WO2012050068A1 - 液化方法、液化装置およびこれを備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備 - Google Patents
液化方法、液化装置およびこれを備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012050068A1 WO2012050068A1 PCT/JP2011/073255 JP2011073255W WO2012050068A1 WO 2012050068 A1 WO2012050068 A1 WO 2012050068A1 JP 2011073255 W JP2011073255 W JP 2011073255W WO 2012050068 A1 WO2012050068 A1 WO 2012050068A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
- B63B35/44—Floating buildings, stores, drilling platforms, or workshops, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
- F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
- F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
- F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0205—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level SCR refrigeration cascade
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- F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0207—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as at least a three level SCR refrigeration cascade
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
- F25J1/0229—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock
- F25J1/023—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock for the combustion as fuels, i.e. integration with the fuel gas system
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
- F25J1/0254—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation controlling particular process parameter, e.g. pressure, temperature
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
- F25J1/0263—Details of the cold heat exchange system using different types of heat exchangers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
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- F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
- F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
- F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
- F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
- F25J1/0267—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer using flash gas as heat sink
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
- F25J1/0277—Offshore use, e.g. during shipping
- F25J1/0278—Unit being stationary, e.g. on floating barge or fixed platform
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
- F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
- F25J1/0282—Steam turbine as the prime mechanical driver
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
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- F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
- F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
- B63B25/02—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods
- B63B25/08—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid
- B63B25/12—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed
- B63B25/14—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed pressurised
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- F25J2245/90—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being boil-off gas from storage
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- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
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- F25J2270/16—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant
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- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a liquefaction method, a liquefaction apparatus, and a floating liquefied gas production facility including the same, and more particularly to liquefaction of natural gas.
- liquefied gas is liquefied using a cascade refrigeration cycle or a refrigeration cycle using a mixed refrigerant of several types of refrigerants (for example, Patent Document 1).
- a mixed refrigerant of several types of refrigerants for example, Patent Document 1.
- offshore floating bodies have been studied at the place where this liquefaction facility is installed.
- liquefaction equipment similar to that on land is installed on an offshore floating body, there are requirements for marine use in consideration of anti-sway performance, installation space, ease of liquefaction, and safety. Therefore, although it is used for reliquefaction of boil-off gas of an LNG ship, there is room for application as a liquefaction facility even in a nitrogen expansion cycle of nitrogen refrigerant inferior in liquefaction efficiency.
- the vertical axis represents temperature (° C.), and the horizontal axis represents heat load (kW).
- the solid line in FIG. 5 shows the natural gas boosted to 4 Ma
- the dotted line shows the natural gas boosted to 15 MPa.
- the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 5 indicates nitrogen in the case where heat is exchanged with natural gas whose pressure is increased to 4 MPa
- the alternate long and two short dashes line indicates nitrogen which is heat exchanged with natural gas whose pressure is increased to 15 MPa.
- the compression circulation of heat medium nitrogen is often driven by a gas turbine because of the nitrogen compressor having a large required power, as in the invention described in Patent Document 2, but is liquefied as fuel consumed by the gas turbine. A part of the raw material gas is assumed.
- the off-gas generated in the liquefaction process is low in pressure as a fuel for the gas turbine, so that re-pressurization is required and is difficult to use.
- the off-gas generated in the liquefaction process has a problem that its pressure is almost atmospheric pressure, and there are many nitrogen components, so that it is difficult to use it as a fuel for a gas turbine that drives a nitrogen compressor.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and a liquefaction method, a liquefaction apparatus, and a liquefaction method that are excellent in safety and capable of downsizing equipment while suppressing a decrease in liquefaction efficiency.
- a floating liquefied gas production facility is provided.
- the liquefaction method, the liquefaction apparatus, and the floating liquefied gas production facility employ the following means.
- the liquefied gas heat-exchanged with a single component high-pressure heat medium is depressurized to a predetermined pressure, and then the depressurized liquefied gas is lower in temperature and of the same type as the high-pressure heat medium.
- It is a liquefaction method characterized by heat-exchanging with a low temperature side heat carrier and liquefying.
- the liquefied gas is liquefied by exchanging heat with the heat medium.
- the liquefaction efficiency of the liquefied gas is desirably such that the temperature difference between the liquefied gas and the heat medium is uniformly small over the heat exchange process.
- the liquefied gas is at a high pressure, the temperature difference with the heat medium is almost uniformly small over the heat exchange process, but the heat exchanger that exchanges heat with the heat medium is enlarged. Also.
- the liquefied gas is at a low pressure, the liquefied gas is stepped during the heat exchange process.
- a cascade system in which heat is exchanged between a mixed heat medium such as hydrocarbon and nitrogen or a plurality of single-component heat medium using a plurality of heat exchangers. It has been.
- a mixed heat medium such as hydrocarbon and nitrogen or a plurality of single-component heat medium using a plurality of heat exchangers.
- the cascade system there is a problem that the number of devices such as a heat exchanger increases.
- a mixed heat medium it consists of multiple components, so a plurality of heat mediums are used in accordance with the characteristics of the liquefied gas. There was a problem.
- the liquefied gas is subjected to heat exchange with the single-component high-temperature side heat medium, and then reduced to a predetermined pressure. Furthermore, the reduced-pressure liquefied gas is of the same type as the high-temperature side heat medium and is subjected to heat exchange with the low-temperature side heat medium at a lower temperature than the high-temperature side heat medium. As a result, the liquefied gas heat-exchanged with the high-temperature side heat medium can be decompressed so as to approximate the temperature change of the low-temperature side heat medium, and then heat-exchanged with the low-temperature side heat medium.
- the predetermined pressure refers to a pressure corresponding to the critical point of the liquefied gas that exchanges heat with the heat medium.
- the liquefied gas is a raw material gas before being liquefied, and examples thereof include natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
- a heat exchanger for a high temperature side heat medium that exchanges heat between the liquefied gas and the high temperature side heat medium, and the pressure of the liquefied gas derived from the heat exchanger for the high temperature side heat medium are reduced.
