WO2012131779A1 - ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子および非水系電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子および非水系電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012131779A1 WO2012131779A1 PCT/JP2011/001943 JP2011001943W WO2012131779A1 WO 2012131779 A1 WO2012131779 A1 WO 2012131779A1 JP 2011001943 W JP2011001943 W JP 2011001943W WO 2012131779 A1 WO2012131779 A1 WO 2012131779A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/80—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing one or more other elements
- C01G53/82—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/049—Manufacturing of an active layer by chemical means
- H01M4/0497—Chemical precipitation
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
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- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to nickel composite hydroxide particles and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to nickel composite hydroxide particles and a production method thereof, a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a production method thereof, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolytic solution, and the like, and a material capable of desorbing and inserting lithium is used as an active material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- lithium ion secondary batteries using a layered or spinel type lithium metal composite oxide as a positive electrode material are of the 4V class. Since a high voltage can be obtained, practical use is progressing as a battery having a high energy density.
- LiCoO 2 lithium cobalt composite oxide
- LiNiO 2 lithium nickel composite oxide
- LiMn 2 O 4 lithium manganese composite oxide
- the positive electrode material is required to be composed of particles having a uniform and appropriate particle size. This is because if a material with a large particle size and a low specific surface area is used, a sufficient reaction area with the electrolyte cannot be ensured, resulting in an increase in reaction resistance, and a high output battery cannot be obtained. This is because if a wide material is used, problems such as a decrease in battery capacity and an increase in reaction resistance occur. The reason why the battery capacity is decreased is that the voltage applied to the particles in the electrode becomes non-uniform, so that the particles are selectively deteriorated when charging and discharging are repeated.
- positive electrode active material particles having a small particle size and a high specific surface area are useful for achieving higher output.
- the specific surface area can be increased even if the particle diameter is the same. Then, the reaction area between the particles and the electrolytic solution is increased, and the reactivity of both can be increased, so that high output can be expected.
- the above-described lithium nickel composite oxide so that the particles have a small particle size, a uniform particle size, and a large specific surface area.
- the average particle size D50 which means a particle size with a cumulative frequency of 50%, is 3 to 15 ⁇ m, the minimum particle size is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and the maximum particle size is 50 ⁇ m or less.
- D10 / D50 is 0.60 to 0.90 and D10 / D90 is 0.30 to 0 in the relationship between D10 having a certain particle size distribution and a cumulative frequency of D10 and 90% D90.
- a lithium composite oxide of .70 is disclosed. This lithium composite oxide has high filling properties, good charge / discharge capacity characteristics and high output characteristics, and is difficult to deteriorate even under conditions of a large charge / discharge load. It is described in this document that a lithium ion non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent output characteristics and small deterioration in cycle characteristics can be obtained if a product is used.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having at least a layered lithium transition metal composite oxide, and includes an outer shell portion and an inner space portion of the outer shell portion.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is a lithium transition metal composite oxide comprising hollow particles. This literature describes that this positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is excellent in battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics, output characteristics and thermal stability, and is suitably used for lithium ion secondary batteries and the like. ing.
- the lithium composite oxide particles disclosed in Patent Document 1 are particles having a minimum particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and a maximum particle size of 50 ⁇ m or less with respect to an average particle size of 3 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the lithium composite oxide particles include fine particles and coarse particles, and the particle size distribution defined by D10 / D50 and D10 / D90 cannot be said to have a narrow particle size distribution range. That is, since the lithium composite oxide described in Patent Document 1 cannot be said to be a particle having a uniform particle size, improvement in the performance of the positive electrode material cannot be expected even when such a lithium composite oxide is employed. It is difficult to obtain a lithium ion nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having performance.
- Patent Document 2 since the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed in Patent Document 2 is a hollow particle, an increase in specific surface area is expected from solid particles, and particles and electrolysis due to the increase in specific surface area are expected. We think that the improvement of the reactivity with the liquid can be expected.
- Patent Document 2 does not describe the particle size and particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and is considered equivalent to the conventional positive electrode active material. There is a high possibility that the battery capacity is reduced due to the selective deterioration of the fine particles due to uniformity.
- nickel composite hydroxide particles having a small particle size, high particle size uniformity, and capable of increasing the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material when used as a raw material for the positive electrode active material, and its An object is to provide a manufacturing method.
- An object of this invention is to provide the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteries which has a high specific surface area, and can reduce the value of positive electrode resistance, when using it for a battery, and its manufacturing method.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has excellent cycle characteristics and high output.
- the method for producing nickel composite hydroxide particles of the first invention comprises a general formula (I): Ni1-x-yCoxMy (OH) 2 + ⁇ (I) (In the formula, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti , V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo and W, which represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of nickel composite hydroxide particles, 11.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation containing a metal compound having a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the atomic ratio of metal in the nickel composite oxide particles and substantially free of metal complex ion forming agent is 11.
- the method for producing nickel composite hydroxide particles according to a second aspect of the present invention is the method according to the first aspect, wherein the aqueous solution for particle growth is formed by adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation after the completion of the nucleation step. It is characterized by that.
- a nickel composite hydroxide particle manufacturing method according to the first aspect, wherein an aqueous solution suitable for the particle growth is formed, the nuclei formed in the nucleation step are added to the aqueous solution, and the particles An aqueous solution for growth is formed.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particle manufacturing method according to the first, second or third aspect, wherein after the nucleation step, a part of the liquid part of the aqueous solution for particle growth is discharged, the particle A growth process is performed.
- the method for producing nickel composite hydroxide particles according to the fifth invention is such that the temperature of each aqueous solution is 60 ° C. or higher in the nucleation step and the particle growth step. It is characterized by maintaining.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particle manufacturing method according to the first, second, third, fourth or fifth aspect, wherein the nickel composite hydroxide obtained in the particle growth step is A compound having one or more additional elements is coated.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the seventh invention have the general formula (I): Ni1-x-yCoxMy (OH) 2 + ⁇ (I) (In the formula, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti , V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W, each of which represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of nickel composite hydroxides.
- Spherical secondary particles having an average particle diameter of 2 to 7 ⁇ m and an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle diameter] is 0.55. It is the following, It has the center part which consists of primary particles, and the outer shell part which consists of plate-shaped primary particles larger than the primary particle which forms this center part on the outer side of this center part, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the primary particles forming the central portion have an average particle size of 0.01 to 0.3 ⁇ m
- the plate-like primary particles have an average particle size of It is 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the ninth invention are characterized in that, in the seventh or eighth invention, the primary particles forming the central portion are plate-like and / or needle-like.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the tenth invention are characterized in that, in the seventh, eighth or ninth invention, the secondary particles have a thickness of the outer shell part of 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the eleventh invention are the seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth invention, wherein the secondary particles are uniformly distributed and / or one or more of the additive elements therein. The surface is uniformly coated.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the twelfth aspect of the invention are the manufacturing method of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth aspect of the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth or eleventh aspect. It is produced
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the thirteenth aspect of the invention comprises a general formula (II): LitNi1-xyCoxMyO2 (II) (Wherein 0.95 ⁇ t ⁇ 1.15, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo and W), and a method for producing a positive electrode active material comprising a lithium nickel composite oxide.
- a fourteenth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the ratio of the number of lithium atoms contained in the lithium mixture to the sum of the number of metal atoms other than lithium is adjusted to 0.95 / 1 to 1.15 / 1.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is characterized by washing with water, filtering and drying after the firing step.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention is the method of the thirteenth, fourteenth or fifteenth aspects, wherein the lithium compound and the particles after the heat treatment can react before the firing step It is characterized by calcining at a temperature.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has the general formula (II): LitNi1-xyCoxMyO2 (II) (Wherein 0.95 ⁇ t ⁇ 1.15, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo and W).
- a positive electrode active material having an average particle size of 2 to 8 ⁇ m and an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle size] is 0.65 or less and the reaction area is large [Specific surface area ⁇ Average particle diameter], which is an index indicating the thickness, is 5.5 or more.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an eighteenth aspect of the present invention is the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the seventeenth aspect of the present invention, comprising a space portion at the center of the lithium nickel composite oxide particles, It is a hollow particle which has the outer shell part which consists of said lithium nickel complex oxide in the outer side of a space part, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to a nineteenth aspect of the invention is characterized in that, in the eighteenth aspect, the average thickness of the outer shell part is 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m in the cross section of the lithium nickel composite oxide particles.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the twentieth invention is produced by the manufacturing method according to the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth or sixteenth invention in the seventeenth, eighteenth or nineteenth invention. It is characterized by.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode formed by the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth or twentieth invention.
- the growth of the nucleation aqueous solution is controlled to 11.5 to 13.2 on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C., thereby suppressing the growth of nuclei and causing almost only the nucleation. Can do.
- the particle growth process by setting the pH of the aqueous solution for particle growth to 9.5 to 11.0 on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C., only the nucleus growth can be preferentially generated, and new nuclei can be formed. Can be suppressed. Then, since nuclei can be grown uniformly, nickel composite hydroxide particles having a narrow range of particle size distribution and uniform can be obtained.
- the aqueous solution for particle growth can be obtained by adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation after completion of the nucleation step, so that the transition to the particle growth step can be performed quickly.
- the state of the liquid in each step can be set to an optimum condition for each step. Therefore, the produced nickel composite hydroxide particles can be made narrower and more uniform in the range of particle size distribution.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particle concentration in the aqueous solution for nucleation can be increased, the nickel composite hydroxide particles can be grown in a state where the particle concentration is high. Therefore, the particle size distribution of the nickel composite hydroxide particles can be narrowed, and the particle density can be increased.
- the solubility of metal ions can be adjusted to an appropriate state, so that nuclei having a uniform shape and particle size can be formed in the nucleation step. And in the particle growth step, the formation of plate-like primary particles can be promoted, so that the nickel composite water having an outer shell portion formed by plate-like primary particles larger than the central primary particles around the center portion. Oxide particles can be reliably formed.
- the sixth invention when the positive electrode active material of the battery formed using the nickel composite hydroxide particles produced by this method as a raw material is used for the battery, it is possible to improve the battery durability and output characteristics. .
- Nickel composite hydroxide particles According to the seventh invention, when the nickel composite hydroxide particles are mixed with the lithium compound and fired, the lithium is sufficiently diffused into the nickel composite hydroxide particles, and the lithium distribution is uniform and good. Active material particles can be obtained.
- the cathode active material particles are manufactured using nickel composite hydroxide particles as a raw material, a hollow space is formed inside due to the difference in contraction between the primary particles in the center and the primary particles in the outer shell during firing. Are formed particles. For this reason, since the positive electrode active material particles can also be made into homogeneous particles having a narrow particle size distribution range and a high specific surface area, when a battery having a positive electrode made of the positive electrode active material particles is formed, the electrode resistance is reduced.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles when the nickel composite hydroxide particles are fired, hollow positive electrode active material particles having an appropriate particle size and an appropriate volume space inside can be formed.
- the central portion of the nickel composite hydroxide particles can be made to have a low density, an appropriate volume is formed inside the positive electrode active material particles obtained by firing the nickel composite hydroxide particles. A space can be formed.
- the positive electrode active material particles obtained by firing the nickel composite hydroxide particles also have outer The thickness of the shell is maintained at a thickness substantially equal to that of the nickel composite hydroxide particles before firing. Therefore, if the nickel composite hydroxide particles are formed so that the thickness of the outer shell portion is 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m, the positive electrode active material particles having an appropriate particle size and an appropriate volume space inside can be obtained. Can be formed.
- the battery durability characteristics and output characteristics can be improved.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles having a narrow particle size distribution range and uniform, and having fine primary particles with an appropriate volume inside are used as the raw material.
- the electrode resistance can be reduced, so that the deterioration of the electrode can be suppressed even if charging and discharging are repeated.
- Method for producing positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery since the residual moisture of the nickel composite hydroxide particles can be removed by heat treatment, the ratio of the sum of the number of metal atoms to the number of lithium atoms in the produced positive electrode active material particles is It can prevent variation.
- the firing is performed at a temperature of 700 to 850 ° C.
- lithium can be sufficiently diffused in the positive electrode active material particles, and the shape of the positive electrode active material particles can be maintained in a spherical shape.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles having fine primary particles in the center are fired, the formed positive electrode active material particles have a hollow space with an appropriate volume in the positive electrode active material particles. Therefore, when a battery having a positive electrode formed by the manufactured positive electrode active material particles is manufactured, the battery capacity can be increased and the positive electrode resistance can be decreased.
- the reaction resistance at the positive electrode can be reduced and the initial discharge capacity can be prevented from being lowered.
- excess lithium compounds that cause side reactions when used in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be removed, and the durability and safety of the battery can be improved.
- lithium is sufficiently diffused, so that a uniform lithium nickel composite oxide can be obtained.
- the positive electrode active material particles for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery are used in a battery, high battery output characteristics and high capacity can be realized.
- the positive electrode is formed using the obtained positive electrode active material particles, the reaction resistance at the positive electrode can be reduced.
- the strength of the positive electrode active material particles can be maintained while securing the space in the center, and the generation of fine powder due to the destruction of the particles during battery production can be prevented.
- the positive electrode active material particles have a narrow particle size distribution range and become uniform particles having a high specific surface area. Therefore, when a battery having a positive electrode made of the positive electrode active material particles is formed, the electrode resistance is reduced. It is possible to suppress the deterioration of the electrode even if charging and discharging are repeated.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery According to the twenty-first invention, a battery having a high initial discharge capacity of 170 mAh / g or more and a low positive electrode resistance can be obtained, and the thermal stability and safety can be increased.
- (A) is a SEM photograph (observation magnification 1,000 times) of the nickel composite hydroxide of the present invention
- (B) is a SEM photograph (observation magnification 1,000 times) of the lithium nickel composite oxide of the present invention. is there.
- (A) is a cross-sectional photograph (observation magnification 10,000 times) of the nickel composite hydroxide of the present invention
- (B) is a cross-sectional photograph (observation magnification 10,000 times) of the lithium nickel composite oxide of the present invention. is there.
- It is a schematic sectional drawing of the coin-type battery 1 used for battery evaluation. It is a schematic explanatory drawing of the measurement example of impedance evaluation, and the equivalent circuit used for analysis.
- the present invention includes (1) a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, (2) a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery used for a positive electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a method for producing the same, and (3) a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to nickel composite hydroxide particles as a raw material for a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery and a method for producing the same
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent battery characteristics.
- the particle size and particle size distribution are important factors, and the desired particle size is adjusted to the desired particle size distribution.
- a positive electrode active material having a high specific surface area is preferred.
- the present invention provides a method for producing nickel composite hydroxide particles that affect the performance of a final non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery as particles having a narrow particle size distribution range and a uniform structure. , And nickel composite hydroxide particles produced by the method.
- a nickel composite hydroxide particle having a narrow and uniform particle size distribution range produced by the above method and having a predetermined structure is used as a raw material, and a high ratio adjusted to a desired particle size distribution having a desired particle size.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a surface area and a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery produced by the method are also objects of the present invention.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery positive electrode active material having a desired particle size and having a high specific surface area adjusted to a desired particle size distribution, produced by the method of the present invention, is used.
- An aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is also an object of the present invention.
- the present invention will be described in detail.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particle production method and the nickel composite hydroxide particles which are the greatest features of the present invention
- the non-aqueous electrolyte 2 as the final product will be described.
- a secondary battery, a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using nickel composite hydroxide particles as a raw material, and the positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery will be described.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has a positive electrode formed of a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (2) described later, as shown in FIG. . Since the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention uses the positive electrode, it has a high initial discharge capacity of 170 mAh / g or more and a low positive electrode resistance, and is excellent in thermal stability and safety. .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter simply referred to as the secondary battery of the present invention) is a positive electrode material for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter simply referred to as the positive electrode active material of the present invention).
