WO2014171310A1 - 非水電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014171310A1 WO2014171310A1 PCT/JP2014/059319 JP2014059319W WO2014171310A1 WO 2014171310 A1 WO2014171310 A1 WO 2014171310A1 JP 2014059319 W JP2014059319 W JP 2014059319W WO 2014171310 A1 WO2014171310 A1 WO 2014171310A1
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H01M2300/002—Inorganic electrolyte
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- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Specifically, the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having an operating range of 4.5 V or more. Note that this application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-086347 filed on April 17, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. ing.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium secondary batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries are used as in-vehicle power sources that use electricity as driving sources, or power sources that are installed in personal computers, portable terminals, and other electrical products.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery typified by a lithium secondary battery that is lightweight and has a high energy density is suitable as a high-output power source for mounting on a vehicle such as an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in order to realize desired power generation characteristics, for example, optimization of the configuration of positive and negative electrode active materials and the non-aqueous electrolyte is performed (Patent Document 1). And 2).
- a positive electrode active material having an operating potential higher than 4.3 V on the basis of metallic lithium as a further improvement in high energy density characteristics.
- the use of a positive electrode active material having a higher operating potential can be a very effective means for achieving a high energy density.
- an event occurs in which the organic solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte is oxidatively decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode.
- the maximum potential of the positive electrode is 4.5 V or more based on metallic lithium (hereinafter, the potential based on metallic lithium may be expressed as “vs. Li / Li + ”).
- This can further increase the possibility of oxidative decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte. Accordingly, there is a problem that it is difficult to maintain the battery capacity over a long period of time.
- the present invention relates to an improvement of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a positive electrode having a high operating upper limit potential (4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or higher), and the object thereof is to be used repeatedly at such a high potential. It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of suppressing oxidative decomposition of a non-aqueous electrolyte even when being performed.
- the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the maximum potential of the positive electrode is 4.5 V or more based on metallic lithium.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate, and (C) fluorinated chain carbonate. And the ratio of the (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate which occupies for the sum total of said (A) (B) (C) is characterized by exceeding 10 volume%.
- (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is used in combination with (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate and (C) fluorinated chain carbonate for the non-aqueous organic solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a fluorinated carbonate-based solvent is relatively expensive, and if all of the solvent is composed of fluorinated carbonate, the cost is inevitable.
- a non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is used in combination with a fluorinated carbonate solvent
- a non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of a fluorinated organic solvent can be used by adjusting the ratio to the above range.
- the oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution under the charging condition can be preferably suppressed. As a result, it is possible to secure cycle characteristics and reduce costs.
- the positive electrode includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a spinel structure as a positive electrode active material, and the lithium transition metal composite oxide includes a transition metal element. It contains at least nickel and manganese. Since this positive electrode active material has a high operating potential, a secondary battery constructed using such a positive electrode active material can be charged to a higher potential. Therefore, it can be in a state where the oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution on the positive electrode surface is more likely to occur.
- the effect of the present invention that is, the effect of suppressing the oxidative decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte and realizing high cycle characteristics (for example, the effect of suppressing the battery capacity deterioration) Is particularly preferably expressed.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is a volume ratio of the (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate to the (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate; A: B is in the range of 99: 1 to 50:50.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes the (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, the (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate, and the (C) fluorine.
- the volume ratio to the linear chain carbonate; (A + B): C is in the range of 50:50 to 30:70.
- the (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate includes ethylene carbonate.
- Ethylene carbonate does not increase the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte, and is hardly decomposed on the negative electrode surface even when a carbon-based material is used as the negative electrode active material. Therefore, (A) By including at least ethylene carbonate as the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, the above-described effect can be suitably exhibited even in a battery using a negative electrode active material made of a carbon-based material. From this point of view, in the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the negative electrode may preferably include a carbon-based material as a negative electrode active material.
- the (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate preferably contains fluoroethylene carbonate.
- the (C) fluorinated chain carbonate preferably contains methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate.
- a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate is more preferable, and a mixed solvent composed of these three types of carbonates is more preferable.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein can be suitably adapted to the charging conditions in which the oxidation resistance of the non-aqueous electrolyte is a maximum ultimate potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or more. Has been raised to a certain level. Therefore, the high energy density characteristics can be improved.
- this non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be suitably used as a drive power source for vehicles such as hybrid vehicles (HV), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHV), electric vehicles (EV) and the like. That is, according to the present invention, there is also provided a vehicle equipped with any of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries disclosed herein (which may be in the form of an assembled battery in which a plurality of batteries are connected).
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III in FIG. 2. It is a perspective view which shows typically the state which winds and produces the electrode body which concerns on one Embodiment. It is the figure which showed typically the structure of the apparatus used for evaluation of electrolyte solution. It is the side view which showed typically the vehicle provided with the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which concerns on one Embodiment.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein will be described below by taking a lithium secondary battery as a preferred embodiment as an example.
- the application target of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the lithium secondary battery.
- the “secondary battery” means a general battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and includes a storage battery such as a lithium secondary battery.
- the “non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery” refers to a battery including a non-aqueous electrolyte (typically, an electrolyte containing a supporting salt in a non-aqueous solvent).
- lithium secondary battery refers to a secondary battery that uses lithium ions (Li ions) as electrolyte ions and can be charged and discharged by the movement of charges associated with Li ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
- Li ions lithium ions
- a battery generally called a lithium ion secondary battery is a typical example included in the lithium secondary battery in this specification.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte characteristic of this non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can typically be an electrolyte containing a supporting salt in a suitable non-aqueous solvent.
- the invention disclosed herein is characterized in that the non-aqueous solvent includes the following three types of carbonate-based solvents (A) to (C).
- A) Non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate B
- Fluorinated cyclic carbonate (C) Fluorinated chain carbonate
- non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is a carbonate compound having a carbonate skeleton (O—CO—O) closed in a cyclic structure with a C—C bond in the chemical structure, and fluorine (F ) Can be targeted.
- the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is preferably one having 3 to 8 carbon atoms (more preferably 3 to 6, for example, 3 to 4, typically 3).
- a non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate represented by the following formula (C1) can be preferably used.
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 in the above formula (C1) are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (more preferably 1 to 2, typically 1). And a haloalkyl group containing no fluorine, and a halogen atom other than fluorine (preferably a chlorine atom). That is, the haloalkyl group may be a group having a structure in which one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom other than fluorine (for example, a chlorine atom).
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 may be a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 carbon atom.
- non-fluorinated cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and the like.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- BC butylene carbonate
- Such non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate compounds may be used alone or in a combination of two or more.
- any of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 is used as the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate compound. It is particularly preferable to employ ethylene carbonate (EC) which is a hydrogen atom. More preferably, the ethylene carbonate alone constitutes the above-mentioned non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- 50% by volume or more of the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate typically Is preferably 70% by volume or more, more preferably 80% by volume or more, for example, 90% by volume or more).
- the fluorinated cyclic carbonate one having a chemical structure in which at least R 14 in the formula (C1) is replaced with a fluorine atom (F) can be used.
- a fluorine atom (F) one having 2 to 8 carbon atoms (more preferably 2 to 6, such as 2 to 4, typically 2 or 3) are preferable. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the viscosity of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution may increase or the ionic conductivity may decrease as described above.
- a fluorinated cyclic carbonate represented by the following formula (C2) can be preferably used.
- R 21 , R 22 and R 23 in the formula (C2) are each independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a halogen atom other than fluorine (preferably a chlorine atom), and a carbon atom number of 1 to 4 (more preferably It can be selected from alkyl groups and haloalkyl groups of 1-2, typically 1).
- the haloalkyl group may be a group having a structure in which one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom (for example, a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, preferably a fluorine atom).
- a compound in which one or two of R 21 , R 22 and R 23 are fluorine atoms is preferred.
- a compound in which at least one of R 22 and R 23 is a fluorine atom is preferable.
- R 21 , R 22 and R 23 are all fluorine atoms or hydrogen atoms.
- fluorinated cyclic carbonate examples include difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC) such as monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoroethylene carbonate, tetrafluoroethylene.
- DFEC difluoroethylene carbonate
- FEC monofluoroethylene carbonate
- 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate
- trifluoroethylene carbonate tetrafluoroethylene
- the fluorinated chain carbonate is an acyclic (chain) carbonate compound having a carbonate skeleton (O—CO—O) in its chemical structure, and fluorine (F) as a constituent element. ) Can be targeted.
- a fluorinated chain carbonate represented by the following formula (C3) can be used as the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate.
- At least one (preferably both) of R 31 and R 32 in the formula (C3) is an organic group containing fluorine, for example, a fluorinated alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl ether group, preferably an fluorinated alkyl group.
- R 31 and R 32 may be a fluorinated alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl ether group further substituted with a halogen atom other than fluorine.
- One of R 31 and R 32 may be an organic group not containing fluorine (for example, an alkyl group or an alkyl ether group).
- Each of R 31 and R 32 is preferably an organic group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (more preferably 1 to 4, for example 1 to 3, typically 1 or 2). When there are too many carbon atoms, the viscosity of a non-aqueous electrolyte may become high, or ion conductivity may fall. For the same reason, usually, it is preferable that at least one of R 31 and R 32 is a straight, more preferably R 31 and R 32 are both linear. For example, it is preferable to employ a fluorinated chain carbonate in which R 31 and R 32 are both fluorinated alkyl groups and the total number of carbon atoms thereof is 1 or 2.
- fluorinated chain carbonate represented by the formula (C3) include, for example, fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate, trifluoromethyl methyl carbonate, fluoromethyl difluoromethyl carbonate, and bis (fluoromethyl) carbonate.
- the total amount of the carbonates (A) to (C) above is typically out of the total amount of the non-aqueous solvent (hereinafter also simply referred to as “mixed solvent”) obtained by removing the supporting salt from the non-aqueous electrolyte. It is preferably 90% by volume or more (preferably 95% by volume or more, typically substantially 100% by volume). That is, when non-fluorinated chain carbonates typified by dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and the like are included, the proportion in the mixed solvent is 10% by volume or less, Preferably, for example, it may be an embodiment containing no non-fluorinated chain carbonate.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- the proportion in the mixed solvent is 10% by volume or less, Preferably, for example, it may be an embodiment containing no non-fluorinated chain carbonate.
- the technique disclosed herein is characterized in that the proportion of the non-fluorinated carbonate (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate in the carbonates (A) to (C) exceeds 10% by volume. Yes.
- the ratio of the (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is preferably 11% by volume or more, for example, 12% by volume or more with respect to the total of (A) to (C).
- the amount of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate takes into account, for example, the balance with the amount of (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate. By doing so, it can adjust more suitably.
- the ratio between the cyclic carbonate (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate and (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate is expressed as A: B Is preferably in the range of 99: 1 to 50:50.
- the proportion of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is 99% by volume to 50% by volume
- the proportion of (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate is 1% by volume to 50% by volume.
- the ratio of the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is half or more. According to this configuration, the oxidation resistance can be greatly improved. Surprisingly, for example, the oxidation resistance can be improved as compared with the case where the total amount of the mixed solvent is composed of fluorinated carbonate.
- the volume ratio A: B of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate to (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate is preferably in the range of 80:20 to 50:50 (more preferably 75:25 to 50:50). .
- the proportion of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate in the cyclic carbonate exceeds 80% by volume, the freezing point of the non-aqueous electrolyte becomes too low based on the physical properties of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, for example, low temperature (typical In this case, the non-aqueous electrolyte may be solidified at about 0 ° C. or less, for example, about ⁇ 30 ° C. or less.
- the volume ratio A: B is more preferably in the range of 70:30 to 50:50, for example, 67:33 to 50:50. Such a configuration is preferable because the oxidation resistance of the electrolytic solution is greatly improved and a battery having a high capacity retention rate can be constructed.
- (A + B): C is preferably in the range of 50:50 to 30:70. It is preferable that the ratio of the fluorinated chain carbonate in the entire mixed solvent is 50% by volume or more because sufficient oxidation resistance can be obtained. However, if the ratio of the fluorinated chain carbonate exceeds 70% by volume, it is not preferable because it may be difficult to sufficiently dissolve the electrolyte serving as the charge carrier in the mixed solvent.
- (A + B): C is preferably in the range of 50:50 to 35:65, more preferably in the range of 50:50 to 40:60.
- the supporting salt examples include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiI. 1 type, or 2 or more types of lithium compounds (lithium salt), such as these, can be used.
- the concentration of the supporting salt is not particularly limited, but is about 0.1 mol / L to 5 mol / L (for example, 0.5 mol / L to 3 mol / L, typically 0.8 mol / L to 1.5 mol / L). Concentration.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain an optional additive as necessary as long as the object of the present invention is not significantly impaired.
- the additive may be used for the purpose of, for example, improving the output performance of the battery, improving the storage stability (suppressing the decrease in capacity during storage, etc.), improving the cycle characteristics, and improving the initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- preferable additives include fluorophosphate (preferably difluorophosphate, for example, lithium difluorophosphate represented by LiPO 2 F 2 ), lithium bisoxalate borate (LiBOB), and the like.
- additives such as cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl that can be used as a countermeasure against overcharge may be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte configured as described above preferably exhibits an oxidation potential equal to or higher than the operating potential (maximum ultimate potential) (vs. Li / Li + ) of the positive electrode active material.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte has, for example, a difference from the highest ultimate potential (vs.
- Li / Li + of the positive electrode active material greater than 0 V (typically about 0.1 V to 3.0 V, preferably About 0.2V to 2.0V, for example, about 0.3V to 1.0V), the difference is about 0V to 0.3V, the difference is 0.3V or more (typically 0.3V to 3V)
- a voltage of about 0.0 V, preferably about 0.3 V to 2.0 V, for example, about 0.3 V to 1.5 V can be preferably used.
- the oxidation potential (vs. Li / Li + ) of the electrolytic solution can be measured by the following method.
- a working electrode (WE) is manufactured using LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 in the same manner as the positive electrode of the example described later.
- a tripolar cell is constructed using the produced WE, metallic lithium as a counter electrode (CE), metallic lithium as a reference electrode (RE), and an electrolyte to be measured.
- the triode cell is completely desorbed from WE. Specifically, at a temperature of 25 ° C., constant current charging is performed up to 4.5 V at a current value that is 1/5 of the battery capacity (Ah) predicted from the theoretical capacity of the WE, and the current value at 4.5 V is the initial current.
- the constant voltage charging is performed until it becomes 1/50 of the value (that is, the current value of 1/5 of the battery capacity).
- constant voltage charging for a predetermined time for example, 10 hours is performed at an arbitrary voltage in a voltage range (typically a voltage range higher than 4.5 V) that is predicted to include the oxidation potential of the electrolyte to be measured. And measure the current value. More specifically, the voltage is increased stepwise (for example, in steps of 0.2 V) within the above voltage range, and constant voltage charging is performed for a predetermined time (for example, about 10 hours) at each step. Measure the current value. What is necessary is just to let the electric potential when the electric current value at the time of constant voltage charge becomes larger than 0.1 mA be the oxidation potential (oxidation decomposition potential) of the said electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode has a maximum ultimate potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or more.
- Such maximum ultimate potential can be typically realized by appropriately selecting the positive electrode active material.
- an operating potential (vs. Li / Li + ) in at least a part of SOC (State of Charge) 0% to 100% is a general lithium secondary battery (the upper limit of the operating potential is A positive electrode active material having a maximum ultimate potential (upper limit of operating potential) of 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or higher can be preferably used.
- a lithium secondary battery in which the positive electrode operates at a high potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or higher can be realized.
- the operating upper limit potential (vs. Li / Li + ) of the positive electrode active material is preferably 4.6 V or higher, and typically 4.7 V or higher, for example, 5.0 V or higher.
- the upper limit of the operating potential (vs. Li / Li + ) is not particularly limited, but specifically, it can be 5.5 V or less, for example, about 5.3 V or less.
- the value measured as follows can be employ
- WE working electrode
- CE counter electrode
- RE metallic lithium as a reference electrode
- EC ethylene carbonate
- the SOC can be adjusted, for example, by performing constant current charging between WE and CE using a general charging / discharging device or a potentiostat. Then, the potential between WE and RE after the cells adjusted to the respective SOC values are left for 1 hour is measured, and the potential is determined based on the operating potential (vs. Li / Li + ) of the positive electrode active material at the SOC value. And it is sufficient.
- the operating potential of the positive electrode active material is the highest between SOC 0% and 100% in a range including SOC 100%. Therefore, the operating potential of the positive electrode active material is normally 100% SOC (that is, fully charged).
- the upper limit (typically, whether it is 4.5 V or higher) of the working potential of the positive electrode active material can be grasped.
- the working potential (upper working potential) of the positive electrode active material at 100% SOC is more preferably higher than 4.4 V, 4.5 V or higher, for example 4.6 V or higher, typically 4 More preferably, it is 7 V or more.
- the technique disclosed here typically has a positive electrode active material operating potential (operating upper limit potential) (vs. Li / Li + ) at 100% SOC of 7.0 V or lower, typically 6.0 V or lower, For example, it is preferably applied to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a voltage of 5.5 V or less.
- the positive electrode active material for example, one or more of various materials known to be usable as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery can be used without particular limitation.
- the positive electrode active material can typically be in the form of particles having an average particle size of about 0.5 to 20 ⁇ m (eg, 2 to 10 ⁇ m).
- the “average particle diameter” means a median diameter (D 50 ) in a volume-based particle size distribution obtained by a general laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device unless otherwise specified.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide or the like can be used.
- the spinel structure lithium transition metal composite oxide examples include a spinel structure lithium manganese composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn) as a transition metal. More specifically, a lithium manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure represented by a general formula: Li p Mn 2 -q M q O 4 + ⁇ can be given. Where p is 0.9 ⁇ p ⁇ 1.2; q is 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 2, typically 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 1 (eg 0.2 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.6). ; ⁇ is a value determined so as to satisfy the charge neutrality condition with ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.2.
- M may be one or more selected from any metal element or nonmetal element other than Mn. More specifically, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, Fe, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, It can be Sn, La, Ce or the like. Especially, at least 1 sort (s) of transition metal elements, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, can be employ
- the positive electrode active material having such a composition mainly uses Mn, which is an abundant and inexpensive metal resource, it is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing raw material costs and raw material supply risks.
- a positive electrode active material containing Mn for example, a lithium manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure
- the technique disclosed here can be preferably applied.
- a compound (lithium nickel manganese composite oxide) in which M in the above general formula contains at least Ni can be given. More specifically, the general formula: Li x lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide of (Ni y Mn 2-y- z M 1 z) spinel structure represented by O 4 + beta and the like.
- M 1 may be any transition metal element or typical metal element other than Ni and Mn (for example, one or more selected from Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Al). Although it is not essential, M 1 may preferably include at least one of trivalent Fe and Co. Alternatively, it may be a metalloid element (for example, one or more selected from B, Si and Ge) and a nonmetallic element.
- x is 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2; y is 0 ⁇ y; z is 0 ⁇ z; y + z ⁇ 2 (typically y + z ⁇ 1); ⁇ can be the same as ⁇ described above.
- y is 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.0 (more preferably 0.4 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, such as 0.45 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.55); z is 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.0 (for example, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.3).
- Specific examples of such lithium nickel manganese composite oxide include LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 and the like.
- the potential can be increased to 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or higher, and a 5 V-class lithium secondary battery can be realized.
- the compound which has said composition is also excellent in durability.
- the positive electrode active material (oxide) has a spinel structure can be determined by X-ray structural analysis (preferably single crystal X-ray structural analysis). More specifically, it can be confirmed by measurement using an X-ray diffractometer (for example, “single crystal automatic X-ray structure analyzer” manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) using CuK ⁇ rays (wavelength: 0.154051 nm).
- Such a lithium manganese composite oxide can be prepared and prepared by a conventionally known method.
- a raw material compound selected according to the target composition for example, a lithium source and a transition metal element source containing nickel and manganese
- the target composition for example, a lithium source and a transition metal element source containing nickel and manganese
- the target composition for example, a lithium source and a transition metal element source containing nickel and manganese
- the target composition for example, a lithium source and a transition metal element source containing nickel and manganese
- the positive electrode active material may be the following compound.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide typically represented by a general formula LiMO 2 and having a layered structure.
- M includes at least one transition metal element such as Ni, Co, and Mn, and may further include another metal element or a non-metal element. Specific examples include LiNiO 2 and LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 .
- M includes at least one transition metal element such as Mn, Fe, and Co, and may further include another metal element or a nonmetal element. Specific examples include Li 2 MnO 3 and Li 2 PtO 3 .
- M includes at least one transition metal element such as Mn, Fe, Ni, and Co, and may further include another metal element or a nonmetal element.
- Specific examples include LiMnPO 4 and LiFePO 4 .
- M includes at least one transition metal element such as Mn, Ni, and Co, and may further include another metal element or a non-metal element.
- Specific examples include LiMnPO 4 F.
- (5) a solid solution of LiMO 2 and Li 2 MO 3.
- LiMO 2 refers to the composition represented by the general formula described in (1) above
- Li 2 MO 3 refers to the composition represented by the general formula described in (2) above.
- a specific example is a solid solution represented by 0.5LiNiMnCoO 2 -0.5Li 2 MnO 3 .
- the positive electrode active material can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the positive electrode active material is 50% by mass or more (typically 50% by mass) of the above-mentioned spinel structure lithium manganese composite oxide (preferably lithium nickel manganese composite oxide) in the total positive electrode active material used.
- the positive electrode active material is 50% by mass or more (typically 50% by mass) of the above-mentioned spinel structure lithium manganese composite oxide (preferably lithium nickel manganese composite oxide) in the total positive electrode active material used.
- a proportion of ⁇ 100% by mass for example, 70% by mass to 100% by mass, preferably 80% by mass to 100% by mass. It is more preferably made of a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide).
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide (layered compound) having a layered structure described above has a high potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li / Li + ) or more, the crystal structure collapses, and the transition metal (for example, Mn) constituting the compound is electrolyzed. There is a tendency to elute gradually in the liquid. Therefore, when charging and discharging are repeated, the battery capacity gradually decreases, and the durability may be deteriorated.
- the positive electrode active material may be substantially free of a layered compound. More specifically, the ratio of the layered compound to the total positive electrode active material is 5% by mass or less, typically 2% by mass or less, preferably 1% by mass or less (more preferably 0.1% by mass or less). Preferably there is.
- the above positive electrode active material is combined with a conductive material as required by a binder to form a positive electrode active material layer on the surface of the positive electrode current collector of the lithium secondary battery.
- a conductive member made of a metal having good conductivity, such as aluminum or an alloy containing aluminum as a main component is preferably used.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector can be different depending on the shape of the battery and is not particularly limited, and may be various forms such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, 8 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer may contain additives such as a conductive material and a binder (binder) in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- various carbon materials can be preferably used. More specifically, for example, one or more selected from carbon materials such as various carbon blacks, cokes, activated carbon, graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite), carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphene, etc. possible.
- carbon black typically acetylene black
- metal powders such as copper and nickel and organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used. These can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- Bind materials include various polymer materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer is formed using an aqueous composition (a composition using water or a mixed solvent containing water as a main component as a dispersion medium for active material particles), it is water-soluble or water-dispersible.
- aqueous composition a composition using water or a mixed solvent containing water as a main component as a dispersion medium for active material particles
- these polymer materials can be preferably employed as the binder.
- water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer materials include cellulose polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); vinyl acetate polymers; styrene butadiene rubber Rubbers such as (SBR) and acrylic acid-modified SBR resin (SBR latex);
- cellulose polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); vinyl acetate polymers; styrene butadiene rubber Rubbers such as (SBR) and acrylic acid-modified SBR resin (SBR latex);
- a positive electrode active material layer is formed using a solvent-based composition (a composition in which the dispersion medium of active material particles is mainly an organic solvent), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC)
- Such a binder may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polymer material exemplified above may be used as a thickener and other additives in the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer, in addition to being used as a binder.
- the method for producing the positive electrode is not particularly limited, and a conventional method can be appropriately employed. For example, it can be produced by the following method.
- a composition is prepared.
- the mixing operation can be performed using, for example, a suitable kneader (a planetary mixer or the like).
- a solvent used for preparing the composition both an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- the aqueous solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is water-based as a whole, and water or a mixed solvent mainly composed of water can be preferably used.
- Preferable examples of the non-aqueous solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), methyl ethyl ketone, toluene and the like.
- the composition thus prepared is applied to the positive electrode current collector, and the solvent is evaporated by drying, followed by compression (pressing).
- a technique similar to a conventionally known method can be appropriately employed.
- the composition can be suitably applied to the positive electrode current collector by using an appropriate application device such as a die coater.
- drying a solvent it can be satisfactorily dried by using natural drying, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum, infrared rays, far-infrared rays and an electron beam alone or in combination.
- a conventionally known compression method such as a roll press method or a flat plate press method can be employed.
- the thickness may be measured with a film thickness measuring instrument, and the press pressure may be adjusted to compress the film a plurality of times until a desired thickness is obtained. In this way, a positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer is formed on the positive electrode current collector is obtained.
- the proportion of the positive electrode active material in the entire positive electrode active material layer is suitably about 50% by mass or more (typically 50% to 95% by mass), and usually about 70% to 95% by mass. It is preferable that The proportion of the conductive material in the positive electrode active material layer can be sold, for example, as about 0.1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, and usually about 1 to 15 parts by mass ( For example, it is preferably 2 to 10 parts by mass, typically 3 to 7 parts by mass.
- the proportion of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer can be, for example, about 0.5 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, and usually about 1 to 8 parts by mass (for example, 2 to 7 parts by mass, typically 2 to 5 parts by mass).
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is, for example, 20 ⁇ m or more (typically 50 ⁇ m or more), and can be 200 ⁇ m or less (typically 100 ⁇ m or less).
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1.5 g / cm 3 or more (typically 2 g / cm 3 or more) and 4.5 g / cm 3 or less (typically 4 .2 g / cm 3 or less).
- the positive electrode active material layer satisfying the above range can achieve high battery performance (for example, high energy density and output density).
- the negative electrode active material is combined with a conductive material as necessary with a binder and fixed to the surface of the negative electrode current collector, thereby constituting a negative electrode active material layer.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector can be different depending on the shape of the battery and is not particularly limited, and may be various forms such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, about 8 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing Li ions serving as charge carriers.
- a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing Li ions serving as charge carriers.
- the 1 type (s) or 2 or more types of the material conventionally used for a lithium secondary battery can be used.
- the negative electrode active material can typically be in the form of particles having an average particle size of about 1 to 20 ⁇ m (eg, 4 to 10 ⁇ m). Examples of such a negative electrode active material include carbon materials that are generally used in lithium secondary batteries. Representative examples of the carbon material include graphite carbon (graphite) and amorphous carbon.
- a particulate carbon material (carbon particles) containing a graphite structure (layered structure) at least partially is preferably used.
- a carbon material mainly composed of natural graphite is preferred.
- the natural graphite may be a spheroidized graphite.
- a carbonaceous powder having a graphite surface coated with amorphous carbon may be used.
- oxides such as lithium titanate, simple substances such as silicon materials and tin materials, alloys, compounds, and composite materials using the above materials in combination.
- Li / Li + of about 0.5 V or less (for example, 0.2 V or less, typically 0.1 V or less).
- the negative electrode active material having the reduction potential By using the negative electrode active material having the reduction potential, a high energy density can be realized. Examples of the material that can be at such a low potential include graphite-based carbon materials (typically graphite particles).
- the binder various polymer materials that can be contained in the positive electrode active material layer can be preferably used.
- it can be a polymeric material that dissolves or disperses in an aqueous or solvent-based composition.
- a binder is used as a thickener or other additive for a paste-like (ink-like or slurry-like) composition used for forming a negative electrode active material layer in addition to being used as a binder. It can be done.
- the method for producing the negative electrode is not particularly limited, and a conventional method can be adopted.
- a negative electrode active material is mixed with a binder or the like in the appropriate solvent (aqueous solvent, organic solvent or mixed solvent thereof) to prepare a paste-form or slurry-form composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer.
- the composition prepared in this manner is applied to the negative electrode current collector, the solvent is volatilized by drying, and then compressed (pressed).
- a negative electrode active material layer can be formed on a negative electrode current collector using the composition, and a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material layer can be obtained.
- the mixing, coating, drying, and compression methods can employ the same means as in the above-described production of the positive electrode.
- the proportion of the negative electrode active material in the entire negative electrode active material layer is suitably about 50% by mass or more, and preferably 90% by mass to 99% by mass (eg, 95% by mass to 99% by mass).
- the proportion of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer can be, for example, 1 part by mass to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material, and usually about 1 part by mass to 5 parts by mass. It is appropriate to use parts by mass.
- the thickness and density of the negative electrode active material layer can be adjusted by appropriately pressing the negative electrode.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer after the press treatment is, for example, 20 ⁇ m or more (typically 50 ⁇ m or more), and can be 200 ⁇ m or less (typically 100 ⁇ m or less).
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.8 g / cm 3 or more (typically 1.0 g / cm 3 or more) and 1.6 g / cm 3 or less (typically Can be 1.5 g / cm 3 or less, for example, 1.4 g / cm 3 or less.
- the separator (separator sheet) disposed so as to separate the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be a member that insulates the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer and allows the electrolyte to move.
- a separator the thing similar to the sheet
- Examples of such a member include a porous body, a nonwoven fabric, and a cloth.
- the porous sheet (porous resin sheet) which consists of resin can be used preferably.
- the porous resin sheet include a sheet mainly composed of a thermoplastic resin such as polyolefin (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), etc.), polyester or polyamide.
- a sheet having a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure mainly composed of one or more kinds of polyolefin-based resins can be given.
- a PE sheet, a PP sheet, a sheet having a three-layer structure (PP / PE / PP structure) in which a PP layer is laminated on both sides of the PE layer can be suitably used.
- the PE may be any polyethylene generally referred to as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or linear (linear) low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), or a mixture thereof. May be.
- the said separator can also contain additives, such as various plasticizers and antioxidant, as needed.
- a resin sheet constituting a separator having a single layer structure or a multilayer structure for example, a uniaxially stretched or biaxially stretched porous resin sheet can be suitably used.
- a porous resin sheet uniaxially stretched in the longitudinal direction is particularly preferable because it has an appropriate strength and has little heat shrinkage in the width direction.
- thermal contraction in the longitudinal direction can be suppressed in a mode in which the separator is wound together with a long sheet-like positive electrode and negative electrode. Therefore, the porous resin sheet uniaxially stretched in the longitudinal direction is particularly suitable as one element of the separator constituting the wound electrode body.
- the thickness of the separator is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 5 to 40 ⁇ m (for example, 10 to 30 ⁇ m, typically 15 to 25 ⁇ m). When the thickness of the separator is within the above range, the ion permeability of the separator becomes better and film breakage is less likely to occur.
- the separator may be formed with a heat resistant layer.
- a solid (gel-like) electrolyte in which a polymer is added to the electrolyte for example, instead of a liquid electrolyte, the electrolyte itself can function as a separator, so that a separator is not necessary. There can be.
- the lithium secondary battery 100 includes a rectangular box-shaped battery case 10 and a wound electrode body 20 accommodated in the battery case 10.
- the battery case 10 has an opening 12 on the upper surface. The opening 12 is sealed by the lid 14 after the wound electrode body 20 is accommodated in the battery case 10 from the opening 12.
- the battery case 10 also contains a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the lid body 14 is provided with an external positive terminal 38 and an external negative terminal 48 for external connection, and a part of the terminals 38 and 48 protrudes to the surface side of the lid body 14.
- a part of the external positive terminal 38 is connected to the internal positive terminal 37 inside the battery case 10, and a part of the external negative terminal 48 is connected to the internal negative terminal 47 inside the battery case 10.
- the wound electrode body 20 includes a long sheet-like positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) 30 and a long sheet-like negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) 40.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 includes a long positive electrode current collector 32 and a positive electrode active material layer 34 formed on at least one surface (typically both surfaces) thereof.
- the negative electrode sheet 40 includes a long negative electrode current collector 42 and a negative electrode active material layer 44 formed on at least one surface (typically both surfaces) thereof.
- the wound electrode body 20 also includes two long sheet-like separators (separator sheets) 50.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 40 are laminated in a state of being insulated from each other via two separator sheets 50.
- the positive electrode sheet 30, the separator sheet 50, the negative electrode sheet 40, and the separator are stacked from the upper side in FIG.
- the sheets 50 are stacked in this order.
- the laminated body is formed into a wound body by being wound in the longitudinal direction, and is further formed into a flat shape by crushing and ablating the wound body from the side surface direction.
- the electrode body is not limited to the wound electrode body 20.
- a stacked electrode body in which a positive electrode sheet 30, a negative electrode sheet 40, and a separator sheet 50 having a predetermined shape are stacked to form an electrode body may be used. Further, other appropriate shapes and configurations can be appropriately employed depending on the shape of the battery and the purpose of use.
- a portion where the positive electrode current collector 32 is exposed without forming the positive electrode active material layer 34 (positive electrode active material layer non-forming portion) is provided at one end of the positive electrode sheet 30 in the width direction.
- a portion where the negative electrode current collector 42 is exposed without forming the negative electrode active material layer 44 (negative electrode active material layer non-forming portion) is provided at one end in the width direction of the negative electrode sheet 40.
- the positive electrode active material layer non-formation part and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation part are laminated so that each other protrudes from the opposite end in the width direction (direction orthogonal to the winding direction) of the wound electrode body 20. Has been.
- the negative electrode active material layer 44 is formed wider than the positive electrode active material layer 34 so as to cover the positive electrode active material layer 34 in the width direction.
- the separator sheet 50 has a width that is larger than the width of the laminated portion of the positive electrode active material layer 34 and the negative electrode active material layer 44 and smaller than the width of the wound electrode body 20.
- the positive electrode capacity (C c (mAh)) calculated by the product of the theoretical capacity (mAh / g) per unit mass of the positive electrode active material and the mass (g) of the positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode capacity (C a (mAh)) calculated by the product of the theoretical capacity per unit mass of the negative electrode active material (mAh / g) and the mass of the negative electrode active material (g) (C a / C c ) is usually suitably 1.0 to 2.0, for example, and preferably 1.2 to 1.9 (eg 1.7 to 1.9).
- the ratio of the positive electrode capacity and the negative electrode capacity facing each other directly affects the battery capacity (or irreversible capacity) and the energy density, and lithium is likely to be precipitated depending on the use conditions of the battery (for example, rapid charging).
- the capacity ratio of the opposing positive and negative electrodes in the above range, it is possible to favorably suppress lithium deposition while maintaining good battery characteristics such as battery capacity and energy density.
- the battery 100 can be constructed by accommodating the wound electrode body 20 prepared as described above and the non-aqueous electrolyte in the battery case 10. Typically, after the wound electrode body 20 is accommodated in the battery case 10 and sealed, a non-aqueous electrolyte is injected from a liquid injection hole or the like provided in the battery case 10 and the injection hole is sealed. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 100 can be obtained.
- the lithium secondary battery constructed in this way is provided as one that can realize a high energy density because the maximum potential of the positive electrode is 4.5 V or more. Furthermore, even when the non-aqueous electrolyte is exposed to such a high potential positive electrode, it can hardly be oxidized and decomposed, and can stably have excellent cycle characteristics. Therefore, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the secondary battery is mounted on a vehicle 1 such as an automobile and can be suitably used as a power source for a drive source such as a motor that drives the vehicle 1.
- the present invention provides a vehicle (typically an automobile, particularly a hybrid automobile (HV), a plug-in hybrid) including the lithium secondary battery (typically, a plurality of series-connected batteries) 100 as a power source.
- a vehicle typically an automobile, particularly a hybrid automobile (HV), a plug-in hybrid
- the lithium secondary battery typically, a plurality of series-connected batteries
- a vehicle (PHV), an electric vehicle (EV), a vehicle equipped with an electric motor such as a fuel cell vehicle) 1 can be provided.
- non-aqueous electrolytes a to k were prepared by dissolving about 1 mol / L of LiPF 6 as a supporting salt in nine mixed solvents a to k shown in Table 1 below.
- the mixed solvents represented by the compositions a to k are (A) ethylene carbonate (EC) as non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, (B) fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as fluorinated cyclic carbonate, and (C) fluorinated.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution that was allowed to stand for 2 hours or more in an environment of 60 ° C. was poured into the electrolytic solution container 64 of the triode cell 60.
- the working electrode 61, the counter electrode 62, and the reference electrode 63 were immersed in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution in a separated state.
- the working electrode 61 is a positive electrode plate containing lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) as an active material having a spinel structure
- the counter electrode 62 is a negative electrode plate having graphite as an active material.
- metallic lithium was used as the reference electrode 63.
- the working electrode 61, the counter electrode 62, and the reference electrode 63 were electrically connected to the working electrode terminal 71, the counter electrode terminal 72, and the reference electrode terminal 73 of the potentiostat 70, respectively.
- lithium ions were completely desorbed beforehand from the positive electrode active material of the working electrode 61 housed in the electrolyte container 64. Since LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , which is a high potential positive electrode material, is used as the positive electrode active material, it works by applying a voltage between the working electrode 61 and the counter electrode 62 in an environment of 60 ° C.
- the potential of the electrode 61 (working electrode potential E1) was set to 5.0 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and lithium ions were completely desorbed from the positive electrode active material. Thereafter, the potential (E1) of the working electrode 61 was maintained at 5.0 V for 72 hours under an environment of 60 ° C.
- the leakage current amount (mA) was measured for each non-aqueous electrolyte after maintaining a 5.0 V charged state for 72 hours in an environment of 60 ° C. As described above, when the working electrode potential E1 of the working electrode 61 is increased at a high temperature, a current (oxidative decomposition current) flows between the working electrode 61 and the counter electrode 62 when oxidative decomposition occurs in the electrolytic solution. The measurement results of leakage current are also shown in Table 1.
- the composition region of b to c contains (A) non-fluorinated carbonate, which is oxidation resistant.
- the amount of (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate is reduced and (A) the amount of non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is increased in the composition region of c to f, contrary to expectations from the results of a and b. It was confirmed that the oxidation resistance tends to improve. However, it was also found that the effect stopped increasing until about composition f, and that oxidation resistance decreased again as the amount of (A) non-fluorinated carbonate increased to composition k.
- this composition region is determined by comparing the composition d, g, i, in which the ratio of (A) non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate (EC) and (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate (FEC) is equal, with the composition b.
- the non-fluorinated carbonate was contained, the amount of leakage current was smaller and the oxidation resistance was higher than in the case of the composition b composed of 100% fluorinated carbonate. If the whole is confirmed, when the mixed solvent of composition area
- Non-aqueous electrolytes l and m Preparation of non-aqueous electrolytes l and m
- Table 2 As shown in Table 2 below, about 1 mol / L as a supporting salt was added to a mixed solvent of compositions l and m in which the ratio of (B) fluorinated cyclic carbonate and (C) fluorinated chain carbonate was changed.
- Non-aqueous electrolytes 1 and m were prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 . And about this non-aqueous electrolyte l and m, the electrical conductivity in a 25 degreeC environment was measured, and it showed in Table 2. For reference, the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte b prepared above was also measured and is shown in Table 2.
- a general-purpose conductivity measuring device was used for the conductivity measurement.
- ⁇ Embodiment 2> [Preparation of positive electrode sheet] Using a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure (LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black (AB) as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder Were mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) so that the mass ratio of these materials was 87: 10: 3 to prepare a paste-like composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- This composition was uniformly applied to both surfaces of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector: thickness 15 ⁇ m) so that the total adhesion amount was 30 mg / cm 2 (based on solid content), dried, and then rolled.
- the sheet-like positive electrode was produced by performing the compression process by.
- a natural graphite material having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m, a lattice constant (Co) in the crystal structure of 0.67 nm, and a crystal thickness (Lc) in the C-axis direction of 27 nm was prepared.
- the negative electrode active material, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener are ion-exchanged water so that the mass ratio of these materials is 98: 1: 1.
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- This composition was uniformly applied to both sides of a copper foil (negative electrode current collector: thickness 14 ⁇ m) so that the total adhesion amount was 17 mg / cm 2 (based on solid content), dried, and then rolled.
- the sheet-like negative electrode was produced by performing the compression process by.
- the coating amount of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is adjusted so that the theoretical capacity ratio (Cp: Cn) of the constructed lithium secondary battery is 1: 1.5. Further, the positive electrode and the negative electrode were adjusted and cut out so that the design capacity of the battery was 60 mAh and the tab (exposed portion of the current collector) was provided.
- the electrode body was formed by making the positive electrode and negative electrode which were cut out as mentioned above face each other via a separator.
- a separator a three-layer separator sheet (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) made of PP / PE / PP was used.
- a lead with a seal was attached to the tab of each electrode.
- the electrode body configured in this way was accommodated in a bag (bag) made of a laminate film, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution was injected into the bag.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte the non-aqueous electrolytes a to f and i to k prepared in the first embodiment were used.
- a bag made of a laminate film containing the electrode body and non-aqueous electrolyte is sealed (sealed) by applying heat to the opening while sandwiching the seal part attached to the lead while vacuuming the interior. Laminated batteries 1 to 9 were obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention using a non-aqueous electrolyte composed of a mixed solvent having compositions d to f, i, and j has excellent cycle characteristics even under a high temperature condition of 60 ° C. (Capacity maintenance ratio) was confirmed.
- Capacity maintenance ratio Capacity maintenance ratio
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Abstract
Description
なお、本出願は2013年4月17日に出願された日本国特許出願2013-086347号に基づく優先権を主張しており、当該日本国出願の全内容は本明細書中に参照として援用されている。
正極の最大到達電位が4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上となる非水電解液二次電池においては、正極の表面で電気化学反応のみならず、非水電解液の酸化分解という副反応が起こりやすくなり、電池のサイクル特性が低下してしまうことが知られている。そこで、耐酸化性を有するフッ素系の有機溶媒を非水電解液の溶媒として用いることで、かかる副反応を効果的に抑制し得ることが知られてもいる。かかるフッ素系溶媒の量は、多ければ多いほど、電圧を上げても電解液の分解を抑えることができ、高電圧化が可能とされている。
この正極活物質は作動電位が高いため、かかる正極活物質を用いて構築される二次電池は、より高電位までの充電が可能となる。そのため、正極表面での非水電解液の酸化分解がより起こりやすい状態となり得る。このような正極活物質を用いる電池構成において、本発明の効果、すなわち非水電解液の酸化分解を抑制して高いサイクル特性を実現し得るという効果(例えば、電池容量の劣化を抑制する効果)が特に好適に発現される。
かかる構成とすることで、非水電解液の溶媒の全てをフッ素化カーボネートで構成した場合と比較しても、正極表面で非水電解液がより一層酸化分解され難くなる。すなわち、最大到達電位が4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上の高電位で作動させる場合であっても、非水電解液の耐酸化性が高められているためにサイクル特性により優れた電池が提供される。
かかる構成とすることで、非水電解液における電解質の不溶の問題を生じることなく、非水電解液の導電率特性等を改善することができ、内部抵抗の少ない電池が提供される。
また、かかる観点から、ここに開示される非水電解液二次電池において、上記負極は、負極活物質として炭素系材料を含んでいることが好ましい態様であり得る。
[非水電解液]
この非水電解液二次電池に特徴的な非水電解液は、典型的には、適切な非水系溶媒に支持塩を含有させた電解液であり得る。そしてここに開示される発明においては、この非水系溶媒として、以下の(A)~(C)に示す3つの種類のカーボネート系の溶媒を含むことを特徴としている。
(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネート
(B)フッ素化環状カーボネート
(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネート
また、上記の非水電解質二次電池において、正極は最大到達電位が4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上であることを特徴としている。かかる最大到達電位は、典型的には、正極活物質を適切に選択することで実現することができる。具体的には、SOC(State of Charge;充電状態)0%~100%のうち少なくとも一部範囲における作動電位(vs.Li/Li+)が一般的なリチウム二次電池(作動電位の上限が4.2V程度)よりも高く、最高到達電位(作動電位の上限)が4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上の正極活物質を好ましく使用することができる。このような正極活物質を用いることにより、正極が4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上の高い電位で作動するリチウム二次電池を実現することができる。正極活物質の作動上限電位(vs.Li/Li+)は、4.6V以上であることが好ましく、典型的には4.7V以上、例えば5.0V以上とすることができる。上記作動電位(vs.Li/Li+)の上限は特に限定されないが、具体的には、5.5V以下、例えば、5.3V以下程度を考慮することができる。
また、xは、0.9≦x≦1.2であり;yは、0<yであり;zは、0≦zであり;y+z<2(典型的にはy+z≦1)であり;βは上記αと同様であり得る。好ましい一態様では、yは、0.2≦y≦1.0(より好ましくは0.4≦y≦0.6、例えば0.45≦y≦0.55)であり;zは、0≦z<1.0(例えば0≦z≦0.3)である。
このようなリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物の具体的な例としては、LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4等が例示される。このような組成を有することにより、充電終止時の正極電位を高電位なものとすることができる。典型的には、4.5V(vs.Li/Li+)以上に高電位化させることができ、5V級のリチウム二次電池を実現することができる。また、上記の組成を有する化合物はまた、耐久性にも優れる。なお、かかる正極活物質(酸化物)がスピネル構造を有しているか否かについては、X線構造解析(好ましくは単結晶X線構造解析)によって判別することができる。より具体的には、CuKα線(波長0.154051nm)を用いたX線回折装置(例えばリガク社製の「単結晶自動X線構造解析装置」)を用いた測定により確認することができる。
(1)一般式LiMO2で表される、典型的には層状構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物。ここで、Mは、Ni,Co,Mn等の遷移金属元素の少なくとも1種を含み、他の金属元素または非金属元素をさらに含んでよい。具体例としては、LiNiO2、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2等が挙げられる。
(2)一般式Li2MO3で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物。ここで、Mは、Mn,Fe,Co等の遷移金属元素の少なくとも1種を含み、他の金属元素または非金属元素をさらに含んでよい。具体例としては、Li2MnO3,Li2PtO3等が挙げられる。
(3)一般式LiMPO4で表されるリチウム遷移金属化合物(リン酸塩)。ここで、Mは、Mn,Fe,Ni,Co等の遷移金属元素の少なくとも1種を含み、他の金属元素または非金属元素をさらに含んでよい。具体例としては、LiMnPO4,LiFePO4等が挙げられる。
(4)一般式Li2MPO4Fで表されるリチウム遷移金属化合物(リン酸塩)。ここで、Mは、Mn,Ni,Co等の遷移金属元素の少なくとも1種を含み、他の金属元素または非金属元素をさらに含んでよい。具体例としては、LiMnPO4F等が挙げられる。
(5)LiMO2とLi2MO3との固溶体。ここで、LiMO2は上記(1)に記載の一般式で表される組成を指し、Li2MO3は上記(2)に記載の一般式で表される組成を指す。具体例としては、0.5LiNiMnCoO2-0.5Li2MnO3で表される固溶体が挙げられる。
負極(例えば負極シート)は、負極活物質が、必要に応じて導電材と共にバインダにより結合され、負極集電体の表面に固定されることで、負極活物質層を構成している。負極集電体としては、例えば、従来のリチウム二次電池と同様に、銅または銅を主成分とする合金等の、導電性の良好な金属からなる導電性部材が好ましく用いられる。負極集電体の形状は、電池の形状等に応じて異なり得るため特に制限はなく、棒状、板状、シート状、箔状、メッシュ状等の種々の形態であり得る。負極集電体の厚さも特に限定されず、例えば8μm~30μm程度とすることができる。
正極と負極とを隔てるように配置されるセパレータ(セパレータシート)は、正極活物質層と負極活物質層とを絶縁するとともに、電解質の移動を許容する部材であればよい。上記セパレータとしては、従来のリチウム二次電池においてセパレータとして用いられるシートと同様のものを用いることができる。そのような部材としては、例えば、多孔質体や不織布状体、布状体等が挙げられる。なかでも、樹脂からなる多孔性シート(多孔性樹脂シート)を好ましく用いることができる。
次いで、上記の正極および非水電解液を始めとする構成要素を備えた非水電解質二次電池の全体の構成を、リチウム二次電池の場合を例にして説明する。
図2および図3示すように、リチウム二次電池100は、角型箱状の電池ケース10と、電池ケース10内に収容される捲回電極体20とを備える。電池ケース10は上面に開口部12を有している。この開口部12は、捲回電極体20を開口部12から電池ケース10内に収容した後、蓋体14によって封止される。電池ケース10内にはまた、非水電解液(図示せず)が収容されている。蓋体14には、外部接続用の外部正極端子38と外部負極端子48とが設けられており、それら端子38,48の一部は蓋体14の表面側に突出している。また、外部正極端子38の一部は電池ケース10内部で内部正極端子37に接続されており、外部負極端子48の一部は電池ケース10内部で内部負極端子47に接続されている。
特に限定するものではないが、上記正極活物質の単位質量当たりの理論容量(mAh/g)と該正極活物質の質量(g)との積で算出される正極容量(Cc(mAh))と、上記負極活物質の単位質量当たりの理論容量(mAh/g)と該負極活物質の質量(g)との積で算出される負極容量(Ca(mAh))と、の比(Ca/Cc)は、通常、例えば1.0~2.0とすることが適当であり、1.2~1.9(例えば1.7~1.9)とすることが好ましい。対向する正極容量と負極容量の割合は、電池容量(または不可逆容量)やエネルギー密度に直接的に影響し、電池の使用条件等(例えば急速充電)によってはリチウムの析出を招き易くなる。対向する正負極の容量比を上記範囲とすることで、電池容量やエネルギー密度等の電池特性を良好に維持しつつ、リチウムの析出を好適に抑制することができる。
このようにして構築されたリチウム二次電池は、正極の最高到達電位が4.5V以上であるために高エネルギー密度を実現し得るものとして提供される。そしてさらに、非水電解液は、かかる高電位な正極に晒された場合でも、酸化分解され難く、安定してサイクル特性に優れたものであり得る。したがって、かかる二次電池は、例えば、図6に例示するように、自動車等の車両1に搭載され、車両1を駆動するモータ等の駆動源用の電源として好適に利用することができる。かかる観点から、本発明は、上記リチウム二次電池(典型的には複数直列接続してなる組電池)100を電源として備える車両(典型的には自動車、特にハイブリッド自動車(HV)、プラグインハイブリッド自動車(PHV)、電気自動車(EV)、燃料電池自動車のような電動機を備える自動車)1を提供することができる。
次に、本発明に関するいくつかの実施例を説明するが、本発明を実施例に示すものに限定することを意図したものではない。
[非水電解液a~kの調製]
本実施形態では、下記の表1に示す9通りの組成a~kの混合溶媒に、支持塩として約1mol/LのLiPF6を溶解することで、非水電解液a~kを用意した。
なお、組成a~kで示される混合溶媒は、(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートとしてエチレンカーボネート(EC)を、(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートとしてフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を、(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとしてメチル2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルカーボネート(MTFEC)を、その他の溶媒としてエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を用い、これらを表1に示す配合割合(体積%)で混合したものである。
非水電解液a~kのそれぞれについて、特許文献3に開示された電解液の評価手法にならって、電圧印加状態で高温保持した後の漏れ電流量を測定した。なお、この電解液の評価手法は、正極活物質を備える作用極を用いて電圧印加状態における電解液の漏れ電流量を測定するものであり、例えば、非水電解液二次電池における電解液の耐酸化性を精度良く評価できる。
具体的には、(1)60℃の環境下で、図5に例示した電解液評価システムMSの準備を行った。すなわち、先ず、60℃の環境下に2時間以上静置した上記の非水電解液を三極式セル60の電解液収容体64に注入した。そして、非水電解液中に作用極61、対極62および参照極63をそれぞれ離間した状態で浸漬させた。作用極61としては、スピネル構造の活物質としてリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)を含む正極板を、対極62としては活物質として黒鉛を備えた負極板を、参照極63としては金属リチウムを用いた。そして、これらの作用極61、対極62および参照極63を、それぞれポテンショスタット70の作用極端子71、対極端子72および参照極端子73と電気的に接続した。
組成aに示す混合溶媒を用いた非水電解液aと、組成bに示す混合溶媒を用いた非水電解液bとの比較から、溶媒にフッ素化カーボネートを用いること、例えばこの場合、フッ素化カーボネート100%溶媒とすることで、5Vレベルの高電位での電池使用条件においても分解され難い、耐酸化性に優れて安定な非水電解液を実現し得ることが確認できる。
全体を確認すると、組成領域b,e,f,h,j,kの混合溶媒を用いた場合は、フッ素化カーボネート100%で構成される組成bの場合よりも漏れ電流量が少なく抑えられており、5Vレベルの高電位での電池使用条件においても耐酸化性に優れて安定な非水電解液が得られていることが確認できた。
上記の組成a~kの混合溶媒を用いた非水電解液a~kを、-30℃の環境下に静置してその様子を観察した。すると、(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートであるECの含有割合が高い組成fおよびkについては、非水電解液自体が凝固する現象が確認された。すなわち、ECに見られるように(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートの凝固点は比較的高い(EC:38℃)ことから、電解液自体の凝固点も上昇してしまったことが確認できた。例えば、自動車等の屋外で-30℃の低温下に置かれる可能性のある用途では、低温での電池特性を確保するという観点から、(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネート:(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートの割合は、組成fよりも(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートの割合が低い方向にすること、具体的には、例えば65:35~50:50の範囲にあることが好ましいことが確認できた。
下記の表2に示した通り、(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートと、(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとの割合を変化させた組成lおよびmの混合溶媒に、支持塩として約1mol/LのLiPF6を溶解することで、非水電解液lおよびmを用意した。そして、かかる非水電解液lおよびmについて、25℃の環境における導電率を測定し、表2に示した。また、参考のために、上記で用意した非水電解液bについても導電率を測定し、併せて表2に示した。
なお、導電率の測定には、汎用の導電率測定装置を用いた。
また、具体的なデータは示していないものの、(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートの割合が30体積%未満の組成領域の混合溶媒を用いた非水電解液については、支持塩としてのLiPF6を約1mol/Lの濃度で溶解させることができなかった。
これらのことから、(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートと、(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとの割合は、(B):(C)として体積比で、50:50~30:70の範囲にあることが好ましいことが確認できた。
[正極シートの作製]
正極活物質としてスピネル構造のリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)を用い、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、これらの材料の質量比が87:10:3となるようにN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)で混合して、ペースト状の正極活物質層形成用組成物を調製した。この組成物をアルミニウム箔(正極集電体:厚さ15μm)の両面に合計での付着量が30mg/cm2(固形分基準)となるように均一に塗付し、乾燥した後、ロールプレスによる圧縮処理を施すことによって、シート状の正極を作製した。
負極活物質としては、平均粒子径が20μmで、結晶構造における格子定数(Co)が0.67nm、C軸方向の結晶の厚み(Lc)が27nmの天然黒鉛系材料を用意した。かかる負極活物質と、結着材としてのスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)と、増粘材としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)とを、これらの材料の質量比が98:1:1となるようにイオン交換水で混合して、ペースト状の負極活物質層形成用組成物を調製した。この組成物を、銅箔(負極集電体:厚さ14μm)の両面に合計での付着量が17mg/cm2(固形分基準)となるように均一に塗付し、乾燥後、ロールプレスによる圧縮処理を施すことによって、シート状の負極を作製した。
なお、上記正極と負極は、構築されるリチウム二次電池の理論容量比(Cp:Cn)が1:1.5となるように塗付量を調整している。また、電池の設計容量が60mAhとなり、かつタブ(集電体の露出部)を有するように、上記正極および負極の寸法を調整して切り出した。
上記のように切り出した正極と負極とを、セパレータを介して対向させることで、電極体を形成した。セパレータとしては、PP/PE/PPからなる3層構造のセパレータシート(厚さ:20μm)を用いた。また、各電極のタブにはシール付きリードを取り付けた。
このようにして構成した電極体を、ラミネートフィルム製の袋(バッグ)に収容し、非水電解液を袋内に注入した。非水電解液としては、上記の実施形態1で用意した非水電解液a~f、i~kを用いた。
電極体および非水電解液を収容したラミネートフィルム製のバッグは、内部を真空にひきながら、リードに取り付けられたシール部を挟みながら開口を熱溶着することで封止(密封)し、評価用のラミネート型電池1~9を得た。
[初期容量の測定]
各電池に対し、温度25℃の環境下、1/5Cのレートで4.9Vまで定電流(CC)充電した後、電流値が1/50Cになるまで定電圧(CV)充電を行い、満充電状態とした。その後、1/5Cの放電レートで3.5VまでCC放電したときの容量を、初期容量とした。
その後、各電池を60℃に設定した恒温槽内に2時間以上静置した後、以下の充放電操作(1)~(2)を200サイクル繰り返した(サイクル試験)。
(1)2Cのレートで4.9VまでCC充電し、10分間休止する。
(2)2Cのレートで3.5VまでCC放電し、10分間休止する。
その後、上記初期容量の測定方法と同様の手順で放電容量を測定し、サイクル後の容量とした。そして、容量維持率(%)を、初期容量に対するサイクル後の容量の割合((サイクル後の容量/初期容量)×100(%))として算出した。得られた値(容量維持率)を、表3に併せて示した。
以上、本発明の具体例を詳細に説明したが、これらは例示にすぎず、請求の範囲を限定するものではない。ここで開示される発明には上述の具体例を様々に変形、変更したものが含まれ得る。
10 電池ケース
12 開口部
14 蓋体
20 捲回電極体
30 正極(正極シート)
32 正極集電体
34 正極活物質層
37 内部正極端子
38 外部正極端子
40 負極(負極シート)
42 負極集電体
44 負極活物質層
47 内部負極端子
48 外部負極端子
50 セパレータ(セパレータシート)
60 三極式セル
61 作用極
62 対極
63 参照極
64 電解液収容体
70 ポテンショスタット
71 作用極端子
72 対極端子
73 参照極端子
100 リチウム二次電池
Claims (8)
- 正極と負極と非水電解液とを備える非水電解液二次電池であって、
前記正極の最大到達電位が金属リチウム基準で4.5V以上であり、
前記非水電解液は、
(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネート、
(B)フッ素化環状カーボネート、および、
(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネート
を含み、
前記(A)(B)(C)の合計に占める前記(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートの割合が、10体積%を超える、非水電解液二次電池。 - 前記正極は、正極活物質としてスピネル構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、遷移金属元素として少なくともニッケルとマンガンとを含有する、請求項1に記載の非水電解液二次電池。 - 前記非水電解液は、前記(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートと前記(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートとの体積比;A:Bが、99:1~50:50の範囲である、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
- 前記非水電解液は、前記(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートおよび前記(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートと、前記(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとの体積比;(A+B):Cが、50:50~30:70の範囲である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
- 前記(A)非フッ素化環状カーボネートは、エチレンカーボネートを含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
- 前記(B)フッ素化環状カーボネートは、フルオロエチレンカーボネートを含む、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
- 前記(C)フッ素化鎖状カーボネートは、メチル(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)カーボネートを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
- 前記負極は、負極活物質として炭素系材料を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解液二次電池。
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| US14/785,049 US10224570B2 (en) | 2013-04-17 | 2014-03-28 | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN201480021789.7A CN105144457B (zh) | 2013-04-17 | 2014-03-28 | 非水电解液二次电池 |
| KR1020157032418A KR101811935B1 (ko) | 2013-04-17 | 2014-03-28 | 비수 전해액 이차 전지 |
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| KR20150143681A (ko) | 2015-12-23 |
| BR112015025933B1 (pt) | 2022-05-03 |
| US20160079629A1 (en) | 2016-03-17 |
| JP2014211962A (ja) | 2014-11-13 |
| BR112015025933A2 (pt) | 2017-07-25 |
| KR101811935B1 (ko) | 2017-12-22 |
| US10224570B2 (en) | 2019-03-05 |
| JP6098878B2 (ja) | 2017-03-22 |
| CN105144457A (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
| CN105144457B (zh) | 2019-01-22 |
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