WO2013054500A1 - 蓄電装置用負極材料、蓄電装置用負極、蓄電装置ならびに車両 - Google Patents
蓄電装置用負極材料、蓄電装置用負極、蓄電装置ならびに車両 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material that can be used for a power storage device, a negative electrode using the negative electrode material, a power storage device using the negative electrode, and a vehicle using the power storage device.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are small and have a large capacity, and are therefore widely used as secondary batteries for mobile phones and notebook computers.
- applications as batteries for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles have also been proposed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has an active material capable of inserting and removing lithium (Li) in the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery operates by movement between both electrodes of lithium ions.
- a carbon material having a multilayer structure is mainly used as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- this type of carbon material it is possible to suppress a decrease in discharge capacity after repeated charge and discharge, and to improve the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which the negative electrode active material is composed of only these carbon materials has a problem of inferior initial capacity (energy density).
- a lithium ion secondary battery In order to increase the initial capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery, it has been proposed to use an element that can be alloyed with Li and has a theoretical capacity larger than that of a carbon material as a negative electrode active material. Since silicon (Si), an element that can be alloyed with Li, has a larger theoretical capacity than carbon materials and other elements (for example, tin and germanium), it is useful as a negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries. It is considered. That is, by using Si as the negative electrode active material, a lithium ion secondary battery having a higher capacity than that using a carbon material can be obtained.
- Si silicon
- the volume of Si greatly changes with the insertion and extraction of Li during charge and discharge. Due to this volume change, there is a problem that Si is pulverized and falls off or peels from the current collector, and the charge / discharge cycle life of the battery is short. Therefore, by using silicon oxide as the negative electrode active material, it is possible to suppress volume change associated with insertion and extraction of Li during charge / discharge, compared to the case of using Si as the negative electrode active material.
- SiO x is a general formula that represents a general term for amorphous silicon oxides obtained using metal silicon (Si) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) as raw materials. It is known that SiO x decomposes into silicon (Si) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) when heat-treated. This is called disproportionation reaction. If the ratio of Si and O is a homogeneous solid silicon monoxide (SiO) of approximately 1: 1, the silicon (Si) phase and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) Separate into two phases.
- the Si phase obtained by separation is very fine and is dispersed in the SiO 2 phase. Further, the SiO 2 phase covering the Si phase has a function of suppressing decomposition of the electrolytic solution. Therefore, a lithium ion secondary battery using a negative electrode active material composed of SiO x decomposed into Si and SiO 2 has excellent cycle characteristics.
- the negative electrode is also poor in conductivity containing SiO x as the negative electrode active material. Therefore, it is desired to improve the conductivity of the negative electrode containing SiO x .
- the particle size of the conductive assistant is smaller than the particle size of SiO x .
- the negative electrode active material surface is covered with a conductive support agent by mix
- Ketjen Black which is generally used as a conductive aid, is a carbonaceous fine particle and has excellent conductivity.
- KB since KB has a hollow shape and a large specific surface area, there is a problem that it tends to aggregate.
- the conductive auxiliary agent aggregates, it is difficult to uniformly disperse the conductive auxiliary agent in the negative electrode material, and it is difficult to sufficiently improve the conductivity. If a conductive assistant having a specific surface area smaller than KB is used, it is considered that problems due to aggregation of the conductive assistant can be avoided.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a technique in which acetylene black (AB) is blended as a conductive additive in a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery using SiO x as a negative electrode active material.
- AB acetylene black
- the surface area of the conductive auxiliary agent becomes enormous, so the adhesion rate between the conductive auxiliary agent and SiO x decreases, and the discharge capacity increases. May decrease.
- the amount of SiO x with respect to the conductive auxiliary agent is reduced. This may also reduce the discharge capacity.
- current power storage devices represented by lithium ion secondary batteries have not yet satisfied various required characteristics. Therefore, development of a power storage device that is excellent in various characteristics (referred to as battery characteristics) as a power storage device is desired.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a negative electrode material for a power storage device, a negative electrode for a power storage device, and a power storage device that include SiO x as a negative electrode active material and have excellent battery characteristics. .
- the volume change during charging and discharging is relatively large.
- the inventors of the present invention speculated that the conductive path formed in the negative electrode was cut when the SiO x contracted, and the conductivity of the negative electrode deteriorated. It is considered that at least a part of the conductive path is formed by a conductive additive disposed on the surface of SiO x . For this reason, if a large amount of conductive assistant is added, a large number of conductive paths are formed, and it is considered that the conductive paths are difficult to cut even when SiO x shrinks.
- voids in the negative electrode affect the conductivity of the negative electrode, the discharge capacity of the power storage device, and the decrease in discharge capacity. Further, further earnest research was conducted, and it was found that the type and blending amount of the conductive auxiliary agent affect the voids (micro voids and macro voids) formed in the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode material for a power storage device includes a negative electrode active material containing silicon oxide represented by SiO x (0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and graphite, and a conductive assistant containing carbonaceous fine particles.
- a negative electrode material for a power storage device comprising an agent and a binder resin
- the conductive auxiliary is acetylene black
- the content of the negative electrode active material is 70% by mass or more
- the content of SiO x is 17% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less
- the sum of the contents of the conductive assistant and the binder resin is 8% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less
- Content of this conductive support agent is 6 mass% or more and 12 mass% or less, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the negative electrode for a power storage device of the present invention that solves the above problems is characterized by using the negative electrode material for a power storage device of the present invention described above as a material.
- a power storage device of the present invention that solves the above-described problems includes the above-described negative electrode for a power storage device of the present invention.
- the negative electrode material for a power storage device of the present invention is simply abbreviated as the negative electrode material of the present invention.
- the negative electrode for power storage devices of the present invention is simply abbreviated as the negative electrode of the present invention.