- the structure is substantially the same as that of a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes a case, and a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a separator accommodated in the case. More specifically, a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated through a separator to form an electrode body, and the obtained electrode body is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode and a positive electrode terminal connected to the outside
- the secondary battery of the present invention is formed by connecting the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode and the negative electrode terminal communicating with the outside using a current collecting lead or the like and sealing the case.
- the structure of the secondary battery of this invention is not limited to what was illustrated above, Various shapes, such as a cylinder shape and a laminated form, are employable as the external shape.
- the positive electrode is a sheet-like member, and is formed by, for example, applying a positive electrode mixture paste containing the positive electrode active material of the present invention to the surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil and drying it.
- the positive electrode is appropriately processed according to the battery used. For example, a cutting process for forming an appropriate size according to the size of the target battery, a pressure compression process using a roll press or the like to increase the electrode density, and the like are performed.
- the positive electrode mixture paste is obtained by adding a solvent to the positive electrode mixture and kneading. Moreover, a positive electrode compound material is obtained by mixing the positive electrode active material of this invention of a powder form, a electrically conductive material, and a binder.
- the conductive material is used to give appropriate conductivity to the electrode.
- the conductive material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, and the like), carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, and the like.
- the binder plays a role of tethering the positive electrode active material particles.
- the binder used for this positive electrode mixture is not particularly limited. For example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorine rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). , Cellulose, polyacrylic acid and the like.
- activated carbon etc. to a positive electrode compound material.
- the electric double layer capacity of the positive electrode can be increased by adding activated carbon or the like.
- the solvent is used to dissolve the binder and disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, activated carbon, and the like in the binder.
- This solvent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the mixing ratio of each component used in the positive electrode mixture paste is not particularly limited.
- the amount of the positive electrode active material is 60 to 95 parts by mass and the amount of the conductive material is 1 to 100 parts by mass of the solid content of the positive electrode mixture excluding the solvent, as in the case of the positive electrode of a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- 20 parts by mass and the amount of the binder can be 1 to 20 parts by mass.
- the negative electrode is a sheet-like member formed by applying a negative electrode mixture paste on the surface of a metal foil current collector such as copper and drying it. Although this negative electrode is different from the positive electrode in the components constituting the negative electrode mixture paste and the current collector material, it can be produced by substantially the same method as the positive electrode. Various processes are performed.
- the negative electrode mixture paste is a paste obtained by adding an appropriate solvent to a negative electrode mixture in which a negative electrode active material and a binder are mixed.
- the negative electrode active material for example, a material containing lithium, such as metallic lithium or a lithium alloy, or an occluding material capable of occluding and desorbing lithium ions can be used.
- the occlusion material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a fired body of an organic compound such as natural graphite, artificial graphite and a phenol resin, and a powdery body of a carbon material such as coke.
- a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be used as the binder as in the positive electrode.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a solvent can be used to disperse the negative electrode active material in the binder. Examples of the solvent include organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the separator is disposed so as to be sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and has a function of separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode and holding the electrolyte.
- a separator for example, a thin film such as polyethylene or polypropylene and a film having a large number of fine pores can be used.
- the separator is not particularly limited as long as it has the above function.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte The nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and trifluoropropylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dipropyl carbonate; tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran And ether compounds such as dimethoxyethane; sulfur compounds such as ethyl methyl sulfone and butane sultone; and phosphorus compounds such as triethyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate.
- the present invention is not limited to such examples. These organic substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the supporting salt include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and complex salts thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain a radical scavenger, a surfactant, a flame retardant, etc., in order to improve battery characteristics.
- the secondary battery of the present invention has the above-described configuration, and since the positive electrode is used, a high initial discharge capacity of 170 mAh / g or more and a low positive electrode resistance are obtained, and the high capacity and the high output are obtained. Furthermore, the secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in thermal stability and safety as compared with the conventional positive electrode active material of lithium nickel oxide.
- the secondary battery of the present invention Since the secondary battery of the present invention has the above properties, it can be used as a power source for small portable electronic devices (such as notebook personal computers and cellular phone terminals) that always require high capacity.
- the secondary battery of the present invention can also be suitably used for an electric vehicle battery that requires high output.
- a battery for an electric vehicle is enlarged, it is difficult to ensure safety and an expensive protection circuit is indispensable.
- the secondary battery of the present invention has excellent safety without increasing the size of the battery. Therefore, not only is it easy to ensure safety, but also an expensive protection circuit can be simplified and the cost can be further reduced. And since it can be reduced in size and increased in output, it can be suitably used as a power source for electric vehicles subject to restrictions on the mounting space.
- the secondary battery of the present invention can be used not only as a power source for an electric vehicle driven purely by electric energy but also as a power source for a so-called hybrid vehicle used in combination with a combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine. .
- Positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery The positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as positive electrode active material of the present invention) is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery as described above. Suitable for positive electrode material.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has the general formula (II): Li t Ni 1-x-y Co x M y O 2 (II) (Wherein 0.95 ⁇ t ⁇ 1.15, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo and W) Lithium nickel composite oxide particles represented by
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material of the present invention is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of insertion and extraction of Li, it is a hexagonal crystal structure having a layered structure of a lithium nickel composite oxide usually used as a positive electrode active material. Is preferred.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is adjusted so that [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle size], which is an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution, is 0.65 or less.
- the index [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle diameter] indicating the spread of the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material is adjusted to be 0.65 or less. Since the proportion of the particles is small, a battery using this positive electrode active material for the positive electrode is excellent in safety and has good cycle characteristics and battery output.
- the smaller the index [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle diameter] indicating the spread of the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material the more advantageous the performance of the positive electrode active material can be.
- the lower limit is preferably about 0.05.
- d10 is the cumulative volume of all particles when the number of particles in each particle size is accumulated from the smaller particle size. It means the particle size which becomes 10% of the total volume. Further, d90 means a particle size at which the cumulative volume becomes 90% of the total volume of all particles when the number of particles in each particle size is accumulated from the smaller particle size.
- the average particle diameter and the method for obtaining d90 and d10 are not particularly limited.
- the average particle diameter (cumulative volume 50%), d90 and d10 are obtained from the volume integrated value measured with a laser diffraction diffraction particle size analyzer. Can do.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has an average particle diameter of 2 to 8 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 8 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 6 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is less than 2 ⁇ m, the packing density of the particles decreases when the positive electrode is formed, the battery capacity per positive electrode volume decreases, and when the average particle size exceeds 8 ⁇ m, the positive electrode active material Since the specific surface area decreases, the contact area between the positive electrode active material and the battery electrolyte decreases, so that the resistance of the positive electrode increases and the output characteristics of the battery decrease.
- a battery in which the positive electrode active material of the present invention having the above average particle size is used for the positive electrode has a large battery capacity per volume, and has excellent battery characteristics such as high safety and high output.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has an [specific surface area ⁇ average particle diameter] which is an index indicating the size of the reaction area, which is 5.5 or more, preferably 6 or more. If the [specific surface area ⁇ average particle diameter] is 5.5 or more, the reaction area between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte is sufficiently large. Therefore, a battery using a positive electrode formed from such a positive electrode active material is a high-power battery. Is preferable.
- the specific surface area and the average particle diameter are inversely related. That is, small particle size particles have a large specific surface area and large particle size particles have a small specific surface area.
- This index reflects the substantial reaction area due to the smoothness and porosity of the particle surface independent of the particle size, and indirectly indicates the reactivity when the positive electrode active material reacts with the electrolyte in the battery. ing. Further, the larger [specific surface area ⁇ average particle diameter] is more advantageous in that the performance of the positive electrode active material can be improved, but in the case of the positive electrode active material obtained in the present invention, the upper limit is about 20 It is preferable that
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material can be increased by a method such as increasing the surface irregularities of the particles, making the particles porous, or making the particles hollow. Since the influence which the baking conditions in the process which manufactures particle
- the electrolyte enters the hollow space through the passage between the grain boundaries, and lithium is inserted not only at the reaction interface on the outer surface of the particle but also at the reaction interface on the surface of the primary particle inside the particle surrounding the hollow space. Escape is performed. Then, since the reaction area of the positive electrode active material of a positive electrode active material and electrolyte solution is large enough, the battery using the positive electrode formed with this positive electrode active material becomes a high output battery, and is preferable.
- the hollow particles of the positive electrode active material of the present invention preferably have an average outer shell thickness of 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m and more preferably 0.3 to 2 ⁇ m in the cross section of the particles. If the average thickness of the outer shell is within the above range, the strength of the particles can be maintained and the space in the center can be secured, so that the specific surface area of the particles can be maintained large. Further, the thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 10 to 45% in the ratio to the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles. If the thickness of the outer shell portion becomes too thin, the strength of the positive electrode active material particles decreases, so that the particles are broken and fine particles are generated when handling the powder and when used as the positive electrode of the battery, thereby deteriorating the characteristics.
- the thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 10 to 45%, more preferably 15 to 35%, in the ratio to the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles.
- the average thickness of the outer shell portion of the hollow particle can be measured by observing the cross section of the particle with a scanning electron microscope. For example, a plurality of particles are embedded in a resin or the like, and a cross section of the particles can be observed by cross section polisher processing or the like. Next, from the particles in the resin, select particles that can observe a cross section that almost passes through the central portion of the resin, and at least three arbitrary locations of the outer shell portion, the distance between the outer surface side and the central portion on the space side is The shortest linear distance is measured to determine the average thickness of the outer shell portion of the particle. This measurement is performed on 10 or more particles, and the average thickness of the outer shell portion for each particle is averaged, whereby the average thickness of the outer shell portion as the positive electrode active material can be obtained.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has a lithium atomic ratio t in the range of 0.95 to 1.15 in the general formula (II).
- the proportion of lithium is smaller than the above range, the reaction resistance of the positive electrode in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material is increased, so that the output of the battery is lowered, and the atomic ratio t of lithium is within the above range.
- the amount is more than the upper limit, the initial discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material decreases and the reaction resistance of the positive electrode increases.
- the atomic ratio t of lithium is more preferably 1.0 to 1.15.
- cobalt does not have to be present in the positive electrode active material of the present invention. However, in order to obtain good cycle characteristics, it is possible to reduce the expansion and contraction behavior of the crystal lattice due to Li desorption by charging / discharging by replacing part of Ni in the crystal lattice with cobalt. It is preferable that cobalt is contained in the active material.
- the atomic ratio x of cobalt is 0 to 0.22, preferably 0.08 to 0.20, and more preferably 0.12 to 0.20.
- the atomic ratio of nickel to cobalt (Ni / Co) is preferably 0.75 / 0.25 to 0.9 / 0.1, more preferably 0.8. /0.2 to 0.85 / 0.15, particularly preferably 0.82 / 0.15.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention can improve the durability and output characteristics of the battery when the positive electrode active material of the present invention is used for the battery. Therefore, it is preferable to contain an additive element.
- the additive element can improve the durability and output characteristics of the battery with a small amount and suppress the decrease in capacity, it is uniformly distributed on the surface or inside of the lithium nickel composite oxide particles. Preferably it is.
- the battery durability and output characteristics can be improved with a smaller amount of addition, and in order to suppress a decrease in capacity, the amount of additive element on the surface of the particle from the inside of the lithium nickel composite oxide particle is reduced. A large amount is preferable.
- the atomic ratio y of the additive element M exceeds 0.15, the metal element contributing to the Redox reaction decreases, which is not preferable because the battery capacity decreases.
- the lower limit of the atomic ratio y of the additive element M is 0, but it is preferably 0.001 or more from the viewpoint of improving the durability and output characteristics of the battery with a small amount and suppressing the decrease in capacity.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the positive electrode active material can be produced so as to have the above average particle size, particle size distribution, reaction area, particle internal structure and composition. Adopting this method is preferable because the positive electrode active material of the present invention can be produced more reliably.
- the method for producing the positive electrode active material of the present invention includes a) a step of heat-treating nickel composite hydroxide particles as a raw material of the positive electrode active material of the present invention, and b) particles after the heat treatment.
- crushing means that the secondary particles are hardly destroyed by adding mechanical energy to an aggregate composed of a plurality of secondary particles generated by sintering necking between the secondary particles during firing. It means separating the particles and loosening the aggregates.
- the heat treatment step is a step of heating and heat treating nickel composite hydroxide particles (hereinafter simply referred to as composite hydroxide particles), and moisture contained in the composite hydroxide particles is removed. .
- composite hydroxide particles nickel composite hydroxide particles
- the moisture remaining in the composite hydroxide particles up to the firing step can be reduced.
- the composite hydroxide particles can be converted into composite oxide particles by this heat treatment step, the ratio of the number of metal atoms and the number of lithium atoms in the produced positive electrode active material is prevented from varying. be able to.
- composite hydroxide particles need not be converted into composite oxide particles because it is sufficient that water can be removed to such an extent that the ratio of the number of metal atoms and the number of lithium atoms in the positive electrode active material does not vary. do not have to.
- the composite hydroxide particles may be heated to a temperature to the extent that residual moisture is removed.
- the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably 105 to 800 ° C.
- residual moisture can be removed by heating the composite hydroxide particles to 105 ° C. or higher. If the heat treatment temperature is lower than 105 ° C., it takes a long time to remove residual moisture. When the heat treatment temperature exceeds 800 ° C., the particles converted into the composite oxide may sinter and aggregate.
- the atmosphere in which the heat treatment of the composite hydroxide particles is not particularly limited, and is preferably an air that can be easily performed.
- the heat treatment time of the composite hydroxide particles varies depending on the heat treatment temperature, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. However, if less than 1 hour, the residual moisture in the composite hydroxide particles may not be sufficiently removed. Therefore, it is preferably 1 hour or longer, more preferably 5 to 15 hours.
- the equipment used for the heat treatment of the composite hydroxide particles is not particularly limited as long as the composite hydroxide particles can be heated in an air stream. Not an electric furnace.
- the mixing step is a step of obtaining a lithium mixture by mixing particles obtained by heat-treating the composite hydroxide in the heat treatment step (hereinafter referred to as heat-treated particles) and a lithium compound.
- the heat-treated particles mean nickel composite hydroxide particles from which residual moisture has been removed in the heat treatment step, nickel composite oxide particles converted into oxides in the heat treatment step, or mixed particles thereof.
- the ratio of the number of lithium atoms (Li) in the lithium mixture to the number of metal atoms other than lithium, that is, the sum of the number of atoms of nickel, cobalt and additive elements (Me) (hereinafter referred to as Li / Me) is preferably Is 0.95 / 1 to 1.15 / 1, more preferably 1/1 to 1.15 / 1, and still more preferably 1/1 to 1.10 / 1. That is, Li / Me in the lithium mixture is mixed so as to be the same as Li / Me in the positive electrode active material of the present invention. This is because Li / Me does not change before and after the firing step, so Li / Me mixed in this mixing step becomes Li / Me in the positive electrode active material.
- Li / Me of the lithium compound and the heat-treated particles is preferably 0.95 / 1 to 1.15 / 1, more preferably 1/1 to 1.15 / 1, and further preferably 1/1 to 1. Mix to 10/1.
- the lithium compound used to form the lithium mixture is preferably lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, or a mixture thereof in terms of easy availability. In view of ease of handling and stability of quality, lithium hydroxide is more preferable.
- the lithium compound and the heat-treated particles are preferably mixed well before firing. If the mixing is not sufficient, Li / Me varies among individual particles, and sufficient battery characteristics may not be obtained.
