WO2014129373A1 - 中空糸膜モジュール、中空糸膜の製造方法および中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 - Google Patents
中空糸膜モジュール、中空糸膜の製造方法および中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014129373A1 WO2014129373A1 PCT/JP2014/053295 JP2014053295W WO2014129373A1 WO 2014129373 A1 WO2014129373 A1 WO 2014129373A1 JP 2014053295 W JP2014053295 W JP 2014053295W WO 2014129373 A1 WO2014129373 A1 WO 2014129373A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hollow fiber
- fiber membrane
- hydrophilic group
- weight
- containing polymer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
- B01D65/022—Membrane sterilisation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
- A61M1/1621—Constructional aspects thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/34—Filtering material out of the blood by passing it through a membrane, i.e. hemofiltration or diafiltration
- A61M1/3496—Plasmapheresis; Leucopheresis; Lymphopheresis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
- B01D63/021—Manufacturing thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/002—Organic membrane manufacture from melts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
- B01D69/085—Details relating to the spinneret
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/38—Polyalkenylalcohols; Polyalkenylesters; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylaldehydes; Polyalkenylketones; Polyalkenylacetals; Polyalkenylketals
- B01D71/381—Polyvinylalcohol
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
- B01D71/401—Polymers based on the polymerisation of acrylic acid, e.g. polyacrylate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/44—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/26-B01D71/42
- B01D71/441—Polyvinylpyrrolidone
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/66—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/68—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L39/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L39/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as ring member
- C08L39/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of N-vinyl-pyrrolidones
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/12—Specific ratios of components used
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/42—Details of membrane preparation apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/36—Hydrophilic membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/38—Hydrophobic membranes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hollow fiber membrane module having a built-in hollow fiber membrane having excellent blood compatibility, low moisture content, and little eluate, and also relates to a method for producing the hollow fiber membrane and the hollow fiber membrane module.
- a hollow fiber membrane module incorporating a hollow fiber membrane has been actively performed.
- examples thereof include an artificial kidney used for hemodialysis therapy and a plasma separator used for plasma exchange therapy.
- the hollow fiber membrane module has a wet type in which the container is filled with liquid and the hollow fiber membrane is completely filled with liquid, a semi-dry type in which the container is not filled with liquid but only the hollow fiber membrane is wet, hollow There is a dry type in which the yarn membrane hardly contains moisture. Among them, the dry type is advantageous in that it does not contain water and is light in weight, and has a low risk of performance deterioration due to freezing even in cold regions.
- the hollow fiber membranes used in blood treatment hollow fiber membrane modules are mainly high-performance hollow fiber membranes with large pore diameters, and medium and high molecular weight pathogenic proteins such as ⁇ 2 -microglobulin are used. Many can be removed, and hydrophobic polymers are mainly used as membrane materials. However, a hydrophobic polymer has low blood compatibility due to its hydrophobic strength. Therefore, by adding a hydrophilic component, the membrane surface is hydrophilized to improve blood compatibility.
- a method of adding a hydrophilic component a method of adding a hydrophilic component to a membrane forming stock solution of a hollow fiber membrane or a method of immersing and bonding the formed hollow membrane in a solution containing a hydrophilic component is common.
- a hydrophilic group-containing polymer polymer
- a hydrophobic group as a constituent component. Since the hydrophobic group contained in the hydrophilic group-containing polymer interacts with the hydrophobic polymer of the membrane material, the introduction efficiency is increased and the hydrophilic group can be efficiently made hydrophilic.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe a hollow fiber membrane containing a polysulfone that is a hydrophobic polymer and a polyvinylpyrrolidone (hereinafter referred to as PVP) containing a hydrophilic group, and has a moisture content of 0.2 to 7% by weight.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- a hollow fiber membrane module and a method for producing the same are disclosed. In this method, in order to realize the reduction of the effluent, the solution is to put an oxygen scavenger in the packaging container and perform irradiation with radiation after strictly controlling the oxygen concentration.
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 by using a copolymer composed of a hydrophobic group (hydrophobic unit) and a hydrophilic group (hydrophilic unit), the affinity with a hollow fiber membrane, which is a hydrophobic polymer, is increased.
- a method for efficiently hydrophilizing the inner surface of the thread membrane is disclosed, and a method for hydrophilizing the inner surface by adding a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymer, which is a hydrophilic group-containing polymer, to the core liquid is also described.
- a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymer which is a hydrophilic group-containing polymer
- Patent Document 5 discloses a method for modifying the inner surface of a hollow fiber membrane by using a core liquid containing a hydrophobic modifier and a surfactant during the production of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the optimal amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is not studied from the viewpoint of the eluate and blood compatibility in the dry type module, and the elution is suppressed. There is no mention about. Rather, when a hydrophilic group-containing polymer is contained in the core liquid, it is considered that a sufficient amount of hydrophilic component cannot be imparted to the hollow fiber membrane unless the ratio of the polymer in the core liquid is increased. However, there is a possibility that the amount of elution is increased by adding an excessive amount.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a dry-type hollow fiber membrane module having excellent blood compatibility and little eluate, and a hollow fiber membrane incorporated in the module and a method for producing the hollow fiber membrane module.
- the gist of the present invention is a hollow fiber membrane module having a built-in hollow fiber membrane containing a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic group-containing polymer and satisfying the following items.
- the water content with respect to the weight of the hollow fiber membrane is 10% by weight or less
- the hydrophobic polymer does not contain nitrogen, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains nitrogen, Nitrogen content is 0.05% by weight or more and 0.4% by weight or less
- Content of hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface of the film is 20% by weight or more and 45% by weight or less
- (d) Final priming flow Consumption of 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol / L potassium permanganate aqueous solution used for titration with respect to eluate in 10 mL of liquid is 0.2 mL or less per 1 m 2 of membrane area.
- the module is assumed to be of a dry type as listed in (a), and enables low elution and high blood compatibility in a module incorporating a hollow fiber membrane having a low water content.
- it contains a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic group-containing polymer.
- the hydrophobic polymer is on the other hand, a polymer containing nitrogen is used as the hydrophilic group-containing polymer. (However, when two or more hydrophilic group-containing polymers are used, at least one hydrophilic group-containing polymer is used.)
- the molecule may contain nitrogen).
- the nitrogen content is 0.05% by weight or more and 0.4% by weight at an arbitrary position of the entire membrane, while reducing the elution, while the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is 20% as described in (c).
- the hydrophilic group is contained in an amount of not less than 45% by weight and not more than 45% by weight so that the hydrophilicity is sufficiently high.
- the amount of the eluate is small and the blood compatibility is high.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer examples include hydrophilic polymers such as PVP, and hydrophilic group-containing polymers containing a hydrophobic group. In the latter case, it preferably contains an ester group. In any case, it preferably has a pyrrolidone group, and a copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone can also be used.
- a solution containing a hydrophobic polymer containing no nitrogen as a film-forming stock solution and a solution containing 0.01% by weight or more and 1% by weight or less of a hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing nitrogen as a core solution. It is characterized in that a hollow fiber membrane is obtained by discharging from a double tube cap.
- the radiation in a state where the moisture content with respect to its own weight of the hollow fiber membrane incorporated is 10% by weight or less.
- a hollow fiber membrane module comprising a hollow fiber membrane containing a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic group-containing polymer and satisfying the following items.
- the water content with respect to the weight of the hollow fiber membrane is 10% by weight or less
- the hydrophobic polymer does not contain nitrogen
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains nitrogen
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface of the film is 20% by weight or more and 45% by weight or less.
- the ester group is derived from at least one selected from carboxylic acid vinyl ester, acrylic acid ester and methacrylic acid ester.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is a copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone.
- the hydrophobic polymer is a polysulfone polymer.
- [8] [1] to [7] A method for producing a hollow fiber membrane module according to any one of [1] to [7], comprising a solution containing a hydrophobic polymer not containing nitrogen as a membrane forming stock solution, and a hydrophilic group containing nitrogen as a core solution
- a method for producing a hollow fiber membrane comprising a step of discharging a polymer from a double tube die using a solution containing 0.01% by weight or more and 1% by weight or less of a polymer.
- a method for producing a hollow fiber membrane, wherein the hollow fiber membrane is discharged [10] The method for producing a hollow fiber membrane according to [8] or [9], wherein the hydrophilic group of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains a pyrrolidone group. [11] The method for producing a hollow fiber membrane according to any one of [8] to [10], wherein the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains an ester group.
- a method for producing a hollow fiber membrane module wherein the hollow fiber membrane produced by the method according to any one of [8] to [14] is incorporated in a case.
- a dry-type hollow fiber membrane module with a small amount of eluate, easily hydrophilicizing a hollow fiber membrane, improving blood compatibility, and suppressing elution of a hydrophilic group-containing polymer. it can.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is a hollow fiber membrane module in which a hollow fiber membrane containing a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic group-containing polymer is incorporated.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention can be used to separate the substance to be collected and the waste material, but the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane made of a hydrophobic polymer is a hydrophilic group-containing polymer (hydrophilic group-containing polymer). Therefore, it is preferably used for the purpose of flowing the liquid to be treated inside the hollow fiber membrane like a blood purifier.
- blood purifiers include hemodialyzers generally called artificial kidneys, blood filters, slow blood filters for emergency lifesaving, hemodialysis filters, and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention preferably includes a case and a hollow fiber membrane module. Moreover, it is preferable that a bundle of hollow fiber membranes 13 cut to a required length is housed in a cylindrical case 11. Both ends of the hollow fiber membrane are preferably fixed to both ends of the cylindrical case by a potting material or the like. At this time, it is preferable that both ends of the hollow fiber membrane are open.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention preferably includes headers 14A and 14B at both ends of the case.
- the header 14A preferably includes a liquid inlet 15A to be processed.
- the header 14B preferably includes a liquid discharge port 15B to be processed.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is preferably provided with nozzles 16A and 16B on the side surface portion of the case and in the vicinity of both end portions of the case as shown in FIG.
- the liquid to be processed is introduced from the liquid inlet 15A to be processed, passes through the inside of the hollow fiber membrane, and is discharged from the liquid outlet 15B.
- the processing liquid is usually introduced from the nozzle 16A (processing liquid inlet), passes through the outside of the hollow fiber membrane, and is discharged from the nozzle 16B (processing liquid outlet). That is, normally, the flow direction of the liquid to be treated is opposite to the flow direction of the treatment liquid.
- the use of the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is not particularly limited, but when it is used for artificial kidney use (blood purification use), the blood to be treated is usually treated liquid injection port.
- the purified blood which is the collection target substance, is discharged from the liquid outlet 15B. That is, the flow path from the liquid inlet 15A to the liquid outlet 15B through the inside of the hollow fiber membrane is the liquid flow path (blood side flow path).
- this channel may be simply referred to as “blood side channel”.
- the dialysis fluid as the treatment liquid is introduced from the nozzle 16A (treatment liquid inlet) and passes through the outside of the hollow fiber membrane to purify (dialyze) the liquid to be treated (blood), and the nozzle 16B (treatment liquid).
- dialysate containing toxic components (waste substances) in the blood is discharged. That is, the flow path from the nozzle 16 ⁇ / b> A to the nozzle 16 ⁇ / b> B through the outside of the hollow fiber membrane becomes a flow path (dialysis liquid flow path) for the treatment liquid.
- this channel may be simply referred to as “dialysate channel”.
