WO2011128977A1 - 固体電解質材料、リチウム電池および固体電解質材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
固体電解質材料、リチウム電池および固体電解質材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011128977A1 WO2011128977A1 PCT/JP2010/056605 JP2010056605W WO2011128977A1 WO 2011128977 A1 WO2011128977 A1 WO 2011128977A1 JP 2010056605 W JP2010056605 W JP 2010056605W WO 2011128977 A1 WO2011128977 A1 WO 2011128977A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0563—Liquid materials, e.g. for Li-SOCl2 cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity.
- lithium batteries currently on the market use an electrolyte containing a flammable organic solvent, it is possible to install safety devices that suppress the temperature rise during short circuits and to improve the structure and materials to prevent short circuits. Necessary.
- a lithium battery in which the electrolyte is changed to a solid electrolyte layer to make the battery completely solid does not use a flammable organic solvent in the battery, so the safety device can be simplified, and manufacturing costs and productivity can be reduced. It is considered excellent.
- a Li—La—Ti—O-based solid electrolyte material is known as a solid electrolyte material used for an all solid lithium battery.
- LLT liquid electrolyte material
- Patent Document 1 it is a solid electrolyte membrane having lithium ion conductivity, and La X Li Y Ti Z O 3 (0.4 ⁇ X ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ Y ⁇ 0.6, A solid electrolyte membrane having a composition of 0.8 ⁇ Z ⁇ 1.2 and Y ⁇ X) and having an amorphous structure is disclosed.
- patent document 2 it is a solid electrolyte layer comprised by the solid electrolyte which consists of complex oxide containing Li, La, and Ti, Comprising: It has an amorphous layer, a crystalline layer, and a lattice defect layer A solid electrolyte layer is disclosed. Further, Patent Document 2 describes that the composition of the solid electrolyte material is preferably La 2 / 3-x Li 3x TiO 3 (0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.167). The solid electrolyte material corresponds to a so-called bulk body synthesized by performing a planetary ball mill and firing, and is not a thin film.
- the perovskite type complex oxide represented is disclosed.
- the perovskite type oxide represented by Li 0.26 La 0.57 TiO 3 is disclosed.
- the general formula Li x (La 2 ⁇ a M1 a ) (Ti 3 ⁇ b M2 b ) O 9 + ⁇ is satisfied, and x satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, A satisfies 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, b satisfies 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 3, ⁇ satisfies ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2, and M1 includes Sr, Na, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, It is at least one selected from the group consisting of Dy, Y, Eu, Tb, Ba, and M2 is Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf, Fe, Cr A solid electrolyte material characterized in that it is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ga.
- the present invention since it has the above general formula, it can be a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity.
- x preferably satisfies 0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.28. This is because a solid electrolyte material with better Li ion conductivity can be obtained.
- x preferably satisfies 0.09 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.24. It is because it can be set as the solid electrolyte material with remarkably high Li ion conductivity.
- the solid electrolyte material is preferably crystalline. This is because the Li ion conductivity in the crystal grains is high.
- crystal grains can be favorably bonded, and even if it is crystalline, an increase in resistance at the crystal grain boundary can be suppressed.
- the solid electrolyte material preferably has a perovskite structure. It is because it can be set as a solid electrolyte material with high Li ion conductivity.
- the solid electrolyte material is preferably in the form of a thin film.
- a dense solid electrolyte material can be obtained, and Li ion conductivity can be increased.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte material is preferably in the range of 200 nm to 5 ⁇ m.
- a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material, and a solid electrolyte formed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer A lithium battery containing a layer, wherein the solid electrolyte layer contains the solid electrolyte material described above.
- a high-power lithium battery can be obtained by using the solid electrolyte material described above.
- Li, La, Ti, M1 (M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Sr, Na, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, Eu, Tb, and Ba. ),
- M2 (M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf, Fe, Cr, and Ga).