- a general mixer can be used for mixing.
- the mixer include a shaker mixer, a Laedige mixer, a Julia mixer, and a V blender. It is only necessary that the heat-treated particles and the lithium compound are sufficiently mixed with each other to such an extent that the composite hydroxide particles and the like are not destroyed.
- the firing step is a step of firing the lithium mixture obtained in the mixing step to form a lithium nickel composite oxide.
- the lithium mixture is fired in the firing step, lithium in the lithium compound diffuses into the heat-treated particles, so that a lithium nickel composite oxide is formed.
- the firing temperature of the lithium mixture is 700 to 850 ° C., preferably 720 to 820 ° C. If the firing temperature is less than 700 ° C., sufficient diffusion of lithium into the heat-treated particles will not be performed, and excess lithium and unreacted particles may remain, or the crystal structure may not be sufficiently arranged. Characteristics cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the firing temperature exceeds 850 ° C., intense sintering occurs between the heat-treated particles and abnormal particles may be generated. Therefore, there is a possibility that the particles after firing become coarse and cannot maintain the particle form (form of spherical secondary particles described later), and when the positive electrode active material is formed, the specific surface area decreases. The positive electrode resistance increases and the battery capacity decreases.
- the firing time of the lithium mixture that is, the holding time at the firing temperature is preferably 3 hours or more, more preferably 6 to 24 hours. If it is less than 3 hours, the lithium nickel composite oxide may not be sufficiently produced.
- lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, or the like When lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, or the like is used as the lithium compound, it is lower than the firing temperature and calcined with a lithium compound such as lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate before firing at a temperature of 700 to 850 ° C. It is preferable to calcine at a temperature at which the particles can react. If the lithium mixture is maintained at such a temperature, lithium is sufficiently diffused into the heat-treated particles, and a uniform lithium-nickel composite oxide can be obtained. For example, in the case of using lithium hydroxide, it is preferable to carry out calcination by holding at a temperature of 400 to 550 ° C. for about 1 to 10 hours.
- the concentration of the additive element M on the surface of the lithium nickel composite oxide particle when the concentration of the additive element M on the surface of the lithium nickel composite oxide particle is increased, heat-treated particles in which the additive element is uniformly coated on the particle surface can be used.
- the concentration of the additive element on the surface of the composite oxide particles can be increased. Specifically, if a lithium mixture containing heat-treated particles coated with an additive element is baked at a low calcination temperature and a short calcination time, the concentration of the additive element M on the particle surface is increased.
- Composite oxide particles can be obtained.
- lithium nickel composite oxide particles in which the additive elements are uniformly distributed in the heat-treated particles are obtained.
- the target lithium nickel composite oxide particles can be obtained by adjusting the composition and firing conditions of the heat-treated particles as raw materials.
- the atmosphere for firing the lithium mixture is preferably an oxidizing atmosphere, and more preferably an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 18 to 100% by volume.
- the oxygen concentration is less than 18% by volume, the nickel composite hydroxide particles contained in the heat-treated particles cannot be sufficiently oxidized, and the crystallinity of the lithium nickel composite oxide is not sufficient There is a risk of becoming. Therefore, the firing of the lithium mixture is preferably performed in the air or an oxygen stream. In consideration of battery characteristics, it is preferable to fire the lithium mixture in an oxygen stream.
- the furnace used in the case of baking is not specifically limited, What is necessary is just to be able to heat a lithium mixture in air
- an electric furnace which does not generate gas is preferable, and either a batch type furnace or a continuous type furnace can be used.
- the method of washing with water is not particularly limited, and can be performed by mixing lithium nickel composite oxide and water to form a washing slurry, stirring the washing slurry, filtering, and drying.
- the concentration of the water washing slurry is preferably adjusted so as to be 500 g / L to 2500 g / L.
- the slurry concentration is less than 500 g / L, lithium is eluted excessively from the lithium nickel composite oxide particles, and the electrical characteristics of the positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be deteriorated. This is because if the slurry concentration exceeds 2500 g / L, the viscosity of the water-washed slurry is too high and uniform stirring becomes difficult, and a sufficient effect cannot be obtained.
- the filtered particles can be dried by a normal drying method and conditions, and vacuum drying or the like can be used.
- the nickel composite hydroxide particles used in the nickel composite hydroxide particles of the present invention have the general formula (I): Ni 1-x-y Co x M y (OH) 2 + ⁇ (I) (In the formula, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.22, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, x + y ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5, M is an additive element, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo and W) It is represented by The composite hydroxide particles of the present invention are spherical secondary particles formed by aggregation of a plurality of primary particles.
- the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention are particularly suitable as a raw material for the positive electrode active material of the present invention described above. Accordingly, the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention will be described below on the assumption that they are used as the raw material for the positive electrode active material of the present invention.
- the average particle size of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention is 2 to 7 ⁇ m. Since the average particle size of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention is 2 to 7 ⁇ m, the positive electrode active material prepared using the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention as a raw material usually has a predetermined average particle size (2 to 8 ⁇ m). ). When the average particle size of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention is less than 2 ⁇ m, the average particle size of the positive electrode active material is decreased, the packing density of the positive electrode is decreased, and the battery capacity per volume is decreased.
- the average particle size of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention exceeds 7 ⁇ m, the specific surface area of the obtained positive electrode active material is reduced, and the contact area between the positive electrode active material and the electrolytic solution is reduced. This is because the battery output characteristics deteriorate. Since the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention have a predetermined average particle diameter, a battery having a positive electrode formed by using the positive electrode active material of the present invention prepared using this as a raw material has excellent battery characteristics.
- the index [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle diameter] of the positive electrode active material obtained can be 0.65 or less.
- a battery having an electrode formed of a positive electrode active material prepared using the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention as a raw material can have good cycle characteristics and output.
- the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention are secondary particles having a central part and an outer shell part formed outside the central part.
- the center portion of the composite hydroxide particles is formed by randomly connecting fine primary particles as compared with the outer shell portion, and has a structure with many gaps inside.
- the outer shell portion is formed by plate-like primary particles larger than the primary particles forming the central portion.
- the internal structure of the composite hydroxide particles is maintained even when heat treated particles are formed by heat treatment in air. When the heat-treated particles and the lithium compound are mixed and fired, the reaction with the lithium compound starts from the outer shell portion of the particle, and at the same time as lithium diffuses from the outer portion to the inside, it reacts to grow crystals.
- the fine primary particles in the central part which have a low density, undergo mass transfer and react with lithium so that they are absorbed by the crystals growing from the outside. A space is formed. Therefore, if the composite hydroxide particles have a center portion and an outer shell portion as described above, the positive electrode active material obtained by firing the composite hydroxide particles has a sufficient reaction area with the electrolytic solution. Since it can be enlarged, a battery using a positive electrode formed of such a positive electrode active material can be a high output battery, which is preferable.
- the average thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m. Further, the thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 10 to 45% in the ratio to the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles.
- the outer shell portion of the nickel composite hydroxide particles has a small amount of shrinkage even when fired, and the average thickness of the outer shell portion of the composite hydroxide particles is almost slightly reduced even in the positive electrode active material particles after firing. Equivalent thickness is maintained.
- the average thickness of the outer shell portion of the composite hydroxide particle can be measured using a method similar to the method of measuring the average thickness of the outer shell portion of the positive electrode active material particle (see paragraph 0057).
- the primary particles forming the center of the composite hydroxide particles have an average particle size of 0.00. 3 ⁇ m or less is preferable, and 0.1 ⁇ m or less is more preferable. If the average particle size of the primary particles forming the central part exceeds 0.3 ⁇ m, mass transfer to the outer part is less likely to occur during the reaction with lithium, and the space has a sufficiently large size inside the particles after firing. May not be obtained.
- the lower limit of the average particle diameter is not particularly limited, but the lower limit of the average particle diameter is about 0.005 ⁇ m under the conditions in the production method of the present invention.
- the plate-like primary particles forming the outer shell portion of the composite hydroxide particles preferably have an average particle size of 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the plate-like primary particles in the outer shell portion is less than 0.3 ⁇ m, a high-density outer portion is not formed.
- it exceeds 3 ⁇ m it is difficult to maintain spherical secondary particles, which is not preferable.
- the particle size of the primary particles forming the central portion and the particle size of the plate-like primary particles forming the outer shell portion are the same as the thickness measurement of the outer shell portion of the positive electrode active material.
- each composite hydroxide particle It can be measured by observing a cross section of each composite hydroxide particle with a scanning electron microscope (see paragraph 0057). That is, the cross-section of the composite hydroxide particles that are ready for cross-section observation is observed, and the maximum diameter of each of the primary particles forming the central portion and the outer shell portion of the composite hydroxide particles in each cross-section.
- the particle diameters of the primary particles of the center part and the outer shell part of each composite hydroxide particle can be obtained.
- the shape of the primary particles forming the central part of the composite hydroxide particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably a plate shape and / or a needle shape. If the primary particles forming the central portion have such a shape, the central portion tends to have a low density. Therefore, the central portion is absorbed by the outer shell portion when fired, and sufficient in the fired positive electrode active material particles. An amount of space can be created.
- the outer shell of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention is preferably formed by aggregation of plate-like primary particles in random directions.
- the plate-like primary particles are aggregated in a random direction, voids are generated almost uniformly between the primary particles, and when mixed with the lithium compound and baked, the molten lithium compound spreads into the secondary particles and the lithium Diffusion is sufficient.
- composition of particles Since the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention have a composition represented by the general formula (I), the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention are used to produce a composite oxide that is a positive electrode active material. A composite hydroxide suitable for the raw material can be formed. Then, if a lithium nickel composite oxide prepared using this composite hydroxide as a raw material is manufactured, when an electrode using this lithium nickel composite oxide as a positive electrode active material is used in a battery, the measured positive electrode resistance Since the value of can be lowered, the output characteristics of the battery are good.
- the composition ratio (Ni: Co: M) of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention is also maintained in the positive electrode active material. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the composition ratio of the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention so as to be the same as the positive electrode active material to be obtained.
- the method for producing the composite hydroxide particles of the present invention comprises: a) The pH of a reaction aqueous solution (nucleation aqueous solution) containing a metal compound having a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the metal atomic ratio in the nickel composite hydroxide particles and substantially free of a metal complex ion forming agent.
- the nucleation reaction and the particle growth reaction do not proceed at the same time in the same tank as in the conventional continuous crystallization method, but mainly the nucleation reaction ( It is characterized in that the time when the nucleation step) occurs and the time when the particle growth reaction (particle growth step) mainly occurs are clearly separated.
- nucleation process In the nucleation step, as shown in FIG. 1, a metal complex substantially comprising a metal compound having a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the atomic ratio of the metal in the nickel composite hydroxide particles represented by the general formula (I).
- a nucleation aqueous solution containing no ion forming agent is prepared, and nuclei are produced in the nucleation solution.
- This nucleation solution is prepared by mixing a mixed aqueous solution and a pre-reaction aqueous solution.
- a mixed aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving a plurality of metal compounds containing nickel in water at a predetermined ratio.
- the metal compound dissolved in water is adjusted so that the atomic ratio of each metal in the mixed aqueous solution is the same as the atomic ratio of the metal in the nickel composite hydroxide particles represented by the general formula (I). Adjust the ratio to prepare a mixed aqueous solution.
- the aqueous solution before reaction is prepared by supplying an aqueous alkali solution such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and water to the reaction vessel and mixing them.
- the aqueous solution before reaction is adjusted so that the pH value of the aqueous solution in the range of 11.5 to 13.2 is adjusted at the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. by adjusting the supply amount of the alkaline aqueous solution.
- the temperature of the aqueous solution before reaction is adjusted to 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 ° C. and 80 ° C. or lower.
- the mixed aqueous solution is supplied into the reaction vessel while stirring the pre-reaction aqueous solution with respect to the pre-reaction aqueous solution in the reaction vessel adjusted to temperature and pH.
- the pre-reaction aqueous solution is adjusted to be in the range of 11.5 to 13.2 at a pH of 25 ° C.
- the nucleation aqueous solution Are formed, and fine nuclei of the composite hydroxide are generated in the aqueous solution for nucleation.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation is in the above range, the produced nuclei hardly grow and the nucleation occurs preferentially.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation changes with nucleation, so the mixed aqueous solution and the aqueous alkaline solution are supplied to the aqueous solution for nucleation, and the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation is set to a predetermined value. maintain.
- nucleation step is terminated. Whether or not a predetermined amount of nuclei has been generated is determined by the amount of the metal compound added to the aqueous solution for nucleation.
- the nuclei generated in the nucleation step are grown in an aqueous solution for particle growth adjusted to a pH of 9.5 to 11.0 at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the aqueous solution for particle growth can be obtained by adjusting the pH to 9.5 to 11.0 by adjusting the supply amount of the alkaline aqueous solution to the aqueous nucleation solution after the nucleation step.
- the aqueous solution for particle growth having a pH of 11.0 or less, since the nucleus growth reaction takes precedence over the nucleus generation reaction, almost no new nuclei are generated in the particle growth aqueous solution.
- the distribution range is narrow and homogeneous nuclei can be formed.
- the pH and temperature of the aqueous solution for particle growth are adjusted as described above and the solubility of the hydroxide monomer is higher than in the nucleation step, the hydroxide precipitation form in the particle growth step is This is different from the precipitation form of hydroxide precipitated in the nucleation step.
- the composite hydroxide particles formed in the particle growth process are particles having a central portion and an outer shell portion, and the primary particles constituting both portions have different particle sizes and shapes, and the density of each portion is different. Different particles.
- the particle growth step is terminated.
- the amount of composite hydroxide particles having a predetermined particle size is determined by the amount of metal compound added to the aqueous solution for nucleation.
- nucleation occurs preferentially in the nucleation step, and almost no nucleation occurs. Conversely, only nucleation occurs in the particle growth step, and new nuclei are generated. Is hardly formed, and thus a homogeneous nucleus can be formed with a narrow particle size distribution range.
- the nuclei in the particle growth step, the nuclei can be grown homogeneously to form particles having plate-like particles larger than the primary particles constituting the nuclei around the nuclei.
- the range of the particle size distribution is narrow and homogeneous, and the central particles and the outer shell are different in the particle size and shape of the primary particles and the density is different.
- Nickel composite hydroxide particles having a part can be obtained.
- the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be controlled by the time of the particle growth step, if the particle growth step is continued until it grows to the desired particle size, composite hydroxide particles having the desired particle size can be obtained. it can. Further, the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be controlled not only by the particle growth step but also by the pH value of the nucleation step and the amount of raw material charged for nucleation. That is, by increasing the pH value at the time of nucleation to the high pH value side or by increasing the nucleation time, the amount of raw material to be added is increased, and the number of nuclei to be generated is increased. Then, even when the particle growth step is performed under the same conditions, the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be reduced. On the other hand, if the nucleation number is controlled to be small, the particle size of the obtained composite hydroxide particles can be increased.
- the nucleus generated in the nucleation step is the center of the composite hydroxide particle, but has a structure in which fine primary particles are randomly aggregated.
- the outer shell portion generated in the core particle growth step has a structure in which primary particles having a particle size larger than the fine primary particles are randomly aggregated.
- the ratio between the central part and the outer shell part inside the particle can be changed depending on the ratio of the amount of raw material charged in the nucleation process and the particle growth process or the ratio of each process time.
- (A) Metal compound As the metal compound, a metal compound having a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the atomic ratio of the metal in the nickel composite hydroxide particles represented by the general formula (I) is used.
