1と導電助剤2とを80:8:10:2の乾燥重量比で混合した後、NMPで希釈してペースト状の負極合剤スラリーとした。この場合には、ポリアミック酸の溶媒としてNMPを用いた。
続いて、コーティング装置で負極集電体の両面に負極合剤スラリーを塗布してから乾燥させた。この負極集電体としては、電解銅箔(厚さ=15μm)を用いた。
最後に、真空雰囲気中で400℃1時間焼成した。これにより、負極結着剤(ポリイミド)が形成された。
最初に、正極集電体の一端にアルミリードを超音波溶接し、負極集電体の一端にはニッケルリードを溶接した。
続いて、正極、セパレータ、負極、セパレータをこの順に積層し、長手方向に倦回させ倦回電極体を得た。その捲き終わり部分をPET保護テープで固定した。セパレータは多孔性ポリプロピレンを主成分とするフィルムにより多孔性ポリエチレンを主成分とするフィルムに挟まれた積層フィルム(厚さ12μm)を用いた。
続いて、外装部材間に電極体を挟んだ後、一辺を除く外周縁部同士を熱融着し、内部に電極体を収納した。外装部材はナイロンフィルム、アルミ箔及び、ポリプロピレンフィルムが積層されたアルミラミネートフィルムを用いた。
続いて、開口部から調整した電解液を注入し、真空雰囲気下で含浸した後、熱融着し、封止した。
また、負極活物質粒子のメジアン径は4μmであり、負極活物質のX線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は1.22°であり、負極活物質のSi(111)結晶子は7.21nmであった。
最初に、電池安定化のため25℃の雰囲気下、2サイクル充放電を行い、2サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。
続いて、総サイクル数が100サイクルとなるまで充放電を行い、その都度放電容量を測定した。
最後に、100サイクル目の放電容量を2サイクル目の放電容量で割り、容量維持率を算出した。
なお、サイクル条件として、4.2Vに達するまで定電流密度、2.5mA/cm2で充電し、電圧が4.2Vに達した段階で4.2V定電圧で電流密度が0.25mA/cm2に達するまで充電した。また、放電時は2.5mA/cm2の定電流密度で電圧が2.5Vに達するまで放電した。
なお、雰囲気及び温度はサイクル特性を調べた場合と同様にし、充放電条件はサイクル特性の0.2倍で行った。すなわち、4.2Vに達するまで定電流密度、0.5mA/cm2で充電し、電圧が4.2Vに達した段階で4.2V定電圧で電流密度が0.05mA/cm2に達するまで充電し、放電時は0.5mA/cm2の定電流密度で電圧が2.5Vに達するまで放電した。
比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして二次電池を作製し、電気化学法におけるLi挿入、Li離脱条件を変化させて、生成する物質を制御し、バルク内に生成される物質を変化させた。ただし、実施例1-1~実施例1-11においては、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形において、結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲内でピークの数は2以上であり、0V定電流定電圧充電/1.5V定電流放電を50回繰り返す間の少なくとも1点における0V定電流定電圧充電(70時間で充電終止)状態において、7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有していた。また、実施例1-1~実施例1-11の生成物質は、表2の通りであった。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11について、比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして、二次電池のサイクル特性および初回充放電特性を調べた。
また、生成物質は、シリコン酸化物、リチウム酸化化合物、リチウムシリケートに大きく分類され、特にリチウム酸化物、リチウムシリケートが生成されると容量維持率、初期効率が向上した。
なお、生成物作製条件は、珪素系材料作成時の雰囲気や原料比、添加剤を制御することで、バルク内バランスを制御し、その後の電気化学法で浴槽電解液の添加剤や特に電位規制で制御することできる。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した(すなわち、Si1s波形において、結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲内でピークの数は2以上であった)。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。さらに、バルク内酸素量を調整して、SiOxのxを変化させた。この場合、気化出発材の比率や気化温度を変化させることで、堆積物の酸素量を変化させた。
実施例2-1、実施例2-2、実施例2-3、実施例2-4のSiOxのxは、それぞれ、0.5、0.7、1.2、1.6であった。
実施例2-1~実施例2-4について、比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして、二次電池のサイクル特性および初回充放電特性を調べた。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した(すなわち、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形において、結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲内でピークの数は2以上であった)。さらに、バルク内酸素量を調整して、SiOxのxを変化させた。この場合、気化出発材の比率や気化温度を変化させることで、堆積物の酸素量を変化させた。
