JP5660845B2 - 液化方法、液化装置およびこれを備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備 - Google Patents
液化方法、液化装置およびこれを備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5660845B2 JP5660845B2 JP2010230766A JP2010230766A JP5660845B2 JP 5660845 B2 JP5660845 B2 JP 5660845B2 JP 2010230766 A JP2010230766 A JP 2010230766A JP 2010230766 A JP2010230766 A JP 2010230766A JP 5660845 B2 JP5660845 B2 JP 5660845B2
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
- B63B35/44—Floating buildings, stores, drilling platforms, or workshops, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
- F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
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- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
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- F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
- F25J1/0229—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock
- F25J1/023—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock for the combustion as fuels, i.e. integration with the fuel gas system
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- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
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- F25J1/0267—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer using flash gas as heat sink
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- B63B25/14—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed pressurised
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- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
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Description
すなわち、本発明に係る液化方法によれば、高温側窒素熱交換器を用いて、単一成分の高温側窒素と天然ガスを熱交換させ、減圧弁を用いて、前記高温側窒素と熱交換した前記天然ガスを減圧し、低温側窒素熱交換器を用いて、減圧した前記天然ガスを前記高温側窒素よりも低温かつ同種類の低温側窒素と熱交換させて液化し、前記高温側窒素は高温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記高温側窒素熱交換器に導入され、前記低温側窒素は低温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記低温側窒素熱交換器に導入されることを特徴とする。
なお、所定圧とは、熱媒体と熱交換する被液化ガスの臨界点に対応した圧力をいう。
また、被液化ガスは、液化する前の原料ガスであり、天然ガス(LNG)や液化石油ガス(LPG)等が挙げられる。
浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備(Floating LNG:FLNG)1は、液化天然ガス(液化ガス)を貯蔵する複数の貨物タンク2と、前処理装置3と、液化装置(図示せず)と、浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1内に電力を供給する電力供給装置(図示せず)とを備えている。
浮体式液化ガス製造設備(浮体式液化ガス製造設備)1は、陸上や海底の地層下から高圧で噴出する原料ガスである天然ガス(被液化ガス)を精製液化して製品である液化天然ガス(Liquefied natural gas:LNG)にするものであり、洋上に設置されるものである。
前処理装置3は、原料ガスである天然ガス中に含まれている二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水分、重質分等の不純物を除去するものである。
液化装置用動力装置区画6は、甲板下に設けられている。液化装置用動力装置区画6には、液化装置を構成している高圧窒素圧縮機(高温側熱媒体用圧縮機)や低圧窒素圧縮機(低温側熱媒体用圧縮機)、これらの圧縮機を駆動する圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン(クロスコンパウンドタービン)が設けられている。
船内動力設置区画4は、甲板下に設けられおり、後述するボイラ(図示せず)と、ガス焚きディーゼル機関(図示せず)と、ガス焚きディーゼル機関駆動発電機(図示せず)とを備えている。浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1内で必要な電力は、船内動力設置区画4に設けられているこれらの機器によって供給されることとなる。