- the hydrophobic polymer in the present invention is a polymer that is hardly soluble or insoluble in water, and means that the solubility in 100 g of pure water at 20 ° C. is less than 1 g.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer refers to a polymer containing a hydrophilic group having a solubility of 10 g or more with respect to 100 g of pure water at 20 ° C. of a polymer having only a hydrophilic group.
- the hydrophilic group refers to the smallest unit that can be polymerized by itself, and examples of such a hydrophilic group include acrylamide, acrylic acid, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, vinyl alcohol and the like.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention satisfies the following items.
- the moisture content with respect to the own weight of the said hollow fiber membrane is 10 weight% or less.
- the hydrophobic polymer does not contain nitrogen, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains nitrogen, and the nitrogen content of the hollow fiber membrane is 0.05 wt% or more and 0.4 wt% or less .
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface of the film is 20% by weight or more and 45% by weight or less.
- the hollow fiber membrane module is too large, there may be a concern about the growth of bacteria during storage, or the hollow fiber membrane may freeze and the performance may deteriorate.
- the dry type has a low water content
- the hollow fiber membrane module can be reduced in weight, and the transportation cost and safety can be improved.
- the bubble removal property during use is improved.
- the water content in the hollow fiber membrane of the hollow fiber membrane module according to the present invention is 10% by weight or less, preferably 4% by weight or less, more preferably 2% by weight with respect to its own weight. % Or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and substantially 0% is the lower limit.
- the hollow fiber membrane incorporated in the hollow fiber membrane module is preferably a membrane having an asymmetric structure comprising a layer contributing to separation performance and a support layer contributing to the mechanical strength of the membrane from the viewpoint of water permeability and separation performance.
- the hydrophilicity of the inner surface of the hollow fiber is important from the viewpoint of blood compatibility. Therefore, blood compatibility is improved by increasing the hydrophilicity of the inner surface of the hollow fiber.
- hydrophobic hydrophobic polymer does not contain nitrogen, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a polysulfone polymer, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the hydrophobic polymer does not contain nitrogen means that it contains substantially no nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen content obtained based on the trace nitrogen analysis method is 500 ppm or less, preferably 300 ppm or less. More preferably, it is particularly preferably 100 ppm or less, and even more preferably the detection limit or less. Most preferably, the hydrophobic polymer does not contain any nitrogen.
- the polysulfone-based polymer is suitable for forming a hollow fiber membrane, has a strong interaction with an ester group such as vinyl acetate, and has a hydrophilic group-containing high content containing the ester group as a hydrophobic group. It is preferably used because it facilitates the introduction of molecules into the hollow fiber membrane.
- the polysulfone polymer has an aromatic ring, a sulfonyl group, and an ether group in the main chain, and examples thereof include polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polyallylethersulfone.
- polysulfone polymers represented by the chemical formulas of the following formulas (1) and (2) are preferably used, and among the polysulfone polymers, polysulfone (following formula (1)) is particularly preferably used.
- the invention is not limited to these.
- N in the formula is an integer such as 50 to 80, for example.
- polysulfone examples include Udel polysulfone P-1700, P-3500 (manufactured by Solvay), Ultrason S3010, S6010 (manufactured by BASF), Victrex (Sumitomo Chemical), Radel A (manufactured by Solvay), Ultra Examples include polysulfone such as Son E (manufactured by BASF).
- the polysulfone-based polymer used in the present invention is preferably a polymer composed only of the repeating units represented by the above formulas (1) and / or (2), but within a range not impeding the effects of the present invention, Other monomers may be copolymerized. Although it does not specifically limit, it is preferable that the copolymerization rate of another copolymerization monomer is 10 weight% or less.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing nitrogen As the hydrophilic group-containing polymer used in the present invention, a polymer containing nitrogen is used.
- examples of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing nitrogen include polyethyleneimine and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- a polymer containing a pyrrolidone group is preferable from the viewpoint of improving blood compatibility.
- polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferable from the viewpoint of safety and economy.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing a hydrophobic group can also be used as the hydrophilic group-containing polymer, and the affinity with the hydrophobic polymer that is a membrane material is improved. This is effective because the hydrophilic group-containing polymer can be efficiently introduced.
- the hydrophobic group as used herein is defined as a repeating unit that is hardly soluble or insoluble in water in a single polymer, and hardly soluble or insoluble means that the solubility in 100 g of pure water at 20 ° C. is less than 1 g. I mean. Although the detailed mechanism is not known, it is preferable that the hydrophobic group contains an ester group from the viewpoint of blood compatibility.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer preferably contains an ester group.
- hydrophobic groups include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, acrylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate and methoxyethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy Examples thereof include methacrylic acid esters such as ethyl methacrylate, and preferably have an ester group derived therefrom.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains an ester group, and the ester group is derived from at least one selected from carboxylic acid vinyl ester, acrylic acid ester and methacrylic acid ester.
- a copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone as the hydrophilic group-containing polymer from the viewpoint of introduction efficiency into a membrane material and blood compatibility.
- the ratio of the hydrophobic group is preferably 20 mol% or more, more preferably 30 mol% or more.
- 80 mol% or less is preferable, and 70 mol% or less is more preferable.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer may be used not only by one type but also by appropriately combining different types of hydrophilic group-containing polymers.
- the nitrogen atom contained in the hollow fiber membrane is mainly used for the purpose of imparting hydrophilicity or controlling the structure. It can be said that it is a compound that can cause elution including a hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing a nitrogen atom and other low molecules.
- PVP is often used as a hydrophilic group-containing polymer from the viewpoint of compatibility, but since the pyrrolidone group contains a nitrogen atom, By measuring the nitrogen content, it can be used as an index of the amount of components that are easily eluted, including the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight contained in the entire hollow fiber membrane.
- the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight contained in the hollow fiber membrane is large, the entire membrane is hydrophilized, so that water permeability is improved. On the other hand, when there is too much, the problem which an eluate increases will arise.
- the nitrogen content of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 0.05% by weight or more, more preferably 0.1% by weight or more, and further preferably 0.15% by weight or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 0.4% by weight or less, more preferably 0.38% by weight or less, and still more preferably 0.35% by weight or less.
- the nitrogen content in the present invention is a trace amount from oxidative decomposition to low pressure chemiluminescence method. It can be measured by using a nitrogen analysis method. Examples of detailed conditions are shown in the examples. As the measurement value, an average value of the results of three measurements is used.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is desirably localized on the inner side of the hollow fiber membrane, which is usually a contact surface with the liquid to be treated in blood purification applications.
- the content of the group-containing polymer is 20% by weight or more, preferably 22% by weight or more, and more preferably 25% by weight or more. When the amount is less than 20% by weight, the hydrophilicity is low, so that blood compatibility is deteriorated and blood coagulation tends to occur.
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer exceeds 45% by weight, the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer eluted in the blood increases, and the eluted polymer causes side effects and long-term dialysis. May cause complications.
- the content of the entire hollow fiber membrane is too high or the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface is too high, cross-linking between the polymers may proceed excessively when irradiated with radiation, which may reduce biocompatibility. There is. Therefore, the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is 45% by weight or less, preferably 42% by weight or less.
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be measured using X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray electron spectroscopy
- the hydrophobic polymer is polysulfone and the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the content (% by weight) of polyvinyl pyrrolidone on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be calculated by the following formula.
- 111 is the molecular weight of the vinylpyrrolidone group
- 442 is the molecular weight of the repeating unit constituting the polysulfone.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone content (f) 100 ⁇ (c ⁇ 111) / (c ⁇ 111 + d ⁇ 442).
- the amount of carbon derived from the ester group on the inner surface is 10 atomic% or less. More preferably, it is 5 atomic% or less.
- the amount of carbon derived from ester groups present on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be measured using X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray electron spectroscopy
- a value measured at 90 ° is used as the measurement angle.
- the measurement angle is 90 °, a region having a depth of about 10 nm from the surface is detected.
- the average value of 3 places is used.
- the carbon peak derived from the ester group (COO) can be obtained by splitting the peak appearing at +4.0 to 4.2 eV from the CH of C1s or the main peak derived from C—C. By calculating the ratio of the peak area with respect to all elements, the carbon amount (number of atoms%) derived from the ester group can be obtained.
- C O-derived component and COO-derived component. Therefore, peak splitting is performed with five components.
- the COO-derived component is a peak appearing at +4.0 to 4.2 eV from the main peak of CHx or C—C (around 285 eV).
- the peak area ratio of each component is calculated by rounding off the first decimal place. It can obtain
- the content rate (% by weight) of vinyl acetate on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be obtained by using the above method.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer having an ester group is a 6/4 (molar ratio) copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate
- the molecular weight of the vinylpyrrolidone group is 111
- the molecular weight of the repeating unit constituting the polysulfone Is 442 and the molecular weight of vinyl acetate is 86
- the amount of vinyl acetate on the surface is nitrogen (c (number of atoms%)) and sulfur (d (number of atoms))
- the amount of carbon derived from ester groups e (atoms It can be calculated from the following formula from the value of several%)
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer content on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is the vinyl pyrrolidone content (f) and the vinyl acetate content. It can be represented by the sum of (g).
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane can also be measured using XPS in the same manner as the inner surface.
- the content ratio of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the outer surface is high, there may be a problem in that adhesion of the hollow fiber membranes via the hydrophilic group-containing polymer during drying or the assembling property of the module deteriorates. .
- it is more effective that the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the outer surface is lower. In the case of a dry yarn, if the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight on the outer surface is small, it is difficult to wet and the priming property may be lowered.
- the content of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the outer surface is preferably 45% by weight or less, more preferably 40% by weight or less, while the lower limit is preferably 20% by weight or more.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane It is desirable from the viewpoint of blood compatibility that the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is uniformly present on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the distribution of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer can be measured by total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR).
- ATR total reflection infrared spectroscopy
- the measurement range is 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 ⁇ m
- the number of integration is 30 times or more
- 25 infrared absorption spectra are measured. This 25-point measurement is performed on three hollow fiber membranes per module at three different locations for one hollow fiber membrane.
- a reference line is drawn at 1620 to 1711 cm ⁇ 1 , and a peak area derived from polyvinylpyrrolidone is defined as (A NCO ) in a part surrounded by the reference line and the positive part of the spectrum. That is, in the wavenumber range from 1620 cm -1 to 1711cm -1, the area of the positive region of the spectrum and (A NCO).
- a reference line is drawn at 1549 to 1620 cm ⁇ 1 , and a ratio between the reference line and the positive part of the spectrum is defined as a peak area derived from the polysulfone-derived benzene ring C ⁇ C (A CC ).
- the average value of (A NCO ) / (A CC ) is preferably 0.4 or more, more preferably 0.6 or more, and further preferably 0.7 or more.
- the ratio of measurement points where the value of (A NCO ) / (A CC ) is 0.25 or less is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% with respect to all measurement points (25 points). It is as follows.
- the distribution of the ester group can be measured by ATR measurement.
- a reference line is drawn at 1711 to 1750 cm ⁇ 1 , and a portion surrounded by the reference line and the positive part of the spectrum is defined as an ester group-derived peak area (A COO ), and polysulfone-derived benzene
- This (A COO ) / (A CC ) is preferably an average value of 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and further preferably 0.02 or more.
- the ratio of the measurement points where the value of (A COO ) / (A CC ) is 0.001 or less is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% with respect to all measurement points (25 points). It is as follows.
- the priming end liquid is selected as the liquid.
