WO2011118735A1 - ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びその製造方法、非水系二次電池用セパレータ、並びに非水系二次電池 - Google Patents
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及びその製造方法、非水系二次電池用セパレータ、並びに非水系二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011118735A1 WO2011118735A1 PCT/JP2011/057247 JP2011057247W WO2011118735A1 WO 2011118735 A1 WO2011118735 A1 WO 2011118735A1 JP 2011057247 W JP2011057247 W JP 2011057247W WO 2011118735 A1 WO2011118735 A1 WO 2011118735A1
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- polyolefin
- microporous membrane
- separator
- secondary battery
- polyolefin microporous
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
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- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/26—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out
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- B32B23/04—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose comprising such cellulosic plastic substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polyolefin microporous membrane, and particularly relates to a technique for improving the safety and battery characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- Non-aqueous secondary batteries such as lithium-ion secondary batteries, which use lithium-containing transition metal oxides typified by lithium cobaltate as the positive electrode and carbon materials that can be doped or dedoped with lithium as the negative electrode, have high energy density. It has the feature of having. Because of this feature, it is important as a power source for portable electronic devices typified by cellular phones. With the rapid spread of these portable electronic devices, the demand is increasing.
- lithium ion secondary batteries are composed of a laminate of a positive electrode, a separator containing an electrolyte, and a negative electrode.
- the separator is responsible for preventing a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as a main function, but has required properties such as lithium ion permeability, strength, and durability.
- polyolefin microporous membranes satisfies the above-mentioned required characteristics, and has a function of preventing thermal runaway by shutting off current from blocking of holes due to high temperature, a so-called shutdown function, as a safety function at high temperatures. For this reason, polyolefin microporous membranes are widely used as separators for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the battery temperature may exceed the melting point of polyethylene constituting the microporous membrane. If the heat resistance limit of polyethylene is exceeded, the microporous membrane itself melts and the shutdown function is lost. As a result, thermal runaway of the battery occurs due to a short circuit between the electrodes. At this time, there is a possibility of causing destruction of a device incorporating the lithium ion secondary battery or occurrence of an accident due to ignition. For this reason, in order to ensure further safety, there is a demand for a separator that can maintain a shutdown function even at high temperatures.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery in which the surface of a polyethylene microporous film is coated with a heat-resistant porous layer made of a heat-resistant polymer such as wholly aromatic polyamide.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a configuration in which inorganic fine particles such as alumina are included in a heat-resistant porous layer to improve heat resistance in addition to a shutdown function.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a configuration in which metal hydroxide particles such as aluminum hydroxide are included in the heat-resistant porous layer to improve the flame retardancy in addition to the shutdown function and heat resistance. ing. Any of these configurations can be expected to have an excellent effect in terms of battery safety in terms of both a shutdown function and heat resistance.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery has a structure in which a polyolefin microporous film is coated on a heat-resistant porous layer. Therefore, the shutdown function of the polyolefin microporous membrane tends to be suppressed. Therefore, the polyolefin microporous membrane has been required to have a high shutdown function. However, in order to improve the shutdown function, the mechanical strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane is lowered when the composition is made to increase the fluidity of the polyolefin. As a result, there has been a problem that the mechanical strength of the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is lowered.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane is also required to have good shutdown characteristics and mechanical strength. If one physical property of the polyolefin microporous membrane is controlled, the other physical properties are inevitably affected. . Therefore, a technique that can improve these characteristics in a well-balanced manner is desired.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above situation. Under the circumstances described above, even when combined with a heat-resistant porous layer, a polyolefin microporous membrane in which excellent mechanical strength and shutdown characteristics are obtained and the electrolyte is prevented from being drained, and a method for producing the same, There is a need to provide a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery and a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the present invention is a polyolefin microporous membrane having a crystallinity of 60 to 85% and a tie molecular volume fraction of 0.7 to 1.7%.
- the present invention also provides a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising the polyolefin microporous membrane and a heat resistant porous layer provided on one or both surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane and containing a heat resistant resin.
- the present invention also provides a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising the polyolefin microporous membrane and an adhesive porous layer that is provided on one or both sides of the polyolefin microporous membrane and contains a vinylidene fluoride resin. is there.
- the present invention also includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the polyolefin microporous membrane or the non-aqueous secondary battery separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and is electromotive force generated by lithium doping / dedoping. Is a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the present invention includes a step of preparing a polyolefin solution by melt-kneading 1 to 35 parts by mass of polyolefin and 65 to 99 parts by mass of a mixed solvent composed of a volatile solvent and a non-volatile solvent at 190 to 220 ° C.
- a method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane comprising: a step of stretching the gel-like composition; and a step of removing the nonvolatile solvent from the gel-like composition.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane in which excellent mechanical strength and shutdown characteristics are obtained even when combined with a heat-resistant porous layer and liquid electrolyte is prevented from being drained, a method for producing the same, and A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery can be provided. Also, According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a non-aqueous secondary battery with improved safety and battery characteristics.