- a dense thin film can be formed by using a reactive vapor deposition method, and a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity can be obtained by using the above general formula.
- x preferably satisfies 0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.28. This is because a solid electrolyte material with better Li ion conductivity can be obtained.
- the solid electrolyte material is preferably crystalline and has a perovskite structure. It is because it can be set as a solid electrolyte material with high Li ion conductivity.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte material is preferably in the range of 200 nm to 5 ⁇ m. This is because a dense solid electrolyte material can be obtained and Li ion conductivity can be increased.
- the solid electrolyte material is preferably formed by a reactive vapor deposition method using oxygen plasma.
- the substrate is preferably a member having a positive electrode active material layer or a negative electrode active material layer. This is because it is useful in the production of lithium batteries.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention is represented by the general formula Li x (La 2-a M1 a ) (Ti 3-b M2 b ) O 9 + ⁇ , where x satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, and a satisfies 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2 is satisfied, b satisfies 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 3, ⁇ satisfies ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2, and M1 is Sr, Na, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, Eu , Tb, Ba, and M2 is a group consisting of Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf, Fe, Cr, and Ga. It is characterized by being at least one kind selected from.
- the present invention since it has the above general formula, it can be a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity. Moreover, as described in the examples described later, by setting the range of x to a specific range, a solid electrolyte material having high Li ion conductivity (low activation energy) can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a ternary diagram illustrating the solid electrolyte material of the present invention.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention as shown in the above general formula, part or all of La and part or all of Ti may be substituted with other metals (M1, M2).
- M1, M2 other metals
- FIG. 1 the case where the solid electrolyte material is a Li—La—Ti—O-based solid electrolyte material will be described for convenience.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention has a composition on a tie line of Li and La 2 Ti 3 O 9 as indicated by a line segment A in the figure.
- the solid electrolyte material described in Patent Document 1 has a composition indicated by a region B in the figure when the numerical ranges of X, Y, and Z are shown in a ternary diagram.
- the solid electrolyte material described in Patent Document 2 has a composition indicated by a line segment C in the drawing.
- the composition region (region A) in the present invention is completely different from the composition region indicated by the region B and the line segment C, and is a novel composition region that has not been conventionally known. As described in Examples described later, it was confirmed that even in this new composition range, good Li ion conductivity was exhibited.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention is represented by the general formula Li x (La 2 ⁇ a M1 a ) (Ti 3 ⁇ b M2 b ) O 9 + ⁇ .
- x satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.
- x preferably satisfies 0.02 ⁇ x, and more preferably satisfies 0.09 ⁇ x. This is because a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity can be obtained as described in the examples described later.
- x preferably satisfies x ⁇ 0.5, more preferably satisfies x ⁇ 0.28, and further preferably satisfies x ⁇ 0.24. This is because a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity can be obtained.
- a satisfies 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, and preferably satisfies 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.
- b satisfies 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 3 and preferably satisfies 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5.
- a or b may be 0, and a and b may be 0.
- ⁇ satisfies ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2.
- the above general formula is expressed as Li x (La 2 ⁇ a M1 a ) (Ti 3 ⁇ b M2 b ) O 9 + x / 2
- oxygen deficiency or oxygen excess may occur.
- the range of ⁇ is defined as ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2 in consideration of oxygen shortage and oxygen excess.
- M1 is a metal that can be located at the same site as La in the crystal structure.
- M2 is a metal that can be located at the same site as Ti in the crystal structure. Specifically, Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf , Fe, Cr, Ga. At least one selected from the group consisting of:
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention may be amorphous or crystalline.
- the amorphous case has an advantage that an increase in resistance at the grain boundary can be prevented.
- the crystalline material has an advantage of high Li ion conductivity in the crystal grains.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention preferably has a perovskite structure. It is because it can be set as a solid electrolyte material with high Li ion conductivity.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention is preferably a single-phase compound having a perovskite structure. It is because Li ion conductivity can be made higher.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention may be in the form of a bulk or a thin film, but is preferably in the form of a thin film. This is because a dense solid electrolyte material can be obtained and the Li ion conductivity can be increased by using a reactive vapor deposition method described later.