- the priming final solution refers to ultrapure water heated to 37 ° C. at a rate of 100 mL / min for 7 minutes through a flow channel (blood flow channel) on the treated liquid side of the hollow fiber membrane module. Then, the liquid is passed through the flow path on the treatment liquid side (dialysis liquid side flow path) at a rate of 500 mL / min for 5 minutes, and again, the flow path on the liquid treatment side flow path (blood side flow path) is 3 minutes at 100 mL / min. It is the liquid which sampled 200mL flowing out in the last 2 minutes at the time of passing.
- 10 mL is collected from this sampling solution and used for measurement.
- 20 mL of 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol / L potassium permanganate aqueous solution and 1 mL of 10% by volume sulfuric acid and boiling stones are added to the 10 mL priming final solution and boiled for 3 minutes. Thereafter, it is cooled to room temperature (20 to 30 ° C.) (preferably cooled by allowing to cool for 10 minutes). Then, cool well with ice water (preferably cooled for 10 minutes).
- Add 1 mL of 10% by weight aqueous potassium iodide solution stir well at 20 ° C.
- the difference between the amount of sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution required for the titration of ultrapure water that has not passed through the hollow fiber membrane module and the amount of sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution required for the titration of the priming final solution is determined by the amount of excess consumed by the eluate. Let it be the amount of potassium manganate aqueous solution (consumption of potassium permanganate aqueous solution).
- aqueous potassium permanganate solution consumption membrane area 1 m 2 It is preferably 0.2 mL or less per unit, more preferably 0.15 mL or less, still more preferably 0.1 mL or less, and most preferably 0 mL.
- Blood compatibility on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be evaluated based on the number of platelets attached to the hollow fiber membrane. When the number of platelets attached is large, it leads to blood coagulation, so it can be said that the blood compatibility on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is low.
- the number of platelets attached to the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be evaluated by observing the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane after contact with human blood with a scanning electron microscope.
- the number of platelets adhering to one visual field of 4.3 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 10 or less, and even more preferably 8 or less. Particularly preferably, the number is 4 or less.
- the average value rounded to the first decimal place when 10 different visual fields are observed is used.
- a solution containing a hydrophobic polymer not containing nitrogen is used as a film-forming stock solution, and a solution containing 0.01% by weight or more and 1% by weight or less of a hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing nitrogen is used as a core solution. It is preferable that the hollow fiber membrane is produced by discharging from the heavy tube base.
- the method for producing the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention includes: A step of discharging the film-forming stock solution and the core solution from the double tube cap, A step in which a solution containing a hydrophobic polymer containing no nitrogen is used as a film-forming stock solution, and a solution containing 0.01% by weight or more and 1% by weight or less of a hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing nitrogen as a core solution; It is preferable to contain.
- the raw film forming solution is discharged from the slit portion of the double tube cap and the core solution is discharged from the circular tube portion.
- the film-forming stock solution preferably contains a hydrophobic polymer and its good and poor solvents.
- the method for producing the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention comprises: After the step of discharging the film-forming stock solution and the core solution from the double tube cap, It is preferable to include a step of obtaining a hollow fiber membrane by introducing and passing the discharged material through a dry part and then coagulating in a coagulation bath.
- the membrane forming stock solution containing the hydrophobic polymer and its good solvent and poor solvent is discharged from the slit portion of the double tube cap, the core solution is discharged from the circular tube portion, and is passed through the dry portion. It is preferable to produce a hollow fiber membrane by solidifying in a coagulation bath later.
- the mechanical strength of the hollow fiber membrane can be increased by increasing the concentration of the hydrophobic polymer in the membrane forming stock solution.
- concentration of the hydrophobic polymer is too high, problems such as a decrease in solubility and an ejection failure due to an increase in the viscosity of the film forming stock solution occur.
- the water permeability and the molecular weight cut off can be adjusted by the concentration of the hydrophobic polymer.
- concentration of the hydrophobic polymer in the membrane forming stock solution is preferably 14% by weight or more, while 24% by weight or less is preferable.
- the good solvent in the present invention is a solvent that substantially dissolves the hydrophobic polymer in the film-forming stock solution.
- N, N-dimethylacetamide is preferably used because of its solubility.
- the poor solvent is a solvent that does not substantially dissolve the hydrophobic polymer at the film forming temperature. Although it does not specifically limit, water is used suitably.
- the poor solvent becomes a nucleus and the progress of phase separation is promoted.
- the amount of the poor solvent added is too large, the film-forming stock solution becomes unstable and it becomes difficult to obtain the reproducibility of the film-forming.
- the optimum addition amount of the poor solvent varies depending on the kind of the poor solvent, but when water, which is a typical poor solvent, is used, the addition amount of the poor solvent in the film-forming stock solution is preferably 0.5% by weight or more. On the other hand, it is preferably 4% by weight or less.
- a method for introducing the hydrophilic group-containing polymer into the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane conventionally, a method in which the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is mixed with a hollow fiber membrane forming stock solution and molded, A method of adding a hydrophilic group-containing polymer to the core liquid, or a method of coating the surface of the membrane with a hydrophilic group-containing polymer after the formation of the hollow fiber membrane is used.
- the present invention it is preferable to use a method of adding a hydrophilic group-containing polymer to the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane by adding the hydrophilic group-containing polymer to the core liquid during film formation and discharging it together with the stock solution. .
- this method even if the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer used is small, it is possible to densely impart the hydrophilic group-containing polymer to the surface of the hollow fiber membrane, thereby suppressing the eluate. it can.
- a hydrophilic group-containing polymer is imparted during film formation, it can be dried in the spinning process, no special equipment is required, and in addition, a hollow fiber membrane module having blood compatibility is obtained. Therefore, this is a preferred method in the present invention.
- a method of coating the membrane surface with a hydrophilic group-containing polymer after the hollow fiber membrane is formed is also suitable. Also in this method, as described later, it is possible to densely impart a hydrophilic group-containing polymer to the film surface by devising conditions such as the concentration and temperature of the solution used for coating, and how to flow the coating solution. It is possible and the eluate can be suppressed.
- a hydrophilic group-containing polymer when introduced into the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane, either a method of adding to the core liquid during film formation or a method of coating the membrane surface after forming the hollow fiber membrane is used.
- a hydrophilic group-containing polymer by adding a hydrophilic group-containing polymer separately to the film-forming stock solution, it is possible to expect improvement in water permeability and further improvement in hydrophilicity due to the effect as a pore-increasing agent.
- the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer added in the membrane-forming stock solution is too large, the solubility of the membrane-forming stock solution may decrease due to an increase in viscosity or ejection failure, or a large amount of hydrophilicity may be contained in the hollow fiber membrane. If the functional group-containing polymer remains, there is a risk that water permeability will decrease due to an increase in permeation resistance.
- the optimum amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer added to the stock solution is preferably 1% by weight or more, and more preferably 15% by weight or less, depending on the type and the intended performance.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer added to the film-forming stock solution is not particularly limited, but when a polysulfone-based polymer is used as the hydrophobic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferably used because of its high compatibility.
- the melting temperature is preferably 30 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower. However, these optimum ranges may differ depending on the type of hydrophobic polymer and additive.
- the core liquid used for hollow fiber membrane formation is a mixture of a good solvent and a poor solvent, and the water permeability and molecular weight cut off of the hollow fiber membrane can be adjusted by the ratio.
- a poor solvent Water is used suitably.
- N, N- dimethylacetamide is used suitably.
- the contact between the film-forming stock solution and the core solution induces phase separation of the film-forming stock solution by the action of a poor solvent, and solidification proceeds.
- the ratio of the poor solvent in the core liquid is too high, the water permeability and the molecular weight cut off of the membrane are lowered.
- the ratio of the poor solvent is too low, the hollow fiber membrane cannot be obtained because it is dropped as a liquid.
- the appropriate ratio of both in the core liquid varies depending on the types of the good solvent and the poor solvent, but the poor solvent is preferably 10% by weight or more in the mixed solution of the both solvents, and on the other hand, it is 80% by weight or less. Is preferred.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer when added to the core liquid, a large number of hydrophilic group-containing polymers can be selectively introduced into the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane. This is because when the core solution diffuses into the stock solution and induces phase separation, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer in the core solution also diffuses into the stock solution, so that the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is taken into the inner surface. Because. Therefore, the entanglement between the hydrophilic group-containing polymer and the membrane material occurs, and it is possible to bind to the membrane material more strongly than to give the hydrophilic group-containing polymer after film formation, and to reduce the eluate. Can do.
- the length of the dry part after discharging the stock solution that is, the dry length is important as the spinning condition. Become. If the dry length is too short, diffusion of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer does not proceed and there is a possibility that it cannot be sufficiently applied to the inner surface. Therefore, it is preferably 50 mm or more, more preferably 100 mm or more. On the other hand, if the dry length is too long, diffusion proceeds and the spinning stability may be lowered due to the possibility that the hydrophilic group-containing polymer may reach the outer surface or yarn swinging. preferable. It is also greatly affected by the concentration of the good solvent in the core liquid.
- the concentration of the good solvent in the two solvents is preferably 40% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more, on the other hand, 90% by weight or less is preferable, more preferably 80% by weight or less, More preferably, it is 70% or less.
- the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer to be added to the core liquid it has been conventionally considered that a sufficient amount of hydrophilic group cannot be imparted unless about 10% by weight is added to the core liquid. However, such a large amount of addition may increase the amount of eluate.
- the hydrophilicity can be sufficiently imparted to the hollow fiber membrane by adding a smaller amount by designing the core liquid containing the hydrophilic group-containing polymer.
- the amount of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is too small, the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is not sufficiently hydrophilized and blood compatibility is deteriorated.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contained in the core liquid in the present invention is preferably 0.01% by weight or more, more preferably 0.03% by weight or more, while the upper limit is 1% by weight or less. Is preferable, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less, and most preferably 0.1% by weight or less.
- the temperature of the double tube cap at the time of discharge can affect the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution, the phase separation behavior, and the diffusion rate of the core liquid into the film-forming stock solution.
- the higher the temperature of the double tube cap the greater the water permeability and the molecular weight cut off of the resulting hollow fiber membrane.
- the temperature of the double tube cap is too high, the spinnability is lowered because the discharge becomes unstable due to a decrease in the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution and a decrease in the coagulation property.
- the temperature of the double tube cap is low, moisture may adhere to the double tube cap due to condensation. Therefore, the temperature of the double tube cap is preferably 20 ° C. or higher, while 90 ° C. or lower is preferable.
- the diffusion of the poor solvent in the core solution into the membrane-forming solution advances, and the pore diameter increases from the inner surface side of the hollow fiber to the outer surface side. A structure is formed. Furthermore, as described above, when the core liquid diffuses into the stock solution and causes phase separation, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contained in the core liquid is taken into the surface of the membrane.
- the open area ratio of the outer surface can be adjusted by controlling the dew point of the dry part.
- the dew point of the dry part is low, phase separation may not proceed sufficiently, the outer surface open area ratio decreases, the friction of the hollow fiber membrane increases, and the spinnability may deteriorate.
- the dew point of the dry part is preferably 60 ° C. or lower, while 10 ° C. or higher is preferable.
- the coagulation bath is mainly composed of a poor solvent, and a good solvent is added as necessary. Water is preferably used as the poor solvent.
- the film-forming stock solution enters the coagulation bath, the film-forming stock solution is solidified by a large amount of poor solvent in the coagulation bath, and the film structure is fixed. As the temperature of the coagulation bath is increased, coagulation is suppressed, so that the water permeability and the molecular weight cut off are increased.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained by coagulation in a coagulation bath contains excess hydrophilic group-containing polymer derived from the solvent or stock solution, and therefore needs to be washed with water.