- the metal compound is composed of one or more metal compounds so as to have a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the metal atomic ratio in the nickel composite hydroxide represented by the general formula (I). .
- the metal compound is usually preferably dissolved in advance in order to facilitate supply to the pre-reaction aqueous solution and mix well. Therefore, the metal compound preferably has water solubility.
- a solution in which a metal compound is dissolved in water corresponds to the mixed aqueous solution in FIG.
- the metal compound examples include inorganic acid salts.
- One or more inorganic acid salts are used so that the inorganic acid salt has a metal atomic ratio corresponding to the atomic ratio of the metal in the nickel composite hydroxide represented by the general formula (I). It is done.
- inorganic acid salts include nitrates, sulfates, and hydrochlorides, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. These inorganic acid salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Suitable metal compounds include nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate.
- M represents an additive element.
- the additive element is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- the compound containing the additive element is preferably a water-soluble compound. Examples of the compound containing the additive element include magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, titanium sulfate, ammonium peroxotitanate, potassium potassium oxalate, vanadium sulfate, ammonium vanadate, chromium sulfate, potassium chromate, manganese sulfate.
- a compound having the additive element preferably a compound having a water-soluble additive element, may be added to the mixed aqueous solution.
- an additive element can be uniformly dispersed inside the composite hydroxide particles.
- the composite hydroxide particle is coated with an additive element
- the composite hydroxide particle is slurried with an aqueous solution containing a compound having the additive element, and the additive element is mixed with the composite hydroxide by a crystallization reaction.
- the surface can be coated with an additive element.
- an alkoxide solution of the compound having the additive element may be used instead of the aqueous solution containing the compound having the additive element.
- the surface of the composite hydroxide particle can be coated with the additive element by spraying an aqueous solution or slurry containing the compound having the additive element onto the composite hydroxide particle and drying it.
- the surface of the composite hydroxide particles is coated with an additive element, by reducing the atomic ratio of metal atoms in the compound having the additive element present in the mixed aqueous solution by an amount that covers the composite hydroxide, It can be made to coincide with the atomic ratio of metal atoms of the physical particles. Further, the step of coating the surface of the composite hydroxide particles with the additive element may be performed on the particles after the composite hydroxide particles are heated, that is, the above-described heat-treated particles.
- a nucleation aqueous solution can be prepared by mixing a plurality of metal compound aqueous solutions.
- a solution substantially free of a complex ion forming agent that forms a complex salt with a plurality of metal compounds is used as the aqueous solution for nucleation. Because when the complex ion-forming agent is contained in the aqueous solution for nucleation, the solubility of nickel and cobalt is increased, so that the precipitation rate of the composite hydroxide is decreased and the primary particles are likely to grow. This is because nuclei in which primary particles are aggregated, that is, nuclei that are the central part of secondary particles of composite hydroxide particles cannot be formed.
- Typical complex ion forming agents include ammonia ion donors.
- the term “substantially free” means content below the extent that does not affect the solubility of the metal compound in the reaction aqueous solution.
- the analysis is usually used.
- a concentration that is not detected is preferable, but it may be about 0 to 0.1 g / L or about 0 to 0.1 g / L.
- concentration of the metal compound in the aqueous solution used for forming the aqueous solution for nucleation is preferably 1 to 2.2 mol / L. Even if the concentration of the metal compound in the mixed aqueous solution is less than 1 mol / L, it is possible to cause the crystallization reaction of the composite hydroxide particles, but the productivity is lowered because the amount of crystallized material is reduced. On the other hand, if the concentration of the mixed aqueous solution exceeds 2.2 mol / L, crystals may precipitate and clog the equipment piping.
- each metal compound When two or more kinds of metal compounds are used, the aqueous solution of each metal compound is prepared, and each aqueous solution may be used at a predetermined ratio so that the concentration of the metal compound in the aqueous solution for nucleation is within a predetermined range. Good.
- the amount of nuclei in the resulting aqueous solution for nucleation is preferably about 30 to 200 g / L.
- the amount of nuclei in the aqueous solution for nucleation is less than 30 g / L, the aggregation of primary particles may be insufficient, and when it exceeds 200 g / L, the growth of nuclei may be biased. .
- (D) pH of aqueous solution for nucleation The aqueous solution for nucleation is controlled to 11.5 to 13.2 at pH at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation is controlled, it is possible to suppress the growth of nuclei and cause almost only nucleation, and the formed nuclei are homogeneous and have a narrow particle size distribution range.
- the pH at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. is higher than 13.2, there is a problem that the primary particles and nuclei forming nuclei become too fine and the reaction aqueous solution is gelled.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation is 11.5 to 13.2, preferably 12.0 to 13.0, based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation can be adjusted with a pH adjuster.
- the pH adjuster include alkaline aqueous solutions such as aqueous alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, but the pH adjuster of the present invention is limited to such examples. is not.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation can be measured with a commonly used pH meter.
- the pH adjusting agent may be added directly to the mixed aqueous solution, but it is preferable to add it as an aqueous solution to the nucleation aqueous solution because it is easy to adjust the pH of the nucleation aqueous solution.
- the pH adjuster When added to the aqueous solution for nucleation, the pH adjuster is prepared by using a pump capable of controlling the flow rate such as a metering pump while stirring the aqueous solution for nucleation. It may be added so as to be retained.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation changes with nucleation
- the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation falls within a predetermined range by appropriately adding a pH adjuster to the aqueous solution for nucleation. It is preferable to adjust.
- the pH of the nucleation aqueous solution can be adjusted to be within a predetermined range by supplying an alkaline aqueous solution as a pH adjuster to the nucleation aqueous solution.
- the amount of nuclei generated in the nucleation step is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of obtaining composite hydroxide particles having a good particle size distribution, preferably for obtaining composite hydroxide particles. Is 0.1 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 2.5% by mass, based on the total metal compound to be supplied.
- the temperature of the aqueous solution for nucleation is preferably 60 ° C. or more, more preferably more than 60 ° C., 80 ° C. or less, further preferably 65 to 80 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction solution is less than 60 ° C., the temperature is low, so that the solubility of nickel and cobalt becomes too low, and nuclei are likely to be generated, and the control tends to be difficult.
- crystallization reaction is possible even if it exceeds 80 degreeC, since the cost and safety risk for maintaining high temperature industrially increase, it is not preferable.
- the atmosphere in the nucleation process is not particularly limited, but an excessively oxidizing atmosphere is not preferable from the viewpoint of stably generating nuclei. Therefore, the atmosphere in the nucleation process preferably has an oxygen concentration lower than the oxygen concentration in the air.
- the atmosphere in the nucleation process preferably has an oxygen concentration lower than the oxygen concentration in the air.
- the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere can be adjusted using, for example, an inert gas such as nitrogen.
- an apparatus of a system that does not recover the product until the reaction is completed is used.
- the apparatus include a batch reaction tank provided with a stirrer.
- the apparatus there is no problem that the growing particles are recovered at the same time as the overflow liquid as in the case of a continuous crystallization apparatus that recovers a product by a general overflow. Uniform particles can be easily obtained.
- an apparatus capable of controlling the atmosphere such as a sealed apparatus as the apparatus. If such an apparatus is used, the generation of nuclei proceeds almost uniformly, so that particles having an excellent particle size distribution (that is, particles having a narrow particle size distribution range) can be obtained.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for particle growth is less than 9.5 on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the solubility of the metal compound increases, so that the amount of metal ions remaining in the liquid without being precipitated as a composite hydroxide Is unfavorable because it increases. Therefore, the pH of the aqueous solution for particle growth is 9.5 to 11.0, preferably 9.7 to 10.7, based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the aqueous solution for nucleation or a part of the aqueous solution for particle growth is discharged out of the reaction vessel after the nucleation step is completed or during the particle growth step. It is preferable. More specifically, the supply and stirring of the mixed aqueous solution to the reaction aqueous solution are stopped, the nucleus and the composite hydroxide particles are settled, and the supernatant of the reaction aqueous solution is discharged. Then, since the relative concentration of the mixed aqueous solution in the aqueous solution for particle growth can be increased, the particle size distribution of the composite hydroxide particles can be further narrowed, and the density of the composite hydroxide particles can be increased.
- the transition from the nucleation step to the particle growth step can be performed quickly. That is, by temporarily stopping the use of the pH adjusting agent used in the aqueous solution for nucleation, it is possible to easily shift from the nucleation step to the particle growth step.
- the pH adjustment may be performed using, for example, an inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid.
- inorganic acids it is preferable to use the same kind of inorganic acid as that constituting the starting metal compound, for example, sulfuric acid in the case of sulfate.
- a component-adjusted aqueous solution adjusted to a pH suitable for the particle growth process is prepared, and this component-adjusted aqueous solution is nucleated in a separate reaction tank.
- An aqueous solution containing nuclei subjected to the generation step may be added to obtain an aqueous solution for particle growth, and the particle growth step may be performed using the obtained aqueous solution for particle growth.
- the state of the aqueous solution for nucleation and the aqueous solution for particle growth can be prepared to have a composition suitable for each step.
- the composite hydroxide particles formed in the particle growth step since the pH of the aqueous solution for particle growth can be adjusted to be suitable for particle growth from the start of the particle growth step, the composite hydroxide particles formed in the particle growth step The range of the particle size distribution can be narrowed to make the particles homogeneous.
- the particle growth step can be performed subsequent to the nucleation step, so only the pH of the aqueous solution for nucleation is adjusted. Can shift from the nucleation step to the particle growth step.
- a solution that does not substantially contain a complex ion forming agent that forms a complex salt with a plurality of metal compounds is used as the aqueous solution for nucleation. Since the particle size of the generated primary particles is larger than that of the nucleation step, a metal complex ion forming agent may be included in the particle growth aqueous solution.
- a complex ion forming agent for example, when ammonia is included in the aqueous solution for particle growth, it is preferable to maintain a constant value at 25 g / L or less. If the ammonia concentration exceeds 25 g / L, the solubility of metal ions becomes too high, the amount of metal ions remaining in the reaction aqueous solution increases, and compositional deviation may occur.
- Average particle size, particle size distribution, specific surface area, composition and surface shape of composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material obtained in each example and each comparative example, and secondary battery performance (initial discharge capacity, cycle capacity maintenance rate) And the positive electrode resistance) were examined by the following method.
- the average particle size and particle size distribution ([(d90-d10) / average particle size] value) of the composite hydroxide and the positive electrode active material are measured using a laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measuring device (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Microtrac HRA). It is calculated from the volume integrated value measured by using.
- the specific surface area was measured by a flow method gas adsorption method specific surface area measuring device (Multisorb manufactured by Yuasa Ionics). Also, an X-ray diffraction measurement device (X'Pert, manufactured by Panalical, Inc.
- the crystal structure of the composite hydroxide and the positive electrode active material is confirmed by PRO), and the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and the positive electrode active material is obtained by dissolving 1 g of a sample in 100 ml of pure water, and then using ICP emission spectroscopy. confirmed. Further, the surface shapes of the composite hydroxide particles and the composite oxide particles were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The internal structure was observed with a scanning electron microscope after cross-section processing was performed with a cross section polisher.
- the coin-type battery 1 includes a case 2 and an electrode 3 accommodated in the case 2.
- the case 2 has a positive electrode can 2a that is hollow and open at one end, and a negative electrode can 2b that is disposed in the opening of the positive electrode can 2a.
- the negative electrode can 2b is disposed in the opening of the positive electrode can 2a, A space for accommodating the electrode 3 is formed between the negative electrode can 2b and the positive electrode can 2a.
- the electrode 3 includes a positive electrode 3a, a separator 3c, and a negative electrode 3b, which are stacked in this order.
- the positive electrode 3a contacts the inner surface of the positive electrode can 2a
- the negative electrode 3b contacts the inner surface of the negative electrode can 2b.
- the case 2 includes a gasket 2c, and relative movement is fixed by the gasket 2c so as to maintain an electrically insulated state between the positive electrode can 2a and the negative electrode can 2b.
- the gasket 2c also has a function of sealing the gap between the positive electrode can 2a and the negative electrode can 2b to block the inside and outside of the case 2 in an airtight and liquid tight manner.
- the coin type battery 1 as described above was manufactured as follows. First, 52.5 mg of a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, 15 mg of acetylene black, and 7.5 mg of polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE) are mixed, and press-molded to a diameter of 11 mm and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m at a pressure of 100 MPa. A positive electrode 3a was produced. The produced positive electrode 3a was dried at 120 ° C. for 12 hours in a vacuum dryer.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene resin
- the coin-type battery 1 described above was produced in a glove box in an argon gas (Ar) atmosphere with a dew point controlled at ⁇ 80 ° C.
- argon gas Ar
- a negative electrode sheet in which graphite powder having an average particle diameter of about 20 ⁇ m punched into a disk shape with a diameter of 14 mm and polyvinylidene fluoride were applied to a copper foil was used. Further, a polyethylene porous film having a film thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used for the separator 3c.
- electrolytic solution an equivalent mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) using 1M LiClO 4 as a supporting electrolyte (manufactured by Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was used.
- the initial discharge capacity, cycle capacity retention rate, and positive electrode resistance for evaluating the performance of the manufactured coin-type battery 1 were defined as follows.
- the initial discharge capacity is left for about 24 hours after the coin-type battery 1 is manufactured, and after the open circuit voltage OCV (open circuit voltage) is stabilized, the current density with respect to the positive electrode is set to 0.1 mA / cm 2 and the cut-off voltage 4.
- OCV open circuit voltage
- the capacity when the battery was charged to 3 V, discharged after 1 hour of rest, and discharged to a cutoff voltage of 3.0 V was defined as the initial discharge capacity.
- the cycle capacity retention rate is the discharge capacity after repeating charge and discharge 500 times after repeating the cycle of charging to 4.2 V and discharging to 3.0 V, assuming that the current density with respect to the positive electrode is 2 mA / cm 2 and the initial discharge capacity.
- the ratio was calculated as the capacity retention rate.
- a multi-channel voltage / current generator manufactured by Advantest Corporation, R6741A was used for the measurement of the charge / discharge capacity.
- the positive electrode resistance is measured by an alternating current impedance method using a frequency response analyzer and a potentiogalvanostat (manufactured by Solartron, 1255B) after charging the coin-type battery 1 at a charging potential of 4.1 V, the Nyquist shown in FIG. A plot is obtained. Based on this Nyquist plot, fitting calculation was performed using an equivalent circuit to calculate the value of positive electrode resistance.
- Example 1 Composite hydroxide production process
- the composite hydroxide was prepared as follows using the method of the present invention. First, while putting water in the reaction tank (34L) to half the amount of the reaction tank and stirring, the temperature in the tank was set to 70 ° C., and nitrogen gas was passed through the reaction tank to form a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the reaction vessel space was 2.0% by volume.
- the pH of the reaction liquid in the tank was adjusted to 12.6 as the pH based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the above mixed aqueous solution was added to the reaction solution in the reaction tank at 88 ml / min, and the pH in the resulting aqueous solution for nucleation was controlled to 12.6 (nucleation pH) on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. Crystallization was performed for 30 minutes for nucleation.
- the obtained particles were transferred to another reaction vessel and mixed with room temperature water to form a slurry.
- the nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particles were coated with aluminum hydroxide by continuing stirring for 1 hour.
- the aqueous solution was filtered, and the particles coated with aluminum hydroxide were washed with water to obtain a composite hydroxide.
- the composition was Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 (OH) 2 + ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5).
- the average particle size was 3.9 ⁇ m, and the [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle size] value was 0.44. .