- the “microporous membrane” in the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has a structure in which a large number of micropores are connected to each other and these micropores are connected to each other. A membrane that allows liquid to pass through.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention can include polyolefin as a raw material, that is, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene and copolymers thereof.
- polyethylene is particularly preferable, and high-density polyethylene and a mixture of high-density polyethylene and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene are more preferable from the viewpoints of strength, heat resistance, and the like.
- the molecular weight is preferably 500,000 to 5,000,000 in terms of weight average molecular weight, and a polyethylene composition containing 1% by mass or more of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more is particularly preferred. Furthermore, a polyethylene composition containing 10 to 90% by mass of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 million or more is suitable.
- the density of the high density polyethylene (JIS K 6748-1981) is preferably 0.942 g / cm 3 or more.
- Low density polyethylene may be added to high density polyethylene or a mixture of high density polyethylene and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention may be composed of 90% by mass or more of polyolefin, and may contain 10% by mass or less of other components that do not affect battery characteristics.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has a crystallinity of 60 to 85% and a tie molecular volume fraction of 0.7 to 1.7%.
- this polyolefin microporous membrane has an appropriate crystallinity and a tie molecular volume fraction, so that the pore shape can be satisfactorily recovered against repeated deformation caused by the volume change of the charge / discharge electrode. Is prevented from dripping.
- the extended chain crystal that affects the tensile strength and the polymer chain is folded and oriented within the molecule or between molecules. It can be roughly divided into lamellar crystals formed by this and amorphous parts that move freely.
- the amorphous part there are a tie molecular part that bridges the lamella crystals and affects the puncture strength, and a part that is in an equilibrium state between the crystalline part and the amorphous part and can move freely.
- the crystallinity of the polyolefin can be determined from the ratio of the melting energy measured by DSC and the theoretical melting energy of the crystal, as shown in the following formula (1).
- 289 J / g ⁇ K was used as the theoretical melting energy.
- Crystallinity [%] ⁇ (Measured melting energy) / (Theoretical melting energy) ⁇ ⁇ 100 ... (1)
- the measured melting energy refers to the sum of the melting energy of the extended chain and the lamellar crystal.
- the crystallinity increases, the melting point, tensile strength, and puncture strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane are improved.
- Higher crystallinity means that the amorphous part is reduced.
- the polymer has a portion intertwined by tie molecules in the amorphous part.
- the amorphous part decreases, and as a result, the tie molecular density in the amorphous part increases. This amorphous part is often formed at the end or side chain of the crystal part, but the entanglement at the amorphous part constrains the crystals.
- the puncture strength is improved.
- the restraint between crystals also causes an increase in melting point and causes a decrease in shutdown characteristics. Therefore, it is effective that the crystallinity is in the range of 60 to 85%.
- the preferable range of the crystallinity is 60 to 80%.
- the tie molecular volume fraction can be obtained from the tensile modulus of the sample with respect to the theoretical tensile modulus of the polyolefin, as shown in the following formula (2).
- the theoretical tensile elastic modulus was 41 GPa.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the sample is a value obtained by dividing the measured value by (100 ⁇ porosity) / 100, assuming that the porosity of the polyolefin is 0%.
- Thai molecular volume fraction [%] ⁇ (1-0.01 ⁇ crystallinity) ⁇ sample elastic modulus ⁇ / (theoretical elastic modulus ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ crystallinity ⁇ sample elastic modulus) ⁇ 100 (100) 2)
- the tie molecule means the restraint between crystals due to the entanglement of the amorphous part, so that the more tie molecules, the better the puncture strength.
- the restraint between crystals also causes the melting point to be improved at the same time and causes the shutdown characteristics to deteriorate. Therefore, in order to achieve both shutdown characteristics and pin puncture strength, it is necessary to balance the tie molecular volume fraction. From this point, it is effective that the tie molecular volume fraction is in the range of 0.7 to 1.7%. It is.
- the tie molecular volume fraction is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.5%, more preferably in the range of 1.0 to 1.5%.
- the method for controlling the degree of crystallinity and the tie molecular volume fraction is not particularly limited.
- the stretching conditions and heat setting conditions of the polyolefin microporous film are used as raw materials.
- Examples thereof include control of the molecular weight distribution and branch structure of the polyolefin, and control of the kneading temperature of the raw material.
- the degree of crystallinity tends to increase as the molecular weight increases, the branch structure decreases, the stretching conditions increase, and the heat setting temperature decreases.
- the degree of crystallinity tends to increase as the molecular weight increases, the branch structure decreases, the stretching conditions increase, and the heat setting temperature decreases.
- the tie molecular volume fraction tends to improve.