- the washing temperature is preferably 50 ° C. or higher.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer concentration of the coating liquid, the contact time, and the temperature during coating contain hydrophilic groups that are imparted to the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane. Affects high molecular weight and density. If the concentration of the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is too high, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer itself may be eluted, so 0.08% by weight or less, more preferably 0.05% by weight or less is preferable.
- the concentration is too low, a hydrophilic group-containing polymer cannot be sufficiently imparted to the membrane surface, and there is a concern that the elution increases and blood compatibility deteriorates, so 0.001% by weight or more, Furthermore, 0.01 weight% or more is preferable.
- water is preferably used from the viewpoint of safety.
- the temperature is preferably 20 to 80 ° C. and the contact time is preferably 10 seconds or longer.
- the affinity with the film material varies greatly depending on the temperature of the coating solution.
- the form of interaction with water molecules changes depending on the temperature of the water, and the polymer precipitates by forming micelles with hydrophobic groups oriented on the surface. There is. This temperature is called the cloud point.
- Hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic group in the polymer is strengthened, and the hydrophilic group-containing polymer can be coated efficiently and densely on the membrane surface.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer when using a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (6/4 (molar ratio)) random copolymer (“KOLLIDON” (registered trademark) VA64 ”manufactured by BASF) as the hydrophilic group-containing polymer, the cloud point Is about 70 ° C., the temperature of the coating solution is preferably 60 to 80 ° C.
- the flow rate of the coating solution increases.
- the flow rate is 200 to 1000 mL / min. It is a suitable range.
- a hollow fiber membrane dried to a moisture content of 10% by weight or less before modularization is bundled and incorporated into a case to form a module.
- drying after modularization there is a problem that it takes time to dry to a moisture content of 10% by weight or less, and there is a concern that membranes stick to each other when drying in a bundle of hollow fibers Therefore, it is preferable to dry the hollow fiber membrane before modularization.
- drying the hollow fiber membrane there are a method of drying by hot air or a method of drying by microwave irradiation. Although not particularly limited, drying with hot air is preferably used for simplicity.
- the drying temperature is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 70 ° C. or higher, while 150 ° C. or lower is preferable, more preferably 130 ° C. or lower, and still more preferably 120 ° C. or lower.
- the hollow fiber membrane temperature rises too much, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer may be decomposed or deteriorated, and the performance of the hollow fiber membrane may be reduced. Therefore, it is more preferable to dry the hollow fiber membrane at a temperature of 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 80 ° C. or lower.
- the method for controlling the hollow fiber membrane temperature is not particularly limited, and includes a method of performing microwave irradiation under reduced pressure.
- the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane As the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane becomes thinner, the material transfer performance of the hollow fiber membrane is improved because the membrane mass transfer coefficient can be reduced. On the other hand, if the film thickness is too thin, yarn breakage and dry crushing are likely to occur, which may cause problems in production.
- the ease of collapsing the hollow fiber membrane correlates with the film thickness and the inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane. Therefore, the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 25 ⁇ m or more. On the other hand, it is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 45 ⁇ m or less.
- the inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 80 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 120 ⁇ m or more, while 250 ⁇ m or less is preferable, more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 160 ⁇ m.
- the inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is determined by measuring the film thickness of 16 randomly selected hollow fiber membranes with a 1000 ⁇ lens (VH-Z100; KEYENCE, Inc.) of a microwatcher, and obtaining an average value a. The value calculated from the equation.
- the hollow fiber membrane outer diameter means an average value obtained by measuring the outer diameters of 16 randomly selected hollow fiber membranes with a laser displacement meter (for example, LS5040T; KEYENCE Inc.).
- Hollow fiber membrane inner diameter ( ⁇ m) hollow fiber membrane outer diameter ( ⁇ m) ⁇ 2 ⁇ film thickness ( ⁇ m).
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is preferably obtained by incorporating the hollow fiber membrane produced by the above method in a case.
- the method of incorporating the hollow fiber membrane into the module is not particularly limited, but an example is as follows. First, the hollow fiber membrane is cut into a required length, bundled in the required number, and then put into a cylindrical case. Then, a temporary cap is put on both ends, and a potting material is put on both ends of the hollow fiber membrane. At this time, the method of putting the potting material while rotating the module with a centrifuge is a preferable method because the potting material can be filled uniformly. After the potting material has solidified. Both ends are cut so that both ends of the hollow fiber membrane are open. A hollow fiber membrane module is obtained by attaching headers to both ends of the case and plugging the header and the nozzle part of the case.
- the hollow fiber membrane modules for blood purification such as artificial kidneys need to be sterilized, and radiation sterilization methods are frequently used from the viewpoint of low residual toxicity and simplicity.
- the present invention since it aims at obtaining a dry type hollow fiber membrane module, radiation irradiation is performed in a state where the moisture content with respect to its own weight of the hollow fiber membrane incorporated in the module (case) is 10% by weight or less. It is preferable to carry out.
- radiation to be used ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, X rays, ultraviolet rays, electron beams, and the like are used.
- ⁇ rays and electron beams are preferably used from the viewpoint of little residual toxicity and simplicity.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer incorporated in the inner surface of the hollow fiber can be fixed by causing cross-linking with the membrane material by irradiation with radiation, and this also leads to reduction of the eluate. Therefore, irradiation with radiation is preferable. If the radiation dose is low, the sterilization effect is low. On the other hand, if the radiation dose is high, the hydrophilic group-containing polymer or membrane material is decomposed and blood compatibility is lowered. Therefore, the irradiation dose is preferably 15 kGy or more, and preferably 100 kGy or less.
- the water permeability of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 100 ml / hr / mmHg / m 2 or more, more preferably 200 ml / hr / mmHg / m 2 or more, and further preferably 300 ml / hr / mmHg / m 2 or more.
- it is preferably 2000 ml / hr / mmHg / m 2 or less, more preferably 1500 ml / hr / mmHg / m 2. It is as follows.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- C1s mainly includes components derived from CHx, C—C, C ⁇ C, C—S, components derived mainly from C—O, CN, components derived from ⁇ - ⁇ * satellites, and components derived from C ⁇ O. It is composed of five components, components and components derived from COO. Therefore, peak splitting is performed with five components.
- the COO-derived component is a peak appearing at +4.0 to 4.2 eV from the main peak of CHx or C—C (around 285 eV).
- the peak area ratio of each component was calculated by rounding off the second digit of the decimal point.
- the amount of carbon derived from the ester group (number of atoms%) was determined by multiplying the amount of carbon of C1s (number of atoms by%) by the peak area ratio of the component derived from COO.
- the peak division result was 0.4% or less, the detection limit was not exceeded and it was regarded as zero.
- the hydrophobic polymer contained in the hollow fiber membrane is polysulfone and the hydrophilic group-containing polymer contains a pyrrolidone group
- the molecular weight of the vinylpyrrolidone group is 111
- the molecular weight of the repeating unit constituting the polysulfone is 442.
- the amount of vinylpyrrolidone groups on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane was calculated from the following formula from the values of nitrogen amount (c (number of atoms)) and sulfur amount (d (number of atoms)).
- Amount (% by weight) of vinylpyrrolidone groups on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane (c ⁇ 111 / (c ⁇ 111 + d ⁇ 442)) ⁇ 100.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the “amount (% by weight) of vinylpyrrolidone groups on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane” calculated from the above formula is “the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane”. Content rate (% by weight) ".
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement (measurement of the amount of ester groups on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane)
- the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane when a hydrophilic group-containing polymer containing an ester group is used can be calculated by using ESCA (XPS) as shown in (2).
- the measurement apparatus and measurement conditions were the same as (2).
- the hydrophobic polymer contained in the hollow fiber membrane is polysulfone and the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate
- the molecular weight of the vinylpyrrolidone group is 111
- the repeating unit constituting the polysulfone is Since the molecular weight is 442 and the molecular weight of vinyl acetate is 86, the amount of vinyl acetate (ester group) on the surface is derived from nitrogen (c (number of atoms)) and sulfur (d (number of atoms)), derived from ester groups. It calculated from the following formula from the value of carbon amount (e (number of atoms%)).
- Amount (% by weight) of vinyl acetate (ester group) on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane (e ⁇ 86 / (c ⁇ 111 + d ⁇ 442 + e ⁇ 86)) ⁇ 100.
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer is a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer content (% by weight) on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is calculated in (2) above. Expressed as the sum of “amount of vinyl pyrrolidone groups on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane (% by weight)” and “amount of vinyl acetate (ester groups) on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane (% by weight)” calculated from the above formula. it can.
- the ultrapure water that did not pass through the hollow fiber membrane module was similarly titrated.
- the amount of potassium permanganate consumed was calculated from the amount of sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution used for the titration of ultrapure water (f (mL)) and the amount of sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution used for the titration of the measurement solution (g (mL)). Calculate from the formula. The average value of the results of the two measurements is taken as the measurement value, and the value rounded to the third decimal place is used.
- Potassium permanganate consumption (mL) (f ⁇ g) ⁇ h / i
- h is a factor of sodium thiosulfate
- i is a factor of potassium permanganate.
- Measuring device Trace nitrogen analyzer ND-100 type (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) Electric furnace temperature (horizontal reactor) Thermal decomposition part: 800 ° C Catalyst part: 900 ° C Main O 2 flow rate: 300 mL / min O 2 flow rate: 300 mL / min Ar flow rate: 400 mL / min Sens: Low The average value of the results of three measurements is taken as the measurement value, and the effective number is two digits.
- Microscopic ATR method A hollow fiber membrane is cut into a semi-cylindrical shape with a single blade, rinsed with ultrapure water, dried at room temperature (25 ° C.) and 0.5 Torr for 10 hours, and used as a sample for surface measurement. Each surface of the dry hollow fiber membrane was measured by a microscopic ATR method of IRT-3000 manufactured by JASCO. The measurement was performed with a field of view (aperture) of 100 ⁇ m ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, a measurement range of 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 ⁇ m, 30 times of integration, and a total of 25 points of 5 points each in length and width.
- a reference line was drawn at a wavelength of 1549 to 1620 cm ⁇ 1 of the obtained spectrum, and a part surrounded by the reference line and the positive part of the spectrum was defined as a peak area derived from the polysulfone-derived benzene ring C ⁇ C (A CC ). .
- draw reference lines 1620 ⁇ 1711cm -1 a peak area of pyrrolidone from the portion enclosed by the positive portion of the reference line and the spectrum (A NCO), drawing a base line at 1711 ⁇ 1759cm -1, the The peak area derived from the ester group was defined as (A COO ) in the part surrounded by the reference line and the positive part of the spectrum.
- Human platelet adhesion test method A double-sided tape was affixed to an 18 mm ⁇ polystyrene circular plate, and a hollow fiber membrane was fixed thereto. The attached hollow fiber membrane was cut into a semicylindrical shape with a single blade to expose the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane. If dirt, scratches, or folds are present on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane, it is necessary to pay attention because platelets may adhere to that portion and correct evaluation may not be possible. Attach the circular plate so that the Falcon (registered trademark) tube (18 mm ⁇ , No. 2051, length 3 cm) cut into a cylindrical shape and the surface with the hollow fiber membrane attached to the inside of the cylinder. I filled the gap.
- Falcon registered trademark
- the cylindrical tube was washed with physiological saline and then filled with physiological saline.
- physiological saline Immediately after blood collection of healthy human venous blood (red blood cell count 4.5 million to 5 million / mm 3 , white blood cell count 5000 to 8000 / mm 3 , platelet 200,000 to 500,000 / mm 3 ) It added so that it might become mL.