- FIG. 6 which is the SEM (scanning electron microscope S-4700 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) observation of the obtained composite hydroxide particles, the obtained composite hydroxide particles are substantially spherical. It was confirmed that the particle diameters were almost uniform. Further, in the cross section of the particle, a central portion having primary particles having a particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m and an outer shell portion having primary particles having a particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.2 ⁇ m ( FIG. 7).
- the composite hydroxide particles were heat-treated at 700 ° C. for 6 hours in an air stream (oxygen concentration: 21% by volume) to obtain composite oxide particles.
- the obtained lithium mixture was calcined at 500 ° C. for 4 hours in an oxygen stream (oxygen concentration: 100% by volume), then calcined at 760 ° C. for 12 hours, cooled, and crushed to obtain a positive electrode active material. It was.
- the average particle size was 4.1 ⁇ m, and the [(d90 ⁇ d10) / average particle size] value was 0.6. .
- the specific surface area was 1.5 m 2 / g, and the [specific surface area / average particle diameter], which is an index indicating the size of the reaction area, was 6.2.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was substantially spherical and had a substantially uniform particle size from the SEM photograph (FIG. 8). It was confirmed that When the cross section of the particle was observed, a hollow portion and an outer shell portion were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1 ⁇ m.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction using Cu—K ⁇ ray, it was confirmed to be a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase of hexagonal layered crystal.
- the positive electrode active material has a composition of Li of 7.57% by mass, Ni of 45.9% by mass, Co of 8.59% by mass, and Al of 2.81% by mass by chemical analysis . 057 Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 O 2 was confirmed.
- Example 2 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was washed with water and mixed with water so that the slurry concentration became 1000 g / L, stirred, filtered and dried. Obtained. The performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained positive electrode active material has a composition of 7.27% by mass of Li, 46.7% by mass of Ni, 8.87% by mass of Co, and 2.89% by mass of Al by chemical analysis.
- Li 0.994 Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 O 2 hollow, and having a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase of hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction was confirmed.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained.
- the performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a central portion having primary particles with a particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m and an outer shell portion having primary particles with a particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.2 ⁇ m. there were.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was found to be 7.58% by mass of Li, 45.7% by mass of Ni, 8.30% by mass of Co, 2.86% by mass of Al, and 0.25% of Ti by chemical analysis. It is a composition of mass%, is Li 1.060 Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 Ti 0.005 O 2 , is hollow, and is formed of hexagonal layered crystals by powder X-ray diffraction. It was confirmed to have a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase. Further, when the cross section of the particle was observed by SEM, a hollow portion and an outer shell portion were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 0.9 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the reaction time in the nucleation step in the composite hydroxide production step was 30 seconds. The performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1. In the obtained composite hydroxide particles, a central portion having primary particles with a particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m and an outer shell portion having primary particles with a particle size of 1 ⁇ m were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.5 ⁇ m. .
- the obtained positive electrode active material has a composition of 7.56% by mass of Li, 45.9% by mass of Ni, 8.58% by mass of Co, and 2.80% by mass of Al by chemical analysis.
- Li 1.056 Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 O 2 hollow and having a single phase of lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide of hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction was confirmed.
- grains was observed by SEM, the hollow part and the outer shell part were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell part was 1.4 micrometers.
- the heat treatment temperature was set to 550 ° C. and the firing temperature was set to 745 ° C., in the same manner as in Example 1, for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained.
- the performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was found to be 7.60% by mass of Li, 45.8% by mass of Ni, 8.58% by mass of Co, 2.80% by mass of Al, and 0.8% of Nb by chemical analysis. 48% by weight composition, Li 1.058 Ni 0.75 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 Nb 0.005 O 2 , hollow, hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction It was confirmed that it has a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase. Further, when a cross section of the particle was observed by SEM, a hollow portion and an outer shell portion were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heat treatment temperature was 550 ° C. and the firing temperature was 745 ° C. Obtained material.
- the performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was found to be 7.62% by mass of Li, 45.8% by mass of Ni, 8.57% by mass of Co, 2.82% by mass of Al, and 0.82% of Zr by chemical analysis.
- the composition is 46% by mass, Li 1.06 Ni 0.75 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 Zr 0.005 O 2 , is hollow, and is a hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction. It was confirmed that it has a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase. Further, when a cross section of the particle was observed by SEM, a hollow portion and an outer shell portion were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was analyzed by chemical analysis, Li was 7.61 mass%, Ni was 45.9 mass%, Co was 8.58 mass%, Al was 2.81 mass%, and W was 0.8.
- the composition is 98% by mass, Li 1.057 Ni 0.75 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 W 0.005 O 2 , is hollow, and is a hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction. It was confirmed that it has a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase.
- the obtained positive electrode active material has a composition of 7.58% by mass of Li, 49.8% by mass of Ni, 8.99% by mass of Co, and 1.49% by mass of Ti by chemical analysis.
- Li 1.058 Ni 0.82 Co 0.15 Ti 0.03 O 2 which is hollow and has a hexagonal layered crystal lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase by powder X-ray diffraction Was confirmed.
- Example 9 In the composite hydroxide production process, the temperature in the tank is set to 65 ° C., the pH of the solution is set to 13.0 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C., and nucleation is performed for 30 seconds. Until the pH value of the reaction solution reached 10.8 as a pH value based on a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. Again, the supply of 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide was resumed, and the non-aqueous electrolyte was used in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the crystallization was continued for 2 hours while the pH value was controlled at 10.8, and particle growth was performed. A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery was obtained.
- Example 2 The performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a central portion having primary particles with a particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m and an outer shell portion having primary particles with a particle size of 0.9 ⁇ m were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.2 ⁇ m. there were.
- the obtained positive electrode active material has a composition of Li of 7.57% by mass, Ni of 45.8% by mass, Co of 8.60% by mass, and Al of 2.81% by mass by chemical analysis.
- Li 1.058 Ni 0.76 Co 0.14 Al 0.10 O 2 which is hollow and has a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide single phase of hexagonal layered crystal by powder X-ray diffraction. was confirmed. Further, when the cross section of the particle was observed by SEM, a hollow portion and an outer shell portion were observed, and the thickness of the outer shell portion was 1.1 ⁇ m.
- Example 1 Using a reaction tank for continuous crystallization provided with an overflow pipe at the top, while maintaining the pH at a constant value of 12.0 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C., the same metal salt solution and aqueous ammonia solution as in Example 1 and The neutralization solution was continuously added at a constant flow rate, and crystallization was performed by a general method of continuously collecting the overflowing slurry.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte was the same as in Example 1 except that the average residence time in the tank was 10 hours, and the slurry was collected after the inside of the continuous tank was in an equilibrium state and solid-liquid separated to obtain a crystallized product.
- a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery was obtained.
- the performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery had a solid structure.
- Example 2 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pH during nucleation and growth was maintained at a constant value of 11.6 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. The performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1. The obtained composite hydroxide particles had a homogeneous structure inside, and the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery also had a solid structure.
- Example 3 A nickel composite hydroxide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pH of the reaction solution was kept at a constant value of 12.6 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. during nucleation and growth. Since new nuclei were formed during the entire reaction period, the particles were indefinitely shaped with a wide particle size distribution and containing gel-like precipitates, so that solid-liquid separation was difficult and the treatment was stopped.
- Example 4 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing conditions were 860 ° C. and 12 hours. From the result of the X-ray diffraction measurement, the hexagonal crystal structure was broken and the performance as a positive electrode active material could not be expected, so the battery was not evaluated.
- Example 5 A positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing conditions were 680 ° C. The performance of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was examined in the same manner as in Example 1. Since the initial capacity was significantly reduced, the cycle capacity maintenance rate was not evaluated.