比較例2-1、比較例2-2のSiOxのxは、それぞれ、0.3、1.8であった。
また、比較例2-1~比較例2-2についても、比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして、二次電池のサイクル特性および初回充放電特性を調べた。
また、SiOxのxが0.9である実施例1-8も表3に示されている。
比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、0V定電流定電圧充電/1.5V定電流放電を50回繰り返す間の少なくとも1点における0V定電流定電圧充電(70時間で充電終止)状態において、7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有しており、電気化学法におけるLi挿入、Li離脱条件を変化させて、生成する物質を制御し、バルク内に生成される物質を変化させるとともにSiOxのxを変化させた。ただし、比較例3-1~比較例3-4においては、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形において、結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲内でピークの数は1であった。また、比較例3-1、比較例3-3の生成物質はLi4SiO4であり、比較例3-2、比較例3-4の生成物質はLi2Oであった。さらに、比較例3-1、比較例3-2のSiOxのxを0.7とし、比較例3-3、比較例3-4のSiOxのxを1.2とした。
比較例3-1~比較例3-4について、比較例1-1~比較例1-6と同様にして、二次電池のサイクル特性および初回充放電特性を調べた。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。また、0V定電流定電圧充電/1.5V定電流放電を50回繰り返す間の少なくとも1点における0V定電流定電圧充電(70時間で充電終止)状態において、7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有していなかった。
実施例3-1の測定結果を表5に示す。また、7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有している実施例1-8についても表5に示されている。
7Li-MAS-NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有することで、少なくともサイクル初期に充放電を繰り返す中で安定化を実現している。
また、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形、Si2p波形から、NMRで得られるケミカルシフトピークはLiシリケートに起因するものと考えられる。しかしながら、一般的なLiシリケートは0ppm近傍にピークを持つことから、少なくとも第2近接以降の原子の状態が異なることが示唆される。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。さらに、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi2P波形における低結合エネルギー領域のピーク強度値Aと高結合エネルギー領域のピーク強度値Bの比:A/Bを変化させた。
実施例4-1、実施例4-2、実施例4-3、実施例4-4、実施例4-5、実施例4-6、実施例4-7、実施例4-8において、ピーク強度値比A/Bは、それぞれ、0.2、0.3、0.5、0.75、1.5、2、3、4であった。
実施例4-1~実施例4-6の測定結果を表6に示す。
また、ピーク強度値比A/Bが1である実施例1-8も表6に示されている。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。
また、Li化合物作成時の電位、電流量、Liの挿入離脱手法を制御し、生成される含有物の状態を変化させ、生成後にガス雰囲気を調整し熱乾燥させることで含有物の状態を変化させ、生成物の結晶性を変化させた。
実施例5-1~実施例5-12において、Li2SiO3の結晶性、及び、Li4SiO4の結晶性を変化させた。
実施例5-1~実施例5-12の測定結果を表7に示す。
また、Li2SiO3、Li4SiO4がともに非晶質である実施例1-8も表7に示されている。
また、表7からわかるように、生成されるLi化合物は実質的に非晶質であることが望ましい。生成されるLi化合物の結晶化度が高い場合には、活物質の抵抗を増加させるからである。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。また、活物質の結晶性を変化させた。
実施例6-1、実施例6-2、実施例6-3、実施例6-4、実施例6-5、実施例6-6、実施例6-7、実施例6-8、実施例6-9において、結晶性を表すX線回折により得られるSi(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は、それぞれ、0.756°、0.796°、1.025°、1.271°、1.845°、2.257°、2.593°、10.123°、20.221°であり、Si(111)結晶子サイズは、それぞれ、11.42nm、10.84nm、8.55nm、6.63nm、4.62nm、3.77nm、3.29nm、1.524nm、0nmであった。
なお、実施例6-9では半値幅を20°以上と算出しているが、解析ソフトを用いフィッティングした結果であり、実質的にピークは得られていない。従って、実施例6-9では実質的に非晶質であると言える。
実施例6-1~実施例6-9の測定結果を表8に示す。