- the negative electrode material and the negative electrode of the present invention use SiO x as a part of the negative electrode active material, the battery characteristics of the power storage device can be improved.
- the power storage device of the present invention has excellent battery characteristics despite using SiO x as part of the negative electrode active material.
- 3 is a SEM photograph of a cross section of a negative electrode in tests 1, 3, and 5.
- 6 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of lithium ion secondary batteries of Tests 1 to 6, and the vertical axis represents discharge capacity.
- 6 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of lithium ion secondary batteries of Tests 1 to 6, and the vertical axis represents discharge capacity retention rate.
- 7 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of lithium ion secondary batteries in Tests 8 to 10, and the vertical axis represents discharge capacity.
- 6 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of lithium ion secondary batteries in Tests 8 to 10, and the vertical axis represents the discharge capacity retention rate.
- 3 is a graph showing initial discharge capacities of lithium ion secondary batteries in Tests 1 to 10, and the vertical axis is discharge capacity.
- 10 is a graph showing discharge IR drops of lithium ion secondary batteries of Tests 1 to 10.
- 6 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of power storage devices of Test 11 to Test 13.
- 7 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of power storage devices of
- the negative electrode material and the negative electrode of the present invention can improve the battery characteristics of the power storage device despite using SiO x (silicon oxide) as a part of the negative electrode active material. More specifically, the negative electrode material and the negative electrode of the present invention are excellent in conductivity and can suppress a decrease in the discharge capacity of the power storage device. This is thought to be due to the following reasons.
- macro voids When the content of the conductive additive in the negative electrode material is small, relatively large voids (called macro voids) are formed in the negative electrode. If there are too many macro voids, it is difficult to improve the strength of the negative electrode, and cracks or the like may occur in the negative electrode. Therefore, it is considered that increasing the blending amount of the conductive auxiliary agent can reduce macro voids and improve the strength of the negative electrode. In addition, when the blending amount of the conductive assistant is increased, a lot of fine voids (called micro voids) are formed in the negative electrode. This is because the micro voids are formed between the fine conductive assistants.
- the electrolytic solution is held in the micro voids, it is considered that the electrolytic solution is sufficiently distributed near the surface of the negative electrode active material.
- the conductive path is sufficiently formed by arranging a large amount of conductive assistant near the surface of SiO x . For this reason, it is thought that the electrical conductivity and discharge capacity of a power storage device (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery) are improved by increasing the blending amount of the conductive auxiliary agent and forming many micro voids.
- AB has a smaller specific surface area and a larger specific gravity than KB, so that the amount (mass) of the negative electrode can be increased compared to KB. For this reason, it is thought that by using AB as a conductive additive, macro voids in the negative electrode can be reduced and many micro voids can be formed in the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode material of the present invention contains SiO x , graphite, a conductive additive and a binder resin.
- the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode material of the present invention is composed of SiO x and graphite.
- SiO x is composed of SiO x (0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) decomposed into fine Si and SiO 2 covering Si by a disproportionation reaction.
- x is less than the lower limit, the Si ratio increases, so that the volume change during charge / discharge becomes too large, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- x exceeds the upper limit value, the Si ratio is lowered and the energy density is lowered.
- the range of x is preferably 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, and more preferably 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2.
- a raw material silicon oxide powder containing amorphous SiO powder is subjected to a heat treatment at 800 to 1200 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours in an inert atmosphere such as vacuum or in an inert gas.
- An SiO x powder containing two phases of an amorphous SiO 2 phase and a crystalline Si phase is obtained.
- SiO x is preferably in the form of particles, and the particle size is not particularly limited.
- SiO x may be primary particles or secondary particles.
- the average particle size is larger than 10 ⁇ m, the charge / discharge characteristics of the power storage device may be deteriorated.
- the average particle size is smaller than 1 ⁇ m, the particles may be agglomerated and formed into coarse particles during electrode production, and the charge / discharge characteristics of the power storage device may be similarly reduced.
- the average particle diameter here refers to the mass average particle diameter in the particle size distribution measurement by a laser beam diffraction method.
- the D50 of SiO x is preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 6.4 ⁇ m or more. This is because SiO x having a small particle diameter is easily broken. Considering the cycle characteristics of the storage battery and the above-described charge / discharge characteristics, it is preferable that D 50 of SiO x is 5.7 ⁇ m or more and 7.8 ⁇ m or less. D 50 refers to the 50% diameter (50% value under the integrated sieve) when the volume-based integrated fraction is calculated by laser light diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement.
- the specific surface area (BET value, so-called BET specific surface area) of SiO x is preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 6.5 m 2 / g or less.
- SiOx equips the surface with the coating layer which consists of carbon materials.
- the coating layer made of a carbon material not only imparts conductivity to SiO x but also prevents reaction between SiO x and hydrofluoric acid, etc., so that a lithium ion can be obtained by providing a coating layer on the surface of SiO x.
- the battery characteristics of the secondary battery are improved.
- the carbon material for the coating layer a general material can be used. For example, it is preferable to use at least one selected from natural graphite, artificial graphite, coke, mesophase carbon, vapor-grown carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber.
- silicon oxide and a carbon material precursor are mixed and fired.
- the carbon material precursor organic compounds such as various polymers containing carbon (for example, sugars, glycols, polypyrrole), and organic compounds that can be converted into a carbon material by firing, such as acetylene black, are preferably used.
- a coating layer can also be formed by using a mechanical surface fusion treatment method such as mechanofusion or a vapor deposition method such as CVD.
- the formation amount of the coating layer can be 1 to 50 mass% with respect to the total of SiO x and the coating layer (100 mass). If the coating layer is less than 1% by mass, the effect of improving the electrical conductivity cannot be obtained. If the coating layer exceeds 50% by mass, the proportion of SiO x is relatively decreased and the negative electrode capacity is decreased.