図2には、図1に示した液化装置の右側拡大構成図が示されており、図3には、その左側拡大構成図が示されている。
液化装置10は、高圧窒素熱交換器11と、低圧窒素熱交換器12と、高圧窒素圧縮機13と、低圧窒素圧縮機14と、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15と、ジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)16と、ボイラ(図示せず)と、エンドフラッシュタンク30とを主に備えている。液化装置10は、冷凍サイクルと、液化装置10を駆動する駆動部とに分けられる。
駆動部は、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15を備えている。
高圧窒素熱交換器11は、高圧な天然ガスと、窒素(以下、「高圧窒素」)とが熱交換するものである。高圧窒素熱交換器11には、例えば、Heatric社のプレート式のステンレスプレートディフュージョンタイプ(diffusion-bonded heat exchangers)が好適に用いられる。
低圧窒素熱交換器12は、天然ガスと、窒素(以下、「低圧窒素」とう。)とが熱交換するものである。低圧窒素熱交換器12には、アルミロウ付プレートフィンタイプの熱交換器が用いられる。
圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15は、高圧タービン15aと、中圧タービン(高圧タービン)15bと、第1低圧タービン15cと、第2低圧タービン15dとを備えている。高圧タービン15aと中圧タービン15bとは、プライマリー軸15e(高圧タービン側軸)上に設けられている。第1低圧タービン(低圧タービン)15cと第2低圧タービン(低圧タービン)15dとは、セカンダリー軸(低圧タービン側軸)15f上に設けられている。
高圧タービン側減速機20は、プライマリー軸15eから伝達された出力を高圧窒素圧縮機13へと伝達するものである。これにより、高圧窒素圧縮機13は、高圧タービン15aまたは中圧タービン15bが回転駆動されることによって駆動されることとなる。
低圧タービン側減速機23は、セカンダリー軸15fから伝達された出力を低圧窒素圧縮機14へと伝達するものである。これにより、低圧窒素圧縮機14は、第1低圧タービン15cまたは第2低圧タービン15dが回転駆動されることによって駆動されることとなる。
エンドフラッシュタンク30は、高圧窒素サイクル17および低圧窒素サイクル18を通過した液化天然ガスを膨張させて温度降下させるものである。エンドフラッシュタンク30において、液化天然ガスは、含有されていた窒素成分が除去されることとなる。なお、エンドフラッシュタンク30の代わりに減圧弁を用いても良い。
陸上や海底の地層下から噴出している原料ガスである天然ガスは、浮体式液化天然ガス製造設備1(図1参照)の甲板上に設けられている前処理装置3へと導かれる。天然ガスは、前処理装置3において、含有されている二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水分、重質分等が除去される。
なお、ジュールトムソン膨張弁16による膨張によって天然ガスは、10MPa以下になることが望ましい。
高圧窒素ループ17内を循環している高圧窒素は、高圧タービン側減速機20によって駆動される高圧窒素圧縮機13によって例えば12MPa、120℃に圧縮される。高圧とされた高圧窒素は、第3熱交換器34へと導かれる。第3熱交換器34に導かれた高圧窒素は、図示しない給水系統から導かれた給水と熱交換して温度が85℃に下げられる。
以上のように、高圧窒素は、高圧窒素ループ17内を循環することとなる。
低圧窒素ループ18内を循環している低圧窒素は、低圧タービン側減速機23によって駆動される低圧窒素圧縮機14によって例えば5MPaに圧縮される。圧縮された低圧窒素は、第6熱交換器37へと導かれる。第6熱交換器37に導かれた低圧窒素は、給水系統から導かれた給水と熱交換して温度が例えば85℃に下げられる。
以上のように、低圧窒素は、低圧窒素ループ18内を循環することとなる。
低圧窒素熱交換器12に設けられている第2凝縮部G2から導出されて例えば30℃に加熱されたオフガスおよびボイルオフガスは、ボイラへと導かれる。ボイラに導かれたオフガスおよびボイルオフガスは、ボイラの燃料として燃焼されて高温高圧(例えば555℃、11MPa)の蒸気を発生させる。ボイラで発生した蒸気は、圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15の高圧タービン15aへと導かれる。高圧タービン15aに導かれた蒸気は、その熱エネルギーを高圧タービン15aの回転エネルギーへと変換して高圧タービン15aを回転駆動する。高圧タービン15aが回転駆動することによってプライマリー軸15eが回転する。プライマリー軸15eが回転することによって、プライマリー軸15eに設けられている中圧タービン15bおよび高圧タービン側減速機20が駆動される。
中圧タービン15bの全段を通過した蒸気は、例えば110℃とされて圧縮機駆動用蒸気タービン15の第1低圧タービン15cへと導かれる。
第1低圧タービン15cの全段を通過した蒸気は、セカンダリー軸15fに設けられている第2低圧タービン15dへと導かれる。
図4には、本実施形態の天然ガスおよび窒素冷媒のT−H線図が示されている。
図4では、縦軸に熱負荷(kW)を示し、横軸に温度(℃)を示す。図4の実線は、15MPaまたは4MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、一点鎖線は、4MPaに昇圧した場合の天然ガスと熱交換する窒素を示す。
図5では、縦軸に熱負荷(kW)を示し、横軸に温度(℃)を示す。図5の実線は、15MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、点線は、4MPaに昇圧した天然ガスを示し、一点鎖線は、4MPaの比較的低圧の天然ガスに対して温度差が小さな窒素を示し、二点鎖線は、15MPaの高圧の天然ガスに対して温度差が小さな窒素を示す。