- 1.0 mL of the blood was added to the cylindrical tube within 30 minutes after blood collection, and shaken at 37 ° C. for 1 hour at a rotation speed of 700 rpm.
- the hollow fiber membrane was washed with 10 mL of physiological saline, 1 mL of 2.5% by volume glutaraldehyde physiological saline was added, and allowed to stand to immobilize blood components on the hollow fiber membrane. After 1 hour or more, it was washed with 20 mL of distilled water. The washed hollow fiber membrane was dried under reduced pressure at room temperature (25 ° C.) and 0.5 Torr for 10 hours. This hollow fiber membrane was attached to a sample stage of a scanning electron microscope with a double-sided tape. Thereafter, a thin film of Pt—Pd was formed on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane by sputtering to prepare a sample.
- the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane was observed with a field emission type scanning electron microscope (S-800, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.) at a magnification of 1500 times. In one field of view (4.3 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 ) The number of adhering platelets was counted. In the vicinity of the center in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber, the average value of the number of adhering platelets in 10 different visual fields (rounded to the first decimal place) was defined as the number of adhering platelets (pieces / 4.3 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 ). When the number exceeded 50 / 4.3 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 in one visual field, it was counted as 50. The end portion of the hollow fiber in the longitudinal direction was easily excluded from the measurement of the number of platelet adhesion because blood pools were easily formed.
- hydrophilic group-containing polymer on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane (wt%)
- the hydrophilic group-containing polymer content (% by weight) on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane was determined by the same method as in the above (2) and (3) except that the measurement target surface was the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane.
- Example 1 16% by weight of polysulfone ("Udel” P-3500 LCD MB7, molecular weight 77000-83000, manufactured by Acomo), 4% by weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (International Special Products, hereinafter referred to as ISP K30) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (K90, ISP) 2% by weight, 77% by weight of N, N-dimethylacetamide and 1% by weight of water were dissolved by heating to obtain a film-forming stock solution.
- polysulfone Udel” P-3500 LCD MB7, molecular weight 77000-83000, manufactured by Acomo
- ISP K30 International Special Products, hereinafter referred to as ISP K30
- K90, ISP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
- a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (6/4 (molar ratio)) random copolymer (BASF "KOLLIDON” (registered trademark) VA64) in a solution of 66% by weight of N, N-dimethylacetamide and 33.97% by weight of water ) 0.03% by weight was dissolved to make a core solution.
- the film-forming stock solution is sent to the spinneret at a temperature of 50 ° C., discharged from the outer tube of the orifice type double tube cap having an outer diameter of 0.35 mm and an inner diameter of 0.25 mm of the annular slit, and the core solution is discharged from the inner tube. Discharged.
- the discharged film-forming solution passes through a dry zone atmosphere with a dry length of 350 mm, a temperature of 30 ° C., and a dew point of 28 ° C., and is then introduced into a coagulation bath of 100% water and a temperature of 40 ° C.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained through the process, the drying process at 130 ° C. for 2 minutes, and the crimping process at 160 ° C.
- the hollow fiber membrane had an inner diameter of 200 ⁇ m and an outer diameter of 280 ⁇ m.
- the hollow fiber membrane was used as a wound bundle.
- the hollow fiber membrane had an inner diameter of 200 ⁇ m and an outer diameter of 280 ⁇ m.
- both sides of the hollow fiber membranes were opened, headers were attached to both sides of the case, and a module incorporating the hollow fiber membranes was obtained. Thereafter, the inside of the module was replaced with nitrogen, and ⁇ -rays with an irradiation dose of 25 kGy were irradiated to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 1.
- the resulting hollow fiber membrane module was measured for water content, potassium permanganate consumption, hydrophilic group-containing polymer weight on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membrane, microscopic ATR on the inner surface, and platelet adhesion number. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 A hollow fiber membrane was formed in the same manner as in the Examples except that the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight to be added to the core liquid was 0.01% by weight and water was 33.99% by weight. Thus, a hollow fiber membrane module 2 was obtained. The results are shown in Table 1. A hydrophilic group-containing polymer was uniformly present in the hollow fiber membrane, and a hollow fiber membrane module with a small number of platelets adhered and a small amount of eluate was obtained.
- Example 3 The hydrophilic group-containing polymer to be added to the core liquid was the same as in Example 1 except that a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (7/3 (molar ratio)) copolymer (BASF, “Lubicol VA73” was used) A hollow fiber membrane was formed into a case and incorporated in a case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 3. The results are shown in Table 1. Similar to Example 1, a hollow fiber membrane module with little eluate was obtained. It was.
- Example 4 The hydrophilic group-containing polymer to be added to the core liquid was the same as in Example 1 except that a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (3/7 (molar ratio)) copolymer (manufactured by BASF, “Lubicol VA37”) was used. A hollow fiber membrane was formed into a case, and this was built in a case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 4. The results are shown in Table 1. Similar to Example 1, a hollow fiber membrane module with little eluate was obtained. It was.
- Example 5 A hollow fiber membrane module was obtained by forming a hollow fiber membrane under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the hydrophilic group-containing polymer was not added to the core liquid, and this was incorporated in the case.
- a vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (6/4 (molar ratio)) random copolymer (“KOLLIDON” (registered trademark) VA64 ”manufactured by BASF) 0.01% by weight of an aqueous solution at 80 ° C. was added to the hollow fiber membrane module.
- the liquid to be treated was passed from the liquid inlet (15A) to the liquid outlet (15B) for 1 minute at 500 mL / min (the liquid inlet (15A) and liquid outlet (15B)
- the processing liquid inlet (16A) and the processing liquid outlet (16B) are closed although they are open).
- the liquid filled from the outer surface side of the hollow fiber membrane to the inner surface side of the hollow fiber membrane was pushed out with compressed air of 100 kPa (at this time, the treatment liquid inlet (16A) and the liquid inlet (15A) to be treated were opened). However, the liquid outlet (15B) to be processed and the liquid outlet (16B) are closed.
- this module was irradiated with 6 kW microwaves to dry the hollow fiber, and then the inside of the module was replaced with nitrogen, and ⁇ -rays with an irradiation dose of 25 kGy were irradiated to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 4.
- Table 1 A hydrophilic group-containing polymer was uniformly present in the hollow fiber membrane, and a hollow fiber membrane module with a small number of platelets adhered and a small amount of eluate was obtained.
- Example 1 18% by weight of polysulfone (“Udel” P-3500 manufactured by Acomo), 6% by weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (manufactured by International Special Products; hereinafter referred to as ISP K30) and 3% by weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (K90 manufactured by ISP), N
- a hollow fiber membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 72% by weight of N, dimethylacetamide and 1% by weight of water were dissolved by heating to prepare a membrane-forming stock solution, and no hydrophilic group-containing polymer was added to the core solution.
- a hollow fiber membrane module 5 was obtained by forming a membrane and incorporating it into a case. The results are shown in Table 1. Although the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight on the inner surface was sufficient, a large amount of eluate was observed due to the large amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the hollow fiber membrane.
- Example 2 A hollow fiber membrane was formed under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that a hydrophilic group-containing polymer was not added to the core liquid, and this was incorporated in a case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module.
- / Vinyl acetate (6/4 (molar ratio)) random copolymer BASF "KOLLIDON" (registered trademark) VA64 ") 0.1% by weight of aqueous solution from the blood side inlet to the outlet of the hollow fiber membrane module 500mL
- the water was passed from the blood side inlet to the dialysate side outlet for 1 minute at 500 mL / min for 1 minute, and then the fluid filled from the dialysate side to the blood side was pushed out with 100 kPa compressed air, and then filled on the blood side
- the liquid was blown so that only the hollow fiber membrane was wetted, that is, only the hollow fiber membrane was wetted by the same method as in Example 5.
- the module was further dried at room temperature (25 ° C.) with a vacuum drier, the inside of the module was replaced with nitrogen, and ⁇ -rays with an irradiation dose of 25 kGy were irradiated to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 6.
- the resulting hollow fiber membrane module 6 was measured for water content, potassium permanganate consumption, hydrophilic group-containing polymer weight on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membrane, microscopic ATR on the inner surface, and platelet adhesion number. The results are shown in Table 1. When a hydrophilic group-containing polymer was coated after film formation, it was highly hydrophilic and excellent in suppressing platelet adhesion, but many eluates were observed.
- Example 3 Example 1 except that a solution in which 10% by weight of vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate (6/4 (molar ratio)) random copolymer (“KOLLIDON” (registered trademark) VA64 ”manufactured by BASF) was dissolved was used as the core liquid
- a hollow fiber membrane was formed under the same conditions as described above, and this was built in a case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module, which was then irradiated with ⁇ -rays.
- the water content, potassium permanganate consumption, the hydrophilic group-containing high molecular weight of the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membrane, the microscopic ATR of the inner surface, and the platelet adhesion number were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1. Although the hydrophilicity is high, The platelet adhesion inhibitory effect was slightly inferior, and many eluates were observed.