- the formation amount of the coating layer is preferably in the range of 5 to 30% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 20% by mass.
- the content of SiO x when the graphite the sum of the content of the conductive auxiliary agent and a binder resin is 100 mass%
- the carbon material forming the coating layer is distinguished from graphite, which is a negative electrode active material, and carbonaceous fine particles contained in the conductive additive.
- the amount of SiO x in the negative electrode material is preferably large in view of energy density, and is preferably small in consideration of cycle characteristics.
- the energy density in the stacked cell is 380.1352 (Wh / L).
- the content of SiO x in the negative electrode material is 17% by mass, the energy density in the stacked cell is considered to be about 409 (Wh / L).
- the content of SiO x in the negative electrode material is preferably 17% by mass or more.
- the more preferable content of SiO x in the negative electrode material is 20% by mass or more, and the more preferable content is 35% by mass or more.
- the amount of SiO x in the negative electrode material is small. This is because SiO x is relatively fragile. Considering the cycle characteristics, the amount of SiO x in the negative electrode material is preferably 35% by mass or less, more preferably 32% by mass or less, and further preferably 25% by mass or less. Accordingly, the amount of SiO x in the negative electrode material may be 17% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, and preferably more than 17% by mass and 40% by mass or less when the entire negative electrode material is 100% by mass. 20% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less is more preferable, more than 20% by mass and 40% by mass or less is further preferable, and 27% by mass or more and 32% by mass or less is even more preferable.
- Graphite contributes to charge and discharge of the power storage device together with SiO x . That is, in the power storage device of the present invention, graphite constitutes a negative electrode active material together with SiO x . Graphite is also expected to have a function of buffering the volume change of SiO x accompanying charge and discharge. Therefore, graphite combines the functions of both a negative electrode active material and a buffer. In addition, since graphite is excellent also in electroconductivity, it may comprise a part of conductive path. As graphite, general materials represented by MAG, SMG, SCMG (registered trademark) and the like can be used, but the type is not particularly limited.
- the graphite has a smaller particle size. Therefore, in consideration of conductivity, the cumulative 50% particle diameter (D 50 ) of graphite is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 12 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode material of the present invention may include a substance that functions as a negative electrode active material in addition to SiO x and graphite.
- acetylene black which is a kind of carbonaceous fine particles is used as a conductive additive.
- AB is a kind of carbon black and has a smaller specific surface area and a smaller bulk density than KB. For this reason, AB is easier to disperse than KB and is less likely to aggregate.
- it is preferable to use AB having a small particle diameter for example, an average particle diameter of 3 nm to 300 nm is preferable, and an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm is preferable. It is more preferable to use those.
- the average particle diameter here also refers to the mass average particle diameter in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser light diffraction method.
- the negative electrode material and the negative electrode of the present invention may further contain a binder resin, a dispersant (surfactant) and the like in addition to the above-described SiO x , graphite, and conductive aid.
- binder resin is not limited, but fluorine polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), rubbers such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), imide polymers such as polyimide, and alkoxy silyl
- fluorine polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
- rubbers such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
- imide polymers such as polyimide
- alkoxy silyl examples thereof include group-containing resins, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and polyitaconic acid.
- group-containing resins polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and polyitaconic acid.
- the amount of the binder resin is preferably 8% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less when the entire negative electrode material is 100% by mass.
- the binder resin is less than 8% by mass, the moldability of the electrode is lowered, and when it exceeds 20% by mass, the energy density of the electrode is lowered.
- at least a part of these binder resins may be included in a state modified by thermal decomposition or the like.
- Polyamideimide silica hybrid resin refers to a polyamideimide resin having a side chain derived from alkoxysilane formed at the molecular end, for example, an alkoxy group-containing silane-modified polyamideimide resin (Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd., Commercially available products such as trade name Composeran, product number H900-2) can be used.
- the negative electrode of the present invention is prepared by adding an organic solvent to these materials and mixing them into a slurry, and then applying them to a current collector by a method such as a roll coating method, a dip coating method, a doctor blade method, a spray coating method, or a curtain coating method. It can be produced by coating (lamination) and heating and curing the binder resin.
- a metal such as Cu formed into a shape such as a foil, a plate, or a mesh can be preferably used, but is not particularly limited as long as it has a material and shape suitable for the purpose.
- the power storage device of the present invention using the above-described negative electrode can use a known positive electrode, electrolyte, and separator that are not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode only needs to be usable in the power storage device.
- the positive electrode has a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer bound on the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material and a binder, and may further include a conductive additive.
- the positive electrode active material, the conductive additive, and the binder are not particularly limited as long as they can be used in the power storage device.
- LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 LiCo 2/10 Ni 5/10 Mn 3/10 O 2 is exemplified, and LiCo 2/10 Ni 5/10 Mn 3/10 O 2 is particularly preferably used.
- the current collector for the positive electrode may be any material generally used for the positive electrode of the power storage device, such as aluminum, nickel, and stainless steel.
- the conductive auxiliary agent the same ones as described in the above negative electrode can be used.
- the electrolytic solution for example, a solution obtained by dissolving a supporting salt (supporting electrolyte) such as a Li metal salt in an organic solvent can be used.
- organic solvents include aprotic organic solvents such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- the organic solvent preferably contains FEC. It is particularly preferable to use a mixed solution containing FEC, EC, EMC and DMC as the organic solvent.
- the supporting salt for example, if it is a Li metal salt, one that is soluble in an organic solvent such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiI, LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 can be used.