また、高圧窒素ループ17と低圧窒素ループ18との間には、ジュールトムソン膨張弁16を設けて15MPaの高圧の天然ガスを4MPaの低圧の天然ガスに膨張させることにした。これにより、図4に示すように、天然ガスの高圧部における温度と、4MPaの低圧の天然ガスの温度との差を小さくして、天然ガスの全領域にわたる温度変化を略直線状になるようにすることができる。
単一成分の高圧窒素(高温側熱媒体)を高圧窒素熱交換器(高温側熱媒体用熱交換器)11へ、高圧窒素と同種類の低圧窒素(低温側熱媒体)を低圧窒素熱交換器(低温側熱媒体用熱交換器)12へと導き、高圧窒素熱交換器11と低圧窒素熱交換器12との間には、天然ガス(被液化ガス)を所定圧に減圧するジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)16を設けることとした。これにより、高圧窒素熱交換器11を通過した天然ガスをジュールトムソン膨張弁16により低圧窒素の温度変化に近似させて低圧窒素熱交換器12へと導くことができる。そのため、天然ガスと高圧窒素との熱交換による温度差と、天然ガスと低圧窒素との熱交換による温度差とをそれぞれ熱交換過程において略一定に保つことができる。したがって、単一成分の窒素(熱媒体)を用いて、天然ガスを効率的に液化することができる。
また、本実施形態では、被液化ガスとして液化天然ガス(LNG)を用いて説明したが、液化石油ガス(Liquefied petroleum gas:LPG)等であっても良い。
10 液化設備
11 高圧窒素熱交換器(高温側熱媒体用熱交換器)
12 低圧窒素熱交換器(低温側熱媒体用熱交換器)
16 ジュールトムソン膨張弁(減圧弁)
Claims (6)
- 高温側窒素熱交換器を用いて、単一成分の高温側窒素と天然ガスを熱交換させ、
減圧弁を用いて、前記高温側窒素と熱交換した前記天然ガスを減圧し、
低温側窒素熱交換器を用いて、減圧した前記天然ガスを前記高温側窒素よりも低温かつ同種類の低温側窒素と熱交換させて液化し、
前記高温側窒素は高温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記高温側窒素熱交換器に導入され、
前記低温側窒素は低温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記低温側窒素熱交換器に導入される液化方法。 - 天然ガスと単一成分の高温側窒素とが熱交換する高温側窒素熱交換器と、
該高温側窒素熱交換器から導出された前記天然ガスを減圧する減圧弁と、
該減圧弁を通過した前記天然ガスと、前記高温側窒素よりも低温かつ同種類の低温側窒素とが熱交換する低温側窒素熱交換器と、を備え、
前記高温側窒素は高温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記高温側窒素熱交換器に導入され、
前記低温側窒素は低温側窒素圧縮機で圧縮された後に膨張させられて前記低温側窒素熱交換器に導入される液化装置。 - 蒸気が導かれて駆動される高圧タービンと、
該高圧タービンに接続される高圧タービン側軸と、
前記高圧タービンから導出された蒸気が導かれて駆動される低圧タービンと、
該低圧タービンに接続される低圧タービン側軸と、を有するクロスコンパウンドタービンと、
前記高温側窒素熱交換器に導かれる高温側窒素を圧縮する高温側窒素圧縮機と、
前記低温側窒素熱交換器に導かれる低温側窒素を圧縮する低温側窒素圧縮機と、
前記高圧タービンに導かれる蒸気を発生する蒸気発生手段と、を備え、
前記高温側窒素圧縮機を前記高圧タービン側軸に接続し、前記低温側窒素圧縮機を前記低圧タービン側軸に接続する請求項2に記載の液化装置。 - 前記高温側窒素熱交換器は、プレート式である請求項2または請求項3に記載の液化装置。
- 前記蒸気発生手段は、液化された前記天然ガス中のオフガスを燃料として蒸気を発生する請求項3に記載の液化装置。
- 請求項2から請求項5のいずれかに記載の液化装置を備える浮体式液化ガス製造設備。
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| WO2020106397A1 (en) | 2018-11-20 | 2020-05-28 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Methods and apparatus for improving multi-plate scraped heat exchangers |
| US11578545B2 (en) | 2018-11-20 | 2023-02-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Poly refrigerated integrated cycle operation using solid-tolerant heat exchangers |
| JP7680956B2 (ja) | 2019-01-30 | 2025-05-21 | エクソンモービル テクノロジー アンド エンジニアリング カンパニー | Lng冷媒からの水分除去方法 |
| US11668524B2 (en) | 2019-01-30 | 2023-06-06 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Methods for removal of moisture from LNG refrigerant |
| US11465093B2 (en) | 2019-08-19 | 2022-10-11 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Compliant composite heat exchangers |
| US20210063083A1 (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2021-03-04 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Liquefaction of Production Gas |