- the module 8 thus obtained was measured for water content, potassium permanganate consumption, hydrophilic group-containing polymer weight on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membrane, microscopic ATR on the inner surface, and platelet adhesion number. Although it was excellent in the effect of inhibiting platelet adhesion, many elutions were observed.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
(a)前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率が10重量%以下
(b)前記疎水性高分子が窒素を含有せず、前記親水性基含有高分子が窒素を含有し、前記中空糸膜の窒素含有率が0.05重量%以上、0.4重量%以下
(c)前記膜内表面における親水性基含有高分子の含有率が20重量%以上、45重量%以下
(d)プライミング終流液10mL中の溶出物に対し、滴定のために用いられる2.0×10-3mol/L過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の消費量が膜面積1m2当たり0.2mL以下
本発明に係る中空糸膜モジュールは、(a)に挙げるとおりドライタイプのものを想定しており、低含水率の中空糸膜を内蔵したモジュールにおいて、低溶出性と高い血液適合性を可能とする。上記のとおり疎水性高分子と親水性基含有高分子を含有するものであるが、窒素含有率を親水性基量の指標とするため、(b)に記載する如く、上記疎水性高分子は窒素を含有せず、一方で親水性基含有高分子としては窒素を含有したものを用いる(ただし、2種以上の親水性基含有高分子を用いる場合は、少なくとも1種の親水性基含有高分子が窒素を含むものとしてよい)。かかる窒素の含有率について、膜全体の任意の位置において0.05重量%以上、0.4重量%として溶出の低減を図る一方で、(c)に記載する如く、中空糸膜内表面に20重量%以上、45重量%以下の親水性基を含有せしめ、親水性が十分に高いものとしている。しかも(d)に記載する如く、溶出物の量が少なく、さらに血液適合性が高いものである。
[1]
疎水性高分子と親水性基含有高分子を含有する中空糸膜が内蔵された、以下の項目を満たすことを特徴とする中空糸膜モジュール。
(a)前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率が10重量%以下
(b)前記疎水性高分子が窒素を含有せず、前記親水性基含有高分子が窒素を含有し、前記中空糸膜の窒素含有率が0.05重量%以上、0.4重量%以下
(c)前記膜内表面における前記親水性基含有高分子の含有率が20重量%以上、45重量%以下
(d)プライミング終流液10mL中の溶出物に対し、滴定のために用いられる2.0×10-3mol/L過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の消費量が膜面積1m2当たり0.2mL以下
[2]
前記中空糸膜内表面におけるヒト血小板付着数が20個/(4.3×103μm2)以下であることを特徴とする[1]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[3]
前記親水性基含有高分子がピロリドン基を含むことを特徴とする[1]または[2]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[4]
前記親水性基含有高分子がエステル基を含むことを特徴とする[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[5]
前記エステル基がカルボン酸ビニルエステル、アクリル酸エステルおよびメタクリル酸エステルから選ばれる少なくともひとつに由来することを特徴とする[4]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[6]
前記親水性基含有高分子が酢酸ビニルとビニルピロリドンの共重合体であることを特徴とする[3]~[5]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[7]
前記疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[8]
[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法であって、製膜原液として窒素を含有しない疎水性高分子を含む溶液、芯液として窒素を含有する親水基含有高分子を0.01重量%以上、1重量%以下含む溶液を用い、二重管口金から吐出させる工程を含むことを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
[9]
製膜原液として窒素を含有しない疎水性高分子を含む溶液、芯液として窒素を含有する親水基含有高分子を0.01重量%以上、1重量%以下含む溶液を用い、二重管口金から吐出させることを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
[10]
前記親水性基含有高分子の親水性基がピロリドン基を含むことを特徴とする[8]または[9]に記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
[11]
前記親水性基含有高分子がエステル基を含むことを特徴とする[8]~[10]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
[12]
前記エステル基がカルボン酸ビニルエステル、アクリル酸エステルおよびメタクリル酸エステルから選ばれる少なくともひとつに由来することを特徴とする[11]に記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
[13]
前記親水性基含有高分子が酢酸ビニルとビニルピロリドンの共重合体であることを特徴とする[10]~[12]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
[14]
前記疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする[8]~[13]のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
[15]
[8]~[14]のいずれかに記載の方法で製造された中空糸膜をケースに内蔵することを特徴とする中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法。
[16]
モジュールに内蔵された前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率を10重量%以下とした状態で放射線照射することを特徴とする[15]に記載の中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法。
本発明の中空糸膜モジュールは、回収目的物質と廃棄物質を分けることに用いることができるが、疎水性高分子からなる中空糸膜内表面が親水性基含有高分子(親水性基含有ポリマー)によって親水化されていることから、血液浄化器のように中空糸膜内側に被処理液を流す用途に用いることが好ましい。血液浄化器としては、一般に人工腎臓と呼ばれる血液透析器、血液ろ過器、救急救命用途の緩徐式血液ろ過器および血液透析ろ過器等があげられる。
本発明における疎水性高分子とは、水に難溶または不溶である高分子であり、20℃の純水100gに対する溶解度が1g未満のことをいう。一方、親水性基含有高分子とは、親水性基単独の重合体の20℃の純水100gに対する溶解度が10g以上である親水性基を含有する高分子のことをいう。本発明において、親水性基とはそれ単独で重合可能な最小単位を指し、そのような親水性基としては、アクリルアミド、アクリル酸、N-ビニル-2-ピロリドン、ビニルアルコールなどが挙げられる。
(a)前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率が10重量%以下。
(b)前記疎水性高分子が窒素を含有せず、前記親水性基含有高分子が窒素を含有し、前記中空糸膜の窒素含有率が0.05重量%以上、0.4重量%以下。
(c)前記膜内表面における前記親水性基含有高分子の含有率が20重量%以上、45重量%以下。
(d)プライミング終流液10mL中の溶出物に対し、滴定のために用いられる2.0×10-3mol/L過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の消費量が膜面積1m2当たり0.2mL以下。
中空糸膜モジュールの含水率は、多すぎると保存時の菌の増殖の懸念や、中空糸膜が凍結し性能の低下が起こることがある。一方、含水率が少ないドライタイプであれば、中空糸膜モジュールの軽量化が可能であり、運送のコスト、安全性が向上する。また、中空糸膜が実質的に乾いている中空糸膜モジュールでは、使用時の泡抜け性が向上する。以上のことから、本発明に係る中空糸膜モジュールの中空糸膜における含水率は、中空糸膜の自重に対して、10重量%以下としており、好ましくは4重量%以下、より好ましくは2重量%以下である。下限値は特に限定されるものではなく、実質的に0%が下限値となる。
膜素材となる疎水性高分子としては、窒素を含有しないものであり、ポリスルホン系高分子、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリフッ化ビニリデンなどが挙げられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
式(1)、(2)
本発明において用いられる親水性基含有高分子は、窒素を含有するものが用いられる。窒素を含有する親水性基含有高分子としては、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリビニルピロリドンなどが挙げられる。中でも、血液適合性を向上させる観点からピロリドン基を含有する高分子が好ましい。
特に、安全性や経済性の観点からポリビニルピロリドンが好ましい。
本発明においては、疎水性高分子に窒素原子が含まれないので、中空糸膜に含まれる窒素原子は、主に親水性の付与や構造制御の目的で使用されている親水性基含有高分子に由来し、窒素原子を含有する親水性基含有高分子や、その他低分子が有る場合も含めて、溶出の原因となり得る化合物といえる。特に、疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子からなる中空糸膜では相溶性の観点から親水性基含有高分子としてPVPが使用されることが多いが、ピロリドン基には窒素原子が含まれるので、窒素含有率を測定することで、中空糸膜全体に含まれる親水性基含有高分子量を含めた溶出しやすい成分量の指標とすることができる。中空糸膜中に含まれる親水性基含有高分子量が多いと、膜全体が親水化されるために、透水性が向上する。一方で多すぎると溶出物が増加する問題が生じる。そのため、中空糸膜の窒素含有率は0.05重量%以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.1重量%以上、さらに好ましくは0.15重量%以上である。上限としては、0.4重量%以下が好ましく、より好ましくは0.38重量%以下、さらに好ましくは0.35重量%以下である
本発明における窒素含有率は酸化分解から減圧化学発光法による微量窒素分析法を用いることで測定することができる。詳細な条件の例を実施例に示す。測定値は、3回測定を行った結果の平均値を用いる。
本発明において、親水性基含有高分子は、例えば、血液浄化用途において通常被処理液との接触面となる中空糸膜内側に局在化していることが望ましく、中空糸膜内表面における親水性基含有高分子の含有率は20重量%以上であり、好ましくは22重量%以上、より好ましくは25重量%以上である。20重量%未満である場合は、親水性が低いため、血液適合性が悪化し、血液の凝固が発生しやすくなる。一方、親水性基含有高分子の含有率が45重量%を超える場合は、血液中に溶出する親水性基含有高分子の量が増加し、該溶出した高分子によって長期透析の間の副作用や合併症を引き起こす原因となる可能性がある。また、中空糸膜全体の窒素含有率や内表面の親水性基含有高分子量が多すぎると放射線を照射した際、高分子同士の架橋が過剰に進行してしまい、生体適合性が低下する恐れがある。そのため、親水性基含有高分子の含有率は、45重量%以下であり、好ましくは42重量%以下である。
ポリビニルピロリドン含有率(f)=100×(c×111)/(c×111+d×442)。
中空糸膜表面の酢酸ビニルの含有率(g(重量%))=(e×86/(c×111+d×442+e×86))×100。
中空糸膜外表面の親水性基含有高分子の含有率も、内表面と同様にXPSを用いて測定することができる。外表面の親水性基含有高分子の含有率が高い場合、乾燥時に親水性基含有高分子を介した中空糸膜同士の固着や、モジュールの組み立て性が悪化するという問題が発生することがある。また、透析液に含まれるエンドトキシン(内毒素)の進入を防ぐという観点でも外表面の親水性基含有高分子の含有率は低い方が効果的である。また、乾燥糸である場合、外表面の親水性基含有高分子量が少ないと、湿潤化しにくくプライミング性が低下する恐れがある。
また、親水性基含有高分子は中空糸膜内表面に均一に存在していることが血液適合性の点から望ましい。親水性基含有高分子の分布に関しては、全反射赤外分光法(ATR)で測定することができる。ATRの測定方法としては、測定範囲を3μm×3μm、積算回数は30回以上として赤外吸収スペクトルを25点測定する。この25点測定を、1本の中空糸膜について異なる3箇所で、モジュール1本当たり3本の中空糸膜について測定する。得られた赤外吸収スペクトルにおいて、1620~1711cm-1で基準線を引き、その基準線とスペクトルの正部分で囲まれた部分をポリビニルピロリドン由来のピーク面積を(ANCO)とする。つまり、1620cm-1から1711cm-1までの波数域における、スペクトルの正の領域の面積を(ANCO)とする。同様に1549~1620cm-1で基準線を引き、その基準線とスペクトルの正の部分で囲まれた部分をポリスルホン由来ベンゼン環C=C由来のピーク面積を(ACC)として両者の比(ANCO)/(ACC)を算出する。この(ANCO)/(ACC)の平均値が、0.4以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.6以上であり、さらに好ましくは0.7以上である。また、(ANCO)/(ACC)の値が0.25以下である測定点の割合は、全測定点(25点)に対して10%以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは5%以下である。
高い安全性を得る指標として、膜の流路に通液した際に液体に溶出する溶出物に過マンガン酸カリウムを滴定した際の消費量が挙げられる。
中空糸膜内表面における血液適合性は、中空糸膜に付着する血小板に付着数で評価できる。血小板の付着数が多い場合、血液の凝固に繋がるため、中空糸膜内表面の血液適合性が低いと言える。中空糸膜内表面における血小板の付着数は、ヒト血液と接触させた後の中空糸膜内表面を走査型電子顕微鏡にて観察することで評価が可能である。倍率1500倍で試料の内表面を観察した際、1視野4.3×103μm2に付着する血小板の付着数は20個以下が好ましく、より好ましくは10個以下、さらに好ましくは8個以下、特に好ましくは4個以下である。血小板の付着数は、異なる10視野を観察した際の平均値(小数点第2位を四捨五入する)を用いる。
続いて、中空糸膜や中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法について説明する。
製膜原液と芯液を二重管口金から吐出させる工程であって、
製膜原液として窒素を含有しない疎水性高分子を含む溶液が用いられ、芯液として窒素を含有する親水基含有高分子を0.01重量%以上、1重量%以下含む溶液が用いられる工程、を含むことが好ましい。
製膜原液と芯液を二重管口金から吐出させる工程の後に、
該吐出物を乾式部に導入・通過させ、その後に凝固浴で凝固させることによって中空糸膜を得る工程を含むことが好ましい。
中空糸膜内径(μm)=中空糸膜外径(μm)―2×膜厚(μm)。
中空糸膜モジュールを解体して得られた中空糸束の質量を測定した。中空糸束を150℃に設定した乾燥機に入れ、3時間乾燥させた後、再度質量を測定した。中空糸の含水率は下記の式より算出し、測定値は小数点第2位を四捨五入した値を用いる。
含水率(重量%)=100×(a-b)/b
ここで、a:乾燥前重量(g)、b:乾燥後重量(g)である。
中空糸膜を片刃で半円筒状にそぎ切り、中空糸膜表面(中空糸膜内表面)を3点測定した。測定サンプルは、超純水でリンスした後、室温(25℃)、0.5Torrにて10時間乾燥させた後、測定に供した。測定装置、条件としては、以下の通り。
励起X線: monochromatic Al Kα1,2 線(1486.6eV)
X線径: 0.15mm
光電子脱出角度: 90 °(試料表面に対する検出器の傾き)。
C1sには、主にCHx,C-C,C=C,C-S由来の成分、主にC-O,C-N由来の成分、π-π*サテライト由来の成分、C=O由来の成分、COO由来の成分の5つの成分から構成される。従って、5つ成分でピーク分割を行う。COO由来の成分は、CHxやC-Cのメインピーク(285eV付近)から+4.0~4.2eVに現れるピークである。この各成分のピーク面積比を、小数点第2桁目を四捨五入し、算出した。エステル基由来の炭素量(原子数%)は、C1sの炭素量(原子数%)から、COO由来の成分のピーク面積比を乗じることで求めた。なお、ピーク分割の結果、0.4%以下であれば、検出限界以下とし、ゼロと見なした。
中空糸膜内表面のビニルピロリドン基の量(重量%)=(c×111/(c×111+d×442))×100。