- the preferred concentration of the supporting salt is not particularly limited, but a solution in which a Li metal salt is dissolved at a concentration of about 0.5 mol / L to 1.7 mol / L in the organic solvent (or a mixture of organic solvents) described above is used. be able to.
- the separator is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for a power storage device.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and holds the electrolytic solution, and a thin microporous film such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be used.
- a separator may not be necessary.
- the shape of the power storage device of the present invention there is no particular limitation on the shape of the power storage device of the present invention, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a stacked shape, and a coin shape can be employed. Regardless of the shape, a separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode body, and the space between the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal is used for current collection. After connecting using a lead or the like, the electrode body is sealed in a battery case together with an electrolytic solution to form a battery.
- the power storage device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described lithium ion secondary battery, but can be applied as a lithium polymer secondary battery, a sodium ion battery, a sodium polymer secondary battery, an electric double layer capacitor, and the like.
- the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.
- the electrical storage apparatus of each following test is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- (Test 1) ⁇ Preparation of negative electrode material for power storage device> SiO (manufactured by Aldrich) and graphite (natural graphite, manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.) were prepared.
- the D 50 of SiO was 4 ⁇ m, and the D 50 of graphite was 9.2 ⁇ m.
- As a binder resin an alkoxy group-containing silane-modified polyamideimide resin (Arakawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., trade name: COMPOCELAN, product number H900-2) was prepared.
- the solvent composition of this binder resin is a mixture of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and xylene (Xyl), the curing residue with 100% by mass of the binder resin before curing is 30% by mass, and the viscosity is 8000 mPa ⁇ s, and the silica in the cured residue was 2% by mass.
- the cured residue means a solid content obtained by curing the resin and removing volatile components.
- AB (acetylene black) manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo was prepared as a conductive additive.
- the true density of AB was 1.8 g / cm 3
- the primary particle diameter (median diameter, D50) was 11 to 18 nm
- the BET value was 180 m 2 / g.
- BET value of SiO x is 16.97m 2 / g
- BET value of graphite was 3.8162m 2 / g.
- An appropriate amount of NMP was added as a solvent to the above mixture to prepare a slurry.
- the slurry was placed on an electrolytic copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and the slurry was applied to the electrolytic copper foil in a film shape using a doctor blade.
- the obtained sheet was dried at 80 ° C. for 20 minutes to volatilize and remove NMP, and then the current collector and the coated material on the current collector were firmly bonded to each other by a roll press.
- the joined product was heated in a vacuum dryer at 200 ° C. for 2 hours and cut into a predetermined shape (26 mm ⁇ 31 mm rectangular shape) to obtain a negative electrode of Test 1 having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m.
- the SiO powder was heat treated at 900 ° C. for 2 hours to prepare SiO x powder having an average particle size of 6.5 ⁇ m.
- SiO x powder having an average particle size of 6.5 ⁇ m.
- it is a homogeneous solid SiO having a ratio of Si and O of approximately 1: 1, it is separated into two phases of Si phase and SiO 2 phase by solid internal reaction.
- the Si phase obtained by separation is very fine. That is, the obtained SiO x powder is an aggregate of SiO x particles, and the SiO x particles have a structure in which fine Si particles are dispersed in a SiO 2 matrix.
- AB having a true density of 1.8 g / cm 3 , a primary particle diameter (median diameter, D50) of 11 to 18 nm, and a BET value of 180 m 2 / g was used.
- As the graphite those manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the slurry of the negative electrode material obtained by the above procedure was applied to a current collector, and a negative electrode material layer was laminated on the current collector. Specifically, this slurry was applied to the surface of an electrolytic copper foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using a doctor blade.
- the obtained laminate was dried at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the organic solvent was volatilized and removed from the negative electrode material layer. After drying, the electrode density was adjusted with a roll press. Then, it was heat-cured at 200 ° C. for 2 hours in a vacuum drying furnace to form a negative electrode material layer (solid content) having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m on the upper layer of the current collector. Then, the negative electrode of Example 1 was obtained by naturally cooling.
- the composition ratio of each component (solid content) in the slurry was L333: AB: PVDF 88: 6: 6 (mass ratio).
- This slurry was applied to a current collector, and a positive electrode material layer was laminated on the current collector. Specifically, this slurry was applied to the surface of an aluminum foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using a doctor blade.
- the electrode density was adjusted with a roll press. This was heat-cured at 200 ° C. for 2 hours in a vacuum drying furnace to obtain a positive electrode in which a positive electrode material layer (solid content) having a thickness of about 50 ⁇ m was laminated on the upper layer of the current collector.
- the positive electrode was cut into 30 mm ⁇ 25 mm and the negative electrode was cut into 31 mm ⁇ 26 mm, and accommodated with a laminate film.
- a rectangular sheet (40 mm ⁇ 40 mm square, thickness 30 ⁇ m) made of polypropylene resin as a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group was covered with a set of two laminated films, and the three sides were sealed, and then the above electrolyte was poured into the bag-like laminated film. Thereafter, the remaining one side was sealed to obtain a laminate cell in which the four sides were hermetically sealed and the electrode plate group and the electrolyte were sealed.
- the positive and negative electrodes were provided with tabs that could be electrically connected to the outside, and part of the tabs extended to the outside of the laminate cell.
- Test 2 The negative electrode material of Test 2 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 2 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 2 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 3 The negative electrode material of Test 3 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 3 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 3 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 4 The negative electrode material of Test 4 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 4 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 4 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 5 The negative electrode material of Test 5 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 5 are manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 5.
- Test 6 The negative electrode material of Test 6 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that KB was used as a conductive additive.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 6 were manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 6.
- Test 7 The negative electrode material of Test 7 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 2 except that KB was used as a conductive additive.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 7 were manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 7.