また、半値幅(2θ)が1.22、Si(111)結晶子サイズが7、21nmである実施例1-8も表8に示されている。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質により、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。また、ケイ素系材料のバルク内改質方法として、様々なものを用いた。
実施例7-1、実施例7-2、実施例7-3において、改質方法は、それぞれ、電位・電流制御+Li挿入法、電位・電流制御+Li挿入後一部離脱法を3回繰り返す方法、熱ドープ法である。
また、電位・電流制御+Li挿入後一部離脱法とは、図5に示すバルク内改質装置20を用いて、Li源21に供給する電位・電流を制御しながらLiをバルク内に挿入した後に、電位・電流を制御しながら挿入したリチウムを一部離脱させる方法である。
また、熱ドープ法とは、ケイ素材料とLi金属、又は、Li化合物を混合し、熱処理を行う方法である。
実施例7-1~実施例7-3の測定結果を表9に示す。
また、改質方法が電位・電流制御+Li挿入後一部離脱法である実施例1-8も表9に示されている。
一方、熱ドープ法は、より良質な活物質に改質される方法にはならないことがわかった。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。
そして、改質源(Li源)として、さまざまなものを用いた。
実施例8-1、実施例8-2、実施例8-3、実施例8-4、実施例8-5、実施例8-6、実施例8-7において、改質源として、それぞれ、リチウムメタル、塩化リチウム、炭酸リチウム、酸化リチウム、オリビン鉄リチウム、Ni含有リチウム複合酸化物、Mn含有リチウム複合酸化物を用いた。
実施例8-1~実施例8-7の測定結果を表10に示す。
また、改質源として、コバルト酸リチウムを用いた実施例1-8も表10に示されている。
従って、改質源は特に限定することはないが、製造プロセスを考慮した場合に、より安定的な物質が望ましい。
リチウムメタルよりはリチウム複合酸化物が望ましく、例えばコバルト酸リチウム、オリビン鉄リチウムが望ましい。
中でもオリビン鉄リチウムは充電電位が低いことから工業的に低コスト化が可能であり、また出力特性も良好であるので、特に望ましい。
また、リチウム複合酸化物はある一定以上リチウムの挿入・脱離を繰り返した後に、リチウム含有複合物質と混合し、熱処理を行うことで再利用が可能となるという利点を有している。
なお、リチウム複合酸化物は、実質的に電池グレードより大きく劣化した正極材と類似しているが、改質源として使用する場合には、特に電池特性は低くても許容される。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。また、負極活物質の結晶性は半値幅(2θ)が20.221(非晶質)であった。
そして、実施例9-1においては、改質形態として、蒸着により銅箔に直接SiO膜を形成した状態でバルク内改質を行っており、実施例9-2においては、改質形態として、熱分解CVD(すなわち、シロキサンとアルゴンガスを真空チャンバーに導入させた状態で650℃以上の熱を加えることで、熱分解させて基板上に析出させて成膜する方法)により銅箔に直接SiO膜を形成した状態でバルク内改質を行った。
実施例9-1~実施例9-2の測定結果を表11に示す。
また、改質形態として粉末状態でバルク内改質を行う実施例6-9も表11に示されている。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。
さらに、負極結着剤として、様々なものを用いた。
実施例10-1、実施例10-2、実施例10-3、実施例10-4、実施例10-5、実施例10-6、実施例10-7、実施例10-8において、負極結着剤は、それぞれ、ポリアミドイミド、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、アラミド、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸リチウム、炭化ポリイミド、ポリエチレン、ポリマレイン酸であった。
実施例10-1~実施例10-8の測定結果を表12に示す。
また、負極結着剤がポリイミドである実施例1-8も表12に示されている。
実施例1-1~実施例1-11と同様にして二次電池を作製した。ただし、バルク内改質は、電気化学法のLi挿入離脱法を用いて行い、Li2SiO3、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2Oを生成した。なお、生成されたLi2SiO3、Li4SiO4は非晶質であった。
さらに、負極活物質組成を変化させた。
実施例11-1、実施例11-2、実施例11-3において、黒鉛(粒径がおよそ20μm)、SiOの組成比は、それぞれ、90:10、80:20、65:35であった。
実施例11-1~実施例11-3の測定結果を表13に示す。
また、黒鉛、SiOの組成比が、0:100である実施例1-8も表13に示されている。
Claims (16)
- リチウム二次電池の負極活物質層用の負極活物質であって、
前記負極活物質は、ケイ素系材料(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有し、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi1s波形において結合エネルギーが520eV以上、537eV以下の範囲に少なくとも2つ以上のピークを有するものであることを特徴とする負極活物質。 - 前記少なくとも2つ以上のピークは、SiO2、Li4SiO4、Li2SiO3、Li2O、Li2CO3、Li2Si2O5、Li2Si2O3から選ばれる少なくとも2種以上に起因するピークであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質は、リチウム二次電池に用いた場合に、0V定電流定電圧充電/1.5V定電流放電を50回繰り返す間の少なくとも1点における0V定電流定電圧充電(70時間で充電終止)状態において、7Li MAS NMR spectrumから得られるケミカルシフトピーク15~50ppmの範囲にピークを有するものであることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質は、X線光電子分光法から得られるSi2P波形において、90eV以上、105eV以下の範囲に存在する結合エネルギーピークのピーク強度値Aと、106eV以上の範囲に存在する結合エネルギーピークのピーク強度値Bが、0.3≦A/B≦3という関係を満たすものであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記ピーク強度値Aと、前記ピーク強度値Bが、0.5≦A/B≦2という関係を満たすものであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質がLi2SiO3を含み、Li2SiO3に起因するX線回折により得られる38.2680°付近の回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は、0.75°以上であることを特徴とする請求項2から請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質がLi4SiO4を含み、Li4SiO4に起因するX線回折により得られる23.9661°付近の回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は、0.2°以上であることを特徴とする請求項2から請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記2つ以上のピークを形成するLi化合物は、実質的に非晶質であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質において、X線回折により得られるSi(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)が1.2°以上であるとともに、その結晶面に起因する結晶子サイズは7.5nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項8のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 請求項1から請求項9のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質を製造する方法であって、電気化学法を用いて前記ケイ素系材料を改質する工程を含むことを特徴とする負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記改質する工程は、電位規制及び電流規制を行いながら、前記ケイ素系材料にLiを挿入する段階を含むことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記改質する工程はさらに、電位規制及び電流規制を行いながら、挿入したLiを前記ケイ素系材料から一部離脱させる段階を含むことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記Liを挿入する段階及び前記Liを一部離脱させる段階をそれぞれ複数回繰り返すことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の製造方法。
- Liを挿入するのに用いるLi源は、Liメタル、塩化リチウム、炭酸リチウム、酸化リチウム、リチウム複合酸化物から選ばれる少なくとも1種以上であることを特徴とする請求項11から請求項13のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 表面を粗化された金属集電体上に前記ケイ素系材料を気相成長する工程をさらに含み、
前記改質する工程は、電気化学法を用いて前記金属集電体上に形成された前記ケイ素系材料を改質する工程であることを特徴とする請求項10から請求項14のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。 - 請求項1から請求項9のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質を含む負極活物質層と、負極集電体とからなる負極電極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2015111547A (ja) | 2015-06-18 |
| US9929399B2 (en) | 2018-03-27 |
| JP6196192B2 (ja) | 2017-09-13 |
| CN105684197B (zh) | 2018-10-30 |
| US20180159116A1 (en) | 2018-06-07 |
| US10283756B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 |
| KR20160077075A (ko) | 2016-07-01 |
| KR102227684B1 (ko) | 2021-03-15 |
| US20160254525A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
| CN105684197A (zh) | 2016-06-15 |
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