- the size of the solid electrolyte material of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the thin film is preferably 200 nm or more, more preferably 500 nm or more, and further preferably 800 nm or more.
- the thickness of the thin film is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 2 nm or less.
- the solid electrolyte material of this invention has low activation energy of Li ion conduction. This is because a solid electrolyte material having high Li ion conductivity can be obtained.
- ⁇ is the Li ion conductivity (S / cm)
- ⁇ 0 is the total exponent term
- E is the activation energy (J / mol)
- R is the gas constant
- T is the absolute temperature (K).
- the activation energy can also be expressed in units of [eV].
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention preferably has an activation energy of 0.60 eV or less, more preferably 0.55 eV or less, and even more preferably 0.50 eV or less.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present invention can be used for any application that requires Li ion conductivity.
- Applications of the solid electrolyte material include batteries such as lithium batteries, sensors such as gas sensors, and the like.
- the manufacturing method of the solid electrolyte material of the present invention will be described in detail in “C. Manufacturing method of solid electrolyte material” described later.
- the bulk solid electrolyte material can be produced using, for example, a mechanical milling method or a solid phase method.
- the lithium battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material, and a solid electrolyte formed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer A lithium battery containing a layer, wherein the solid electrolyte layer contains the solid electrolyte material described above.
- a high-power lithium battery can be obtained by using the solid electrolyte material described above.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the lithium battery of the present invention.
- a lithium battery 10 in FIG. 2 is formed between a positive electrode active material layer 1 containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material layer 2 containing a negative electrode active material, and a positive electrode active material layer 1 and a negative electrode active material layer 2.
- the present invention is characterized in that the solid electrolyte layer 3 contains the solid electrolyte material described in the above “A. Solid electrolyte material”.
- the lithium battery of the present invention will be described for each configuration.
- the solid electrolyte layer in the present invention contains the above-described solid electrolyte material.
- the thickness range of the solid electrolyte layer is preferably the same as the thickness range of the solid electrolyte material described above.
- the positive electrode active material layer in the present invention is a layer containing at least a positive electrode active material, and may contain at least one of a conductive material, a solid electrolyte material, and a binder as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material include LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , Li 2 NiMn 3 O 8 , LiVO 2 , LiCrO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the positive electrode active material layer in the present invention may further contain a conductive material.
- a conductive material By adding a conductive material, the conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer can be improved.
- the conductive material include acetylene black, ketjen black, and carbon fiber.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a solid electrolyte material. By adding the solid electrolyte material, the Li ion conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer can be improved.
- the solid electrolyte material include an oxide solid electrolyte material and a sulfide solid electrolyte material.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a binder. Examples of the binder include fluorine-containing binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the negative electrode active material layer in the present invention is a layer containing at least a negative electrode active material, and may contain at least one of a conductive material, a solid electrolyte material, and a binder as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material include a metal active material and a carbon active material.
- the metal active material include In, Al, Si, and Sn.
- examples of the carbon active material include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), highly oriented graphite (HOPG), hard carbon, and soft carbon.
- the conductive material, the solid electrolyte material, and the binder used for the negative electrode active material layer are the same as those in the positive electrode active material layer described above.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the lithium battery of the present invention has at least the solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode active material layer described above. Furthermore, it usually has a positive electrode current collector for collecting current of the positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector for collecting current of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the material for the positive electrode current collector include SUS, aluminum, nickel, iron, titanium, and carbon. Among them, SUS is preferable.
- examples of the material for the negative electrode current collector include SUS, copper, nickel, and carbon. Of these, SUS is preferable.
- the thickness and shape of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector are preferably appropriately selected according to the use of the lithium battery.