- a low-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger that exchanges heat between the liquefied gas that has passed through the pressure-reduction valve and the low-temperature side heat medium, and the high-temperature side heat medium and the low-temperature side heat medium include:
- the liquefaction apparatus is characterized in that it is a single component and of the same type, and the pressure reducing valve reduces the liquefied gas led to the low temperature side heat medium heat exchanger to a predetermined pressure.
- the single component high-temperature side heat medium is led to the high-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger, and the same type of low-temperature side heat medium as the high-temperature side heat medium is led to the low-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger.
- a pressure reducing valve for reducing the liquefied gas to a predetermined pressure is provided between the exchanger and the heat exchanger for the low temperature side heat medium.
- a third aspect of the present invention is a high-pressure turbine that is guided and driven by steam, a high-pressure turbine side shaft that is connected to the high-pressure turbine, and a low-pressure that is guided and driven by steam derived from the high-pressure turbine.
- a cross-compound turbine having a turbine, a low-pressure turbine side shaft connected to the low-pressure turbine, and a high-temperature side heat medium compressor that compresses the high-temperature side heat medium guided to the high-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger;
- a low-temperature side heat medium compressor that compresses the low-temperature side heat medium guided to the low-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger, and a steam generation means that generates steam that is guided to the high-pressure turbine.
- the liquefying apparatus is characterized in that a heat medium compressor is connected to the high pressure turbine side shaft, and the low temperature side heat medium compressor is connected to the low pressure turbine side shaft.
- the high-temperature side heat medium compressor was connected to the high-pressure turbine side shaft, and the low-temperature side heat medium compressor was connected to the low-pressure turbine side shaft. Since the high-pressure turbine side shaft and the low-pressure turbine side shaft constituting the cross-compound turbine are separated from each other, the high-pressure turbine connected to the high-pressure turbine side shaft and the low-pressure turbine connected to the low-pressure turbine side shaft By controlling each of these, the high temperature side heat medium compressor and the low temperature side heat medium compressor can be independently controlled. Therefore, the high temperature side heat medium and the low temperature side heat medium can be compressed independently of each other, and the refrigeration loads of the high temperature side heat medium and the low temperature side heat medium can be controlled independently.
- the heat exchanger for the high temperature side heat medium may be a plate type.
- the plate type is used for the heat exchanger for the high temperature side heat medium in which the liquefied gas and the high temperature side heat medium exchange heat. Therefore, the heat exchanger for high temperature side heat medium can be reduced in size. Therefore, the liquefaction device can be made compact.
- the steam generating means may be configured to generate steam using off-gas in the liquefied gas as fuel.
- steam generating means for generating steam by burning off gas in liquefied gas as fuel is used. Therefore, it is possible to drive the steam that drives the cross compound turbine using off-gas in an approximately atmospheric pressure state generated in the liquefaction apparatus. Therefore, the offgas generated from the liquefaction device can be used effectively.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is a floating-type liquefied gas production facility including any of the liquefying devices described above.
- the liquefaction device composed of a cross compound turbine driven by steam was used for the floating liquefied gas production facility. Therefore, the steam turbine currently used for the existing marine main machine can be applied as a cross compound turbine. Therefore, it is not necessary to newly develop a cross-compound turbine for driving the high temperature side heat medium compressor and the low temperature side heat medium compressor, and the existing equipment can be used effectively.
- nitrogen may be used for the high temperature side heat medium and the low temperature side heat medium.
- Liquefaction apparatus comprising a high-temperature side heat medium compressor and a low-temperature side heat medium compressor using non-combustible nitrogen as a heat medium, and a high-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger and a low-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger was used in a floating liquefied gas production facility.
- a steam turbine is used to drive the high temperature side heat medium compressor and the low temperature side heat medium compressor. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the risk of explosion due to leakage of combustible gas from the heat medium or the like. Therefore, devices such as a high-temperature side heat medium compressor, a low-temperature side heat medium compressor, and a steam turbine can be disposed under the deck. Therefore, the arrangement space of the liquefying device on the deck can be reduced.
- the liquefied gas is heat-exchanged with a single component high-temperature side heat medium, and then depressurized to a predetermined pressure. Furthermore, the reduced-pressure liquefied gas is of the same type as the high-temperature side heat medium and is subjected to heat exchange with the low-temperature side heat medium at a lower temperature than the high-temperature side heat medium.
- the liquefied gas heat-exchanged with the high-temperature side heat medium can be decompressed so as to approximate the temperature change of the low-temperature side heat medium, and then heat-exchanged with the low-temperature side heat medium. Therefore, the temperature difference between the liquefied gas, the high temperature side heat medium, and the low temperature side heat medium can be kept substantially constant. Therefore, the liquefied gas can be efficiently liquefied using a single component heat medium.
- FIG. 4 is a TH diagram showing the relationship between natural gas and nitrogen in the liquefaction apparatus shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
- FIG. 4 is a TH diagram showing the relationship between natural gas and nitrogen at a plurality of pressures.
- a floating liquefied natural gas production facility (Floating LNG: FLNG) 1 includes a plurality of cargo tanks 2 for storing liquefied natural gas (liquefied gas), a pretreatment device 3, a liquefaction device (not shown), a floating type A power supply device (not shown) for supplying power to the liquefied natural gas production facility 1 is provided.
- Floating liquefied natural gas manufacturing equipment (floating liquefied gas manufacturing equipment) 1 is a product of liquefied natural gas, which is a product obtained by refining and liquefying natural gas (liquefied gas), which is a raw material gas ejected at high pressure from the bottom of the earth or on the seabed Gas (Liquid Natural Gas: LNG) is installed on the ocean.
- liquefied gas a product obtained by refining and liquefying natural gas
- LNG Liquid Natural Gas
- the cargo tank (only three are shown in the figure) 2 stores liquefied natural gas.
- the cargo tank 2 is a moss independent spherical tank.
- the pretreatment device 3 removes impurities such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, moisture, and heavy components contained in natural gas that is a raw material gas.
- the liquefaction device liquefies natural gas by heat exchange with a refrigerant (cooling heat medium).
- the liquefaction device is provided with a cold box 5 in which a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger (not shown) and a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger (not shown), which will be described later, are stored, and a power supply device that supplies power to the ship.
- a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger not shown
- a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger not shown
- a steam turbine for driving the compressor (not shown), etc. which will be described later, are stored. It is divided into a power unit section 6 and a storage section 7 provided with an end flash tank (not shown) described later.
- the cold box 5 is provided on the deck.
- the cold box 5 is provided with a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger (high-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger) and a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger (low-temperature side heat medium heat exchanger), which are part of the liquefaction apparatus. .
- the cold box 5 is heat-insulated to prevent heat from entering and exiting the outside.
- the power unit section 6 for the liquefier is provided below the deck. In the power unit section 6 for the liquefier, a high-pressure nitrogen compressor (high-temperature side heat medium compressor), a low-pressure nitrogen compressor (low-temperature side heat medium compressor) constituting these liquefaction devices, and these compressors
- a compressor driving steam turbine cross-compound turbine
- the storage compartment 7 is provided under the deck and is provided with an end flash tank.
- the inboard power installation section 4 is provided under the deck and includes a boiler (not shown), a gas-fired diesel engine (not shown), and a gas-fired diesel engine drive generator (not shown). ing.
- the electric power required in the floating liquefied natural gas production facility 1 is supplied by these devices provided in the inboard power installation section 4.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged configuration diagram on the right side of the liquefying apparatus shown in FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 shows an enlarged configuration diagram on the left side.
- the liquefaction apparatus 10 includes a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11, a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12, a high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13, a low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14, a compressor driving steam turbine 15, and a Joule-Thomson expansion valve (reduced pressure). Valve) 16, a boiler (not shown), and an end flash tank 30 are mainly provided.
- the liquefaction apparatus 10 is divided into a refrigeration cycle and a drive unit that drives the liquefaction apparatus 10.
- high-pressure natural gas for example, 15 MPa to 20 MPa
- nitrogen as a refrigerant exchange heat with each other
- relatively low-pressure natural gas for example, 6 MPa or less
- nitrogen as a refrigerant exchange heat with each other.
- the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 mainly includes a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11, a high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13, and a high-pressure nitrogen expander 19.
- the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 exchanges heat between high-pressure natural gas and nitrogen (hereinafter “high-pressure nitrogen”).
- high-pressure nitrogen for example, a plate-type stainless steel plate diffusion type (diffusion-bonded heat exchangers) manufactured by Heatlic is preferably used.
- the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 compresses high-pressure nitrogen (high-temperature side heat medium).
- the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 is connected to a high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 connected to a compressor driving steam turbine 15 described later.
- the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 compresses high-pressure nitrogen by driving the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20.
- the high-pressure nitrogen expander 19 expands high-pressure nitrogen.
- a high pressure nitrogen booster 21 is connected to the high pressure nitrogen expander 19. The high-pressure nitrogen booster 21 is driven by the high-pressure nitrogen expander 19 expanding and rotating the high-pressure nitrogen. The high-pressure nitrogen booster 21 boosts high-pressure nitrogen by being driven.
- the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18 mainly includes a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12, a low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14, and a low-pressure nitrogen expander 22.
- the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 exchanges heat between natural gas and nitrogen (hereinafter referred to as “low-pressure nitrogen”).
- low-pressure nitrogen a plate fin type heat exchanger with aluminum brazing is used.
- the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 compresses low-pressure nitrogen (low-temperature side heat medium).
- the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 is connected to a low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 that is connected to a compressor driving steam turbine 15 described later.
- the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 compresses the low-pressure nitrogen when the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 is driven.
- the low-pressure nitrogen expander 22 expands low-pressure nitrogen.
- a low pressure nitrogen booster 24 is connected to the low pressure nitrogen expander 22.
- the low-pressure nitrogen booster 24 is driven by the low-pressure nitrogen expander 22 expanding and rotating the low-pressure nitrogen.
- the low pressure nitrogen booster 24 boosts the low pressure nitrogen by being driven.
- the compressor driving steam turbine 15 is a large cross-compound steam turbine used in a main engine of a ship.
- UST Ultra Steam Turbine
- the compressor driving steam turbine 15 includes a high pressure turbine 15a, an intermediate pressure turbine (high pressure turbine) 15b, a first low pressure turbine 15c, and a second low pressure turbine 15d.
- the high-pressure turbine 15a and the intermediate-pressure turbine 15b are provided on the primary shaft 15e (high-pressure turbine side shaft).
- the first low pressure turbine (low pressure turbine) 15c and the second low pressure turbine (low pressure turbine) 15d are provided on a secondary shaft (low pressure turbine side shaft) 15f.
- a high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 is connected to the end of the primary shaft 15e, and a low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 is connected to the end of the secondary shaft 15f.
- the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 transmits the output transmitted from the primary shaft 15 e to the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13.
- the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 is driven by the high-pressure turbine 15a or the intermediate-pressure turbine 15b being rotationally driven.
- the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 transmits the output transmitted from the secondary shaft 15 f to the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14.
- the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 is driven by the first low-pressure turbine 15c or the second low-pressure turbine 15d being rotationally driven.
- the boiler steam generating means
- the boiler is a co-fired boiler that uses liquefied natural gas such as off-gas and boil-off gas, which will be described later, and heavy oil as fuel.
- the end flash tank 30 expands the liquefied natural gas that has passed through the high-pressure nitrogen cycle 17 and the low-pressure nitrogen cycle 18 to lower the temperature.
- the nitrogen component contained in the liquefied natural gas is removed.
- a pressure reducing valve may be used instead of the end flash tank 30.
- the Joule-Thompson expansion valve 16 is provided between the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 and the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18.
- the Joule-Thompson expansion valve 16 is for expanding Joule-Thompson natural gas that has passed through the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 by its throttle mechanism.
- Natural gas which is a raw material gas ejected from onshore or under the seabed, is led to a pretreatment device 3 provided on the deck of the floating liquefied natural gas production facility 1 (see FIG. 1). Natural gas contains carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, moisture, heavy components and the like in the pretreatment device 3.
- the natural gas purified by the pretreatment device 3 is guided to the cold box 5.
- the natural gas guided to the cold box 5 is boosted to, for example, 15 MPa or more by a booster compressor 31 (see FIG. 2) or the like.
- the pressure increase is desirably 10 MPa or more.
- the natural gas that has been increased in pressure by the booster compressor 31 is guided to the first heat exchanger 32.
- the natural gas guided to the first heat exchanger 32 is heat-exchanged with seawater, and the temperature is lowered to, for example, 30 ° C.
- the natural gas whose temperature has been lowered by the first heat exchanger 32 is further guided to the second heat exchanger 33.
- the natural gas guided to the second heat exchanger 33 is subjected to heat exchange with fresh water which is chiller water, and the temperature is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 20 ° C.
- the heat exchange efficiency with the high pressure nitrogen in the high pressure nitrogen loop 17 can be improved by heat-exchanging with chiller water and precooling.
- the natural gas precooled by the second heat exchanger 33 is guided to the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17.
- the natural gas guided to the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 is guided to the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 constituting the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17.
- the natural gas guided to the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 exchanges heat with high-pressure nitrogen in the first subcooling section K1 provided in the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11. By exchanging heat with high-pressure nitrogen in the first subcooling section K1, the natural gas is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 80 ° C.
- the natural gas whose temperature has been lowered is guided to the Joule-Thomson expansion valve 16.
- the natural gas guided to the Joule-Thomson valve 16 expands (depressurizes) to a pressure of, for example, 10 MPa by passing through the Joule-Thomson expansion valve 16.
- the temperature of the natural gas that has passed through the Joule-Thompson expansion valve 16 is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 90 ° C.
- the natural gas is desirably 10 MPa or less due to expansion by the Joule-Thomson expansion valve 16.
- the natural gas which has been expanded by passing through the Joule-Thomson expansion valve 16 and whose temperature has been lowered is guided to the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18.
- the natural gas guided to the low pressure nitrogen loop 18 is guided to the low pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 constituting the low pressure nitrogen loop 18.
- the natural gas led to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 exchanges heat with the low-pressure nitrogen in two stages. That is, the temperature of the natural gas is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 135 ° C. in the second subcooling section K2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12, and then the third subcooling provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12. In the part K3, the temperature is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 160 ° C. to be liquefied.
- the liquefied natural gas liquefied in this way is guided to the end flash tank 30.
- the temperature of the liquefied natural gas led to the end flash tank 30 is reduced by expanding in the end flash tank 30, and the nitrogen content in the liquefied natural gas is released.
- the liquefied natural gas from which the temperature has further decreased and the nitrogen content has been released is led to and stored in the cargo tank 2 shown in FIG.
- a part of the liquefied natural gas led to the end flash tank 30 is gasified.
- the amount of gasified liquefied natural gas (hereinafter referred to as “off-gas”) is adjusted such that the flash rate becomes 10% or less by adjusting the temperature of the liquefied natural gas led to the end flash tank 30.
- Off gas (for example, ⁇ 140 ° C.) is led from the end flash tank 30 to the low pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the off gas guided to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 exchanges heat with the natural gas described above in the second subcooling section K2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12. Thereby, the temperature of the off gas is set to, for example, ⁇ 100 ° C.
- the off gas is guided to the second condensing part G2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the off gas guided to the second condensing part G2 exchanges heat with low-pressure nitrogen described later.
- the off-gas that has undergone heat exchange in the second condensing unit G2 is heated to, for example, 30 ° C. and is led out from the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the boil-off gas in which a part of the liquefied natural gas is vaporized in the cargo tank 2 (see FIG. 1) is also led to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 in the same manner as the off-gas.
- the boil-off gas guided to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 is heat-exchanged in the second subcooling section K2 and the second condensing section G2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12, and the temperature thereof becomes, for example, 30 ° C. It is heated and derived from the low pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the high-pressure nitrogen circulating in the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 is compressed to, for example, 12 MPa and 120 ° C. by the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 driven by the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20.
- the high-pressure nitrogen having a high pressure is led to the third heat exchanger 34.
- the high-pressure nitrogen guided to the third heat exchanger 34 is heat-exchanged with water supplied from a water supply system (not shown), and the temperature is lowered to 85 ° C.
- the high-pressure nitrogen that has passed through the third heat exchanger 34 is further guided to the fourth heat exchanger 35.
- the high-pressure nitrogen led to the fourth heat exchanger 35 is heat-exchanged with fresh water led from a not-shown fresh water system, and the temperature is lowered to 40 ° C.
- the high-pressure nitrogen whose temperature has decreased to 40 ° C. is led to the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11.
- the high-pressure nitrogen led to the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 is led to the first condensing part G1 provided in the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11.
- the high-pressure nitrogen guided to the first condensing unit G1 exchanges heat with the high-pressure nitrogen expanded through the first subcooling unit K1.
- the temperature of the high-pressure nitrogen that has passed through the first condensing part G1 falls to, for example, ⁇ 25 ° C.
- the high-pressure nitrogen whose temperature has decreased due to heat exchange in the first condensing part G ⁇ b> 1 is guided to the high-temperature nitrogen expander 19.
- the high-pressure nitrogen introduced to the high-temperature nitrogen expander 19 is expanded to, for example, 2 MPa and ⁇ 85 ° C.
- the high-pressure nitrogen that has expanded and the temperature has decreased is led to the first subcooling section K1 provided in the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11.
- the expanded high-pressure nitrogen introduced to the first subcooling section K1 is heated to, for example, ⁇ 30 ° C. by exchanging heat with the natural gas described above.
- the high-pressure nitrogen heated in the first subcooling unit K1 is heated to, for example, 35 ° C. by exchanging heat with the high-pressure nitrogen introduced from the fourth heat exchanger 35 in the first condensing unit G1.
- the expanded high-pressure nitrogen heated through the first subcooling section K1 and the first condensing section G1 provided in the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 is guided to the high-pressure nitrogen booster 21.
- the expanded high-pressure nitrogen guided to the high-pressure nitrogen booster 21 is boosted by the high-pressure nitrogen booster 21 to 3 MPa, 85 ° C., for example, and is guided to the fifth heat exchanger 36.
- the pressurized high-pressure nitrogen led to the fifth heat exchanger 36 is heat-exchanged with the fresh water led from the fresh water system, and the temperature is lowered to 40 ° C., for example.
- the high-pressure nitrogen whose temperature has been lowered through the fifth heat exchanger 36 is led to the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13. As described above, high-pressure nitrogen is circulated in the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17.
- the low-pressure nitrogen circulating in the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18 is compressed to, for example, 5 MPa by the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 driven by the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23.
- the compressed low-pressure nitrogen is led to the sixth heat exchanger 37.
- the low-pressure nitrogen led to the sixth heat exchanger 37 exchanges heat with the feed water led from the feed water system, and the temperature is lowered to 85 ° C., for example.
- the low-pressure nitrogen that has passed through the sixth heat exchanger 37 is further guided to the seventh heat exchanger 38.
- the low-pressure nitrogen led to the seventh heat exchanger 38 exchanges heat with the feed water led from the feed water system, and the temperature is lowered to 40 ° C., for example.
- the low-pressure nitrogen whose temperature has decreased after passing through the sixth heat exchanger 37 and the seventh heat exchanger 38 is guided to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the low-pressure nitrogen guided to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 is guided to the second condensing part G2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the low-pressure nitrogen led to the second condensing part G2 exchanges heat with the low-pressure nitrogen expanded through the second subcooling part K2.
- the temperature of the low-pressure nitrogen that has passed through the second condensing part G2 is lowered to, for example, ⁇ 90 ° C.
- the low-pressure nitrogen heat-exchanged in the second condensing part G2 is guided from the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 to the low-pressure nitrogen expander 22.
- the low-pressure nitrogen having a reduced temperature led to the low-pressure nitrogen expander 22 is expanded to, for example, 3 MPa and ⁇ 164 ° C.
- the low-pressure nitrogen that has expanded and the temperature has further decreased is led to the third subcooling section K3 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the expanded low-pressure nitrogen introduced to the third subcooling section K3 is heated to, for example, ⁇ 140 ° C. through heat exchange with the natural gas that has passed through the second subcooling section K2.
- the expanded low-pressure nitrogen that has passed through the third subcooling section K3 further exchanges heat with the natural gas introduced from the Joule-Thompson expansion valve 16 to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 in the second subcooling section K2.
- the low-pressure nitrogen expanded by exchanging heat with natural gas is heated to, for example, ⁇ 100 ° C.
- the low-pressure nitrogen expanded through the second cooler K2 is further led to the second condensing part G2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the expanded low-pressure nitrogen led to the second condensing part G2 exchanges heat with the low-pressure nitrogen led from the seventh heat exchanger 38.
- the expanded low-pressure nitrogen is, for example, 36 ° C. and is led out from the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12.
- the low pressure nitrogen heated through the third subcooling section K3, the second subcooling section K2 and the second condensing section G2 provided in the low pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 is led to the low pressure nitrogen booster 24.
- the expanded low-pressure nitrogen introduced to the low-pressure nitrogen booster 24 is boosted by the low-pressure nitrogen booster 24 to 1 MPa, 85 ° C., for example.
- the increased low pressure nitrogen is led to the eighth heat exchanger 39.
- the pressure-reduced low-pressure nitrogen led to the eighth heat exchanger 39 exchanges heat with the feed water led from the feed water system, and the temperature is lowered to 40 ° C., for example.
- the low-pressure nitrogen whose temperature has been lowered after passing through the eighth heat exchanger 39 is guided to the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14. As described above, the low pressure nitrogen circulates in the low pressure nitrogen loop 18.
- Off-gas and boil-off gas that are led out from the second condensing part G2 provided in the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 and heated to, for example, 30 ° C. are led to the boiler.
- Off-gas and boil-off gas led to the boiler are burned as boiler fuel and generate high-temperature and high-pressure (for example, 555 ° C., 11 MPa) steam.
- the steam generated in the boiler is guided to the high-pressure turbine 15 a of the compressor driving steam turbine 15.
- the steam guided to the high-pressure turbine 15a converts the thermal energy into rotational energy of the high-pressure turbine 15a and rotationally drives the high-pressure turbine 15a.
- the primary shaft 15e rotates.
- the intermediate pressure turbine 15b and the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 provided on the primary shaft 15e are driven.
- the steam that rotationally drives the high-pressure turbine 15a is, for example, 2 MPa and is derived from the high-pressure turbine 15a.
- the steam led out from the high-pressure turbine 15a is guided to a reheater (not shown).
- the steam guided to the reheater is changed to reheat steam at, for example, 555 ° C. by the reheater.
- the reheated steam is guided to the intermediate pressure turbine 15 b of the compressor driving steam turbine 15.
- the reheated steam guided to the intermediate pressure turbine 15b converts the thermal energy into rotational energy of the intermediate pressure turbine 15b and rotationally drives the intermediate pressure turbine 15b.
- the primary shaft 15e As the intermediate pressure turbine 15b is driven to rotate, the primary shaft 15e further rotates.
- the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 provided on the primary shaft 15e is further driven.
- the intermediate pressure turbine 15b a part of the steam is extracted from the middle stage.
- the extracted steam of, for example, 1 MPa is used for high-pressure miscellaneous steam used in the floating liquefied natural gas production facility 1 (see FIG. 1).
- the steam that has passed through all the stages of the intermediate pressure turbine 15 b is, for example, 110 ° C., and is guided to the first low pressure turbine 15 c of the compressor driving steam turbine 15.
- the steam guided to the first low-pressure turbine 15c converts the thermal energy into rotational energy of the first low-pressure turbine 15c, and rotationally drives the first low-pressure turbine 15c.
- the secondary shaft 15f rotates.
- the second low-pressure turbine 15d and the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 provided on the secondary shaft 15f are driven.
- a part of the steam is extracted from the middle stage of the first low-pressure turbine 15c.
- the extracted steam of, for example, 0.1 MPa is used for low-pressure miscellaneous steam used in the floating liquefied natural gas production facility 1 (see FIG. 1).
- the steam that has passed through all the stages of the first low-pressure turbine 15c is guided to the second low-pressure turbine 15d provided on the secondary shaft 15f.
- 0.6 MPa of assist steam is separately supplied to the second low-pressure turbine 15 d from an assist steam supply system (not shown).
- the second low-pressure turbine 15d is rotationally driven by the supplied assist steam.
- the second low-pressure turbine 15d is driven to rotate, it is possible to drive the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 connected to the secondary shaft 15f.
- the steam that has passed through all stages of the first low-pressure turbine 15c and the assist steam that has driven the second low-pressure turbine 15d are led to a main condenser (not shown) to exchange heat with seawater to be condensed.
- the compressor driving steam turbine 15 can independently control the high-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 20 and the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 with the primary shaft 15e and the secondary shaft 15f, and further assist steam.
- the low-pressure turbine-side speed reducer 23 can be independently controlled by driving the second low-pressure turbine 15d.
- FIG. 4 shows a TH diagram of the natural gas and nitrogen refrigerant of the present embodiment.
- the vertical axis indicates the heat load (kW), and the horizontal axis indicates the temperature (° C.).
- the solid line in FIG. 4 indicates natural gas whose pressure is increased to 15 MPa or 4 MPa, and the alternate long and short dash line indicates nitrogen that exchanges heat with natural gas when the pressure is increased to 4 MPa.
- FIG. 5 is a TH diagram showing the relationship between natural gas and nitrogen at a plurality of pressures.
- the vertical axis indicates the heat load (kW), and the horizontal axis indicates the temperature (° C.).
- the solid line in FIG. 5 indicates natural gas whose pressure has been increased to 15 MPa
- the dotted line indicates natural gas whose pressure has been increased to 4 MPa
- the alternate long and short dash line indicates nitrogen having a small temperature difference with respect to the natural gas having a relatively low pressure of 4 MPa
- a two-dot chain line indicates nitrogen having a small temperature difference with respect to a high-pressure natural gas of 15 MPa.
- the 4 MPa natural gas (solid line) has a step shape in which the temperature hardly changes in the process of lowering the temperature by exchanging heat with nitrogen. Since the liquefaction efficiency of natural gas liquefaction is better when the temperature difference from nitrogen is smaller, the pinch point at which the temperature difference between nitrogen (dotted line) and natural gas becomes the smallest is stepped. Therefore, in the heat exchange process other than the step shape, the temperature difference between the natural gas and nitrogen is increased, and the liquefaction efficiency is lowered as a whole.
- the step shape generated in the natural gas of 4 MPa disappears, and the temperature change of the natural gas becomes substantially linear. Therefore, the temperature difference between the natural gas of 15 MPa and nitrogen (two-dot chain line) becomes small and can be liquefied efficiently throughout.
- the natural gas is pressurized to a high pressure (for example, 15 MPa) in the high temperature portion of the natural gas, and the natural gas is set to a relatively low pressure (for example, 4 MPa) in the low temperature portion of the natural gas.
- a high pressure for example, 15 MPa
- a relatively low pressure for example, 4 MPa
- the high pressure natural gas is heat exchanged with the high pressure nitrogen of the high pressure nitrogen loop 17, and in the low temperature portion of the natural gas, the low pressure natural gas is heat exchanged with the low pressure nitrogen of the low pressure nitrogen loop 18.
- a Joule Thompson expansion valve 16 is provided between the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 and the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18 to expand the 15 MPa high-pressure natural gas to a 4 MPa low-pressure natural gas.
- the natural gas that has passed through the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 can be approximated to the temperature change of the low-pressure nitrogen by the Joule-Thomson expansion valve 16 and led to the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12. Therefore, the temperature difference due to heat exchange between natural gas and high-pressure nitrogen and the temperature difference due to heat exchange between natural gas and low-pressure nitrogen can be kept substantially constant in the heat exchange process. Therefore, natural gas can be liquefied efficiently using single component nitrogen (heat medium).
- a high pressure nitrogen compressor (high temperature side heat medium compressor) 13 is connected to a primary shaft (high pressure turbine side shaft) 15e via a high pressure turbine side speed reducer 20, and a low pressure turbine side is connected to a secondary shaft (low pressure turbine side shaft) 15f.
- the low-pressure nitrogen compressor (low temperature side heat medium compressor) 14 is connected via the speed reducer 23.
- the high-pressure turbine 15a and the intermediate-pressure turbine which are connected to the primary shaft 15e
- the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 and the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 are respectively controlled by controlling a first low-pressure turbine (low-pressure turbine) 15c and a second low-pressure turbine (low-pressure turbine) 15d connected to the secondary shaft 15f. And can be controlled independently. Therefore, the high-pressure nitrogen and the low-pressure nitrogen can be compressed independently of each other, and the refrigeration load of the high-pressure nitrogen circulating through the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 and the low-pressure nitrogen circulating through the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18 can be controlled independently.
- the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 for exchanging heat between natural gas and high-pressure nitrogen a stainless plate diffusion type (plate type) was used. Therefore, the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 can be reduced in size. Therefore, the cold box 5 in which the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 constituting the liquefying apparatus 10 is stored can be made compact.
- the pressure of the natural gas is lowered by passing through the Joule-Thompson expansion valve 16, and a plate fin type with aluminum brazing (plate type) is used for the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12. Therefore, the low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 can also be reduced in size. Therefore, the cold box 5 constituting the liquefying apparatus 10 can be made more compact.
- the liquefying apparatus 10 constituted by the steam turbine 15 for driving the compressor driven by steam is used for the floating liquefied natural gas manufacturing facility (floating liquefied gas manufacturing facility) 1. Therefore, the cross-pound steam turbine used for the existing marine main engine can be applied to the compressor driving steam turbine 15. Therefore, it is not necessary to newly develop the compressor driving steam turbine 15 for driving the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 and the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14, and the existing equipment can be used effectively.
- a liquefier 10 comprising a high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 and a low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14 using non-combustible nitrogen as a heat medium, a high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 and a low-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 12 is used as a floating liquefied natural gas. It was decided to use it for manufacturing equipment 1. Further, the compressor driving steam turbine 15 is used to drive the high-pressure nitrogen compressor 13 and the low-pressure nitrogen compressor 14. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the risk of explosion due to leakage of combustible gas such as a heat medium.
- equipment such as the high pressure nitrogen compressor 13, the low pressure nitrogen compressor 14, and the compressor driving steam turbine 15 may be arranged in the liquefier power unit section 6 below the deck of the floating liquefied natural gas production facility 1. it can. Therefore, the arrangement space of the liquefying device 10 on the deck can be reduced.
- liquefied natural gas LNG
- LPG liquefied petroleum gas
- the natural gas introduced from the booster compressor 31 to the high-pressure nitrogen heat exchanger 11 has been described as being precooled by the first heat exchanger 32 and the second heat exchanger 33, but the present invention is not limited thereto. It is not limited, It is good also as what does not pre-cool with chiller water, ie, does not provide the 2nd heat exchanger 33.
- precooling from ⁇ 10 ° C. to about ⁇ 30 ° C. using chiller water, it is possible to increase the power reduction effect of compressing high-pressure nitrogen and low-pressure nitrogen led to the high-pressure nitrogen loop 17 and the low-pressure nitrogen loop 18. Precooling is not necessary.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の第一の態様は、単一成分の高圧熱媒体と熱交換させた被液化ガスを所定圧に減圧した後に、減圧した前記被液化ガスを前記高圧熱媒体よりも低温かつ同種類の低温側熱媒体と熱交換させて液化することを特徴とする液化方法である。
なお、所定圧とは、熱媒体と熱交換する被液化ガスの臨界点に対応した圧力をいう。
また、被液化ガスは、液化する前の原料ガスであり、天然ガス(LNG)や液化石油ガス(LPG)等が挙げられる。
浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備(Floating LNG:FLNG)1は、液化天然ガス(液化ガス)を貯蔵する複数の貨物タンク2と、前処理装置3と、液化装置(図示せず)と、浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1内に電力を供給する電力供給装置(図示せず)とを備えている。
浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備(浮体式液化ガス製造設備)1は、陸上や海底の地層下から高圧で噴出する原料ガスである天然ガス(被液化ガス)を精製液化して製品である液化天然ガス(Liquefied natural gas:LNG)にするものであり、洋上に設置されるものである。
前処理装置3は、原料ガスである天然ガス中に含まれている二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水分、重質分等の不純物を除去するものである。
液化装置用動力装置区画6は、甲板下に設けられている。液化装置用動力装置区画6には、液化装置を構成している高圧窒素圧縮機(高温側熱媒体用圧縮機)や低圧窒素圧縮機(低温側熱媒体用圧縮機)、これらの圧縮機を駆動する圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン(クロスコンパウンドタービン)が設けられている。
船内動力設置区画4は、甲板下に設けられおり、後述するボイラ(図示せず)と、ガス焚きディーゼル機関(図示せず)と、ガス焚きディーゼル機関駆動発電機(図示せず)とを備えている。浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1内で必要な電力は、船内動力設置区画4に設けられているこれらの機器によって供給されることとなる。
図2には、図1に示した液化装置の右側拡大構成図が示されており、図3には、その左側拡大構成図が示されている。
液化装置10は、高圧窒素熱交換器11と、低圧窒素熱交換器12と、高圧窒素圧縮機13と、低圧窒素圧縮機14と、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15と、ジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)16と、ボイラ(図示せず)と、エンドフラッシュタンク30とを主に備えている。液化装置10は、冷凍サイクルと、液化装置10を駆動する駆動部とに分けられる。
駆動部は、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15を備えている。
高圧窒素熱交換器11は、高圧な天然ガスと、窒素(以下、「高圧窒素」)とが熱交換するものである。高圧窒素熱交換器11には、例えば、Heatric社のプレート式のステンレスプレートディフュージョンタイプ(diffusion-bonded heat exchangers)が好適に用いられる。
低圧窒素熱交換器12は、天然ガスと、窒素(以下、「低圧窒素」とう。)とが熱交換するものである。低圧窒素熱交換器12には、アルミロウ付プレートフィンタイプの熱交換器が用いられる。
圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15は、高圧タービン15aと、中圧タービン(高圧タービン)15bと、第1低圧タービン15cと、第2低圧タービン15dとを備えている。高圧タービン15aと中圧タービン15bとは、プライマリー軸15e(高圧タービン側軸)上に設けられている。第1低圧タービン(低圧タービン)15cと第2低圧タービン(低圧タービン)15dとは、セカンダリー軸(低圧タービン側軸)15f上に設けられている。
高圧タービン側減速機20は、プライマリー軸15eから伝達された出力を高圧窒素圧縮機13へと伝達するものである。これにより、高圧窒素圧縮機13は、高圧タービン15aまたは中圧タービン15bが回転駆動されることによって駆動されることとなる。
低圧タービン側減速機23は、セカンダリー軸15fから伝達された出力を低圧窒素圧縮機14へと伝達するものである。これにより、低圧窒素圧縮機14は、第1低圧タービン15cまたは第2低圧タービン15dが回転駆動されることによって駆動されることとなる。
エンドフラッシュタンク30は、高圧窒素サイクル17および低圧窒素サイクル18を通過した液化天然ガスを膨張させて温度降下させるものである。エンドフラッシュタンク30において、液化天然ガスは、含有されていた窒素成分が除去されることとなる。なお、エンドフラッシュタンク30の代わりに減圧弁を用いても良い。
陸上や海底の地層下から噴出している原料ガスである天然ガスは、浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1(図1参照)の甲板上に設けられている前処理装置3へと導かれる。天然ガスは、前処理装置3において、含有されている二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水分、重質分等が除去される。
なお、ジュールトムソン膨張弁16による膨張によって天然ガスは、10MPa以下になることが望ましい。
高圧窒素ループ17内を循環している高圧窒素は、高圧タービン側減速機20によって駆動される高圧窒素圧縮機13によって例えば12MPa、120℃に圧縮される。高圧とされた高圧窒素は、第3熱交換器34へと導かれる。第3熱交換器34に導かれた高圧窒素は、図示しない給水系統から導かれた給水と熱交換して温度が85℃に下げられる。
以上のように、高圧窒素は、高圧窒素ループ17内を循環することとなる。
低圧窒素ループ18内を循環している低圧窒素は、低圧タービン側減速機23によって駆動される低圧窒素圧縮機14によって例えば5MPaに圧縮される。圧縮された低圧窒素は、第6熱交換器37へと導かれる。第6熱交換器37に導かれた低圧窒素は、給水系統から導かれた給水と熱交換して温度が例えば85℃に下げられる。
以上のように、低圧窒素は、低圧窒素ループ18内を循環することとなる。
低圧窒素熱交換器12に設けられている第2凝縮部G2から導出されて例えば30℃に加熱されたオフガスおよびボイルオフガスは、ボイラへと導かれる。ボイラに導かれたオフガスおよびボイルオフガスは、ボイラの燃料として燃焼されて高温高圧(例えば555℃、11MPa)の蒸気を発生させる。ボイラで発生した蒸気は、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15の高圧タービン15aへと導かれる。高圧タービン15aに導かれた蒸気は、その熱エネルギーを高圧タービン15aの回転エネルギーへと変換して高圧タービン15aを回転駆動する。高圧タービン15aが回転駆動することによってプライマリー軸15eが回転する。プライマリー軸15eが回転することによって、プライマリー軸15eに設けられている中圧タービン15bおよび高圧タービン側減速機20が駆動される。
中圧タービン15bの全段を通過した蒸気は、例えば110℃とされて圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15の第1低圧タービン15cへと導かれる。
第1低圧タービン15cの全段を通過した蒸気は、セカンダリー軸15fに設けられている第2低圧タービン15dへと導かれる。
図4には、本実施形態の天然ガスおよび窒素冷媒のT-H線図が示されている。
図4では、縦軸に熱負荷(kW)を示し、横軸に温度(℃)を示す。図4の実線は、15MPaまたは4MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、一点鎖線は、4MPaに昇圧した場合の天然ガスと熱交換する窒素を示す。
図5では、縦軸に熱負荷(kW)を示し、横軸に温度(℃)を示す。図5の実線は、15MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、点線は、4MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、一点鎖線は、4MPaの比較的低圧の天然ガスに対して温度差が小さな窒素を示し、二点鎖線は、15MPaの高圧の天然ガスに対して温度差が小さな窒素を示す。
また、高圧窒素ループ17と低圧窒素ループ18との間には、ジュールトムソン膨張弁16を設けて15MPaの高圧の天然ガスを4MPaの低圧の天然ガスに膨張させることにした。これにより、図4に示すように、天然ガスの高圧部における温度と、4MPaの低圧の天然ガスの温度との差を小さくして、天然ガスの全領域にわたる温度変化を略直線状になるようにすることができる。
単一成分の高圧窒素(高温側熱媒体)を高圧窒素熱交換器(高温側熱媒体用熱交換器)11へ、高圧窒素と同種類の低圧窒素(低温側熱媒体)を低圧窒素熱交換器(低温側熱媒体用熱交換器)12へと導き、高圧窒素熱交換器11と低圧窒素熱交換器12との間には、天然ガス(被液化ガス)を所定圧に減圧するジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)16を設けることとした。これにより、高圧窒素熱交換器11を通過した天然ガスをジュールトムソン膨張弁16により低圧窒素の温度変化に近似させて低圧窒素熱交換器12へと導くことができる。そのため、天然ガスと高圧窒素との熱交換による温度差と、天然ガスと低圧窒素との熱交換による温度差とをそれぞれ熱交換過程において略一定に保つことができる。したがって、単一成分の窒素(熱媒体)を用いて、天然ガスを効率的に液化することができる。
また、本実施形態では、被液化ガスとして液化天然ガス(LNG)を用いて説明したが、液化石油ガス(Liquefied petroleum gas:LPG)等であっても良い。
10 液化設備
11 高圧窒素熱交換器(高温側熱媒体用熱交換器)
12 低圧窒素熱交換器(低温側熱媒体用熱交換器)
16 ジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)
Claims (7)
- 単一成分の高圧熱媒体と熱交換させた被液化ガスを減圧した後に、減圧した前記被液化ガスを前記高圧熱媒体よりも低温かつ同種類の低温側熱媒体と熱交換させて液化する液化方法。
- 被液化ガスと高温側熱媒体とが熱交換する高温側熱媒体用熱交換器と、
該高温側熱媒体用熱交換器から導出された被液化ガスを減圧する減圧弁と、
該減圧弁を通過した被液化ガスと、低温側熱媒体とが熱交換する低圧熱媒用熱交換器と、を備え、
前記高温側熱媒体および前記低温側熱媒体は、単一成分かつ同種類であって、
前記減圧弁は、前記低温側熱媒体用熱交換器に導かれる被液化ガスを所定圧に減圧する液化装置。 - 蒸気が導かれて駆動される高圧タービンと、
該高圧タービンに接続される高圧タービン側軸と、
前記高圧タービンから導出された蒸気が導かれて駆動される低圧タービンと、
該低圧タービンに接続される低圧タービン側軸と、を有するクロスコンパウンドタービンと、
前記高温側熱媒体用熱交換器に導かれる高温側熱媒体を圧縮する高温側熱媒体用圧縮機と、
前記低温側熱媒体用熱交換器に導かれる低温側熱媒体を圧縮する低温側熱媒体用圧縮機と、
前記高圧タービンに導かれる蒸気を発生する蒸気発生手段と、を備え、
前記高温側熱媒体用圧縮機を前記高圧タービン側軸に接続し、前記低温側熱媒体用圧縮機を前記低圧タービン側軸に接続する請求項2に記載の液化装置。 - 前記高温側熱媒体用熱交換器は、プレート式である請求項2または請求項3に記載の液化装置。
- 前記蒸気発生手段は、液化ガス中のオフガスを燃料として蒸気を発生する請求項2から請求項4のいずれかに記載の液化装置。
- 請求項2から請求項5のいずれかに記載の液化装置を備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備。
- 前記高温側熱媒体及び前記低温側熱媒体には、窒素を用いる請求項6に記載の浮体式液化ガス製造設備。
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| CN201180031178.7A CN102959351B (zh) | 2010-10-13 | 2011-10-07 | 液化方法、液化装置及具备该液化装置的浮式液化气制造设备 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2629035B1 (en) | 2020-12-02 |
| EP2629035A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
| CN102959351A (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
| KR20130023275A (ko) | 2013-03-07 |
| EP2629035A4 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
| KR101536394B1 (ko) | 2015-07-13 |
| JP2012083051A (ja) | 2012-04-26 |
| JP5660845B2 (ja) | 2015-01-28 |
| CN102959351B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
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