- Comparative Example 1 since the continuous crystallization method was used, nucleation and particle growth could not be separated, and the particle growth time was not constant, so the particle size distribution was wide. For this reason, although the coin-type battery 1 has a high initial discharge capacity, it has poor cycle characteristics. In Comparative Example 2, since the pH at the time of nucleus growth and particle growth was pH 12 or less, the amount of nucleation was insufficient, and both the composite hydroxide particles and the positive electrode active material had large particle sizes. For this reason, the coin-type battery 1 using this positive electrode active material has a high positive electrode resistance due to insufficient reaction surface area.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the nickel composite hydroxide particles and the positive electrode active material obtained by each example has a high initial discharge capacity, excellent cycle characteristics, low positive electrode resistance, It turns out that it has the outstanding characteristic.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is suitable for a power source of a small portable electronic device (such as a notebook personal computer or a mobile phone terminal) that always requires a high capacity, and an electric vehicle battery that requires a high output. Also suitable.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has excellent safety, and can be downsized and increased in output, and thus is suitable as a power source for an electric vehicle subject to restrictions on mounting space.
- the present invention can be used not only as a power source for an electric vehicle driven purely by electric energy but also as a power source for a so-called hybrid vehicle used in combination with a combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、高比表面積を有し電池に用いたときに正極抵抗の値を低減することができる非水系二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
本発明は、さらにサイクル特性に優れ、高出力を有する非水系電解質二次電池を提供することを目的とする。
第1発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、一般式(I):
Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2+α (I)
(式中、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、0≦α≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)で表されるニッケル複合水酸化物の粒子を製造する製造方法であって、前記ニッケル複合酸化物の粒子における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有する金属化合物を含む実質的に金属錯イオン形成剤を含まない核生成用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で11.5~13.2となるように制御して一次粒子からなる核を生成する核生成工程と、該核生成工程で得られた前記核を含有する粒子成長用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で9.5~11.0となるように制御して、前記核の外面に該核を形成する一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子からなる外殻部を形成させる粒子成長工程とからなることを特徴とする。
第2発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、第1発明において、前記核生成工程が終了した後の前記核生成用水溶液のpHを調整することにより、前記粒子成長用水溶液を形成させることを特徴とする。
第3発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、第1発明において、前記粒子成長に適した水溶液を形成し、該水溶液に前記核生成工程において形成された核を添加して、前記粒子成長用水溶液を形成させることを特徴とする。
第4発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、第1、第2または第3発明において、前記核生成工程後に、前記粒子成長用水溶液の液体部の一部を排出した後、前記粒子成長工程を行うことを特徴とする。
第5発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、第1、第2、第3または第4発明において、前記核生成工程および前記粒子成長工程において、各水溶液の温度を、60℃以上に維持することを特徴とする。
第6発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、第1、第2、第3、第4または第5発明において、前記粒子成長工程で得られたニッケル複合水酸化物に、分子中に1種以上の前記添加元素を有する化合物を被覆することを特徴とする。
(ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子)
第7発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、一般式(I):
Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2+α (I)
(式中、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、0≦α≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)で表されるニッケル複合水酸化物からなり、複数の一次粒子が凝集して形成された球状の二次粒子であり、該二次粒子は、平均粒径が2~7μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下であり、一次粒子からなる中心部と、該中心部の外側に該中心部を形成する一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子からなる外殻部と、を有することを特徴とする。
第8発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、第7発明において、前記中心部を形成する一次粒子は、平均粒径0.01~0.3μmであり、前記板状一次粒子は、平均粒径0.3~3μmであることを特徴とする。
第9発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、第7または第8発明において、前記中心部を形成する一次粒子は、板状および/または針状であることを特徴とする。
第10発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、第7、第8または第9発明において、前記二次粒子は、前記外殻部の厚みが0.3~3μmであることを特徴とする。
第11発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、第7、第8、第9または第10発明において、前記二次粒子は、1種以上の前記添加元素が、その内部に均一に分布および/またはその表面を均一に被覆していることを特徴とする。
第12発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子は、第7、第8、第9、第10または第11発明において、第1、第2、第3、第4、第5または第6発明の製造方法によって生成されたものであることを特徴とする。
(非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法)
第13発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法は、一般式(II):
LitNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (II)
(式中、0.95≦t≦1.15、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)で表され、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質の製造方法であって、第7、第8、第9、第10、第11または第12発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を熱処理する工程と、前記熱処理後の粒子をリチウム化合物と混合してリチウム混合物を形成する混合工程と、該混合工程で形成された前記リチウム混合物を、700~850℃の温度で焼成する焼成工程と有することを特徴とする。
第14発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法は、第13発明において、前記リチウム混合物に含まれるリチウムの原子数とリチウム以外の金属の原子数の和との比(リチウムの原子数/リチウム以外の金属の原子数の和)を、0.95/1~1.15/1に調整することを特徴とする。
第15発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法は、第13または第14発明において、前記焼成工程後に水洗して濾過、乾燥することを特徴とする。
第16発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法は、第13、第14または第15発明において、前記焼成工程の前に、前記リチウム化合物と前記熱処理後の粒子が反応し得る温度で仮焼することを特徴とする。
(非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質)
第17発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、一般式(II):
LitNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (II)
(式中、0.95≦t≦1.15、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)で表され、リチウム含有複合酸化物により構成されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質であって、平均粒径が2~8μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.65以下であって反応面積の大きさを示す指標である〔比表面積×平均粒径〕が5.5以上であることを特徴とする。
第18発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、第17発明において、前記非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質であって、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の中心部に空間部と該空間部の外側に前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる外殻部を有する中空粒子であることを特徴とする。
第19発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、第18発明において、前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の断面において、前記外殻部の平均厚みが0.3~3μmであることを特徴とする。
第20発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、第17、第18または第19発明において、第13、第14、第15または第16発明の製造方法によって生成されたものであることを特徴とする。
(非水系電解質二次電池)
第21発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、第17、18、19または第20発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質によって形成された正極を含むことを特徴とする。
第1発明によれば、核生成工程では、核生成用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で11.5~13.2とすることによって核の成長を抑制し、ほぼ核生成のみを起こすことができる。また、粒子成長工程では、粒子成長用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で9.5~11.0とすることよって、核成長のみを優先的に生じさせることができ、新たな核の形成を抑制することができる。すると、核を均質に成長させることができるので、粒度分布の範囲が狭く均質なニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を得ることができる。しかも、pH値を9.5~11.0とすれば析出速度が低下するので、核生成工程で生成された核を中心として、その外面に核の一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子を析出成長させることができる。すると、中心部に微細な一次粒子を有し、中心部の周囲に中心部の一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子によって形成された外殻部を有するニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を製造することができる。
第2発明によれば、核生成工程が終了した核生成用水溶液のpHを調整することによって粒子成長用水溶液が得られるので、粒子成長工程への移行を迅速に行うことができる。
第3発明によれば、核生成と粒子成長をより明確に分離することができるので、各工程における液の状態を、各工程について最適な条件とすることができる。したがって、生成されるニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を、より粒度分布の範囲が狭くかつ均質なものとすることができる。
第4発明によれば、核生成用水溶液中のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子濃度を高めることができるので、粒子濃度が高い状態でニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を成長させることができる。したがって、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の粒度分布をより狭めることができ、粒子密度も高めることができる。
第5発明によれば、金属イオンの溶解度を適切な状態に調整できるので、核生成工程では、形状及び粒径が整った核を形成することができる。そして、粒子成長工程では、板状一次粒子の形成を促進することができるので、中心部の周囲に中心部の一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子によって形成された外殻部を有するニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を確実に形成することができる。
第6発明によれば、本方法によって製造されたニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を原料として形成された電池の正極活物質を電池に用いたとき、電池の耐久特性および出力特性を向上させることができる。
(ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子)
第7発明によれば、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子をリチウム化合物と混合して焼成すると、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子内へのリチウムの拡散が十分に行われ、リチウムの分布が均一で良好な正極活物質粒子を得ることができる。また、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を原料として正極活物質粒子を製造した場合には、焼成の際における中心部の一次粒子と外殻部の一次粒子の収縮状況の相違により、内部に中空な空間が形成された粒子となる。このため、正極活物質粒子も粒度分布の範囲が狭く高比表面積である均質な粒子とすることができるから、この正極活物質粒子からなる正極を有する電池を形成したとき、電極抵抗を小さくすることができ、充放電を繰り返しても電極の劣化を抑えることができる。
第8発明によれば、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を焼成した際に、適切な粒径を有しかつ内部に適切な容積の空間を有する中空な正極活物質粒子を形成することができる。
第9発明によれば、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の中心部を低密度とすることができるから、このニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を焼成して得られる正極活物質粒子の内部に適切な容積の空間を形成させることができる。
第10発明によれば、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子における外殻部の一次粒子は焼成による収縮量が少ないので、このニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を焼成して得られる正極活物質粒子においても、外殻部の厚さは、焼成前のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子とほぼ同等の厚さに維持される。したがって、外殻部の厚みが0.3~3μmとなるようにニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を形成すれば、適切な粒径を有しかつ適切な容積の空間を内部に有する正極活物質粒子を形成することができる。
第11発明によれば、本発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を原料として形成された電池の正極活物質粒子を電池に用いたとき、電池の耐久特性および出力特性を向上させることができる。
第12発明によれば、粒度分布の範囲が狭く均質なニッケル複合水酸化物粒子であって、内部に適切な容積の微細一次粒子を有する粒子となるから、このニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を原料として正極活物質粒子を製造した場合には、粒度分布の範囲が狭く均質であって、しかも、中空構造により高比表面積の正極活物質粒子を得ることができる。この正極活物質粒子からなる正極を有する電池を形成したときに、電極抵抗を小さくすることができるので、充放電を繰り返しても電極の劣化を抑えることができる。
(非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法)
第13発明によれば、熱処理によってニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の残留水分を除去することができるので、製造された正極活物質粒子中における金属の原子数の和とリチウムの原子数との比がばらつくことを防ぐことができる。また、700~850℃の温度で焼成するので、正極活物質粒子中にリチウムを十分に拡散させることができるとともに、正極活物質粒子の形態を球状に維持することができる。しかも、中心部に微細な一次粒子を有するニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を焼成するので、形成された正極活物質粒子は、正極活物質粒子内に適切な容積の中空な空間を有するものとなる。したがって、製造された正極活物質粒子によって形成された正極を有する電池を製造した場合、電池容量を大きくすることができるとともに、正極抵抗を小さくすることができる。
第14発明によれば、得られた正極活物質粒子を用いて正極を形成した場合、正極での反応抵抗を小さくすることができるとともに、初期放電容量が低下することを防ぐことができる。
第15発明によれば、非水系電解質二次電池に用いられた際に副反応の原因となる余剰のリチウム化合物を除去でき、電池の耐久性や安全性を高めることができる。
第16発明によれば、リチウムが十分に拡散するので、均一なリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を得ることができる。
(非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質)
第17発明によれば、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子を電池に用いたとき、高い電池の出力特性と高容量を実現することができる。
第18発明によれば、得られた正極活物質粒子を用いて正極を形成した場合、正極での反応抵抗を小さくすることができる。
第19発明によれば、中心部の空間を確保しつつ、正極活物質粒子の強度を維持することができ、電池製造時における該粒子の破壊による微粉発生を防止することができる。
第20発明によれば、正極活物質粒子は粒度分布の範囲が狭く高比表面積の均質な粒子となるから、この正極活物質粒子からなる正極を有する電池を形成したときに、電極抵抗を小さくすることができ、充放電を繰り返しても電極の劣化を抑えることができる。
(非水系電解質二次電池)
第21発明によれば、170mAh/g以上の高い初期放電容量、低い正極抵抗の電池となり、熱安定性および安全性も高くすることができる。
また、前記方法によって製造された、粒度分布の範囲が狭く均質かつ所定の構造を有するニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を原料として、所望の粒径を有し所望の粒度分布に調整された、高比表面積を有する非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を製造する方法、および、前記方法で製造された非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質も、本発明の対象である。
さらに、本発明の方法で製造された、所望の粒径を有し、所望の粒度分布に調整された高比表面積を有する非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質が用いられた正極を有する非水系電解質二次電池も、本発明の対象である。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、図4に示すように、後述する(2)の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質で形成された正極を有する。本発明の非水系電解質二次電池には、前記正極が用いられていることから、170mAh/g以上の高い初期放電容量および低い正極抵抗を有するとともに、熱安定性および安全性にも優れている。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池(以下、単に本発明の二次電池という)は、正極の材料に本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質(以下、単に本発明の正極活物質という)を用いたこと以外は、一般的な非水系電解質二次電池と実質的に同等の構造を有している。
つぎに、本発明の二次電池の各部の構造を説明する。
まず、本発明の二次電池の特徴である正極について説明する。
前記正極合材ペーストは、正極合材に、溶剤を添加して混練することによって得られる。また、正極合材は、粉末状の本発明の正極活物質と導電材と結着剤とを混合することによって得られる。
結着剤は、正極活物質粒子をつなぎ止める役割を果たすものである。この正極合材に使用される結着剤はとくに限定されないが、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、フッ素ゴム、エチレン―プロピレン―ジエンゴム、スチレン―ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、セルロース、ポリアクリル酸などが挙げられる。
負極は、銅などの金属箔集電体の表面に負極合材ペーストを塗布し、乾燥させることによって形成されたシート状の部材である。この負極は、負極合材ペーストを構成する成分、集電体の素材などが正極とは異なるが、実質的に前記正極と同様の方法によって製造することができ、正極と同様に、必要に応じて各種処理が行われる。
セパレータは、正極と負極との間に挟み込んで配置されるものであり、正極と負極とを分離し、電解質を保持する機能を有している。かかるセパレータは、例えば、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどの薄い膜で、微細な孔を多数有する膜を用いることができるが、上記機能を有するものであれば、とくに限定されない。
非水系電解液は、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解したものである。
有機溶媒としては、例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、トリフルオロプロピレンカーボネートなどの環状カーボネート;ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネートなどの鎖状カーボネート;テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジメトキシエタンなどのエーテル化合物;エチルメチルスルホンやブタンスルトンなどの硫黄化合物;リン酸トリエチルやリン酸トリオクチルなどのリン化合物などが挙げられるが、本発明はかかる例示にのみ限定されるものではない。これらの有機物は、それぞれ単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
本発明の二次電池は、上記構成を有するものであり、上記正極が用いられているので、170mAh/g以上の高い初期放電容量および低い正極抵抗が得られ、高容量で高出力を有する。さらに、本発明の二次電池は、従来のリチウムニッケル系酸化物の正極活物質と対比して、熱安定性および安全性に優れている。
本発明の二次電池は、前記性質を有するので、常に高容量を要求される小型携帯電子機器(ノート型パーソナルコンピュータ、携帯電話端末など)の電源に用いることができる。また、本発明の二次電池は、高出力が要求される電気自動車用電池にも好適に用いることができる。電気自動車用の電池は大型化すると安全性の確保が困難になり高価な保護回路が必要不可欠であるが、本発明の二次電池は、電池が大型化することなく優れた安全性を有しているため、安全性の確保が容易になるばかりでなく、高価な保護回路を簡略化し、より低コストにすることができる。そして、小型化、高出力化が可能であることから、搭載スペースに制約を受ける電気自動車用電源として好適に用いることができる。また、本発明の二次電池は、純粋に電気エネルギーで駆動する電気自動車用の電源のみならず、ガソリンエンジン、ディーゼルエンジンなどの燃焼機関と併用するいわゆるハイブリッド車用の電源としても用いることもできる。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質(以下、本発明の正極活物質という)は、上記したような非水系電解質二次電池の正極の材料に適している。
LitNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (II)
(式中、0.95≦t≦1.15、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子である。
本発明の正極活物質は、その粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が、0.65以下となるように調整されている。
また、正極活物質の粒度分布の広がりを示す指標〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕は、小さいほど正極活物質の性能を向上させることができる点で有利であるが、本発明において得られる正極活物質の場合、その下限値は、0.05程度であることが好ましい。
本発明の正極活物質は、粒子の平均粒径が2~8μm、好ましくは3~8μm、より好ましくは3~6μmである。平均粒径が2μm未満である場合には、正極を形成したときに粒子の充填密度が低下し、正極の容積あたりの電池容量が低下し、平均粒径が8μmを超えると、正極活物質の比表面積が低下するため、正極活物質と電池の電解液との接触面積が減少することにより、正極の抵抗が上昇して電池の出力特性が低下する。
本発明の正極活物質は、反応面積の大きさを示す指標である〔比表面積×平均粒径〕が、5.5以上好ましくは6以上である。〔比表面積×平均粒径〕が5.5以上であれば、正極活物質と電解液との反応面積が十分に大きいので、かかる正極活物質で形成された正極を使用した電池は高出力電池が可能となるので、好ましい。一般的に比表面積と平均粒径は反比例の関係にある。すなわち、小粒径粒子は比表面積が大きく大粒径粒子は比表面積が小さい。本指標は、粒子径に依存しない粒子表面の平滑性や多孔性による実質的な反応面積を反映しており、正極活物質が電池内において電解液と反応する際の反応性を間接的に示している。
また、〔比表面積×平均粒径〕は、大きいほど正極活物質の性能を向上させることができる点で有利であるが、本発明において得られる正極活物質の場合、その上限値は、20程度であることが好ましい。
正極活物質の比表面積は、粒子の表面凹凸を増加させる、粒子を多孔質化する、粒子を中空にするなどの方法によって大きくすることができるが、中空粒子とした場合には、正極活物質粒子を製造する工程における焼成条件が比表面積に与える影響を少なくできるので、比表面積の安定化に有利である。
したがって、本発明の正極活物質は、一次粒子によって形成された外殻部と、この外殻部によって囲まれた中空な空間を有する中空粒子であることが好ましい。かかる構造であれば、外殻部の一次粒子の粒界間に、中空な空間と粒子外部との間を連通する通路が形成される。すると、粒界間の通路を通って中空な空間内に電解液が浸入して、粒子外表面の反応界面だけでなく中空な空間を囲む粒子内部の一次粒子表面における反応界面においてもリチウムの挿脱入が行われる。すると、正極活物質の正極活物質と電解液との反応面積が十分に大きいので、かかる正極活物質で形成された正極を使用した電池は高出力電池が可能となるので、好ましい。
本発明の正極活物質は、前記一般式(II)において、リチウムの原子比tが0.95~1.15の範囲内にある。リチウムの割合が上記範囲よりも小さい場合、当該正極活物質が用いられた非水系電解質二次電池における正極の反応抵抗が大きくなることから電池の出力が低くなり、リチウムの原子比tが上記範囲よりも多い場合、正極活物質の初期放電容量が低下するとともに、正極の反応抵抗が増加する。リチウムの原子比tは、1.0~1.15であることがより好ましい。
本発明の正極活物質の製造方法は、上記平均粒径、粒度分布、反応面積、粒子内部構造および組成となるように正極活物質を製造することができるのであれば、とくに限定されないが、以下の方法を採用すれば、本発明の正極活物質をより確実に製造することができるので、好ましい。
以下、各工程を説明する。
熱処理工程は、ニッケル複合水酸化物粒子(以下、単に複合水酸化物粒子という)を加熱して熱処理する工程であり、複合水酸化物粒子に含有されている水分が除去される。この熱処理工程を行うことによって、複合水酸化物粒子中に焼成工程まで残留している水分を減少させることができる。言い換えれば、この熱処理工程により、複合水酸化物粒子を複合酸化物粒子に転換することができるので、製造される正極活物質中の金属の原子数およびリチウムの原子数の割合がばらつくことを防ぐことができる。
混合工程は、熱処理工程で複合水酸化物を熱処理することによって得られた粒子(以下、熱処理粒子という)と、リチウム化合物とを混合することにより、リチウム混合物を得る工程である。
なお、熱処理粒子とは、熱処理工程で残留水分が除去されたニッケル複合水酸化物粒子や、熱処理工程で酸化物に転換されたニッケル複合酸化物粒子、またはそれらの混合粒子を意味する。
焼成工程は、上記混合工程で得られたリチウム混合物を焼成して、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物を形成する工程である。焼成工程においてリチウム混合物を焼成すると、熱処理粒子中に、リチウム化合物中のリチウムが拡散するので、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物が形成される。
リチウム混合物の焼成温度は、700~850℃、好ましくは720~820℃である。
焼成温度が700℃未満であると、熱処理粒子中へのリチウムの拡散が十分に行われなくなり、余剰のリチウムおよび未反応の粒子が残ったり、結晶構造が十分整わなくなったりして、十分な電池特性が得られなくなる。また、焼成温度が850℃を超えると、熱処理粒子間で激しく焼結が生じるとともに、異常粒子が生じるおそれがある。したがって、焼成後の粒子が粗大となってしまい粒子形態(後述する球状二次粒子の形態)を保持することができなくなるおそれがあり、正極活物質を形成したときに、比表面積が低下して正極の抵抗が上昇して電池容量が低下する。
リチウム混合物の焼成時間、すなわち、焼成温度における保持時間は、好ましくは3時間以上であり、より好ましくは6~24時間である。3時間未満では、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の生成が十分に行われないことがある。
リチウム化合物として、水酸化リチウムや炭酸リチウムなどを使用した場合には、700~850℃の温度で焼成する前に、焼成温度よりも低く、かつ、水酸化リチウム、炭酸リチウムなどのリチウム化合物と熱処理粒子が反応し得る温度で仮焼することが好ましい。このような温度でリチウム混合物を保持すれば、熱処理粒子へのリチウムの拡散が十分に行われ、均一なリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を得ることができる。例えば、水酸化リチウムを使用する場合であれば、400~550℃の温度で1~10時間程度保持して仮焼することが好ましい。
リチウム混合物を焼成する際の雰囲気は、酸化性雰囲気であることが好ましく、酸素濃度が18~100容量%の雰囲気であることがより好ましい。酸素濃度が18容量%未満である場合には、熱処理された粒子に含まれているニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を十分に酸化させることができず、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物の結晶性が十分でない状態になるおそれがある。したがって、リチウム混合物の焼成は、大気または酸素気流中で行うことが好ましい。電池特性を考慮すると、酸素気流中でリチウム混合物を焼成することが好ましい。
また、熱処理粒子にリチウム化合物の混合割合を化学量論比よりも高くした場合は、焼成後にリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の表面にリチウム化合物が残留する可能性がある。したがって、かかる残留した余剰のリチウム化合物を除去するために、焼成後にリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子を水洗することが好ましい。リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の表面に余剰のリチウム化合物が残留していると、このリチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子からなる正極活物質を用いた正極を非水系二次電池に使用した場合には、非水系二次電池内において副反応を引き起こしガス発生による電池の膨張などの原因となるため安全性を損なうおそれがあるからである。
さらに、水洗後、濾過された粒子の乾燥は、通常の乾燥方法および条件によって行うことができ、真空乾燥等を用いることができる。
本発明のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子(以下、単に本発明の複合水酸化物粒子という)に用いられるニッケル複合水酸化物は、 一般式(I):
Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2+α (I)
(式中、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、0≦α≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表される。本発明の複合水酸化物粒子は、複数の一次粒子が凝集して形成された球状の二次粒子である。
本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の平均粒径は、2~7μmである。本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の平均粒径が2~7μmであるので、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子を原料として調製された正極活物質は、通常、所定の平均粒径(2~8μm)を有する。本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の平均粒径が2μm未満である場合、正極活物質の平均粒径が小さくなり、正極の充填密度が低下して、容積あたりの電池容量が低下する。また、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の平均粒径が7μmを超えると、得られる正極活物質の比表面積が低下し、正極活物質と電解液との接触面積が減少するので、正極の抵抗が上昇して電池の出力特性が低下するからである。本発明の複合水酸化物粒子は、所定の平均粒径を有するので、これを原料として調製された本発明の正極活物質が用いて形成した正極を有する電池は、優れた電池特性となる。
本発明の複合水酸化物粒子では、その粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が、0.55以下となるように調整されている。正極活物質の粒度分布は、原料である複合水酸化物粒子による影響を強く受けるため、複合水酸化物粒子に微粒子または粗大粒子が混入しているとき、正極活物質にもこれと同様の粒子が存在するようになる。したがって、〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55を超えると、正極活物質にも微粒子または粗大粒子が存在するようになる。本発明の複合水酸化物粒子では、〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下となるように調整されているので、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子を原料として調製された正極活物質の粒度分布の範囲が狭くなり、粒径が均一化される。したがって、得られる正極活物質の指標〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕を0.65以下とすることができる。これにより、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子を原料として調製された正極活物質で形成された電極を有する電池を、良好なサイクル特性および出力を有するものとすることができるのである。
本発明の複合水酸化物粒子は、中心部と、中心部の外側に形成された外殻部と、を有する二次粒子である。この複合水酸化物粒子の中心部は、外殻部に比べて微細な一次粒子がランダムに連なって形成されており、内部に隙間の多い構造となっている。一方、外殻部は、中心部を形成する一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子によって形成されている。
この複合水酸化物粒子の内部構造は、空気中での熱処理により熱処理粒子とした場合にも維持される。
この熱処理粒子とリチウム化合物を混合して焼成すると、リチウム化合物との反応は、粒子の外殻部から始まり、リチウムが外郭部から内部に拡散すると同時に反応して結晶が成長していく。その過程において、低密度となっている中心部の微細な一次粒子は外側から成長してくる結晶に吸収されるように物質移動が起こりリチウムと反応していくために、中心部の内部には空間が形成される。
したがって、上記のごとく複合水酸化物粒子が中心部と外殻部とを有していれば、複合水酸化物粒子を焼成して得られる正極活物質は、電解液との反応面積を十分に大きくできるので、かかる正極活物質で形成された正極を使用した電池は高出力電池とすることが可能となるので、好ましい。
なお、複合水酸化物粒子の外殻部の平均厚みは、正極活物質粒子の外殻部分の平均厚みを測定する方法と同様の方法(段落0057参照)を用いて測定することができる。
また、複合水酸化物粒子の外殻部を形成する板状一次粒子は、平均粒径0.3~3μmが好ましく、0.5~1.5μmがより好ましい。外殻部の板状一次粒子の平均粒径が0.3μm未満であると、密度の高い外郭部が形成されない。一方、3μmを越えると、球状の二次粒子を保つことが難しくなり好ましくない。
なお、各複合水酸化物粒子において、中心部を形成する一次粒子の粒径および外殻部を形成する板状一次粒子の粒径は、正極活物質の外殻部分の厚み測定と同様に、各複合水酸化物粒子の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡観察することによって測定できる(段落0057参照)。つまり、断面観察が可能な状態となった複合水酸化物粒子の断面観察し、その断面において、複合水酸化物粒子の中心部および外殻部を形成する複数の一次粒子について最大径を各一次粒子の粒径として測定し、複数の一次粒子の粒径の平均値を計算することで、各複合水酸化物粒子の中心部および外殻部の一次粒子の粒径を求めることができる。
本発明の複合水酸化物粒子は、一般式(I)で表される組成を有するので、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子を用いることにより、正極活物質である複合酸化物を製造する際の原料に適した複合水酸化物を形成することができる。そして、この複合水酸化物を原料として調製されたリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を製造すれば、このリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を正極活物質とする電極を電池に用いた場合には、測定される正極抵抗の値を低くすることができるので、電池の出力特性が良好となる。
したがって、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の組成比は、得ようとする正極活物質と同様となるように調整しておくことが好ましい。
本発明の複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法は、
a)ニッケル複合水酸化物の粒子における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有する金属化合物を含み、実質的に金属錯イオン形成剤を含まない反応水溶液(核生成用水溶液)のpHを液温25℃基準で11.5~13.2に制御して核生成を行う核生成工程と、
b)核生成工程で得られた核を含有し、反応水溶液(粒子成長用水溶液)のpHを液温25℃基準で9.5~11.0に制御して核を成長させる粒子成長工程と、
から構成される。
核生成工程では、図1に示すように、一般式(I)で表わされるニッケル複合水酸化物の粒子における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有する金属化合物を含む実質的に金属錯イオン形成剤を含まない核生成用水溶液を調製して、この核生成用溶液中で核を生成させる。この核生成用溶液は、混合水溶液と反応前水溶液とを混合して調製する。
なお、反応前水溶液は、アルカリ水溶液の供給量を調整して、そのpH値が、液温25℃におけるpHで11.5~13.2の範囲になるように調節される。なお、反応前水溶液の温度は60℃以上、より好ましくは60℃を越え、80℃以下となるように調節する。
核生成工程が終了すると、液温25℃におけるpHで9.5~11.0となるように調整された粒子成長用水溶液中で、核生成工程で生成された核を成長させる。粒子成長用水溶液は、核生成工程が終了した核生成用水溶液へのアルカリ水溶液の供給量を調整して、pHを9.5~11.0に調整することによって得ることができる。
しかも、粒子成長用水溶液のpHおよび温度が上記のごとく調整されており、核生成工程よりも水酸化物モノマーの溶解度が高い環境で行われるため、粒子成長工程における水酸化物の析出形態は、核生成工程において析出する水酸化物の析出形態と異なるものとなる。このため、粒子成長工程では、核生成工程で生成した核粒子の外殻部分に、核粒子を構成する一次粒子より大きな板状粒子が成長する。つまり、粒子成長工程において形成される複合水酸化物粒子は、中心部と外殻部とを有する粒子であって、両部分を構成する一次粒子の粒径や形状が異なりしかも各部分の密度が異なる粒子となる。
そして、所定の粒径を有する複合水酸化物粒子が所定の量だけ生成されると、粒子成長工程を終了する。所定の粒径を有する複合水酸化物粒子の生成量は、核生成用水溶液に添加した金属化合物の量によって判断する。
複合水酸化物粒子の粒径は粒子成長工程の時間により制御できるので、所望の粒径に成長するまで粒子成長工程を継続すれば、所望の粒径を有する複合水酸化物粒子を得ることができる。
また、複合水酸化物粒子の粒径は、粒子成長工程のみならず、核生成工程のpH値と核生成のために投入した原料量でも制御することができる。
すなわち、核生成時のpH値を高pH値側とすることにより、あるいは核生成時間を長くすることにより投入する原料量を増やし、生成する核の数を多くする。すると、粒子成長工程を同条件とした場合でも複合水酸化物粒子の粒径を小さくできる。
一方、核生成数が少なくするように制御すれば、得られる前記複合水酸化物粒子の粒径を大きくすることができる。
核生成工程にて生成する核は、複合水酸化物粒子の中心部となるが、微細一次粒子がランダムに凝集した構造となる。一方、核粒子成長工程にて生成する外殻部は、上記微細一次粒子より大きな粒径の一次粒子がランダムに凝集した構造を持つ。かかる粒子内部の中心部と外殻部の割合は、核生成工程と粒子成長工程に投入する原料量の割合あるいは各工程時間の割合により変化させることができる。
(A)金属化合物
金属化合物としては、一般式(I)で表わされるニッケル複合水酸化物の粒子における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有する金属化合物が用いられる。金属化合物は、一般式(I)で表わされるニッケル複合水酸化物における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有するようにするために、1種類または2種類以上の金属化合物で構成される。
一般式(I)においては、Mは添加元素を示す。添加元素は、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種の元素である。添加元素を含有する化合物は、水溶性の化合物を用いることが好ましい。添加元素を含有する化合物としては、例えば、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸アルミニウム、アルミン酸ナトリウム、硫酸チタン、ペルオキソチタン酸アンモニウム、シュウ酸チタンカリウム、硫酸バナジウム、バナジン酸アンモニウム、硫酸クロム、クロム酸カリウム、硫酸マンガン、硫酸ジルコニウム、硝酸ジルコニウム、シュウ酸ニオブ、モリブデン酸アンモニウム、タングステン酸ナトリウム、タングステン酸アンモニウムなどを挙げることができるが、本発明は、かかる例示にのみ限定されるものではない。
また、複合水酸化物粒子の表面を添加元素で被覆する工程は、複合水酸化物粒子を加熱したあとの粒子、つまり、前述した熱処理粒子に対して行ってもよい。
核生成用水溶液は、複数の金属化合物水溶液を混合することによって調製することができる。
なお、本発明の製造方法では、核生成用水溶液には、複数の金属化合物と錯塩を形成する錯イオン形成剤を実質的に含有しない溶液を使用する。なぜなら、核生成用水溶液に錯イオン形成剤が含まれている場合、ニッケルおよびコバルトの溶解度が上昇するため、複合水酸化物の析出速度が低下して一次粒子が成長しやすくなるため、微細な一次粒子が凝集した核、つまり、複合水酸化物粒子の二次粒子の中心部となる核を形成することができなくなるからである。典型的な錯イオン形成剤としては、アンモニアイオン供給体が挙げられる。また、上記実質的に含有しないとは、反応水溶液中での上記金属化合物の溶解度に影響を及ぼさない程度以下の含有を意味するものであり、例えば、アンモニアイオンにおいては、通常に用いられる分析で検出されない程度の濃度が好ましいが、0~0.1g/L程度や、0~0.1g/L程度でもよい。
核生成用水溶液形成に用いる混合水溶液における金属化合物の濃度は、1~2.2mol/Lであることが好ましい。混合水溶液における金属化合物の濃度が1mol/L未満でも複合水酸化物粒子を晶析反応させることは可能であるが、晶析物量が少なくなることから生産性が低くなる。一方、混合水溶液の濃度が2.2mol/Lを超えると、結晶が析出して設備の配管を詰まるおそれがある。なお、2種類以上の金属化合物を用いる場合、各金属化合物の水溶液を調整し、核生成用水溶液における金属化合物の濃度が所定の範囲内となるように、各水溶液を所定の割合で用いてもよい。
核生成用水溶液は、液温25℃におけるpHで11.5~13.2に制御される。このように、核生成用水溶液のpHが制御されているので、核の成長を抑制してほぼ核生成のみを起こすことができ、形成される核が均質かつ粒度分布の範囲が狭いものとなる。
なお、液温25℃におけるpHで13.2より高い場合、核を形成する一次粒子および核が微細になり過ぎ、反応水溶液がゲル化する問題があるし、pH値が11.5未満では、核形成とともに核の成長反応に生成される大きな板状粒子の生成が生じるので、形成される核粒子の一次粒子が微粒子と粗大粒子が混在した形態となり、しかも、核粒子そのものの粒度分布が広くなり不均質なものとなる。したがって、核生成用水溶液のpHは、液温25℃基準で11.5~13.2、好ましくは12.0~13.0である。
核生成工程で生成する核の量は特に限定されるものではないが、粒度分布の良好な複合水酸化物粒子を得る観点から、好ましくは複合水酸化物粒子を得るために供給する全金属化合物の0.1~5質量%、より好ましくは0.1~2.5質量%である。
核生成用水溶液の温度は、好ましくは60℃以上、より好ましくは60℃を越え、80℃以下、さらに好ましくは65~80℃に設定する。反応液の温度が60℃未満の場合、温度が低いためニッケルおよびコバルトの溶解度が低くなり過ぎ、核が生成しやすくなり、その制御が困難となる傾向がある。なお、80℃を越えても晶析反応は可能であるが、工業的には高温に保つためのコストや安全上のリスクが高まるため好ましくない。
核生成工程における雰囲気は、特に制限されるものではないが、核を安定して生成させる観点から、過度の酸化性雰囲気は好ましくない。したがって、核生成工程における雰囲気は、酸素濃度が空気中の酸素濃度よりも低いことが好ましい。例えば、反応槽内空間の酸素濃度を10容量%以下の雰囲気中で核生成工程を行った場合には、粒子の不要な酸化を抑制し、粒度が揃った粒子を得ることができる。特に、少なくとも後述する粒子成長工程において、酸素濃度の制御を行うことがより好ましい。
雰囲気中の酸素濃度は、例えば、窒素などの不活性ガスを用いて調整することができる。雰囲気中の酸素濃度が所定の濃度となるように調節するための手段としては、例えば、当該雰囲気中に常に雰囲気中に流通させることが挙げられる。
核生成工程では、反応が完了するまで生成物を回収しない方式の装置が用いられる。前記装置としては、例えば、撹拌機が設けられているバッチ反応槽などが挙げられる。かかる装置を用いた場合、一般的なオーバーフローによって生成物を回収する連続晶析装置のように成長中の粒子がオーバーフロー液と同時に回収されるという問題が生じないので、粒度分布が狭く粒径の揃った粒子を容易に得ることができる。また、反応雰囲気を制御する場合には、前記装置として、密閉式の装置などの雰囲気制御可能な装置を用いることが好ましい。このような装置を用いれば、核の生成がほぼ均一に進むので、粒径分布の優れた粒子(つまり、粒度分布の範囲の狭い粒子)を得ることができる。
粒子成長用水溶液は、液温25℃におけるpHで9.5~11.0となるように調整されているので、粒子成長用水溶液中では新たな核がほとんど生成しない。
粒子成長用水溶液のpHが液温25℃基準で11.0よりも高い場合、新たに核粒子が発生する確率が高まるので、粒径分布が良好な複合水酸化物粒子が得られなくなる。一方、粒子成長用水溶液のpHが液温25℃基準で9.5未満の場合には、金属化合物の溶解度が高くなるので、複合水酸化物として析出せずに液中に残存する金属イオン量が増えるため好ましくない。したがって、粒子成長用水溶液pHは、液温25℃基準で9.5~11.0、好ましくは9.7~10.7である。