- the battery case of a general lithium battery can be used for the battery case used for this invention. Examples of the battery case include a SUS battery case.
- the lithium battery of the present invention may be a primary battery or a secondary battery, but among them, a secondary battery is preferable. This is because it can be repeatedly charged and discharged and is useful, for example, as an in-vehicle battery.
- Examples of the shape of the lithium battery of the present invention include a coin type, a laminate type, a cylindrical type, and a square type.
- the manufacturing method of the lithium battery of this invention will not be specifically limited if it is a method which can obtain the lithium battery mentioned above, The method similar to the manufacturing method of a general lithium battery can be used. .
- a power generation element is manufactured by sequentially pressing a material constituting the positive electrode active material layer, a material constituting the solid electrolyte layer, and a material constituting the negative electrode active material layer, and this power generation element is placed inside the battery case.
- Examples of the method include housing and caulking the battery case.
- the method for producing a solid electrolyte material of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of Li, La, Ti, M1 (M1 is Sr, Na, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, Eu, Tb, Ba). And M2 (M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf, Fe, Cr, and Ga).
- a dense thin film can be formed by using a reactive vapor deposition method, and a solid electrolyte material having good Li ion conductivity can be obtained by using the above general formula.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a method for producing a solid electrolyte material of the present invention.
- a crucible 12 containing Li metal, La metal and Ti metal and a substrate 13 are placed in a chamber 11.
- the pressure in the chamber 11 is lowered to form a vacuum state.
- O 2 plasma is generated, and at the same time, Li metal, La metal, and Ti metal are volatilized by a resistance heating method or an electron beam method.
- the LiLaTiO thin film 14 is vapor-deposited on the substrate 13. If the substrate is not heated during vapor deposition, a thin film with high amorphousness is obtained.
- a thin film with high crystallinity is obtained by heating the substrate during vapor deposition or by post-heating the thin film deposited on the substrate. It is done.
- the manufacturing method of the solid electrolyte material of this invention is demonstrated for every process.
- the raw material preparation step in the present invention is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, La, Ti, M1 (M1 is Sr, Na, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, Eu, Tb, Ba). And M2 (M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, W, Mn, Al, Ge, Ru, Nb, Ta, Co, Zr, Hf, Fe, Cr, and Ga). It is a step of preparing a constituent material.
- simple metals such as Li, La, Ti, M1 and M2 are usually prepared. These simple metals preferably have high purity. This is because a solid electrolyte material with few impurities can be obtained. Usually, when obtaining a solid electrolyte material in which a in the general formula is 0, M1 is not used, and in obtaining a solid electrolyte material in which b in the general formula is 0, M2 is not used.
- the thin film forming step in the present invention is a step of forming the solid electrolyte material on the substrate by the reactive vapor deposition method using oxygen using the raw material.
- the solid electrolyte material is formed by reactive vapor deposition.
- a thin-film solid electrolyte material is formed by volatilizing a raw material and reacting the volatilized raw material with oxygen.
- the method for volatilizing the raw material include a resistance heating method and an electron beam method.
- the method of reacting the volatilized raw material with oxygen include a method using oxygen plasma and a method using oxygen gas.
- reactive vapor deposition is preferably performed in a vacuum, and specifically, it is preferably performed in a vacuum of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 mBar or less. This is because a dense thin film can be formed.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte material can be controlled by the deposition time.
- a thin-film solid electrolyte material is formed on the substrate.
- substrate in this invention is not specifically limited, It is preferable to select suitably according to the use of solid electrolyte material.
- a solid electrolyte material is used as a solid electrolyte layer of a lithium battery, a member having a positive electrode active material layer or a negative electrode active material layer is preferably used as a substrate.
- a solid electrolyte material with high crystallinity can be formed by heating a thin film formed on a substrate.
- the heating temperature is preferably a temperature equal to or higher than the crystallization temperature of the crystal phase represented by the above general formula, and is preferably in the range of 600 ° C. to 800 ° C., for example.