- the resin temperature that is, the kneading temperature
- the resin temperature at the time of melt extrusion of the polyolefin is set to a range of 190 to 220 ° C.
- a controlling method is preferred.
- the number average molecular weight of the polyolefin constituting the microporous membrane is preferably 30,000 to 80,000.
- the separator has better shutdown characteristics and mechanical strength.
- the tie molecular volume fraction is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 1.7%.
- the number average molecular weight of polyolefin increases, the probability of entanglement of polymer chains increases.
- the number average molecular weight is 80,000 or less, the fluidity of the polyolefin is good and the shutdown characteristics can be maintained well.
- the number average molecular weight is 30,000 or more, the mechanical strength can be maintained.
- the number average molecular weight of the polyolefin is more preferably 30,000 to 50,000.
- the number average molecular weight measured in the mixed state is made into the number average molecular weight in this invention.
- the number of short chain branches contained in 1000 carbon atoms of the main chain of the polyolefin constituting the microporous membrane is preferably 1 to 5.
- the separator has excellent shutdown characteristics and mechanical strength.
- the tie molecular volume fraction is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.5%, more preferably 1.0 to 1.5%.
- the number of short chain branches of polyolefin increases, the probability of entanglement of polymer chains increases.
- the number of short chain branches per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain is 5 or less, the fluidity of the polyolefin is good and the shutdown characteristics can be maintained well. Further, when the number of short chain branches is 1 or more, the mechanical strength can be maintained.
- the number of short chain branches of the polyolefin is more preferably 1 to 2.
- the number of short-chain branches of polyolefin is determined using an infrared spectrophotometer according to the method described in pages 590-594 of the “Polymer Analysis Handbook” (edited by the Japan Analytical Chemical Society, Polymer Analysis Research Council). It is determined using the characteristic absorption and the conversion factor described in the “Polymer Analysis Handbook” and is determined as the number of short chain branches per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore shape against repeated deformation caused by the volume change of the charge / discharge electrode by controlling the molecular weight of the polyolefin, the tie molecular volume fraction, and the number of short chain branches within an appropriate range. Since the recovery becomes good, it is possible to prevent the electrolytic solution from draining.
- the film thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 5 to 25 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of the energy density, load characteristics, mechanical strength and handling properties of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the porosity of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 30 to 60% from the viewpoints of permeability, mechanical strength and handling properties. More preferably, it is 40% to 60%.
- the Gurley value (JIS P8117) of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 50 to 500 sec / 100 cc from the viewpoint of obtaining a good balance between mechanical strength and membrane resistance.
- the membrane resistance of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 0.5 to 5 ohm ⁇ cm 2 from the viewpoint of load characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the puncture strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 250 g or more.
- the puncture strength is 250 g or more, when a non-aqueous secondary battery is produced, pinholes and the like generated in the separator due to electrode irregularities and impacts are prevented, thereby avoiding the possibility of a short circuit of the non-aqueous secondary battery. be able to.
- the tensile strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 10 N or more.
- the separator can be prevented from being damaged when the separator is wound when the non-aqueous secondary battery is manufactured.
- the shutdown temperature of the microporous polyolefin membrane of the present invention is preferably 130 to 150 ° C.
- the shutdown temperature refers to the temperature at which the resistance value is 10 3 ohm ⁇ cm 2 .
- the shutdown temperature is 130 ° C. or higher, it is effective that a phenomenon called meltdown, in which the polyolefin microporous film is completely melted and a short-circuit phenomenon occurs, occurs at a low temperature, as well as preventing the shutdown phenomenon from occurring at a low temperature. Can be prevented.
- the shutdown temperature is 150 ° C. or lower, a safety function at a high temperature can be expected.
- a preferred shutdown temperature is 135 to 145 ° C.
- the heat shrinkage rate at 105 ° C. of the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is preferably 5 to 40% or less.
- the shape stability and shutdown characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator obtained by processing the polyolefin microporous membrane are balanced.
- the method for producing the microporous polyolefin membrane of the present invention is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is preferably produced through the following steps (1) to (6).
- the polyolefin used as a raw material is as described above.
- a solution in which polyolefin is dissolved in a solvent is prepared (stretching step).
- a solvent may be mixed to prepare a solution.
- the solvent include paraffin, liquid paraffin, paraffin oil, mineral oil, castor oil, tetralin, ethylene glycol, glycerin, decalin, toluene, xylene, diethyltriamine, ethyldiamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexane, and the like. From the viewpoint of controlling the crystallinity, a mixed solvent containing a volatile solvent and a nonvolatile solvent is preferable.
- Examples of the volatile solvent include solvents having a boiling point of less than 300 ° C. under atmospheric pressure, such as decalin, toluene, xylene, diethyltriamine, ethyldiamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexane, tetralin, ethylene glycol, and glycerin.