エステル基を含有する親水性基含有高分子を使用した際の、中空糸膜表面の親水性基含有高分子量は、(2)の通りESCA(XPS)を用いることで算出できる。測定装置および測定条件は(2)と同じにした。中空糸膜に含まれる疎水性高分子がポリスルホンであり、親水性基含有高分子がビニルピロリドンと酢酸ビニルの共重合体からなる場合、ビニルピロリドン基の分子量は111、ポリスルホンを構成する繰り返し単位の分子量は442、酢酸ビニルの分子量86であるから、表面の酢酸ビニル(エステル基)の量は窒素量(c(原子数%))と硫黄量(d(原子数%))、エステル基由来の炭素量(e(原子数%))の値から、下式より算出した。
中空糸膜内表面の酢酸ビニル(エステル基)の量(重量%)=(e×86/(c×111+d×442+e×86))×100。
中空糸膜モジュールの被処理液側の流路(血液側流路)に37℃に加温した超純水を100mL/minの速度で7分間通液し血液側流路を洗浄した。ついで処理液側の流路(透析液側流路)に500mL/minの速度で5分間通液し、処理液側の流路(透析液側流路)を洗浄した。再度、被処理液側の流路(血液側流路)に100mL/minで3分通液した際、最後の2分間に流出する200mLをプライミング終流液としてサンプリングし、10mLを採取した。この10mLのプライミング終流液に、2.0×10-3mol/Lの過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液を20mL、10体積%の硫酸を1mL、沸騰石を加え3分間煮沸した。その後、10分間放冷し、室温まで冷却した。その後、氷水でよく冷却した。10重量%ヨウ化カリウム水溶液1mLを加え、よく攪拌後10分間放置し、1.0×10-2mol/Lチオ硫酸ナトリウム水溶液で滴定を行った。溶液の色が淡黄色となった時点で1重量%デンプン水溶液を0.5mL加え、20℃~30℃でよく撹拌した。その後、溶液の色が透明になるまで1.0×10-2mol/Lチオ硫酸ナトリウム水溶液を加え、加えたチオ硫酸ナトリウム水溶液量を測定した。
過マンガン酸カリウム消費量(mL)=(f-g)×h/i
ここでh:チオ硫酸ナトリウムのファクター、i:過マンガン酸カリウムのファクターである。
中空糸膜を凍結粉砕し、これを測定サンプルとして用いた。当該測定サンプルを常温(25℃)で2時間減圧乾燥した後、分析に供した。測定装置、条件は以下の通り。
電気炉温度(横型反応炉)
熱分解部分:800℃
触媒部分 :900℃
メインO2流量:300mL/min
O2流量:300mL/min
Ar流量:400mL/min
Sens:Low
3回測定を行った結果の平均値を測定値とし、有効数字は2桁とする。
中空糸膜を片刃で半円筒状にそぎ切り、超純水でリンスした後、室温(25℃)、0.5Torrにて10時間乾燥させ、表面測定用の試料としたこの乾燥中空糸膜の各表面をJASCO社製IRT-3000の顕微ATR法により測定した。測定は視野(アパーチャ)を100μm×100μmとし、測定範囲は3μm×3μmで積算回数を30回、縦横各5点の計25点測定した。得られたスペクトルの波長1549~1620cm-1で基準線を引き、その基準線とスペクトルの正の部分で囲まれた部分をポリスルホン由来ベンゼン環C=C由来のピーク面積を(ACC)とした。同様に1620~1711cm-1で基準線を引き、その基準線とスペクトルの正部分で囲まれた部分をピロリドン由来のピーク面積を(ANCO)、1711~1759cm-1で基準線を引き、その基準線とスペクトルの正部分で囲まれた部分をエステル基由来のピーク面積を(ACOO)とした。
18mmφのポリスチレン製の円形板に両面テープを貼り付け、そこに中空糸膜を固定した。貼り付けた中空糸膜を片刃で半円筒状にそぎ切り、中空糸膜の内表面を露出させた。中空糸膜内表面に汚れやキズ、折り目が存在すると、その部分に血小板が付着するため正しい評価ができないことがあるので注意を要する。該円形板を、筒状に切ったFalcon(登録商標)チューブ(18mmφ、No.2051、長さ3cm)、中空糸膜を貼り付けた面が、円筒の内部にくるように取り付け、パラフィルムで隙間を埋めた。この円筒管内を生理食塩水で洗浄後、生理食塩水で満たした。健常人のヒトの静脈血(赤血球数450万~500万個/mm3、白血球数5000~8000個/mm3、血小板20万~50万個/mm3)を採血後、直ちにヘパリンを50U/mLになるように添加した。前記円筒管内の生理食塩水を廃棄後、前記血液を採血後30分以内に円筒管内に1.0mL加え、37℃にて1時間、回転数700rpmで振とうさせた。その後、中空糸膜を10mLの生理食塩水で洗浄し、2.5体積%グルタルアルデヒド生理食塩水1mLを加え、静置し、血液成分を中空糸膜に固定化させた。1時間以上経過後、20mLの蒸留水にて洗浄した。洗浄した中空糸膜を常温(25℃)、0.5Torrにて10時間減圧乾燥した。この中空糸膜を走査型電子顕微鏡の試料台に両面テープで貼り付けた。その後、スパッタリングにより、Pt-Pdの薄膜を中空糸膜内表面に形成させて、試料とした。この中空糸膜内表面をフィールドエミッション型走査型電子顕微鏡(日立社製S-800)にて、倍率1500倍で試料の内表面を観察し、1視野中(4.3×103μm2)の付着した血小板数を数えた。中空糸長手方向における中央付近で、異なる10視野での付着した血小板数の平均値(小数点第2位を四捨五入する)を血小板付着数(個/4.3×103μm2)とした。1視野で50個/4.3×103μm2を超えた場合は、50個としてカウントした。中空糸の長手方向における端の部分は、血液溜まりができやすいため、血小板付着数の計測対象からはずした。
測定対象面を中空糸膜外表面とする以外は、上記(2)および(3)と同様の方法によって、中空糸膜外表面の親水性基含有高分子含有率(重量%)を求めた。
ポリスルホン(アコモ社製“ユーデル”P-3500 LCD MB7 分子量77000~83000)16重量%、ポリビニルピロリドン(インターナショナルスペシャルプロダクツ社製;以下ISP社と略す K30)4重量%およびポリビニルピロリドン(ISP社製 K90)を2重量%、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド77重量%、水1重量%を加熱溶解し、製膜原液とした。
芯液に添加する親水性基含有高分子量を0.01重量%、水を33.99重量%とした以外は、実施例と同様にして中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュール2を得た。結果を表1に示す。親水性基含有高分子は中空糸膜に均一に存在しており、血小板付着数が少なく、溶出物が少ない中空糸膜モジュールが得られた。
芯液に添加する親水性基含有高分子をビニルピロリドン/酢酸ビニル(7/3(モル比率))共重合体(BASF社製、“ルビスコールVA73”を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュール3を得た。結果を表1に示す。実施例1と同様に溶出物が少ない中空糸膜モジュールが得られた。
芯液に添加する親水性基含有高分子をビニルピロリドン/酢酸ビニル(3/7(モル比率))共重合体(BASF社製、“ルビスコールVA37”を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュール4を得た。結果を表1に示す。実施例1と同様に溶出物が少ない中空糸膜モジュールが得られた。
芯液に親水性基含有高分子を添加しないこと以外は実施例1と同様の条件で中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュールを得た。
ポリスルホン(アコモ社製“ユーデル”P-3500)18重量%、ポリビニルピロリドン(インターナショナルスペシャルプロダクツ社製;以下ISP社と略す K30)6重量%およびポリビニルピロリドン(ISP社製 K90)を3重量%、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド72重量%、水1重量%を加熱溶解し、製膜原液とし、芯液に親水性基含有高分子を添加しないこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュール5を得た。結果は表1の通りであった。内表面の親水性基含有高分子量は十分であるが、中空糸膜中のポリビニルピロリドン量が多いため溶出物が多く見られた。
芯液に親水性基含有高分子を添加しないこと以外は実施例1と同様の条件で中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュールを得た後に、ビニルピロリドン/酢酸ビニル(6/4(モル比率))ランダム共重合体(BASF社製“KOLLIDON”(登録商標) VA64”)0.1重量%の水溶液を中空糸膜モジュールの血液側入口から出口へ500mL/minで1分間、血液側入口から透析液側出口へ500mL/minで1分間通水した。次に100kPaの圧縮空気で透析液側から血液側へ充填した液を押し出し、その後血液側の充填液をブローし、中空糸膜のみが湿潤した状態にした。つまり、実施例5と同様の方法で中空糸膜のみが湿潤した状態にした。
ビニルピロリドン/酢酸ビニル(6/4(モル比率))ランダム共重合体(BASF社製“KOLLIDON”(登録商標) VA64”)10重量%を溶解した溶液を芯液として用いた以外は実施例1と同様の条件で中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュールを得た後に、これへのγ線の照射を行った。得られた中空糸膜モジュール7の含水率、過マンガン酸カリウム消費量および中空糸膜の内外表面の親水性基含有高分子量、内表面の顕微ATR、血小板付着数を測定した。結果を表1に示す。親水性は高いが、血小板付着抑制効果はやや劣り、溶出物が多く見られた。
ポリスルホン( アモコ社製“ユーデル”P-3500)18重量%およびビニルピロリドン/酢酸ビニル(6/4(モル比率))ランダム共重合体(BASF社製“KOLLIDON”(登録商標) VA64)9重量%をN,N'-ジメチルアセトアミド72重量%および水1重量%の混合溶媒に加え、加熱溶解して得られた溶液を製膜原液として用いた以外は、比較例1と同様の条件で中空糸膜を製膜し、これをケースに内蔵せしめて、中空糸膜モジュール化を得た後に、これへのγ線の照射を行った。得られたモジュール8の含水率、過マンガン酸カリウム消費量および中空糸膜の内外表面の親水性基含有高分子量、内表面の顕微ATR、血小板付着数を測定した。血小板付着抑制効果に優れるが、溶出物の溶出が多く見られた。
13 中空糸膜
14A ヘッダー
14B ヘッダー
15A 被処理液注入口
15B 被処理液排出口
16A ノズル(処理液注入口)
16B ノズル(処理液排出口)
17 隔壁
Claims (16)
- 疎水性高分子と親水性基含有高分子を含有する中空糸膜が内蔵された、以下の項目を満たすことを特徴とする中空糸膜モジュール。
(a)前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率が10重量%以下
(b)前記疎水性高分子が窒素を含有せず、前記親水性基含有高分子が窒素を含有し、前記中空糸膜の窒素含有率が0.05重量%以上、0.4重量%以下
(c)前記膜内表面における前記親水性基含有高分子の含有率が20重量%以上、45重量%以下
(d)プライミング終流液10mL中の溶出物に対し、滴定のために用いられる2.0×10-3mol/L過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の消費量が膜面積1m2当たり0.2mL以下 - 前記中空糸膜内表面におけるヒト血小板付着数が20個/(4.3×103μm2)以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子がピロリドン基を含むことを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子がエステル基を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記エステル基がカルボン酸ビニルエステル、アクリル酸エステルおよびメタクリル酸エステルから選ばれる少なくともひとつに由来することを特徴とする請求項4に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子が酢酸ビニルとビニルピロリドンの共重合体であることを特徴とする請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜モジュールに用いられる中空糸膜の製造方法であって、製膜原液として窒素を含有しない疎水性高分子を含む溶液、芯液として窒素を含有する親水基含有高分子を0.01重量%以上、1重量%以下含む溶液を用い、二重管口金から吐出させる工程を含むことを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 製膜原液として窒素を含有しない疎水性高分子を含む溶液、芯液として窒素を含有する親水基含有高分子を0.01重量%以上、1重量%以下含む溶液を用い、二重管口金から吐出させることを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子の親水性基がピロリドン基を含むことを特徴とする請求項8または9に記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子がエステル基を含むことを特徴とする請求項8~10のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 前記エステル基がカルボン酸ビニルエステル、アクリル酸エステルおよびメタクリル酸エステルから選ばれる少なくともひとつに由来することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 前記親水性基含有高分子が酢酸ビニルとビニルピロリドンの共重合体であることを特徴とする請求項10~12のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 前記疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする請求項8~13のいずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 請求項8~14のいずれかに記載の方法で製造された中空糸膜をケースに内蔵することを特徴とする中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法。
- モジュールに内蔵された前記中空糸膜の自重に対する含水率を10重量%以下とした状態で放射線照射することを特徴とする請求項15に記載の中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法。
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015501411A JP6319288B2 (ja) | 2013-02-20 | 2014-02-13 | 中空糸膜モジュール、中空糸膜の製造方法および中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 |
| KR1020157014807A KR102144703B1 (ko) | 2013-02-20 | 2014-02-13 | 중공사막 모듈, 중공사막의 제조 방법 및 중공사막 모듈의 제조 방법 |
| US14/649,679 US20150343394A1 (en) | 2013-02-20 | 2014-02-13 | Hollow fiber membrane module, method for producing hollow fiber membrane, and method for producing hollow fiber membrane module |
| CA2893412A CA2893412C (en) | 2013-02-20 | 2014-02-13 | Hollow-fiber membrane module, method for producing hollow fiber membrane, and method for producing hollow fiber membrane module |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013030776 | 2013-02-20 | ||
| JP2013-030776 | 2013-02-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2014129373A1 true WO2014129373A1 (ja) | 2014-08-28 |
Family
ID=51391168
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2014/053295 Ceased WO2014129373A1 (ja) | 2013-02-20 | 2014-02-13 | 中空糸膜モジュール、中空糸膜の製造方法および中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150343394A1 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP6319288B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR102144703B1 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2893412C (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI613005B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014129373A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106794431A (zh) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-05-31 | 南京理工大学 | 一种超滤膜及其制备方法 |