- the heating time is preferably in the range of 0.5 hours to 3 hours, for example. Examples of a method for post-heating the thin film include a method using a firing furnace. Further, the atmosphere for heating the thin film may be an air atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere.
- the solid electrolyte material obtained by the present invention is the same as the contents described in the above-mentioned “A. Solid electrolyte material”, description thereof is omitted here.
- the solid electrolyte material characterized by obtained by the manufacturing method of the solid electrolyte material mentioned above can be provided.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
- lithium metal ribbon, purity 99.9%, manufactured by Sigma Aldrich
- lanthanum metal purity 99.9%, manufactured by Sigma Aldrich
- titanium metal slug, purity 99.98%, Alfa Aesar
- lithium metal was placed in a 40 cm 3 pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN) crucible and placed in the chamber.
- PBN pyrolytic boron nitride
- each of lanthanum metal and titanium metal was put into a 40 cm 3 pyrolytic graphite crucible and similarly placed in the chamber.
- a Si / SiO 2 / Ti / Pt laminate manufactured by Nova Electronic Materials
- the deposition area was 0.785 cm 2 (equivalent to ⁇ 10 mm)
- the distance from the raw material to the substrate was 500 mm.
- a high vacuum of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 mBar or less was set in the chamber.
- Example 2 to 7 A thin-film solid electrolyte material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of metal volatilized from the crucible was appropriately adjusted with a shutter.
- the activation energy was 0.60 eV or less.
- the activation energy in Example 6 was as low as that in Examples 2 to 4.
- the activation energy E is small, the Li ion conductivity ⁇ is large. Therefore, it was confirmed that the solid electrolyte material of the present invention exhibits good Li ion conductivity.
- Reference Example 1 A thin-film solid electrolyte material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of metal volatilized from the crucible was appropriately adjusted with a shutter.
- the composition of the solid electrolyte material obtained in Reference Example 1 was Li 0.42 La 0.58 TiO 3 . This composition is included in the composition range described in Patent Document 1, and is different from the composition in the present invention.
- the solid electrolyte material described in Patent Document 1 is amorphous, whereas the solid electrolyte material obtained in Reference Example 1 is crystalline.
- a thin-film solid electrolyte material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of metal volatilized from the crucible was appropriately adjusted with a shutter.
- the composition of the solid electrolyte material obtained in Reference Example 2 was Li 0.09 La 0.64 TiO 3 . This composition is included in the composition range described in Patent Document 2, and is different from the composition in the present invention.