- the negative electrode material of Test 8 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the amount of SiO x , graphite, conductive additive and binder resin, and the composition of the electrolytic solution.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 8 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 8 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 9 The negative electrode material of Test 9 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 8 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 9 were manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 9.
- the negative electrode material of Test 10 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 8 except for the blending amounts of the conductive additive and the binder resin.
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 10 were manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 9.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the power storage devices in tests 1 to 6.
- FIG. 4 and 5 are graphs showing cycle characteristics of power storage devices in tests 8 to 10.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the initial discharge capacity when discharging is performed at 0.3 C for the same power storage devices as in tests 1 to 7.
- shaft of FIG.2, FIG4 and FIG.6 represents discharge capacity (mAh).
- the vertical axis in FIGS. 3 and 5 represents the discharge capacity retention rate (%).
- the discharge capacity retention rate refers to the discharge capacity (%) in each cycle when the discharge capacity in the first cycle is 100%.
- a power storage device having a low discharge capacity retention rate (%) has a large decrease in discharge capacity due to repeated charge and discharge, and is inferior in cycle characteristics.
- the discharge capacities (mAh) of the power storage devices of Tests 1 to 6 are Test 5 (AB 12% by mass)> Test 4 (AB 10% by mass)> Test 3 (AB 8% by mass)> Test 2 (AB6 % By mass)> Test 1 (AB 3% by mass)> Test 6 (KB 3% by mass). From this result, it can be seen that when AB is used as the conductive additive, the discharge capacity is improved as compared to when KB is used, and that the discharge capacity is improved as the amount of the conductive additive is increased.
- the discharge capacities (mAh) of the power storage devices in Tests 8 to 10 are in the order of Test 9 (AB 8% by mass)> Test 8 (AB 6% by mass)> Test 10 (AB 12% by mass). large.
- the discharge capacity retention rate (%) was larger in the order of test 8 (AB 6 mass%)> test 9 (AB 8 mass%)> test 10 (AB 12 mass%).
- the capacity reduction of the power storage device was suppressed in the order of AB content 6 mass%> 8 mass%> 12 mass%.
- the capacity reduction of the power storage device can be largely suppressed.
- the AB content is preferably 6 to 10% by mass in consideration of the suppression of the decrease in discharge capacity. Further, it can be seen from this result that the discharge capacity retention rate is not greatly influenced by the mixing ratio of SiO x in the negative electrode material and the composition of the electrolytic solution.
- the discharge IR drop ( ⁇ ) when the amount of the conductive assistant is increased (for example, 6% by mass or more) is smaller when AB is used than when KB is used as the conductive assistant.
- the discharge IR drop ( ⁇ ) was decreased as the content of was increased.
- the conductivity is high, the discharge IR drop becomes small. Therefore, by using AB as a conductive auxiliary agent, the conductivity can be improved as compared to using KB, and the conductivity is further improved as the AB content is larger. That's right. In other words, it can be said that the negative electrode material of the present invention using 6% by mass or more of AB as a conductive assistant is excellent in conductivity.
- the content of AB is preferably 6% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less when attention is paid to suppression of a decrease in discharge capacity, and the content of AB is 8% by mass or more when attention is paid to improvement of conductivity and improvement of discharge capacity. It can be said that it is preferably 12% by mass or less. Further, considering all of the suppression of the decrease in discharge capacity, the improvement in conductivity, and the improvement in discharge capacity, it can be said that the AB content is preferably 8% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
- Test 11 The negative electrode material of Test 11 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 9.2 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 11 are manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 11.
- Test 12 The negative electrode material of Test 12 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 9.2 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 12 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 12 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 13 The negative electrode material of Test 13 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 9.2 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 12 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 12 by the same method as Test 1.
- Test 14 The negative electrode material of Test 14 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 20 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 14 were manufactured by the same method as Test 1 using the negative electrode material of Test 14.
- Test 15 The negative electrode material of Test 15 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 20 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 15 are manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 15 by the same method as Test 14.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are graph showing cycle characteristics of the power storage devices of Test 14 and Test 15. 8 and 9 represents the discharge capacity retention rate (%) in the same manner as the vertical axes of FIGS.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate (%) of the power storage devices in tests 11 to 13 is sufficiently high even after 900 cycles have passed, and the discharge capacity maintenance rate (%) of the power storage devices in tests 14 and 15 has passed 500 cycles. It was high enough later. From these results, the content of SiO x when the sum of the contents of SiO x , graphite, conductive additive and binder resin is 100% by mass (hereinafter simply referred to as the content of SiO x ) is 12 to If it is in the range of 37% by mass, it can be said that a power storage device with little reduction in discharge capacity maintenance rate, that is, a power storage device excellent in cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- D 50 of the graphite is 12 [mu] m
- the larger the particle size of the SiO x the capacity retention rate at 500 cycles elapsed (%) was also increased.
- D 50 of SiO x is preferably 4.4 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 6.4 ⁇ m or more, and 5.7 ⁇ m to 7.8 ⁇ m. Is even more preferred.
- the D 50 of graphite is 12 ⁇ m.
- a preferable D 50 of SiO x is 4.4 ⁇ m or more.
- D 50 of the SiO x can be said to preferably more than 1/3 of the D 50 of the graphite.
- D 50 of the SiO x can be said to further more preferably greater than 2/5 of the D 50 of the graphite.
- the power storage device of Test 22 is manufactured by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 25 The negative electrode material of Test 25 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 20 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 25 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 25 by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 26 The negative electrode material of Test 26 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except that the D 50 of graphite was 12 ⁇ m and the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 26 are manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 26 by the same method as Test 14.
- the power storage device of Test 25 in which the D 50 of graphite was 20 ⁇ m had a capacity retention rate after 900 cycles compared to the power storage device of Test 26 in which the D 50 of graphite was 12 ⁇ m. large. Accordingly, as the negative electrode material of the present invention, it is preferable to use a small graphite D 50, and D 50 is by using those 12 ⁇ m as graphite, it can be seen that impart excellent cycle characteristics in the electricity storage device of the present invention .
- Test 27 The negative electrode material of Test 27 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 27 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 27 by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 28 The negative electrode material of Test 28 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 28 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 28 by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 29 The negative electrode material of Test 29 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 29 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 29 by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 30 The negative electrode material of Test 30 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 30 were manufactured using the negative electrode material of Test 30 by the same method as Test 14.
- Test 31 The negative electrode material of Test 31 is the same as the negative electrode material of Test 1 except for the content of SiO x .
- the negative electrode and power storage device of Test 31 were manufactured by the same method as in Test 14 using the negative electrode material of Test 31.
- the capacity retention rates of the power storage devices of Test 27 to Test 29 are sufficiently high.
- the more preferable content of SiO x is 20% by mass or less between 24% by mass and 18.88% by mass.
- the more preferable SiO x content is 19% by mass or less, and the still more preferable SiO x content is 17% by mass or less.
- D 50 of SiO x is preferably larger, preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 6.3 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 5.7 ⁇ m to 7.8 ⁇ m. .
- D 50 of graphite is 20 ⁇ m.
- the D 50 of the SiO x is about 5.7 .mu.m ⁇ 7.8 .mu.m
- the D 50 of the SiO x is preferably greater than 1/4 of the D 50 of the graphite, more preferably greater than 1/3, It can be said that it is more preferable to exceed 2/5.
- the power storage device of the present invention is suitable as a vehicle battery.
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Abstract
Description
該導電助剤はアセチレンブラックであり、
該SiOx、該黒鉛、該導電助剤および該バインダー樹脂の含有量の和を100質量%としたときに、
該負極活物質の含有量は70質量%以上であり、
該SiOxの含有量は17質量%以上40質量%以下であり、
該導電助剤と該バインダー樹脂との含有量の和は8質量%以上20質量%以下であり、
該導電助剤の含有量は6質量%以上12質量%以下であることを特徴とする。
また、上記課題を解決する本発明の蓄電装置用負極は、上述した本発明の蓄電装置用負極材料を材料としてなることを特徴する。
さらに、上記課題を解決する本発明の蓄電装置は、上述した本発明の蓄電装置用負極を備えることを特徴とする。
以下、特に説明のない場合には、本発明の蓄電装置用負極材料を単に本発明の負極材料と略する。また、本発明の蓄電装置用負極を単に本発明の負極と略する。
なお、本発明の負極材料における負極活物質は、SiOxおよび黒鉛以外にも負極活物質として機能する物質を含んでも良い。
本発明の負極材料および負極は、上述したSiOx、黒鉛および導電助剤以外にも、さらに、バインダー樹脂、分散剤(界面活性剤)等を含み得る。
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳しく説明する。なお、以下の各試験の蓄電装置は、リチウムイオン二次電池である。
<蓄電装置用負極材料の作製>
SiO(アルドリッチ社製)及び黒鉛(天然黒鉛、日立化成工業株式会社製)を準備した。SiOのD50は4μmであり、黒鉛のD50は9.2μmであった。バインダー樹脂としてアルコキシ基含有シラン変性ポリアミドイミド樹脂(荒川化学工業株式会社製、商品名コンポセラン、品番H900-2)を準備した。このバインダー樹脂の溶剤組成はN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)とキシレン(Xyl)との混合物であり、硬化前のバインダー樹脂を100質量%とする硬化残分は30質量%であり、粘度は8000mPa・sであり、硬化残分中のシリカは2質量%であった。なお、硬化残分とは樹脂硬化させ揮発性成分を除いた固形分を意味する。導電助剤としては、電気化学工業製のAB(アセチレンブラック)を準備した。ABの真密度は1.8g/cm3であり、一次粒子径(メジアン径、D50)は11~18nmであり、BET値は180m2/gであった。SiOxのBET値は16.97m2/gであり、黒鉛のBET値は3.8162m2/gであった。このSiO、黒鉛、バインダー樹脂および導電助剤を用いて、以下のように負極を作製した。
正極活物質としてのL333(Li1[Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3]O2)と、導電助剤としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、バインダー樹脂としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)と、を混合し、スラリー状の正極材料を調製した。スラリー中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、L333:AB:PVDF=88:6:6(質量比)であった。このスラリーを集電体に塗布し、集電体上に正極材料層を積層形成した。具体的には、ドクターブレードを用いてこのスラリーを厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔(集電体)の表面に塗布した。
正極を30mm×25mm、負極を31mm×26mmに裁断し、ラミネートフィルムで収容した。この正極および負極の間に、セパレータとしてポリプロピレン樹脂からなる矩形状シート(40mm×40mm角、厚さ30μm)を挟装して極板群とした。この極板群を二枚一組のラミネートフィルムで覆い、三辺をシールした後、袋状となったラミネートフィルムに上記の電解液を注入した。その後、残りの一辺をシールすることで、四辺が気密にシールされ、極板群および電解液が密閉されたラミネートセルを得た。電解液にはFEC(フルオロエチレンカーボネート):EC(エチレンカーボネート):EMC(エチルメチルカーボネート):DMC(ジメチルカーボネート)=0.4:2.6:3:4(体積比)の混合溶液にLiPF6を1モル/Lとなる濃度で溶解したものを用いた。
試験2の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験2の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=22:60:6:12(質量比)であった。試験2の負極および蓄電装置は、試験2の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験3の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験3の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=22:60:8:10(質量比)であった。試験3の負極および蓄電装置は、試験3の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験4の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験4の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=22:60:10:8(質量比)であった。試験4の負極および蓄電装置は、試験4の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験5の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験5の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=22:60:12:6(質量比)であった。試験5の負極および蓄電装置は、試験5の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験6の負極材料は、導電助剤としてKBを用いたこと以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験6の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:KB:PAI=22:60:3:15(質量比)であった。試験6の負極および蓄電装置は、試験6の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験7の負極材料は、導電助剤としてKBを用いたこと以外は試験2の負極材料と同じものである。試験7の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:KB:PAI=22:60:3:15(質量比)であった。試験7の負極および蓄電装置は、試験7の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験8の負極材料は、SiOxと黒鉛と導電助剤とバインダー樹脂の配合量、および、電解液の構成以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験8の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:6:12であった。電解液としては、EC:EMC:DMC=3:3:4(体積比)の混合溶液にLiPF6を1モル/Lとなる濃度で溶解したものを用いた。試験8の負極および蓄電装置は、試験8の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験9の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験8の負極材料と同じものである。試験9の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10であった。試験9の負極および蓄電装置は、試験9の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験10の負極材料は、導電助剤およびバインダー樹脂の配合量以外は試験8の負極材料と同じものである。試験10の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:12:6であった。試験10の負極および蓄電装置は、試験9の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験1、3、5の負極の断面を、それぞれ、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM;Scanning Electron Microscope)により観察し、SEM写真を撮像した。試験1、3、5の負極の断面のSEM写真を図1に示す。
試験1~10の蓄電装置について、負極活物質1cm2あたり16mAとなる電流密度、放電終止電圧3V、充電終止電圧4.2V、温度25℃で繰り返し充放電をおこない、各サイクルにおける蓄電装置の放電容量を測定した。なお、100~103サイクル目に掛けて、負荷特性試験をおこなった。各蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフを図2~6に示す。具体的には、図2および3は、試験1~6の蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフである。図4および5は、試験8~10の蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフである。図6は、試験1~7の蓄電装置と同じものについて、0.3Cで放電をおこなったときの初期放電容量を表すグラフである。
なお、AB含有量12質量%の蓄電装置に関しても、容量低下はAB3%の蓄電装置と同程度であり、充分に使用に耐えるものであった。
試験11の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が9.2μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験11の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=12:70:8:10(質量比)であった。試験11の負極および蓄電装置は、試験11の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験12の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が9.2μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験12の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=17:65:8:10(質量比)であった。試験12の負極および蓄電装置は、試験12の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験13の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が9.2μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験13の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験12の負極および蓄電装置は、試験12の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験14の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が20μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験14の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験14の負極および蓄電装置は、試験14の負極材料を用い試験1と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験15の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が20μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験15の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=37:45:8:10(質量比)であった。試験15の負極および蓄電装置は、試験15の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験11~15の蓄電装置について、負極活物質1cm2あたり16mAとなる電流密度、放電終止電圧3V、充電終止電圧4.2V、温度25℃で繰り返し充放電をおこない、各サイクルにおける蓄電装置の放電容量を測定した。各蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフを図8、図9に示す。なお、図8は試験11~試験13の蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフである。図9は試験14、試験15の蓄電装置のサイクル特性を表すグラフである。また、図8および図9の縦軸は、図3および図5の縦軸と同様に放電容量維持率(%)を表す。
試験16の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、SiOxのD50が1.37μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験1と同じSiOxを篩で分級し、1μmの篩目を通過したもの(微粉)を用いた。試験16の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験16の負極および蓄電装置は、試験16の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験17の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、SiOxのD50が4.374μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験1と同じSiOxをそのまま用いた(カットなし)。試験17の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験17の負極および蓄電装置は、試験17の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験18の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、SiOxのD50が5.713μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験1と同じSiOxを篩で分級し、1μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(1μmカット)を用いた。試験18の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験18の負極および蓄電装置は、試験18の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験19の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、SiOxのD50が6.357μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験1と同じSiOxを篩で分級し、2μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(2μmカット)を用いた。試験19の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験19の負極および蓄電装置は、試験19の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験20の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、SiOxのD50が7.211μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験1と同じSiOxを篩で分級し、4μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(4μmカット)を用いた。試験20の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験20の負極および蓄電装置は、試験20の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験16~20の蓄電装置について、負極活物質1cm2あたり16mAとなる電流密度、放電終止電圧3V、充電終止電圧4.2V、温度25℃で繰り返し充放電をおこない、500サイクル経過時における蓄電装置の放電容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表2に示す。
試験21の蓄電装置は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の蓄電装置と同じものである。具体的には、試験21の蓄電装置において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験21の蓄電装置は試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験22の蓄電装置は、電解液の組成およびSiOxの含有量以外は試験1の蓄電装置と同じものである。具体的には、電解液の有機溶媒として、EC、EMCおよびDMCの混合液(EC:EMC:DMC=3:3:4)を用いた。つまりこの有機溶媒混合液はFECを含まなかった。試験22の蓄電装置において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験22の蓄電装置は試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験21、試験22の蓄電装置について、上記と同様に充放電試験をおこない、500サイクル経過時における蓄電装置の放電容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表3に示す。