| EP3141296A4 (en) * | 2014-05-08 | 2018-01-03 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Hollow fiber membrane module and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP2020002505A (ja) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-01-09 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | 構造体 |
| JP2020508869A (ja) * | 2017-02-01 | 2020-03-26 | フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ドイッチェランド ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 生体適合性が改善され、かつ親水性ポリマーの溶出が低減された中空繊維膜 |
| JP2020110638A (ja) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-07-27 | 旭化成メディカル株式会社 | 血液処理用分離膜及びその膜を組み込んだ血液処理器 |
| JPWO2020158451A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-29 | 2020-08-06 |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10143972B2 (en) | 2016-01-22 | 2018-12-04 | Nanjing University Of Science And Technology | Ultrafiltration membrane and a preparation method thereof |
| DE102017204524A1 (de) * | 2017-03-17 | 2018-09-20 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland Gmbh | Hohlfasermembran mit verbesserten Diffusionseigenschaften |
| JP6573650B2 (ja) * | 2017-09-15 | 2019-09-11 | 住友化学株式会社 | ガス分離方法 |
| KR101869069B1 (ko) | 2017-09-30 | 2018-06-20 | 주식회사 부강테크 | 산기모듈 및 이를 이용한 단축질소제거 장치 및 공정 |
| TWI653063B (zh) | 2017-12-18 | 2019-03-11 | 大陸商光寶電子(廣州)有限公司 | 血液透析器及其製造方法 |
| JP7413834B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-18 | 2024-01-16 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜モジュールおよび中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 |
| CN110681269B (zh) * | 2019-11-20 | 2022-04-22 | 宁波建嵘科技有限公司 | 一种两级涂覆异质同步复合膜制备装置 |
| KR102357400B1 (ko) * | 2020-06-24 | 2022-01-27 | 한국화학연구원 | 중공사형 나노 복합막 및 이의 제조방법 |
| CN113154803B (zh) * | 2021-03-09 | 2025-02-28 | 山东威高血液净化制品股份有限公司 | 一种微波热风干燥装置及干燥方法 |
| JP2024541541A (ja) * | 2021-12-02 | 2024-11-08 | ケーエムエックス テクノロジーズ、エルエルシー | 中空繊維膜蒸留モジュール及びプロセス |
| CN114377553B (zh) * | 2022-01-14 | 2024-04-02 | 南宁市生升膜分离技术应用研究所 | 中空纤维超滤膜的制备方法 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002212333A (ja) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-31 | Nikkiso Co Ltd | 抗血栓性多孔質膜及びその製造方法 |
| WO2006016573A1 (ja) * | 2004-08-10 | 2006-02-16 | Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | ポリスルホン系選択透過性中空糸膜モジュール及びその製造方法 |
| WO2009123088A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-08 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜およびその製造方法並びにその分離膜を用いた分離膜モジュール |
| WO2013015046A1 (ja) * | 2011-07-27 | 2013-01-31 | 旭化成メディカル株式会社 | 中空糸膜型血液浄化装置 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4038583B2 (ja) | 1996-12-25 | 2008-01-30 | 旭化成クラレメディカル株式会社 | 中空糸膜の製造方法 |
| WO2002060557A1 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2002-08-08 | Asahi Medical Co., Ltd. | Filter for processing blood and process for producing the same |
| US9067178B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2015-06-30 | Nipro Corporation | Blood purifier package and process for manufacturing the same |
| JP2012115743A (ja) | 2010-11-30 | 2012-06-21 | Toray Ind Inc | 中空糸膜モジュール |
-
2014
- 2014-02-13 KR KR1020157014807A patent/KR102144703B1/ko active Active
- 2014-02-13 JP JP2015501411A patent/JP6319288B2/ja active Active
- 2014-02-13 CA CA2893412A patent/CA2893412C/en active Active
- 2014-02-13 WO PCT/JP2014/053295 patent/WO2014129373A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-02-13 US US14/649,679 patent/US20150343394A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-02-18 TW TW103105270A patent/TWI613005B/zh active
-
2018
- 2018-03-28 JP JP2018061428A patent/JP6465234B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002212333A (ja) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-31 | Nikkiso Co Ltd | 抗血栓性多孔質膜及びその製造方法 |
| WO2006016573A1 (ja) * | 2004-08-10 | 2006-02-16 | Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | ポリスルホン系選択透過性中空糸膜モジュール及びその製造方法 |
| WO2009123088A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-08 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜およびその製造方法並びにその分離膜を用いた分離膜モジュール |
| WO2013015046A1 (ja) * | 2011-07-27 | 2013-01-31 | 旭化成メディカル株式会社 | 中空糸膜型血液浄化装置 |
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3141296A4 (en) * | 2014-05-08 | 2018-01-03 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Hollow fiber membrane module and manufacturing method thereof |
| US10994248B2 (en) | 2014-05-08 | 2021-05-04 | Toray Industries | Hollow fiber membrane module and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN106794431A (zh) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-05-31 | 南京理工大学 | 一种超滤膜及其制备方法 |
| JP2020508869A (ja) * | 2017-02-01 | 2020-03-26 | フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ドイッチェランド ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 生体適合性が改善され、かつ親水性ポリマーの溶出が低減された中空繊維膜 |
| JP2024137948A (ja) * | 2017-02-01 | 2024-10-07 | フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ドイッチェランド ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 生体適合性が改善され、かつ親水性ポリマーの溶出が低減された中空繊維膜 |
| US11872530B2 (en) | 2017-02-01 | 2024-01-16 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland Gmbh | Hollow-fibre membrane with improved biocompatibility and reduced elution of hydrophilic polymers |
| JP7200133B2 (ja) | 2017-02-01 | 2023-01-06 | フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ドイッチェランド ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 生体適合性が改善され、かつ親水性ポリマーの溶出が低減された中空繊維膜 |
| US11484844B2 (en) | 2017-02-01 | 2022-11-01 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland Gmbh | Hollow-fibre membrane with improved biocompatibility and reduced elution of hydrophilic polymers |
| JP7107770B2 (ja) | 2018-06-29 | 2022-07-27 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | 構造体 |
| JP2020002505A (ja) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-01-09 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | 構造体 |
| WO2020158451A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-29 | 2020-08-06 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜モジュール |
| KR20210119410A (ko) | 2019-01-29 | 2021-10-05 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 분리막 모듈 |
| JPWO2020158451A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-29 | 2020-08-06 | ||
| JP6992111B2 (ja) | 2020-03-25 | 2022-01-13 | 旭化成メディカル株式会社 | 血液処理用分離膜及びその膜を組み込んだ血液処理器 |
| JP2020110638A (ja) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-07-27 | 旭化成メディカル株式会社 | 血液処理用分離膜及びその膜を組み込んだ血液処理器 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6319288B2 (ja) | 2018-05-09 |
| JP6465234B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
| TWI613005B (zh) | 2018-02-01 |
| US20150343394A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
| JPWO2014129373A1 (ja) | 2017-02-02 |
| TW201440882A (zh) | 2014-11-01 |
| KR20150123780A (ko) | 2015-11-04 |
| JP2018153638A (ja) | 2018-10-04 |
| CA2893412C (en) | 2021-01-12 |
| CA2893412A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
| KR102144703B1 (ko) | 2020-08-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6465234B2 (ja) | 中空糸膜モジュール、中空糸膜の製造方法および中空糸膜モジュールの製造方法 | |
| JP4888559B2 (ja) | 血液浄化用分離膜および血液浄化用分離膜モジュールならびに血液浄化用中空糸膜および血液浄化用中空糸膜モジュール | |
| TWI683933B (zh) | 中空絲膜模組及其製造方法 | |
| JP5407713B2 (ja) | ポリスルホン系中空糸膜モジュールおよび製造方法 | |
| JP6565187B2 (ja) | 多孔質膜、多孔質膜を内蔵する血液浄化用モジュールおよび多孔質膜の製造方法 | |
| JP6497318B2 (ja) | 血小板浮遊液洗浄用の中空糸膜モジュール | |
| JP5338431B2 (ja) | ポリスルホン系分離膜およびポリスルホン系分離膜モジュールの製造方法 | |
| JP5633277B2 (ja) | 分離膜モジュール | |
| JP6834677B2 (ja) | 吸着カラム | |
| JP6558063B2 (ja) | 中空糸膜モジュールおよびその製造方法 | |
| JP2012115743A (ja) | 中空糸膜モジュール | |
| JP6547518B2 (ja) | 中空糸膜モジュール及びその製造方法 | |
| JP4325903B2 (ja) | 中空糸膜の製造方法 | |
| KR20260015133A (ko) | 다공질 중공사막 및 혈액 정화용 모듈 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 14754447 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015501411 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2893412 Country of ref document: CA |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20157014807 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14649679 Country of ref document: US |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 14754447 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |