WO2013080379A1 - リチウム二次電池とその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池とその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013080379A1 WO2013080379A1 PCT/JP2011/077961 JP2011077961W WO2013080379A1 WO 2013080379 A1 WO2013080379 A1 WO 2013080379A1 JP 2011077961 W JP2011077961 W JP 2011077961W WO 2013080379 A1 WO2013080379 A1 WO 2013080379A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery. Specifically, the present invention relates to the battery excellent in capacity maintenance characteristics in a high temperature environment and a method for manufacturing the battery.
- Lithium ion batteries and other lithium secondary batteries are smaller, lighter, and have higher energy density and superior output density than existing batteries. For this reason, in recent years, it is preferably used as a so-called portable power source for personal computers and portable terminals, and a power source for driving vehicles.
- This type of lithium secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) has a configuration in which an electrode body composed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode and an electrolyte (typically an electrolyte) are contained in a battery case.
- the electrodes (positive electrode and negative electrode) are electrode mixture layers (mainly composed of active materials capable of reversibly occluding and releasing charge carriers (typically lithium ions) on corresponding positive and negative current collectors) Specifically, a positive electrode mixture layer and a negative electrode mixture layer) are respectively formed.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 can be cited as conventional techniques for solving this problem.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique that can improve the power density by ensuring an appropriate pore distribution in the negative electrode mixture layer.
- part of the electrolyte components (non-aqueous solvent, supporting salt, etc.) is reduced and decomposed during initial charging, and a coating (SEI: Solid Electrolyte Interface) is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
- the interface between the negative electrode surface and the electrolyte is stabilized, and further reductive decomposition of the electrolyte component can be prevented during normal use.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
- a lithium secondary battery typically, a power source for driving a vehicle
- a high temperature for example, 50 ° C. to 70 ° C.
- characteristics in a high temperature environment for example, It is extremely important that the capacity retention rate in a high temperature environment (ie, high temperature storage characteristics) is excellent.
- the techniques described in the above Patent Documents 1 to 3 do not consider such problems.
- the present invention has been made in view of such points, and an object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery having excellent high-temperature storage characteristics. More preferably, it is to provide a lithium secondary battery in which battery performance is improved (for example, resistance is reduced) in addition to the above high-temperature storage characteristics.
- a slurry-like composition for forming a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material and a binder is prepared, and a slurry-like positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material and a binder.
- Preparing a forming composition, forming the negative electrode composite layer on the current collector by applying the negative electrode mixture layer-forming composition on the negative electrode current collector, and forming the positive electrode Forming a positive electrode provided with a positive electrode composite material layer on the current collector by applying a composition for forming a composite material layer on the positive electrode current collector, a lithium secondary battery using the negative electrode and the positive electrode A method for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery is provided.
- a pore distribution based on a mercury intrusion method is measured, and a pore diameter by the measurement is in a range of 0.3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m.
- A and a pore diameter of 0 ⁇ m or more and less than 0.3 ⁇ m (B), each having a local maximum point, a local maximum pore volume (V A ) in the range A and the range B
- V A local maximum pore volume
- V B The ratio (V A / V B ) to the pore volume (V B ) of the local maximum point in is 2.1 or more and 3.4 or less.
- the growth of the SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles can be suppressed even when the use environment and / or the storage environment is high (for example, 50 ° C. to 70 ° C.). Capacitance and contact resistance between the negative electrode active material particles can be reduced. Therefore, the lithium secondary battery provided with such a negative electrode mixture layer has excellent high-temperature storage characteristics. Moreover, according to the manufacturing method disclosed here, since appropriate pores are secured in the negative electrode composite material layer, a good conductive path (conductive path) can be maintained in the composite material layer. Furthermore, since the diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be preferably reduced, excellent battery performance (for example, reduction in battery resistance) can be exhibited.
- a negative electrode in which the density of the negative electrode mixture layer is 1.0 g / cm 3 or more and 1.6 g / cm 3 or less is exemplified.
- the lithium secondary battery provided with the negative electrode mixture layer satisfying the above density range has a high energy density and can exhibit excellent battery performance even in a high temperature environment. Further, since appropriate pores are secured in the composite material layer, the diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be reduced, and more excellent battery performance (for example, reduction in battery resistance) can be exhibited.
- the negative electrode active material has a cumulative 50% particle size (D 50 ) measured by particle size distribution measurement (laser diffraction / light scattering method) of 3 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area is not less than 20 ⁇ m and the specific surface area measured by the nitrogen adsorption method is 2 m 2 / g or more and 40 m 2 / g or less.
- Graphite as the negative electrode active material is highly safe and has a large theoretical capacity, so that a high energy density can be realized.
- the negative electrode composite material layer made of graphite satisfying the above particle size range can secure appropriate pores in the composite material layer, the diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be reduced.
- graphite satisfying the above specific surface area range has a higher energy density and can further reduce the contact resistance between the negative electrode active materials in a high temperature environment. Therefore, a battery provided with such graphite can exhibit better performance (for example, reduction in battery resistance).
- the composition for forming a negative electrode mixture layer includes at least styrene butadiene rubber and / or carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the binder is excellent in adhesiveness, and can form a good conductive path (conductive path) between the negative electrode active material particles and between the active material particles and the negative electrode current collector. For this reason, the resistance in the negative electrode mixture layer can be reduced, and the battery performance can be improved.
- the solid content concentration of the composition for forming a negative electrode mixture layer is 40% or more and 60% or less.
- the dispersibility of the slurry is good, and the coating property is good because there are almost no coarse aggregates.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed with high accuracy, an excellent conductive path (conductive path) can be formed in the negative electrode mixture layer. Therefore, in the lithium secondary battery provided with such a negative electrode mixture layer, the internal resistance can be reduced, and the battery performance can be further improved.
- a lithium secondary battery including an electrode body having a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein the negative electrode is formed on the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium secondary battery including a negative electrode active material and a binder is provided.
- the negative electrode composite layer has a pore diameter range of 0.3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m (A) and a pore diameter range of 0 ⁇ m to less than 0.3 ⁇ m (B).
- Each having a local maximum point, and the ratio (V A / V) of the pore volume (V A ) at the maximum point in the range A to the pore volume (V B ) at the maximum point in the range B. B ) is not less than 2.1 and not more than 3.4. According to the battery having such a configuration, the irreversible capacity is reduced even in a high temperature environment for the reason described above, and an excellent capacity maintenance rate can be maintained. Moreover, the diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be reduced while maintaining a good conductive path in the negative electrode mixture layer. For this reason, the lithium secondary battery provided with such a negative electrode mixture layer can exhibit excellent battery performance (for example, reduction in battery resistance).
- the density of the negative electrode mixture layer is 1.0 g / cm 3 or more and 1.6 g / cm 3 or less.
- the lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode mixture layer that satisfies the above density range has a high energy density and can exhibit excellent battery performance even in a high temperature environment. Further, the diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be reduced, and the battery performance of the battery can be improved.
- the negative electrode active material has a cumulative 50% particle size (D50) measured by particle size distribution measurement (laser diffraction / light scattering method) of 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less,
- D50 cumulative 50% particle size measured by particle size distribution measurement (laser diffraction / light scattering method) of 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less
- the use of graphite having a specific surface area of 2 m 2 / g or more and 40 m 2 / g or less can be mentioned.
- the negative electrode mixture layer made of graphite satisfying the above particle size range can reduce the diffusion resistance of lithium ions.
- the graphite satisfying the above specific surface area range has a high energy density and can further reduce the contact resistance between the negative electrode active materials in a high temperature environment. For this reason, the battery performance of this battery can be improved more.
- the composition for forming a negative electrode mixture layer includes at least styrene butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the binder is excellent in adhesiveness and can form a good conductive path (conductive path) in the negative electrode mixture layer. For this reason, the battery performance of this battery can be improved more.
- the product of the IV resistance (m ⁇ ) at 25 ° C. and the capacity (Ah) of the battery is 18 (m ⁇ ⁇ Ah) or less, and at 25 ° C.
- the product of DC resistance (m ⁇ ) based on AC impedance measurement and battery capacity (Ah) is 20 (m ⁇ ⁇ Ah) or less.
- the lithium secondary battery disclosed herein is particularly suitable as a driving power source mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile because it has excellent high-temperature storage characteristics and can improve battery performance (for example, reduce internal resistance). is there. Therefore, according to the present invention, a vehicle (typically a plug-in hybrid) comprising any of the lithium secondary batteries disclosed herein (which may be in the form of an assembled battery to which a plurality of lithium secondary batteries are connected). Motor vehicles (PHV), hybrid vehicles (HV), electric vehicles such as electric vehicles (EV)) are provided.
- PGV Motor vehicles
- HV hybrid vehicles
- EV electric vehicles
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a wound electrode body of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a side view schematically showing a vehicle (automobile) provided with the lithium secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present invention as a power source for driving the vehicle.
- FIG. 4 is a chart showing the pore distribution of the negative electrode mixture layer measured by the mercury intrusion method according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between V A / V B and capacity retention rate (%) according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between V A / V B and the IV resistance value according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between V A / V B and the DC resistance value according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the “lithium secondary battery” refers to a secondary battery that uses lithium ions as electrolyte ions and is charged and discharged by the movement of charges accompanying the lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. Secondary batteries generally referred to as lithium ion batteries (or lithium ion secondary batteries), lithium polymer batteries, lithium-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and the like are typical examples included in the lithium secondary batteries in this specification. It is. Further, in this specification, the “active material” refers to a substance (compound) involved in power storage on the positive electrode side or the negative electrode side. That is, it refers to a substance that is involved in the insertion and extraction of electrons during battery charge / discharge.
- the production method disclosed herein is a method characterized by the production of the negative electrode mixture layer, and preparing a slurry-like composition for forming a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material and a binder, Forming a negative electrode having a negative electrode mixture layer on the current collector by applying the negative electrode mixture layer forming composition onto the negative electrode current collector, and forming a slurry containing a positive electrode active material and a binder
- a positive electrode including a positive electrode mixture layer is formed on the current collector by preparing a positive electrode mixture layer forming composition and applying the positive electrode mixture layer forming composition onto the positive electrode current collector.
- constructing a lithium secondary battery using the negative electrode and the positive electrode will be described in detail.
- the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery includes a slurry-like (paste-like or ink-like) obtained by mixing a negative-electrode active material and a binder (binder) in an appropriate solvent.
- the negative electrode mixture layer forming composition (hereinafter referred to as “negative electrode mixture slurry”) is prepared, and the slurry is applied onto the negative electrode current collector to form the negative electrode mixture layer (also referred to as the negative electrode active material layer). In the form in which it is formed).
- particulate graphite powder including a graphite structure (layered structure) at least partially, oxides such as lithium titanate (LTO), alloys of tin (Sn), silicon (Si) and lithium, and the like
- LTO lithium titanate
- Si silicon
- graphite powder graphite, non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), or a combination of these can be used.
- hard carbon graphitizable carbon
- soft carbon or a combination of these can be used.
- the graphite examples include natural graphite (also called graphite) extracted from natural minerals, artificial graphite manufactured from petroleum or coal-based materials, or those obtained by subjecting the above graphite to processing such as grinding or pressing. It may be one or more selected from the above. More specifically, for example, scaly graphite, scaly (lumpy) graphite, earthy graphite, expanded graphite, pyrolytic graphite and the like can be mentioned. Such a shape may be scaly, spherical, fibrous, granular or the like.
- the proportion of the negative electrode active material in the whole negative electrode mixture layer is not particularly limited, but it is usually suitably about 50% by mass or more, preferably about 90% by mass to 99% by mass (for example, about 95% by mass to 99% by mass).
- the negative electrode active material used here has a cumulative 50% particle size (D 50 ) of 2 ⁇ m or more (preferably 3 ⁇ m or more) according to the particle size distribution measured by particle size distribution measurement (laser diffraction / light scattering method). And 50 ⁇ m or less (typically 30 ⁇ m or less, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less).
- the negative electrode active material satisfying the above particle size range can form appropriate pores in the negative electrode mixture layer, and can reduce diffusion resistance associated with insertion and extraction of lithium ions.
- a favorable conductive path conductive path
- battery performance can be improved (for example, resistance can be reduced and high-temperature storage characteristics can be improved).
- the particle size distribution can be measured by particle size distribution measurement based on a laser diffraction / light scattering method. Specifically, first, a sample (powder) is dispersed in a measurement solvent. At this time, a dispersant such as a surfactant may be added within a range that does not affect the measurement result. Next, such a dispersion can be put into, for example, a particle size distribution measuring apparatus manufactured by Horiba, Ltd., model “LA-920”, and the measured value can be adopted.
- particle size refers to a value that can be derived from the volume-based particle size distribution calculated from the measurement results
- the cumulative 50% particle size (D 50 ) refers to the fine particle side in the volume-based particle size distribution. The particle diameter (median diameter) corresponding to the cumulative 50% from is shown.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material used here is preferably 1 m 2 / g or more (for example, 2 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 4 m 2 / g or more). Moreover, it is preferable that it exists in the range of 50 m ⁇ 2 > / g or less (for example, 40 m ⁇ 2 > / g or less, Furthermore, 30 m ⁇ 2 > / g or less). If the specific surface area is too small, sufficient energy density may not be obtained, or the contact resistance between the active material particles may increase. On the other hand, if the specific surface area is too large, the irreversible capacity in a high-temperature environment increases as in one embodiment described later, which may reduce the battery capacity.
- the specific surface area is measured by a gas adsorption method for measuring an adsorption isotherm of nitrogen gas, for example, using an automatic specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device “BELSORP (trademark) -18PLUS” manufactured by Nippon Bell Co., Ltd.
- a value (BET specific surface area) measured by a constant volume adsorption method can be adopted. Specifically, approximately 0.4 g of sample (powder) is filled in a cell, heated in a vacuum state, pretreated, cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature, and saturated adsorption of 30% nitrogen and 70% He gas. Let Thereafter, the amount of gas desorbed by heating to room temperature is measured, and the specific surface area is calculated from the obtained results by the BET method (for example, the BET one-point method).
- binder used here one kind or two or more kinds of substances conventionally used in lithium secondary batteries can be used without particular limitation.
- various polymer materials can be suitably used.
- a polymer material that is dissolved or dispersed in water can be preferably used.
- examples of such polymer materials include cellulose polymers, fluorine resins, vinyl acetate copolymers, rubbers, and the like.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- SBR latex acrylic acid-modified SBR resin
- the negative electrode mixture layer is formed using a solvent-based liquid composition (a solvent-based composition in which the main component of the dispersion medium is an organic solvent)
- a polymer material that is dispersed or dissolved in an organic solvent is preferably employed.
- the polymer material include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and the like.
- the amount of the binder used in the entire negative electrode mixture layer can be, for example, 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass (preferably 0.5% by mass to 5% by mass).
- the solvent used here one kind or two or more kinds of solvents conventionally used in lithium secondary batteries can be used without any particular limitation.
- a solvent is roughly classified into an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent, and the aqueous solvent is preferably water or a mixed solvent mainly composed of water.
- the solvent other than water constituting the mixed solvent one or more organic solvents (lower alcohol, lower ketone, etc.) that can be uniformly mixed with water can be appropriately selected and used.
- a particularly preferable example is an aqueous solvent (for example, water) substantially consisting of water.
- the organic solvent include amides, alcohols, ketones, esters, amines, ethers, nitriles, cyclic ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, and the like.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N, N-dimethylacetamide, 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propenoate, Cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethyltriamine, N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine, acetonitrile, ethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane, Examples include trichloromethane and dichloroethane.
- a material that can function as a dispersant, a conductive material, or the like may be added to the negative electrode mixture slurry prepared here, if necessary.
- the dispersant include polymer compounds having a hydrophobic chain and a hydrophilic group (for example, alkali salts, typically sodium salts), anionic compounds having sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, and the like. And cationic compounds such as amines.
- carboxymethyl cellulose CMC
- methyl cellulose ethyl cellulose
- hydroxypropyl cellulose polyvinyl alcohol
- modified polyvinyl alcohol polyethylene oxide
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone polycarboxylic acid
- oxidized starch phosphate starch and the like
- a water-soluble polymer material such as carboxymethyl cellulose is preferably used.
- the negative electrode active material, a binder, and an additive such as a dispersing agent may be added to a solvent at a time and kneaded, or may be added in stages in several steps. You may knead.
- CMC that can function as both a binder and a dispersant can be dispersed in a smaller amount of solvent than the target solvent, and then a negative electrode active material and SBR as a binder can be added in stages. That is, by first dispersing CMC having a high molecular weight and relatively poor dispersibility in a solvent, a negative electrode mixture slurry in which the negative electrode active material is uniformly dispersed can be obtained.
- the solid content concentration (hereinafter referred to as “NV”) of the negative electrode mixture slurry is about 30% or more (preferably 40% or more, more preferably 45% or more), and 70% or less (preferably 60%, more preferably 55% or less).
- the solid content concentration of the slurry is in the above range, the dispersibility is excellent and the coating property is good. For this reason, the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed with high accuracy.
- a method for forming the negative electrode mixture layer a method in which an appropriate amount of the negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to one side or both sides of the negative electrode current collector and dried can be preferably employed.
- the operation of applying the negative electrode mixture slurry can be performed in the same manner as in the case of producing a conventional general negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery. For example, by coating a predetermined amount of the negative electrode mixture slurry to a uniform thickness on the negative electrode current collector using a suitable coating device (slit coater, die coater, comma coater, gravure coater, etc.) Can be made. Thereafter, the negative electrode mixture layer is dried by an appropriate drying means to remove the solvent contained in the negative electrode mixture slurry.
- a suitable coating device slit coater, die coater, comma coater, gravure coater, etc.
- the drying temperature is about 200 ° C. or lower (typically 80 ° C. or higher and lower than 200 ° C.).
- the negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries disclosed here can be obtained.
- examples of the material for the negative electrode current collector include copper, nickel, titanium, and stainless steel.
- the form is not particularly limited, and a rod-like body, a plate-like body, a foil-like body, a net-like body, or the like can be used.
- a battery having a wound electrode body to be described later uses a foil shape.
- the thickness of the foil-shaped current collector is not particularly limited, but about 5 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m (more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m) can be preferably used in consideration of the capacity density of the battery and the strength of the current collector.
- the thickness and density of the negative electrode mixture layer are appropriately subjected to press treatment (for example, various conventionally known press methods such as a roll press method and a flat plate press method can be employed). , The pore distribution can be adjusted.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture layer formed on the negative electrode current collector is, for example, 1.0 g / cm 3 or more (preferably 1.1 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.2 g / cm 3 or more). 1.6 g / cm 3 or less (preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or less). When the density of the negative electrode mixture layer is low (that is, the amount of active material in the negative electrode mixture layer is small), the capacity per unit volume of the battery decreases.
- a lithium secondary battery including a negative electrode mixture layer that satisfies the above density range has a high energy density and can reduce diffusion resistance of lithium ions, so that more excellent battery performance (for example, battery resistance) Reduction).
- the pore diameter ranges from 0.3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m (A), and the pore diameter ranges from 0 ⁇ m to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the ratio (V A / V B ) is 2.1 or more and 3.4 or less.
- storage of the battery in a high SOC region eg, SOC of 80% to 100%
- a high temperature region eg, 50 ° C.
- SOC charge depth (State of charge), and in a range of operating voltage that can be reversibly charged and discharged, the charging state (that is, the fully charged state) in which the upper limit voltage is obtained is 100%, and the lower limit voltage is obtained. The state of charge when the state (that is, the state of being not charged) is 0% is shown.
- the lithium secondary battery provided with such a negative electrode composite material layer has excellent high-temperature storage characteristics and can improve battery performance (for example, decrease in resistance), and can be used and / or particularly in a high-temperature environment. It is suitable for the battery that can be stored.
- the pore distribution based on the mercury intrusion method in the negative electrode mixture layer can be measured using a mercury porosimeter.
- the mercury intrusion method is a method for measuring the pore distribution of a porous body, and includes voids between particles in the negative electrode mixture layer (that is, pores between negative electrode active materials) and fine particles present on the surface of the active material. The hole can be grasped. Such pores can be adjusted depending on the type and properties (for example, specific surface area) of the negative electrode active material to be used, the NV value at the time of coating the negative electrode mixture slurry, and rolling (press) conditions.
- the negative electrode mixture layer as a measurement target is peeled off from the negative electrode current collector to obtain a sample.
- the sample is immersed in mercury in a vacuumed state, and the pressure is gradually increased.
- mercury enters the pores of the sample, and the volume of the pores can be measured. That is, as the pressure applied to mercury increases, mercury gradually enters a smaller space. Since the pressure and the size of the pores are inversely proportional, the size of the pores and the volume distribution of the sample can be obtained based on this relationship.
- Autopore III 9410 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation can be used. In this case, for example, by measuring at 4 psi to 60000 psi, the volume distribution of the pores corresponding to the pore range of 50 ⁇ m to 0.003 ⁇ m can be grasped.
- the positive electrode of the lithium secondary battery disclosed here is a composition for forming a positive electrode mixture layer in a slurry state (including paste and ink) by mixing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and the like. (Hereinafter, referred to as “positive electrode mixture slurry”).
- a slurry in which the slurry is applied onto a positive electrode current collector to form a positive electrode mixture layer (also referred to as a positive electrode active material layer) is used.
- an oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element as constituent metal elements such as lithium nickel oxide (eg LiNiO 2 ), lithium cobalt oxide (eg LiCoO 2 ), lithium manganese oxide (eg LiMn 2 O 4 )
- lithium transition metal oxides examples thereof include lithium transition metal oxides), phosphates including lithium and transition metal elements such as lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO 4 ) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) as constituent metal elements.
- a positive electrode active material typically substantially lithium nickel cobalt manganese having a layered structure lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide (for example, LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ) as a main component.
- a positive electrode active material made of a composite oxide is preferably used because of its excellent thermal stability and high energy density.
- the ratio of the positive electrode active material to the entire positive electrode mixture layer is typically about 50% by mass or more (typically 70% to 99% by mass), and about 80% by mass. The mass is preferably from 99% by mass.
- the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide is an oxide having Li, Ni, Co, and Mn as constituent metal elements, and at least one other metal element (Li, Ni, Co, and Mn) in addition to Li, Ni, Co, and Mn.
- the meaning also includes oxides containing transition metal elements and / or typical metal elements other than Ni, Co, and Mn.
- Such metal elements are, for example, one or more elements of Al, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Sn, La, and Ce. It can be.
- a lithium transition metal oxide (typically in particulate form), for example, a lithium transition metal oxide powder prepared by a conventionally known method can be used as it is.
- the conductive material used here one kind or two or more kinds of substances conventionally used in lithium secondary batteries can be used without particular limitation.
- various carbon blacks for example, acetylene black (AB), furnace black, ketjen black (KB), channel black, lamp black, thermal black), graphite powder (natural products, artificial products), carbon fibers (PAN series) , Pitch system) or the like.
- metal fibers e.g. Al, SUS or the like
- conductive metal powder e.g. Ag, Ni, Cu, etc.
- metal oxides e.g. ZnO, SnO 2, etc.
- a preferable carbon powder is acetylene black (AB).
- the proportion of the conductive agent in the entire positive electrode mixture layer can be, for example, approximately 1% by mass to 15% by mass, and approximately 2% by mass to 8% by mass (more preferably 2% by mass to 6% by mass). It is preferable.
- an appropriate material can be selected from the polymer materials exemplified as the binder for the negative electrode mixture layer.
- examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and the like.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- the proportion of the binder in the entire positive electrode composite material layer can be, for example, about 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass, and preferably about 1% by mass to 5% by mass.
- a method of applying an appropriate amount of the positive electrode mixture slurry to one or both sides of the positive electrode current collector and drying it by the same operation as in the case of the negative electrode negative electrode mixture layer is preferably employed. be able to. Thereafter, as in the case of the negative electrode negative electrode mixture layer, the solvent contained in the positive electrode mixture slurry is removed by drying the positive electrode mixture layer by an appropriate drying means. After drying the positive electrode mixture slurry, the thickness and density of the positive electrode mixture layer can be adjusted by appropriately performing a press treatment (for example, a roll press method, a flat plate press method, etc.).
- a press treatment for example, a roll press method, a flat plate press method, etc.
- examples of the material for the positive electrode current collector include aluminum, nickel, titanium, and stainless steel.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited because it may vary depending on the shape of the battery constructed using the obtained electrode, and a rod-like body, a plate-like body, a foil-like body, a net-like body, or the like may be used. it can. In a battery provided with a wound electrode body to be described later, a foil-like body is mainly used.
- the thickness of the foil-shaped current collector is not particularly limited, but about 5 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m (more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m) can be preferably used in consideration of the capacity density of the battery and the strength of the current collector.
- An electrode body in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated is prepared and accommodated in an appropriate battery case together with the electrolytic solution to construct a lithium secondary battery.
- a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the material and shape which are used for the conventional lithium secondary battery can be used. Examples of the material include relatively light metal materials such as aluminum and steel, and resin materials such as PPS and polyimide resin.
- the shape (outer shape of the container) is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, a cylindrical shape, a rectangular shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a coin shape, a bag shape, or the like.
- the case may be provided with a safety mechanism such as a current interruption mechanism (a mechanism capable of interrupting current in response to an increase in internal pressure when the battery is overcharged).
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution typically has a composition in which an electrolyte (lithium salt) is contained in a suitable nonaqueous solvent.
- aprotic solvents such as carbonates, esters, ethers, nitriles, sulfones, and lactones can be used.
- ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran examples include 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, acetonitrile, propionitrile, nitromethane, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, and ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- nonaqueous solvents mainly composed of carbonates are preferably used.
- the nonaqueous solvent contains one or more carbonates, and the total volume of these carbonates is 60% by volume or more (more preferably 75% by volume or more, and further preferably 90% by volume) of the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution occupying the above and substantially 100% by volume) is preferably used. Further, it may be a solid (gel) electrolytic solution in which a polymer is added to the liquid electrolytic solution.
- Examples of the electrolyte include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiClO 4 and the like are exemplified. Of these, LiPF 6 is preferably used.
- the concentration of the electrolyte is not particularly limited, but if the concentration of the electrolyte is too low, the amount of lithium ions contained in the electrolytic solution tends to be insufficient, and the ionic conductivity tends to decrease.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte at a concentration of about 0.1 mol / L to 5 mol / L (preferably about 0.8 mol / L to 1.5 mol / L) is preferably used.
- an additive specifically, vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), etc.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- an overcharge inhibitor A compound that decomposes in an overcharged state and generates a large amount of gas.
- various additives such as biphenyl (BP) and cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) may be added as appropriate.
- porous sheets similar to those conventionally used for lithium secondary batteries can be used.
- a porous resin sheet film, nonwoven fabric, etc.
- a resin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, cellulose, polyamide or the like
- Such a porous resin sheet may have a single layer structure, or may have a two or more layers structure (for example, a three-layer structure in which a PP layer is laminated on both sides of a PE layer).
- preferred porous sheets (typically porous resin sheets) used as the separator base material have an average pore diameter of about 0.001 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- Examples thereof include a porous resin sheet (more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m).
- the porosity (porosity) of the porous sheet can be, for example, about 20 volume% to 90 volume% (preferably 30 volume% to 80 volume%). Note that in a lithium secondary battery (lithium polymer battery) using a solid electrolyte, the electrolyte may also serve as a separator.
- a flatly wound electrode body (winding electrode body), a non-aqueous electrolyte solution
- a lithium secondary battery (unit cell) in a form in which the battery is housed in a flat box-shaped (cuboid) container is shown in FIGS.
- members / parts having the same action are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description may be omitted or simplified.
- the dimensional relationship (length, width, thickness, etc.) in each figure does not reflect the actual dimensional relationship.
- a lithium secondary battery 100 includes a wound electrode body 80 and a battery case 50, and includes a long positive electrode sheet 10 and a long negative electrode.
- the battery case 50 is housed.
- the battery case 50 includes a flat cuboid case main body 52 having an open upper end, and a lid 54 that closes the opening.
- a positive electrode terminal 70 that is electrically connected to the positive electrode 10 of the wound electrode body 80 and a negative electrode terminal 72 that is electrically connected to the negative electrode 20 of the electrode body 80. Is provided.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing a long sheet structure (electrode sheet) in a stage before assembling the wound electrode body 80.
- the positive electrode sheet 10 in which the positive electrode mixture layer 14 is formed along the longitudinal direction on one or both surfaces (typically both surfaces) of the long positive electrode current collector 12, and the long negative electrode current collector 22.
- the negative electrode sheet 20 on which the negative electrode mixture layer 24 is formed along the longitudinal direction on one side or both sides (typically both sides) is superposed together with the two long separators 40A and 40B in the longitudinal direction.
- a flat wound electrode body 80 is obtained by squashing and winding the wound electrode body from the side surface direction.
- the positive electrode sheet 10 is formed such that the positive electrode mixture layer 14 is not provided (or removed) at one end along the longitudinal direction, and the positive electrode current collector 12 is exposed.
- the wound negative electrode sheet 20 is not provided with (or removed from) the negative electrode mixture layer 24 at one end along the longitudinal direction, so that the negative electrode current collector 22 is exposed. Is formed.
- a positive electrode current collector plate is attached to the exposed end portion 74 of the positive electrode current collector 12, and a negative electrode current collector plate is attached to the exposed end portion 76 of the negative electrode current collector 22, respectively. Each is electrically connected to the negative terminal 72.
- the lithium secondary battery manufactured by the manufacturing method disclosed herein can be used for various applications, but is characterized by excellent high-temperature storage characteristics and reduced resistance of the battery. Therefore, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, the lithium secondary battery 100 disclosed herein can be suitably used as a power source (drive power source) for a motor mounted on a vehicle 1 such as an automobile. Although the kind of vehicle 1 is not specifically limited, Typically, a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), a hybrid vehicle (HV), and an electric vehicle (EV) are mentioned. Moreover, the lithium secondary battery 100 may be used alone, or may be used in the form of an assembled battery that is connected in series and / or in parallel.
- PGV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- HV hybrid vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- artificial graphite (powder), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a negative electrode active material have a mass ratio of 98: 1: 1 and an NV value of 50% by mass.
- the mixture was mixed with ion-exchanged water so that an aqueous negative electrode mixture slurry was prepared.
- This slurry was applied to both sides of a long copper foil (negative electrode current collector) having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ m to form a negative electrode mixture layer, thereby obtaining a sheet-like negative electrode (negative electrode sheet (Example 1)).
- the negative electrode thus obtained was dried and then rolled (pressed) so that the negative electrode composite material layer had a density of about 1.4 g / cm 3 .
- LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powder as the positive electrode active material powder, acetylene black as the conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as the binder are added to the mass of these materials.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared by mixing with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) so that the ratio was 91: 6: 3 and the NV value was 55% by mass.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- This slurry was applied to both sides of a long aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m to form a positive electrode mixture layer, thereby obtaining a sheet-like positive electrode (positive electrode sheet).
- the positive electrode thus obtained was dried and then rolled (pressed) so that the positive electrode mixture layer had a density of about 2.5 g / cm 3 .
- the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet (Example 1) prepared above were overlapped and wound through two separators (here, a porous polyethylene sheet (PE) was used) to prepare each electrode body. .
- Such an electrode body is mixed with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution (here, a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and dimethyl carbonate (EMC) at a volume ratio of 3: 4: 3, and LiPF 6 as an electrolyte.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EMC dimethyl carbonate
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6
- an electrolyte solution dissolved at a concentration of about 1 mol / L.
- a lid is attached to the opening of the battery case, and welded to form a 18650 type (diameter 18 mm, height 65 mm, battery capacity 0.5 Ah) lithium secondary battery (Example 1). .
- Examples 2 to 10 Except for adjusting the particle size of the negative electrode active material to be used and the rolling (pressing) conditions of the negative electrode mixture layer in order to determine a preferable range of V A / V B in the production method disclosed herein, In the same manner as in Example 1, negative electrode sheets (Examples 2 to 10) were produced. Using this negative electrode sheet (Examples 2 to 10), 18650 type (diameter 18 mm, height 65 mm) lithium secondary batteries (Examples 2 to 10) were constructed in the same manner as Example 1.
- Example 1 The pore distribution of the negative electrode mixture layer formed on the prepared negative electrode sheets (Examples 1 to 10) was measured by the method described above. As a typical measurement example, the pore distribution (chart) of Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- V A / V B when V A / V B is small (that is, V B is large), the high temperature storage characteristics are poor, and the excellent high temperature storage characteristics are exhibited as V A / V B increases.
- V B when V B is large, the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material is increased, so that it is considered that the growth of the SEI film and the increase in the irreversible capacity become remarkable. Therefore, it was confirmed that by setting V A / V B obtained from the negative electrode pore distribution to 2.1 or more, a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity retention rate of 88% or more in the high-temperature storage test can be obtained.
- V A / V B when V A / V B is in the range of 2.1 or more and 3.4 or less, the IV resistance at 25 ° C. was reduced in the battery.
- V A / V B when V A / V B is smaller than this range (that is, when V A is small and / or V B is large), the IV resistance is relatively high, and this is because the density of the negative electrode mixture layer is high Therefore, it was considered that the diffusion resistance of lithium ions in the mixture layer increased. Another reason is that the contact resistance between particles in the composite layer was increased by the growth of the SEI film having low conductivity as described above.
- V A / V B is larger than this range (that is, when V A is large), a relatively high IV resistance is exhibited.
- the conductive path (conductive path) between the negative electrode mixture layers cannot be taken. (Or the conductive path is narrowed). Therefore, by making V A / V B obtained from the negative electrode pore distribution in the range of 2.1 to 3.4, the IV resistance is 36 m ⁇ or less (that is, the IV resistance (m ⁇ ) at 25 ° C. and the battery capacity ( It was confirmed that a lithium secondary battery whose product with Ah) was reduced to 18 (m ⁇ ⁇ Ah) or less) was obtained. In addition, since the diffusion resistance of lithium ions is suppressed in such a range, the battery having excellent output characteristics can be manufactured according to the manufacturing method disclosed herein.
- V A / V B is in the range of 2.1 or more and 3.4 or less, the lithium secondary battery has excellent high-temperature storage characteristics and improved battery performance (for example, reduced resistance).
- the method of manufacturing was shown.
- the lithium secondary battery disclosed herein can be used for various applications, but is characterized by excellent high-temperature storage characteristics and improved battery performance (for example, reduced internal resistance). For this reason, for example, it can be suitably used as a power source (drive power source) for a motor mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile.
- a power source drive power source
- vehicle such as an automobile.
- a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), a hybrid vehicle (HV), and an electric vehicle (EV) are mentioned.
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Abstract
Description
ここで開示される製造方法によれば、使用環境および/または保存環境が高温(例えば、50℃~70℃)となった場合でも負極活物質粒子表面におけるSEI膜の成長を抑えられるため、不可逆容量や負極活物質粒子間の接触抵抗を低減することができる。よって、かかる負極合材層を備えたリチウム二次電池は優れた高温保存特性を有する。また、ここで開示される製造方法によれば、負極合材層内に適切な細孔が確保されているため、該合材層内に良好な導電経路(導電パス)を保つことができる。更に、好ましくはリチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができるため、優れた電池性能(例えば、電池抵抗の低減)を発揮し得る。
上記密度範囲を満たす負極合材層を備えたリチウム二次電池は、高エネルギー密度であり、且つ高温環境下においても優れた電池性能を発揮し得る。また該合材層内に適切な細孔が確保されているため、リチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができ、より優れた電池性能(例えば、電池抵抗の低減)を発揮し得る。
負極活物質としての黒鉛は安全性が高く、理論容量が大きいため高いエネルギー密度を実現し得る。また上記粒径範囲を満たす黒鉛からなる負極合材層は、該合材層中に適度な細孔を確保し得るため、リチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができる。更に、上記比表面積の範囲を満たす黒鉛は、よりエネルギー密度が高く、且つ高温環境下における負極活物質間の接触抵抗をより低減し得る。よってかかる黒鉛を備えた電池では、より優れた性能(例えば、電池抵抗の低減)を発揮し得る。
上記バインダは接着性に優れ、負極活物質粒子間および該活物質粒子と負極集電体間に良好な導電経路(導電パス)を形成することができる。このため、負極合材層内の抵抗を低減することができ、電池性能を向上させることができる。
負極合材スラリーの固形分濃度が上記範囲にある場合、該スラリーの分散性が良好であり、粗大な凝集体がほとんど存在しないため塗工性が良好である。また、精度よく負極合材層を形成することができるため、負極合材層内に優れた導電経路(導電パス)を形成し得る。よって、かかる負極合材層を備えたリチウム二次電池では内部抵抗を低減することができ、より電池性能を向上させることができる。
かかる構成の電池によれば、上述した理由により高温環境下でも不可逆容量が低減され、優れた容量維持率を保持し得る。また負極合材層内に良好な導電経路を保持しつつ、リチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができる。このため、かかる負極合材層を備えたリチウム二次電池では優れた電池性能(例えば、電池抵抗の低減)を発揮し得る。
上述の通り、上記密度範囲を満たす負極合材層を備えたリチウム二次電池は、高エネルギー密度であり、且つ高温環境下においても優れた電池性能を発揮し得る。またリチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができ、該電池の電池性能を向上し得る。
上述の通り、上記粒径範囲を満たす黒鉛からなる負極合材層は、リチウムイオンの拡散抵抗を低減することができる。また、上記比表面積の範囲を満たす黒鉛は、エネルギー密度が高く、且つ高温環境下における負極活物質間の接触抵抗をより低減し得る。このため、該電池の電池性能をより向上し得る。
上記バインダは接着性に優れ、負極合材層内に良好な導電経路(導電パス)を形成することができる。このため、該電池の電池性能をより向上し得る。
かかる電池では従来に比べ抵抗が低減されているため、電池性能を向上し得る。
上記粒度分布の測定は、レーザー回折・光散乱法に基づく粒度分布測定により測定することができる。具体的には、まず試料(粉末)を測定溶媒中に分散させる。この際、測定結果に影響を与えない範囲で界面活性剤等の分散剤を添加してもよい。次に、かかる分散液を、例えば、株式会社堀場製作所製の粒度分布測定装置、型式「LA-920」に投入し、測定した値を採用することができる。なお、本明細書において「粒径」とは、かかる測定結果より算出される体積基準の粒度分布から導き出せる値を指し、累積50%粒径(D50)とは体積基準の粒度分布において微粒子側からの累積50%に相当する粒径(メジアン径)を示す。
上記比表面積の測定は、窒素ガスの吸着等温線を測定するガス吸着法にて、例えば日本ベル株式会社製の自動比表面積/細孔分布測定装置、「BELSORP(商標)-18PLUS」を用いて定容量式吸着法にて測定した値(BET比表面積)を採用することができる。具体的には、試料(粉末)凡そ0.4gをセルに充填し、真空状態で加熱して前処理を行った後、液体窒素温度まで冷却し、窒素30%、He70%のガスを飽和吸着させる。その後、室温まで加熱して脱着したガス量を計測し、得られた結果からBET法(例えばBET1点法)により比表面積を算出する。
あるいは、溶剤系の液状組成物(分散媒の主成分が有機溶媒である溶剤系組成物)を用いて負極合材層を形成する場合には、有機溶剤に分散または溶解するポリマー材料を好ましく採用し得る。かかるポリマー材料としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVdC)、ポリエチレンオキサイド(PEO)等が挙げられる。特に限定するものではないが、負極合材層全体に占めるバインダの使用量は、例えば0.1質量%~10質量%(好ましくは0.5質量%~5質量%)とすることができる。
かかる負極合材スラリーを付与する操作は、従来の一般的なリチウム二次電池用負極を作製する場合と同様に行うことができる。例えば、適当な塗布装置(スリットコーター、ダイコーター、コンマコーター、グラビアコーター等)を使用して、上記負極集電体上に所定量の上記負極合材スラリーを均一な厚さにコーティングすることにより作製され得る。
その後、適当な乾燥手段で負極合材層を乾燥することにより、負極合材スラリーに含まれていた溶媒を除去する。負極合材層を乾燥するにあたっては、自然乾燥、熱風、低湿風、真空、赤外線、遠赤外線、電子線等を単独または組み合わせにて用いることができる。好ましい一態様では、乾燥温度を凡そ200℃以下(典型的には80℃以上200℃未満)とする。このようにして、ここで開示されるリチウム二次電池用の負極を得ることができる。
of Charge)を意味し、可逆的に充放電可能な稼動電圧の範囲において、その上限となる電圧が得られる充電状態(即ち、満充電状態)を100%とし、下限となる電圧が得られる充電状態(即ち、充電されていない状態)を0%としたときの充電状態を示す。
上記水銀圧入法の具体的な測定方法としては、まず測定対象たる負極合材層を負極集電体から剥ぎ取り、サンプルを得る。次に、かかるサンプルを真空引きされた状態で水銀に浸漬し、徐々に圧力を高めていく。すると、サンプルの細孔に水銀が入り込み、細孔の容積を測定することができる。即ち、水銀にかけられる圧力が高くなると、水銀はより小さい空間へと徐々に浸入していく。該圧力と細孔の大きさは反比例するため、かかる関係に基づき、該サンプルの有する細孔の大きさとその容量分布を求めることができる。かかる装置としては、例えば、株式会社島津製作所製のオートポアIII9410を用いることができる。この場合、例えば、4psi~60000psiにて測定することによって、50μm~0.003μmの細孔範囲に相当する細孔の容積分布を把握することができる。
その後、上記負極負極合材層の場合と同様に、適当な乾燥手段で正極合材層を乾燥することにより、正極合材スラリーに含まれていた溶媒を除去する。正極合材スラリーの乾燥後、適宜プレス処理(例えば、ロールプレス法、平板プレス法等)を施すことによって正極合材層の厚みや密度を調製することができる。
電池ケースとしては、従来のリチウム二次電池に用いられる材料や形状を用いることができる。材質としては、例えばアルミニウム、スチール等の比較的軽量な金属材や、PPS、ポリイミド樹脂等の樹脂材料が挙げられる。また、形状(容器の外形)としては特に限定されず、例えば、円筒型、角型、直方体型、コイン型、袋体型等の形状であり得る。また該ケースに電流遮断機構(電池の過充電時に、内圧の上昇に応じて電流を遮断し得る機構)などの安全機構を設けてもよい。
該非水溶媒としては、カーボネート類、エステル類、エーテル類、ニトリル類、スルホン類、ラクトン類等の非プロトン性溶媒を用いることができる。例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、1,3-ジオキソラン、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ニトロメタン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン、γ-ブチロラクトン等が挙げられる。なかでもカーボネート類を主体とする非水溶媒が好ましく用いられる。例えば、非水溶媒として一種または二種以上のカーボネート類を含み、それらカーボネート類の合計体積が非水溶媒全体の体積の60体積%以上(より好ましくは75体積%以上、さらに好ましくは90体積%以上であり、実質的に100体積%であってもよい。)を占める非水電解液を好ましく用いられる。また、かかる液状電解液にポリマーが添加された固体状(ゲル状)の電解液であってもよい。
該電解質としては、例えばLiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiClO4等が例示される。なかでもLiPF6が好ましく用いられる。電解質の濃度は特に制限されないが、電解質の濃度が低すぎると電解液に含まれるリチウムイオンの量が不足し、イオン伝導性が低下する傾向がある。また支持電解質の濃度が高すぎると非水電解液の粘度が高くなりすぎて、イオン伝導性が低下する傾向がある。このため、電解質を凡そ0.1mol/L~5mol/L(好ましくは、凡そ0.8mol/L~1.5mol/L)程度の濃度で含有する非水電解液が好ましく用いられる。
電池ケース50は、上端が開放された扁平な直方体状のケース本体52と、その開口部を塞ぐ蓋体54とを備える。電池ケース50の上面(即ち、蓋体54)には、捲回電極体80の正極10と電気的に接続する正極端子70および該電極体80の負極20と電気的に接続する負極端子72が設けられている。
正極シート10は、その長手方向に沿う一方の端部において、正極合材層14が設けられておらず(あるいは除去されて)、正極集電体12が露出するよう形成されている。同様に、捲回される負極シート20は、その長手方向に沿う一方の端部において、負極合材層24が設けられておらず(あるいは除去されて)、負極集電体22が露出するように形成されている。そして、正極集電体12の該露出端部74に正極集電板が、負極集電体22の該露出端部76には負極集電板がそれぞれ付設されており、上記正極端子70および上記負極端子72とそれぞれ電気的に接続される。
まず、負極活物質としての人造黒鉛(粉末)とスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)と、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)とを、これら材料の質量比が98:1:1であり、且つNV値が50質量%となるようにイオン交換水と混合して、水系の負極合材スラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、厚み凡そ10μmの長尺状銅箔(負極集電体)の両面に塗布して負極合材層を形成し、シート状の負極(負極シート(例1))を得た。こうして得られた負極を乾燥後、負極合材層の密度が約1.4g/cm3となるように圧延(プレス)した。
ここで開示される製造方法における好適なVA/VBの範囲を見極めるために、上記使用する負極活物質の粒径および上記負極合材層の圧延(プレス)条件を調節したこと以外は、例1と同様に、負極シート(例2~10)を作製した。かかる負極シート(例2~10)を用いて、例1と同様に、18650型(径18mm、高さ65mm)のリチウム二次電池(例2~10)を構築した。
上記コンディショニング処理後の各電池について、25℃の温度条件下にて4.1Vまで1Cの定電流で充電し、続いて合計充電時間が2時間となるまで定電圧で充電した。かかるCC-CV充電後の電池を25℃の温度条件下にて24時間保持した後、4.1Vから3.0Vまで1Cの定電流で放電させ、続いて合計放電時間が2時間となるまで定電圧で放電させて、このときの放電容量(初期容量(Ci))を測定した。そして、上記初期容量測定後の各電池に対して、高温保存試験を行った。具体的には、まず各電池を充電しSOCが80%の状態に調整した。その後、60℃で60日間保存した後、上述した初期容量測定と同じ条件で充放電操作を行い、放電容量(Cf)を測定した。上記初期容量(Ci)と高温保存試験後における放電容量(Cf)とから、高温保存後の容量維持率((Cf/Ci)×100(%))を算出した。結果を図5に示す。
次に、上記構築した各電池について、25℃の温度条件下にて定電流定電圧(CC-CV)充電によって各電池をSOCが60%の充電状態に調整した。その後、10Cの電流値で10秒間の放電を行い、放電開始から10秒後の電圧降下量からIV抵抗を算出した。結果を図6に示す。
直流抵抗は、交流インピーダンス測定法によって下記の条件で測定した。得られたCole-Coleプロット(ナイキスト・プロットともいう。)について、等価回路をフィッティングさせ、直流抵抗を求めた。結果を図7に示す。
装置;Solartron社製、「1287型ポテンショ/ガルバノスタット」および「1255B型周波数応答アナライザ(FRA)」
測定周波数;10-2~105Hz
測定温度;25℃
解析ソフト;ZPlot/CorrWare
よって、負極細孔分布から求められるVA/VBを2.1以上にすることで、高温保存試験における容量維持率が88%以上と高いリチウム二次電池が得られることが確認できた。
よって、負極細孔分布から求められるVA/VBを2.1以上3.4以下の範囲にすることで、IV抵抗が36mΩ以下(即ち、25℃におけるIV抵抗(mΩ)と電池容量(Ah)との積が18(mΩ・Ah)以下)に低減されたリチウム二次電池が得られることが確認できた。また、かかる範囲ではリチウムイオンの拡散抵抗が抑えられていることから、ここで開示される製造方法によれば出力特性にも優れた電池を製造することができる。
よって、負極細孔分布から求められるVA/VBを3.4以下にすることで、直流抵抗が40mΩ以下(即ち、25℃における交流インピーダンス測定に基づく直流抵抗(mΩ)と電池容量(Ah)との積が20(mΩ・Ah)以下)に低減されたリチウム二次電池が得られることが確認できた。
10 正極シート(正極)
12 正極集電体
14 正極合材層
20 負極シート(負極)
22 負極集電体
24 負極合材層
40A、40B セパレータシート
50 電池ケース
52 ケース本体
54 蓋体
70 正極端子
72 負極端子
80 捲回電極体
100 リチウム二次電池
Claims (12)
- リチウム二次電池を製造する方法であって:
負極活物質と、バインダと、を含むスラリー状の負極合材層形成用組成物を用意すること;
正極活物質と、バインダと、を含むスラリー状の正極合材層形成用組成物を用意すること;
前記負極合材層形成用組成物を負極集電体上に付与することにより、該集電体上に負極合材層を備えた負極を形成すること;
前記正極合材層形成用組成物を正極集電体上に付与することにより、該集電体上に正極合材層を備えた正極を形成すること;および
前記負極と前記正極を使用してリチウム二次電池を構築すること;
を包含し、
ここで、リチウム二次電池を構築するために使用する負極として、水銀圧入法に基づく細孔分布を測定し、該測定による細孔径が0.3μm以上4μm以下の範囲(A)と、細孔径が0μm以上0.3μm未満の範囲(B)にそれぞれ極大点を有しており、前記Aの範囲における極大点の細孔容量(VA)と、前記Bの範囲における極大点の細孔容量(VB)との比(VA/VB)が、2.1以上3.4以下のものを使用する、リチウム二次電池の製造方法。 - 前記負極合材層の密度が1.0g/cm3以上1.6g/cm3以下の負極を形成する、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記負極活物質として、粒度分布測定(レーザー回折・光散乱法)により測定される累積50%粒径(D50)が3μm以上20μm以下であり、且つ窒素吸着法により測定される比表面積が2m2/g以上40m2/g以下の黒鉛を使用する、請求項1または2記載のリチウム二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記負極合材層形成用組成物は、少なくとも、スチレンブタジエンゴムおよび/またはカルボキシメチルセルロースを含む、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記負極合材層形成用組成物の固形分濃度は、40%以上60%以下である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池の製造方法。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法により得られたリチウム二次電池。
- 正極と負極を有する電極体を備えたリチウム二次電池であって、
前記負極は、負極集電体と、前記負極集電体上に形成された負極合材層と、を備えており、
前記負極合材層は、負極活物質と、バインダと、を含み、
ここで、前記負極合材層は、水銀圧入法に基づく細孔分布において、細孔径が0.3μm以上4μm以下の範囲(A)と、細孔径が0μm以上0.3μm未満の範囲(B)にそれぞれ極大点を有しており、前記Aの範囲における極大点の細孔容量(VA)と、前記Bの範囲における極大点の細孔容量(VB)との比(VA/VB)が、2.1以上3.4以下であることを特徴とする、リチウム二次電池。 - 前記負極合材層の密度が1.0g/cm3以上1.6g/cm3以下である、請求項7に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質は、粒度分布測定(レーザー回折・光散乱法)により測定される累積50%粒径(D50)が3μm以上20μm以下であって、且つ、窒素吸着法により測定される比表面積が2m2/g以上40m2/g以下の黒鉛である、請求項7または8に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極合材層形成用組成物は、少なくとも、スチレンブタジエンゴムおよび/またはカルボキシメチルセルロースを含む、請求項7から9のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 25℃におけるIV抵抗(mΩ)と電池容量(Ah)との積が18(mΩ・Ah)以下であって、且つ、25℃における交流インピーダンス測定に基づく直流抵抗(mΩ)と電池容量(Ah)との積が20(mΩ・Ah)以下であることを特徴とする、請求項6から10のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項6から11のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池を駆動用電源として備える車両。
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| US10707531B1 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2020-07-07 | New Dominion Enterprises Inc. | All-inorganic solvents for electrolytes |
| JP6804052B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-31 | 2020-12-23 | 株式会社村田製作所 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
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| KR102790876B1 (ko) * | 2019-08-07 | 2025-04-04 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 카보네이트계 화합물을 포함하는 용액의 가스 크로마토그래피 분석을 위한 방법 및 시스템 |
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| WO2014002561A1 (ja) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP2014011071A (ja) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP2014060010A (ja) * | 2012-09-14 | 2014-04-03 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 二次電池用負極および二次電池 |
| JP2015092461A (ja) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-05-14 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 電池 |
| JP2016152153A (ja) * | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-22 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 蓄電素子、及び蓄電素子の製造方法 |
| JP2021052006A (ja) * | 2016-09-26 | 2021-04-01 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 蓄電素子 |
| JP7085156B2 (ja) | 2016-09-26 | 2022-06-16 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 蓄電素子 |
| WO2022230661A1 (ja) * | 2021-04-26 | 2022-11-03 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用負極、二次電池、及び二次電池用負極の製造方法 |
| EP4411870A4 (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2025-06-18 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode for secondary batteries, and secondary battery |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150171414A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
| CN103959520A (zh) | 2014-07-30 |
| KR20140105794A (ko) | 2014-09-02 |
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