試験23の蓄電装置は、正極活物質の組成、およびSiOxの含有量以外は試験1の蓄電装置と同じものである。具体的には、正極活物質としては、Li1[Co2/10Ni5/10Mn3/10]O2を用いた。試験23の蓄電装置において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験23の蓄電装置は試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験24の蓄電装置は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の蓄電装置と同じものである。つまり試験24においては、正極活物質としてLi1[Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3]O2を用いた。試験24の蓄電装置において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験23の蓄電装置は試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
〔エネルギー密度〕
試験23、試験24の蓄電装置について、積層セルを作製しエネルギー密度(Wh/L)を計測した。その結果を表4に示す。
試験25の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が20μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験25の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験25の負極および蓄電装置は、試験25の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験26の負極材料は、黒鉛のD50が12μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験26の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験26の負極および蓄電装置は、試験26の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験25、試験26の蓄電装置について、上記と同様に充放電試験をおこない、900サイクル経過時における蓄電装置の放電容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表5に示す。
試験27の負極材料は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験27の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=12:70:8:10(質量比)であった。試験27の負極および蓄電装置は、試験27の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験28の負極材料は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験28の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=17:65:8:10(質量比)であった。試験28の負極および蓄電装置は、試験28の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験29の負極材料は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験29の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=18.88:63.12:8:10(質量比)であった。試験29の負極および蓄電装置は、試験29の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験30の負極材料は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験30の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=24:58:8:10(質量比)であった。試験30の負極および蓄電装置は、試験30の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験31の負極材料は、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。試験31の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。試験31の負極および蓄電装置は、試験31の負極材料を用い試験14と同じ方法で製造したものである。
試験27~試験31の蓄電装置について、上記と同様に充放電試験をおこない、1500サイクル経過時における蓄電装置の放電容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表6に示す。
試験32の負極材料は、SiOxのD50が1.37μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験16と同様にSiOxを篩で分級し、1μmの篩目を通過したもの(微粉)を用いた。試験32の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。なお、試験32において黒鉛のD50は20μmであった。
試験33の負極材料は、SiOxのD50が4.37μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験17と同様に、試験1と同じSiOxをそのまま用いた(カットなし)。試験33の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。なお、試験33において黒鉛のD50は20μmであった。
試験34の負極材料は、SiOxのD50が5.71μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験18と同様にSiOxを篩で分級し、1μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(1μmカット)を用いた。試験34の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。なお、試験34において黒鉛のD50は20μmであった。
試験35の負極材料は、SiOxのD50が6.36μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験19と同様にSiOxを篩で分級し、2μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(2μmカット)を用いた。試験35の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。なお、試験35において黒鉛のD50は20μmであった。
試験36の負極材料は、SiOxのD50が7.21μmであったこと、および、SiOxの含有量以外は試験1の負極材料と同じものである。具体的には、SiOxとしては、試験20と同様にSiOxを篩で分級し、4μmの篩目を通過しなかったもの(4μmカット)を用いた。試験36の負極材料において、負極材料中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、SiOx:黒鉛:AB:PAI=32:50:8:10(質量比)であった。なお、試験34において黒鉛のD50は20μmであった。
試験32~36の蓄電装置について、上記と同様に充放電をおこない、500サイクル経過時における蓄電装置の放電容量維持率を測定した。その結果を表7に示す。
なお、本発明の蓄電装置は、車両用バッテリとして好適である。
Claims (10)
- SiOx(0.3≦x≦1.6)で表されるケイ素酸化物と黒鉛とを含む負極活物質と、炭素質微粒子を含有する導電助剤と、バインダー樹脂と、を含む蓄電装置用負極材料であって、
該導電助剤はアセチレンブラックであり、
該SiOx、該黒鉛、該導電助剤および該バインダー樹脂の含有量の和を100質量%としたときに、
該負極活物質の含有量は70質量%以上であり、
該SiOxの含有量は17質量%以上40質量%以下であり、
該導電助剤と該バインダー樹脂との含有量の和は8質量%以上20質量%以下であり、
該導電助剤の含有量は6質量%以上12質量%以下であることを特徴とする蓄電装置用負極材料。 - 前記SiOxのD50は前記黒鉛のD50の2/5を超える請求項1に記載の蓄電装置用負極材料。
- 前記SiOxの含有量は、20質量%以上40質量%以下である請求項1または請求項2に記載の蓄電装置用負極材料。
- 前記SiOxのD50は5.7μm以上である請求項1~請求項3の何れか一項に記載の蓄電装置用負極材料。
- 請求項1~請求項4の何れか一項に記載の蓄電装置用負極材料を材料としてなることを特徴とする蓄電装置用負極。
- 請求項5に記載の蓄電装置用負極と、
フルオロエチレンカーボネートを含む電解液と、を備えることを特徴とする蓄電装置。 - 前記蓄電装置は二次電池である請求項6に記載の蓄電装置。
- 正極として、一般式:LiCopNiqMnrO2(p+q+r=1、0<p<1、0≦q<1、0≦r<1)で表される複合金属酸化物を含む正極活物質を有する請求項7に記載の蓄電装置。
- 前記複合金属酸化物はLiCo2/10Ni5/10Mn3/10O2である請求項8に記載の蓄電装置。
- 請求項7~9の何れか一項に記載の蓄電装置を備えることを特徴とする車両。
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| US14/351,605 US9774039B2 (en) | 2011-10-14 | 2012-10-05 | Negative electrode material for electric storage device, negative electrode for electric storage device, electric storage device, and vehicle |
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| JP2016091723A (ja) * | 2014-10-31 | 2016-05-23 | 国立大学法人鳥取大学 | ナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極およびその製造方法並びにナトリウムイオン二次電池 |
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| JPWO2015118849A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-04 | 2017-03-23 | 三井化学株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極用合材ペーストおよびリチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法 |
| KR20190077446A (ko) | 2016-11-22 | 2019-07-03 | 미쯔비시 케미컬 주식회사 | 비수계 2 차 전지용 부극재, 비수계 2 차 전지용 부극 및 비수계 2 차 전지 |
| JP2019207797A (ja) * | 2018-05-29 | 2019-12-05 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池 |
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| US9774039B2 (en) | 2017-09-26 |
| JP5729482B2 (ja) | 2015-06-03 |
| US20140234705A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 |
| JPWO2013054500A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
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