| US12050054B2 (en) | 2019-09-19 | 2024-07-30 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company | Pretreatment, pre-cooling, and condensate recovery of natural gas by high pressure compression and expansion |
| JP7326483B2 (ja) | 2019-09-19 | 2023-08-15 | エクソンモービル・テクノロジー・アンド・エンジニアリング・カンパニー | 高圧圧縮及び膨張による天然ガスの前処理及び予冷 |
| JP7326484B2 (ja) | 2019-09-19 | 2023-08-15 | エクソンモービル・テクノロジー・アンド・エンジニアリング・カンパニー | 高圧圧縮及び膨張による天然ガスの前処理及び予冷 |
| US11083994B2 (en) | 2019-09-20 | 2021-08-10 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Removal of acid gases from a gas stream, with O2 enrichment for acid gas capture and sequestration |
| KR20220062653A (ko) | 2019-09-24 | 2022-05-17 | 엑손모빌 업스트림 리서치 캄파니 | 선박의 이중 목적 극저온 탱크 또는 lng 및 액화 질소용 부유식 저장 유닛용 화물 스트리핑 기능 |
| EP4227620A1 (de) * | 2022-02-10 | 2023-08-16 | Burckhardt Compression AG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum wiederverflüssigen und rückführen von abdampfgas in einen lng-tank |
| CN120916942A (zh) * | 2023-03-15 | 2025-11-07 | 日挥环球株式会社 | 海洋上设备 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9726297D0 (en) * | 1997-12-11 | 1998-02-11 | Bhp Petroleum Pty Ltd | Liquefaction process and apparatus |
| US6446465B1 (en) * | 1997-12-11 | 2002-09-10 | Bhp Petroleum Pty, Ltd. | Liquefaction process and apparatus |
| US6691531B1 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2004-02-17 | Conocophillips Company | Driver and compressor system for natural gas liquefaction |
| US6640586B1 (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2003-11-04 | Conocophillips Company | Motor driven compressor system for natural gas liquefaction |
| GB0614250D0 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2006-08-30 | Ntnu Technology Transfer As | Apparatus and Methods for Natural Gas Transportation and Processing |
| EP1895254A1 (en) * | 2006-08-29 | 2008-03-05 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Method for starting up a plant for the liquefaction of a hydrocarbon stream |
| NO328852B1 (no) * | 2008-09-24 | 2010-05-31 | Moss Maritime As | Fremgangsmate og system for behandling av gass |
| FR2938903B1 (fr) * | 2008-11-25 | 2013-02-08 | Technip France | Procede de production d'un courant de gaz naturel liquefie sous-refroidi a partir d'un courant de charge de gaz naturel et installation associee |
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| EP2629035A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
| CN102959351A (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
| KR20130023275A (ko) | 2013-03-07 |
| EP2629035A4 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
| KR101536394B1 (ko) | 2015-07-13 |
| WO2012050068A1 (ja) | 2012-04-19 |
| JP2012083051A (ja) | 2012-04-26 |
| CN102959351B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
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