核生成工程および粒子成長工程においては、複合水酸化物が晶出するので、反応水溶液中の金属成分などが減少するので、反応水溶液に混合水溶液が供給される。しかし、反応水溶液中の金属成分に対する溶媒である水の割合が増加すると、見かけ上、反応水溶液に供給される混合水溶液の濃度が低下するようになるから、粒子成長工程において、複合水酸化物粒子が十分に成長しない可能性がある。
また、核生成工程が終了した後の核生成用水溶液のpHを調整することにより粒子成長用水溶液を形成すれば、核生成工程から粒子成長工程への移行を迅速に行うことができる。つまり、核生成用水溶液に用いられるpH調整剤の使用を一時的に停止することにより、核生成工程から粒子成長工程へ容易に移行することができる。なお、上記pH調整は、例えば、硫酸、塩酸、硝酸などの無機酸などを用いてもよい。無機酸の中では、原料の金属化合物を構成する酸と同種の無機酸、例えは、硫酸塩の場合は硫酸を用いることが好ましい。
核生成工程と粒子成長工程との相違点は、核生成工程および粒子成長工程で制御されるpHが相違する点にあり、金属化合物、反応温度、雰囲気などの条件は、両工程において実質的に同様である。
複合水酸化物および正極活物質の平均粒径および粒度分布(〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕値)は、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックHRA)を用いて測定した体積積算値から算出している。
比表面積は、流動方式ガス吸着法比表面積測定装置(ユアサアイオニクス社製マルチソーブ)により測定した。
また、X線回折測定装置(パナリティカル社製、X‘Pert
PRO)により、複合水酸化物および正極活物質の結晶構造を確認し、得られた複合水酸化物および正極活物質の組成は、試料1gを純水100mlに溶解した後、ICP発光分光法により確認した。
さらに、複合水酸化物粒子及び複合酸化物粒子の表面形状は、走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した。また、内部構造はクロスセクションポリッシャーにて断面加工を施した後に、走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した。
二次電池の性能の評価には、図8に示す2032型コイン電池(以下、コイン型電池1という)を使用した。
図8に示すように、コイン型電池1は、ケース2と、このケース2内に収容された電極3とから構成されている。
ケース2は、中空かつ一端が開口された正極缶2aと、この正極缶2aの開口部に配置される負極缶2bとを有しており、負極缶2bを正極缶2aの開口部に配置すると、負極缶2bと正極缶2aとの間に電極3を収容する空間が形成されるように構成されている。
電極3は、正極3a、セパレータ3cおよび負極3bとからなり、この順で並ぶように積層されており、正極3aが正極缶2aの内面に接触し、負極3bが負極缶2bの内面に接触するようにケース2に収容されている。
なお、ケース2はガスケット2cを備えており、このガスケット2cによって、正極缶2aと負極缶2bとの間が電気的絶縁状態を維持するように相対的な移動が固定されている。また、ガスケット2cは、正極缶2aと負極缶2bとの隙間を密封してケース2内と外部との間を気密液密に遮断する機能も有している。
まず、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質52.5mg、アセチレンブラック15mg、およびポリテトラフッ化エチレン樹脂(PTFE)7.5mgを混合し、100MPaの圧力で直径11mm、厚さ100μmにプレス成形して、正極3aを作製した。作製した正極3aを真空乾燥機中120℃で12時間乾燥した。
この正極3aと、負極3b、セパレータ3cおよび電解液とを用いて、上述したコイン型電池1を、露点が-80℃に管理されたアルゴンガス(Ar)雰囲気のグローブボックス内で作製した。
なお、負極3bには、直径14mmの円盤状に打ち抜かれた平均粒径20μm程度の黒鉛粉末とポリフッ化ビニリデンが銅箔に塗布された負極シートを用いた。また、セパレータ3cには膜厚25μmのポリエチレン多孔膜を用いた。電解液には、1MのLiClO4を支持電解質とするエチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の等量混合液(富山薬品工業株式会社製)を用いた。
初期放電容量は、コイン型電池1を製作してから24時間程度放置し、開回路電圧OCV(open circuit voltage)が安定した後、正極に対する電流密度を0.1mA/cm2としてカットオフ電圧4.3Vまで充電し、1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電したときの容量を初期放電容量とした。
サイクル容量維持率は、正極に対する電流密度を2mA/cm2として、4.2Vまで充電して3.0Vまで放電を行うサイクルを500回繰り返し、充放電を繰り返した後の放電容量と初期の放電容量の比を計算して容量維持率とした。充放電容量の測定には,マルチチャンネル電圧/電流発生器(株式会社アドバンテスト製、R6741A)を用いた。
また、正極抵抗は、コイン型電池1を充電電位4.1Vで充電して、周波数応答アナライザおよびポテンショガルバノスタット(ソーラトロン製、1255B)を使用して交流インピーダンス法により測定すると、図9に示すナイキストプロット得られる。このナイキストプロットに基づき等価回路を用いてフィッティング計算して、正極抵抗の値を算出した。
(複合水酸化物製造工程)
複合水酸化物は、本発明の方法を用いて、以下のようにして調製した。
まず、反応槽(34L)内に水を反応槽の半分の量まで入れて撹拌しながら、槽内温度を70℃に設定し、反応槽に窒素ガスを流通させて窒素ガス雰囲気とした。このときの反応槽内空間の酸素濃度は2.0容量%であった。
次に、硫酸ニッケルと硫酸コバルトを水に溶かして1.8mol/Lの混合水溶液を得た。この混合水溶液では、各金属の元素モル比が、Ni:Co=0.76:0.14となるように調整した。
その後、核生成用水溶液のpHが液温25℃基準で10.2(粒子成長pH)になるまで、25%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給のみを一時停止して、粒子成長用水溶液を得た。
前記複合水酸化物粒子を、空気(酸素濃度:21容量%)気流中にて温度700℃で6時間の熱処理を行い、複合酸化物粒子を得た。
前記正極活物質を使用して形成された正極を有するコイン型電池1について、充放電試験を行ったところ、図5に示すように、コイン型電池1の初期放電容量は181.5mAh/gであり、500サイクル後の放電容量は163.4mAh/gであり、容量維持率は90%であった。また、正極抵抗は、3.2Ωであった。
焼成後に水洗してスラリー濃度が1000g/Lとなるように水とを混合して撹拌した後、濾過し乾燥した以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。
複合水酸化物製造工程において金属元素がモル比でNi:Co:Al:Ti=0.756:0.139:0.100:0.005となるように酸化チタン粉末を混合した以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、粒径0.05μmの一次粒子を有する中心部と粒径0.8μmの一次粒子を有する外殻部が観察され、外殻部の厚みは1.2μmであった。
複合水酸化物製造工程における、核生成工程での反応時間を30秒にしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、粒径0.05μmの一次粒子を有する中心部と粒径1μmの一次粒子を有する外殻部が観察され、外殻部の厚みは1.5μmであった。
複合水酸化物製造工程において金属元素がモル比でNi:Co:Nb=0.76:0.14:0.005となるように混合水溶液を調製して晶析し、Ni:Co:Nb:Al=0.756:0.139:0.005:0.100になるように水酸化アルミニウムの被覆を施した以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合水酸化物を得た。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、粒径0.05μmの一次粒子を有する中心部と粒径0.8μmの一次粒子を有する外殻部が観察され、外殻部の厚みは1.2μmであった。
複合水酸化物製造工程において金属元素がモル比でNi:Co:Zr=0.76:0.14:0.005となるように混合水溶液を調製して晶析し、Ni:Co:Zr:Al=0.756:0.139:0.005:0.100になるように水酸化アルミニウムの被覆を施した以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合水酸化物を得た。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、粒径0.05μmの一次粒子を有する中心部と粒径0.8μmの一次粒子を有する外殻部が観察され、外殻部の厚みは1.2μmであった。
複合水酸化物製造工程において金属元素がモル比でNi:Co:W=0.76:0.14:0.005となるように混合水溶液を調製して晶析し、Ni:Co:W:Al=0.756:0.139:0.005:0.100になるように水酸化アルミニウムの被覆を施した以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合水酸化物を得た。
熱処理温度を550℃に、焼成温度を745℃にした以外は実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。
複合水酸化物製造工程において金属元素がモル比でNi:Co:Ti=0.82:0.15:0.03となるように金属塩溶液を調製して晶析し、水酸化アルミニウムの被覆を施さない以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合水酸化物を得た。
得られた複合水酸化物を用いた正極活物質製造工程において、焼成温度を780℃にしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。
複合水酸化物製造工程において、槽内温度を65℃とし、液のpHを液温25℃基準で13.0として30秒間核生成させ、その後、反応液のpH値が液温25基準で10.8(粒子成長pH値)になるまで、25%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給のみを一時停止し、液温25℃基準のpH値として、反応液のpH値が10.8に到達した後、再度、25%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給を再開し、pH値を10.8に制御したまま、2時間晶析を継続し粒子成長を行った以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、粒径0.05μmの一次粒子を有する中心部と粒径0.9μmの一次粒子を有する外殻部が観察され、外殻部の厚みは1.2μmであった。
上部にオーバーフロー用配管を備えた連続晶析用の反応槽を用いて、pHを液温25℃基準で12.0の一定値に保ちながら、実施例1と同様の金属塩液とアンモニア水溶液および中和液を一定流量で連続的に加えて、オーバーフローするスラリーを連続的に回収する一般的な方法により晶析を行った。槽内の平均滞留時間を10時間として、連続槽内が平衡状態になってからスラリーを回収して固液分離して晶析物を得たこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、中実構造を有したものとなっていた。
核生成時と成長時のpHを液温25℃基準で11.6の一定値に保った以外は、実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。得られた複合水酸化物粒子は、内部が均質な構造となり、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質も中実構造を有したものとなっていた。
核生成時と成長時において、反応液のpHをいずれも液温25℃基準で12.6の一定値に保った以外は、実施例1と同様にしてニッケル複合水酸化物を得た。
全反応期間において新たな核が生成したために、粒度分布が広くゲル状の析出物を含む不定形の粒子となり、固液分離が困難であり処理を中止した。
焼成条件を860℃、12時間とした以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。X線回折測定の結果からは、六方晶の結晶構造が崩れており、正極活物質としての性能が期待できないため電池評価は行わなかった。
焼成条件を680℃とした以外は実施例1と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の性能を実施例1と同様にして調べた。なお初期容量が大幅に低下しているため、サイクル容量維持率の評価は実施しなかった。
図5の表に示された結果から、以下のことがわかる。
実施例1~9で得られた複合水酸化物粒子および正極活物質は、本発明に従って製造されたため、平均粒径および粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕値のいずれもが好ましい範囲にあり、粒径分布が良好で粒径がほぼ揃った粒子となっている。これらの正極活物質を用いたコイン型電池1は、初期放電容量が高く、サイクル特性に優れ、正極抵抗も低いものとなっており、優れた特性を有した電池となっている。
比較例2では、核成長時と粒子成長時のpHがいずれもpH12以下であるたため、核生成量が不足し、複合水酸化物粒子、正極活物質ともに大粒径となっている。このため、この正極活物質を用いたコイン型電池1は、反応表面積が不足して高い正極抵抗となっている。
また、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、優れた安全性を有し、小型化、高出力化が可能であることから、搭載スペースに制約を受ける電気自動車用電源として好適である。
なお、本発明は、純粋に電気エネルギーで駆動する電気自動車用の電源のみならず、ガソリンエンジンやディーゼルエンジンなどの燃焼機関と併用するいわゆるハイブリッド車用の電源としても用いることができる。
2 ケース
3 電極
3a 正極
3b 負極
3c セパレータ
Claims (21)
- 一般式(I):
Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2+α (I)
(式中、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、0≦α≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表されるニッケル複合水酸化物の粒子を製造する製造方法であって、
前記ニッケル複合酸化物の粒子における金属の原子比に対応する金属の原子比を有する金属化合物を含む実質的に錯イオン形成剤を含まない核生成用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で11.5~13.2となるように制御して一次粒子からなる核を生成する核生成工程と、
該核生成工程で得られた前記核を含有する粒子成長用水溶液のpHを液温25℃基準で9.5~11.0となるように制御して、前記核の外面に該核を形成する一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子からなる外殻部を形成させる粒子成長工程とからなる
ことを特徴とするニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 前記核生成工程が終了した後の前記核生成用水溶液のpHを調整することにより、前記粒子成長用水溶液を形成させる
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 前記粒子成長に適した水溶液を形成し、該水溶液に前記核生成工程において形成された核を添加して、前記粒子成長用水溶液を形成させる
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 前記核生成工程後に、前記粒子成長用水溶液の液体部の一部を排出した後、前記粒子成長工程を行う
ことを特徴とする請求項1、2または3記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 前記核生成工程および前記粒子成長工程において、各水溶液の温度を、60℃以上に維持する
ことを特徴とする請求項1、2、3または4記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 前記粒子成長工程で得られたニッケル複合水酸化物に、分子中に1種以上の前記添加元素を有する化合物を被覆する
ことを特徴とする請求項1、2、3、4または5記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法。 - 一般式(I):
Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2+α (I)
(式中、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、0≦α≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表されるニッケル複合水酸化物からなり、複数の一次粒子が凝集して形成された球状の二次粒子であり、
該二次粒子は、
平均粒径が2~7μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下であり、
一次粒子からなる中心部と、該中心部の外側に該中心部を形成する一次粒子よりも大きな板状または針状の一次粒子からなる外殻部と、を有する
ことを特徴とするニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 前記中心部を形成する一次粒子は、平均粒径0.01~0.3μmであり、
前記板状一次粒子は、平均粒径0.3~3μmである
ことを特徴とする請求項7記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 前記中心部を形成する一次粒子は、板状および/または針状である
ことを特徴とする請求項7または8記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 前記二次粒子は、前記外殻部の厚みが0.3~3μmである
ことを特徴とする請求項7、8または9記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 前記二次粒子は、
1種以上の前記添加元素が、その内部に均一に分布および/またはその表面を均一に被覆している
ことを特徴とする請求項7、8、9または10記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 請求項1、2、3、4、5または6記載の製造方法によって生成されたものである
ことを特徴とする請求項7、8、9、10または11記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子。 - 一般式(II):
LitNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (II)
(式中、0.95≦t≦1.15、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表され、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質の製造方法であって、
請求項7、8、9、10、11または12記載のニッケル複合水酸化物粒子を熱処理する工程と、
前記熱処理後の粒子をリチウム化合物と混合してリチウム混合物を形成する混合工程と、
該混合工程で形成された前記リチウム混合物を、700~850℃の温度で焼成する焼成工程と有する
ことを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム混合物に含まれるリチウムの原子数とリチウム以外の金属の原子数の和との比(リチウムの原子数/リチウム以外の金属の原子数の和)を、0.95/1~1.15/1に調整する
ことを特徴とする請求項13記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記焼成工程後に水洗して濾過、乾燥する
ことを特徴とする請求項13または14記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記焼成工程の前に、前記リチウム化合物と前記熱処理後の粒子が反応し得る温度で仮焼する
ことを特徴とする請求項13、14または15記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 一般式(II):
LitNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (II)
(式中、0.95≦t≦1.15、0≦x≦0.22、0≦y≦0.15、x+y<0.3、Mは、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、MoおよびWからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を示す)
で表され、リチウム含有複合酸化物により構成されるリチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる正極活物質であって、
平均粒径が2~8μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90-d10)/平均粒径〕が0.65以下であって
反応面積の大きさを示す指標である〔比表面積×平均粒径〕が5.5以上である
ことを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質であって、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の中心部に空間部と該空間部の外側に前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物からなる外殻部を有する中空粒子である
ことを特徴とする請求項15記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウムニッケル複合酸化物粒子の断面において、外殻部の平均厚みが0.3~3μmである
ことを特徴とする請求項15または16記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項13、14、15または16の製造方法によって生成されたものである
ことを特徴とする請求項17、18または19記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項17、18、19または20記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質によって形成された正極を含む
ことを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池。
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Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP5316726B2 (ja) * | 2011-06-07 | 2013-10-16 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | ニッケル複合水酸化物とその製造方法、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法、および、非水系電解質二次電池 |
| JP2015162406A (ja) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-07 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 円筒形非水電解液二次電池 |
| JP2015191848A (ja) * | 2014-03-28 | 2015-11-02 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の前駆体とその製造方法、及び非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法 |
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| JP2022523893A (ja) * | 2020-02-12 | 2022-04-27 | 湖南長遠▲里▼科股▲分▼有限公司 | 高出力型のリチウムイオン電池用正極材料及びその製造方法 |
| US12206105B2 (en) | 2020-02-12 | 2025-01-21 | Minmetals New Energy Materials(Hunan) Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode material for high-power lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| JP2024526802A (ja) * | 2022-04-14 | 2024-07-19 | 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 | 正極活物質、二次電池、電池モジュール、電池パック及び電力消費装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US9559351B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 |
| US20130337331A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
| JP4840545B1 (ja) | 2011-12-21 |
| CN103562136B (zh) | 2016-09-21 |
| CN103562136A (zh) | 2014-02-05 |
| KR20130129449A (ko) | 2013-11-28 |
| JPWO2012131779A1 (ja) | 2014-07-24 |
| KR101345509B1 (ko) | 2013-12-27 |
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