- the solid electrolyte material described in Patent Document 2 is a bulk body, whereas the solid electrolyte material obtained in Reference Example 2 is in a thin film form.
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Abstract
Description
まず、本発明の固体電解質材料について説明する。本発明の固体電解質材料は、一般式Lix(La2-aM1a)(Ti3-bM2b)O9+δで表され、上記xは0<x≦1を満たし、上記aは0≦a≦2を満たし、上記bは0≦b≦3を満たし、上記δは-2≦δ≦2を満たし、上記M1は、Sr、Na、Nd、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Y、Eu、Tb、Baからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、上記M2は、Mg、W、Mn、Al、Ge、Ru、Nb、Ta、Co、Zr、Hf、Fe、Cr、Gaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であることを特徴とするものである。
σ=σ0exp(-E/RT)
ここで、σはLiイオン伝導率(S/cm)、σ0は全指数項、Eは活性化エネルギー(J/mol)、Rはガス定数、Tは絶対温度(K)を示す。
上記式に示されるように、活性化エネルギーEが小さければ、Liイオン伝導率σは大きくなる。なお、活性化エネルギーは[eV]の単位で表現することもできる。本発明の固体電解質材料は、活性化エネルギーが0.60eV以下であることが好ましく、0.55eV以下であることがより好ましく、0.50eV以下であることがさらに好ましい。
次に、本発明のリチウム電池について説明する。本発明のリチウム電池は、正極活物質を含有する正極活物質層と、負極活物質を含有する負極活物質層と、上記正極活物質層および上記負極活物質層の間に形成された固体電解質層とを含有するリチウム電池であって、上記固体電解質層が、上述した固体電解質材料を含有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明のリチウム電池について、構成ごとに説明する。
まず、本発明における固体電解質層について説明する。本発明における固体電解質層は、上述した固体電解質材料を含有するものである。固体電解質層の厚さの範囲は、上述した固体電解質材料の厚さの範囲と同様であることが好ましい。
次に、本発明における正極活物質層について説明する。本発明における正極活物質層は、少なくとも正極活物質を含有する層であり、必要に応じて、導電化材、固体電解質材料および結着材の少なくとも一つを含有していても良い。正極活物質としては、例えばLiCoO2、LiMnO2、Li2NiMn3O8、LiVO2、LiCrO2、LiFePO4、LiCoPO4、LiNiO2、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2等を挙げることができる。
次に、本発明における負極活物質層について説明する。本発明における負極活物質層は、少なくとも負極活物質を含有する層であり、必要に応じて、導電化材、固体電解質材料および結着材の少なくとも一つを含有していても良い。負極活物質としては、例えば金属活物質およびカーボン活物質を挙げることができる。金属活物質としては、例えばIn、Al、SiおよびSn等を挙げることができる。一方、カーボン活物質としては、例えばメソカーボンマイクロビーズ(MCMB)、高配向性グラファイト(HOPG)、ハードカーボン、ソフトカーボン等を挙げることができる。
本発明のリチウム電池は、上述した固体電解質層、正極活物質層および負極活物質層を少なくとも有するものである。さらに通常は、正極活物質層の集電を行う正極集電体、および負極活物質層の集電を行う負極集電体を有する。正極集電体の材料としては、例えばSUS、アルミニウム、ニッケル、鉄、チタンおよびカーボン等を挙げることができ、中でもSUSが好ましい。一方、負極集電体の材料としては、例えばSUS、銅、ニッケルおよびカーボン等を挙げることができ、中でもSUSが好ましい。また、正極集電体および負極集電体の厚さや形状等については、リチウム電池の用途等に応じて適宜選択することが好ましい。また、本発明に用いられる電池ケースには、一般的なリチウム電池の電池ケースを用いることができる。電池ケースとしては、例えばSUS製電池ケース等を挙げることができる。
本発明のリチウム電池は、一次電池であっても良く、二次電池であっても良いが、中でも二次電池であることが好ましい。繰り返し充放電でき、例えば車載用電池として有用だからである。本発明のリチウム電池の形状としては、例えば、コイン型、ラミネート型、円筒型および角型等を挙げることができる。また、本発明のリチウム電池の製造方法は、上述したリチウム電池を得ることができる方法であれば特に限定されるものではなく、一般的なリチウム電池の製造方法と同様の方法を用いることができる。例えば、正極活物質層を構成する材料、固体電解質層を構成する材料、および負極活物質層を構成する材料を順次プレスすることにより、発電要素を作製し、この発電要素を電池ケースの内部に収納し、電池ケースをかしめる方法等を挙げることができる。
次に、本発明の固体電解質材料の製造方法について説明する。本発明の固体電解質材料の製造方法は、Li、La、Ti、M1(M1は、Sr、Na、Nd、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Y、Eu、Tb、Baからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)、および、M2(M2は、Mg、W、Mn、Al、Ge、Ru、Nb、Ta、Co、Zr、Hf、Fe、Cr、Gaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)から構成される原料を準備する原料準備工程と、上記原料を用いて、酸素を用いた反応性蒸着法により、基板上に、一般式Lix(La2-aM1a)(Ti3-bM2b)O9+δで表され、上記xは0<x≦1を満たし、上記aは0≦a≦2を満たし、上記bは0≦b≦3を満たし、上記δは-2≦δ≦2を満たす固体電解質材料を形成する薄膜形成工程と、を有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明の固体電解質材料の製造方法について、工程ごとに説明する。
まず、本発明における原料準備工程について説明する。本発明における原料準備工程は、Li、La、Ti、M1(M1は、Sr、Na、Nd、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Y、Eu、Tb、Baからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)、および、M2(M2は、Mg、W、Mn、Al、Ge、Ru、Nb、Ta、Co、Zr、Hf、Fe、Cr、Gaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)から構成される原料を準備する工程である。
次に、本発明における薄膜形成工程について説明する。本発明における薄膜形成工程は、上記原料を用いて、酸素を用いた反応性蒸着法により、基板上に、上記固体電解質材料を形成する工程である。
本発明により得られる固体電解質材料については、上記「A.固体電解質材料」に記載した内容と同様であるので、ここでの記載は省略する。また、本発明においては、上述した固体電解質材料の製造方法により得られたことを特徴とする固体電解質材料を提供することができる。
まず、原料として、リチウム金属(ribbon、純度99.9%、Sigma Aldrich社製)、ランタン金属(純度99.9%、Sigma Aldrich社製)およびチタン金属(slug、純度99.98%、Alfa Aesar社製)を用意した。次に、リチウム金属を40cm3のpyrolytic boron nitride(PBN)製ルツボに入れ、チャンバー内に設置した。次に、ランタン金属およびチタン金属をそれぞれ40cm3のpyrolytic graphite製ルツボに入れ、同様にチャンバー内に設置した。また、基板として、Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt積層体(Nova Electronic Materials社製)を用い、蒸着面積を0.785cm2(φ10mm相当)とし、原料から基板までの距離を500mmとした。次に、チャンバー内を1×10-10mBar以下の高真空とした。
ルツボから揮発する金属の量をシャッターで適宜調整したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に薄膜状の固体電解質材料を得た。実施例2~7で得られた固体電解質材料の組成は、それぞれ、Li0.09La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.09)、Li0.10La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.10)、Li0.11La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.11)、Li0.16La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.16)、Li0.24La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.24)、Li0.28La2Ti3O9+δ(x=0.28)であった。
実施例1~7で得られた固体電解質材料におけるLiイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーを評価した。まず、基板上に形成された固体電解質材料の表面上に白金を蒸着させ、Pt/固体電解質材料/Ptの対称セルを作製した。次に、200K、250K、300K、350K、400K、450K、500Kの温度で交流インピーダンス法を実施し、Liイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーを算出した。その結果を表1および図4に示す。
ルツボから揮発する金属の量をシャッターで適宜調整したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に薄膜状の固体電解質材料を得た。参考例1で得られた固体電解質材料の組成は、Li0.42La0.58TiO3であった。この組成は、特許文献1に記載された組成域に含まれるものであり、本発明における組成とは異なるものである。また、特許文献1に記載された固体電解質材料は非晶質であるのに対して、参考例1で得られた固体電解質材料は結晶質であるという相違もある。
ルツボから揮発する金属の量をシャッターで適宜調整したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に薄膜状の固体電解質材料を得た。参考例2で得られた固体電解質材料の組成は、Li0.09La0.64TiO3であった。この組成は、特許文献2に記載された組成域に含まれるものであり、本発明における組成とは異なるものである。また、特許文献2に記載された固体電解質材料はバルク体であるのに対して、参考例2で得られた固体電解質材料は薄膜状であるという相違もある。
参考例1、2で得られた固体電解質材料におけるLiイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーを評価した。なお、評価方法は上記と同様である。その結果を表2に示す。
2 … 負極活物質層
3 … 固体電解質層
4 … 正極集電体
5 … 負極集電体
6 … 電池ケース
10 … リチウム電池
11 … チャンバー
12 … ルツボ
13 … 基板
14 … LiLaTiO薄膜
Claims (15)
- 一般式Lix(La2-aM1a)(Ti3-bM2b)O9+δで表され、
前記xは0<x≦1を満たし、前記aは0≦a≦2を満たし、前記bは0≦b≦3を満たし、前記δは-2≦δ≦2を満たし、
前記M1は、Sr、Na、Nd、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Y、Eu、Tb、Baからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、
前記M2は、Mg、W、Mn、Al、Ge、Ru、Nb、Ta、Co、Zr、Hf、Fe、Cr、Gaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であることを特徴とする固体電解質材料。 - 前記xが、0.02≦x≦0.28を満たすことを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項に記載の固体電解質材料。
- 前記xが、0.09≦x≦0.24を満たすことを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項または第2項に記載の固体電解質材料。
- 結晶質であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第3項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料。
- ペロブスカイト型構造を有することを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第4項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料。
- 薄膜状であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第5項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料。
- 厚さが200nm~5μmの範囲内であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第6項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料。
- 前記aおよび前記bが0であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第7項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料。
- 正極活物質を含有する正極活物質層と、負極活物質を含有する負極活物質層と、前記正極活物質層および前記負極活物質層の間に形成された固体電解質層とを含有するリチウム電池であって、
前記固体電解質層が、請求の範囲第1項から第8項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料を含有することを特徴とするリチウム電池。 - Li、La、Ti、M1(M1は、Sr、Na、Nd、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Y、Eu、Tb、Baからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)、および、M2(M2は、Mg、W、Mn、Al、Ge、Ru、Nb、Ta、Co、Zr、Hf、Fe、Cr、Gaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である)から構成される原料を準備する原料準備工程と、
前記原料を用いて、酸素を用いた反応性蒸着法により、基板上に、一般式Lix(La2-aM1a)(Ti3-bM2b)O9+δで表され、前記xは0<x≦1を満たし、前記aは0≦a≦2を満たし、前記bは0≦b≦3を満たし、前記δは-2≦δ≦2を満たす固体電解質材料を形成する薄膜形成工程と、
を有することを特徴とする固体電解質材料の製造方法。 - 前記xが、0.02≦x≦0.28を満たすことを特徴とする請求の範囲第10項に記載の固体電解質材料の製造方法。
- 前記固体電解質材料が、結晶質であり、ペロブスカイト型構造を有することを特徴とする請求の範囲第10項または第11項に記載の固体電解質材料の製造方法。
- 前記固体電解質材料の厚さが、200nm~5μmの範囲内であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第10項から第12項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料の製造方法。
- 前記薄膜形成工程において、酸素プラズマを用いた反応性蒸着法により、前記固体電解質材料を形成することを特徴とする請求の範囲第10項から第13項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料の製造方法。
- 前記基板が、正極活物質層または負極活物質層を有する部材であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第10項から第14項までのいずれかに記載の固体電解質材料の製造方法。
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| US8945779B2 (en) | 2010-04-13 | 2015-02-03 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid electrolyte material, lithium battery, and method of producing solid electrolyte material |
| JP2013151721A (ja) * | 2012-01-25 | 2013-08-08 | Toyota Motor Corp | 固体電解質膜の製造方法 |
| US20140120378A1 (en) * | 2012-10-25 | 2014-05-01 | Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. | Composite cathode active material, method of preparing the composite cathode active material, and cathode and lithium battery each including the composite cathode active material |
| US10276862B2 (en) * | 2012-10-25 | 2019-04-30 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Composite cathode active material, method of preparing the composite cathode active material, and cathode and lithium battery each including the composite cathode active material |
| JPWO2015046538A1 (ja) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-03-09 | 京セラ株式会社 | 全固体型キャパシタ |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20130071756A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
| JP5692221B2 (ja) | 2015-04-01 |
| CN102844927A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
| JPWO2011128977A1 (ja) | 2013-07-11 |
| US9196924B2 (en) | 2015-11-24 |
| CN102844927B (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
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