- Examples of the non-volatile solvent include solvents having a boiling point of 300 ° C. or higher under atmospheric pressure, such as paraffin, liquid paraffin, paraffin oil, mineral oil, castor oil, and the like.
- the mixed solvent a combination of decalin and paraffin is preferable.
- the mixed solvent is preferably added in the range of 65 to 99 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts of the total amount of polyolefin and mixed solvent.
- the concentration of the polyolefin in the polyolefin solution is preferably 1 to 35% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass.
- concentration of the polyolefin is 1% by mass or more, the gel-like composition obtained by cooling and gelation can be maintained so as not to be highly swollen with a solvent, so that it is difficult to be deformed and the handleability is good.
- the polyolefin concentration is 35% by mass or less, since the pressure during extrusion can be suppressed, the discharge amount can be maintained and the productivity is excellent.
- the orientation in the extrusion process is difficult to proceed, which is advantageous for securing stretchability and uniformity.
- the polyolefin includes ultra high molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 million or more and high density polyethylene having a density of 0.942 g / cm 3 or more.
- the kneading temperature at the time of preparing the polyolefin solution as a raw material is preferably 190 to 220 ° C. in order to obtain crystal properties as in the present invention.
- the kneading temperature is more preferably in the range of 195 to 208 ° C.
- the volatile solvent is removed from the gel composition (first solvent removal step).
- the solvent can also be removed from the gel composition by evaporating by heating or the like, which also serves as a preheating step.
- the solvent can be removed by squeezing out under pressure. Note that the solvent need not be completely removed.
- the gel composition is stretched (stretching step).
- a relaxation treatment may be performed before the stretching treatment.
- the gel-like molded product is heated and biaxially stretched at a predetermined magnification by a normal tenter method, roll method, rolling method, or a combination of these methods.
- Biaxial stretching may be simultaneous or sequential.
- it can also be set as longitudinal multistage extending
- the stretching temperature is preferably from 90 ° C. to less than the melting point of the polyolefin, more preferably from 100 to 120 ° C. When the heating temperature exceeds the melting point, it cannot be stretched because the gel-like molded product is dissolved.
- the draw ratio varies depending on the thickness of the original fabric, but is preferably at least 2 times or more, preferably 4 to 20 times in the uniaxial direction. In particular, from the viewpoint of controlling the crystal parameters, the draw ratio is preferably 4 to 10 times in the machine direction and 6 to 15 times in the machine vertical direction. After stretching, heat setting is performed as necessary to provide thermal dimensional stability.
- the stretched gel composition is immersed in an extraction solvent to extract and remove the non-volatile solvent (second solvent removal step).
- the extraction solvent include hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, decalin, and tetralin, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, and methylene chloride, fluorinated hydrocarbons such as ethane trifluoride, diethyl, and the like. Easily volatile compounds such as ethers and ethers such as dioxane can be used.
- These solvents are appropriately selected according to the solvent used for dissolving the polyolefin composition, and can be used alone or in combination.
- the extraction of the solvent removes the solvent in the microporous membrane to less than 1% by mass.
- the microporous film is heat-set by annealing.
- Annealing is performed at 80 to 150 ° C.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 115 to 135 ° C. from the viewpoint of having a predetermined heat shrinkage rate.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the first aspect of the present invention is a heat-resistant porous layer comprising the above-described polyolefin microporous film and a heat-resistant resin laminated on one or both sides of the polyolefin microporous film. And a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane provides a shutdown function, and the heat-resistant porous layer holds the polyolefin even at a temperature equal to or higher than the shutdown temperature. Safety at high temperatures can be ensured. Therefore, according to the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries, a non-aqueous secondary battery excellent in safety can be obtained.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery preferably has a total film thickness of 30 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of the energy density of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the porosity of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 30 to 70% from the viewpoints of permeability, mechanical strength, and handling properties. The porosity is more preferably 40 to 60%.
- the Gurley value (JIS P8117) of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 100 to 500 sec / 100 cc from the viewpoint of improving the balance between mechanical strength and membrane resistance.
- the membrane resistance of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 1.5 to 10 ohm ⁇ cm 2 from the viewpoint of load characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the puncture strength of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 250 to 1000 g.
- the pin puncture strength is 250 g or more, when a non-aqueous secondary battery is produced, pinholes due to electrode irregularities, impacts, and the like are hardly generated in the separator, and the occurrence of a short circuit in the non-aqueous secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the tensile strength of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 10 N or more from the viewpoint of being hard to break when winding the separator during production of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the shutdown temperature of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 130 to 155 ° C.
- the melt does not melt at a low temperature and the safety is high.
- the shutdown temperature is 155 ° C. or lower, safety at high temperatures can be expected.
- the shutdown temperature is more preferably 135 to 150 ° C.
- the thermal shrinkage rate at 105 ° C. of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is preferably 0.5 to 10%. When the thermal contraction rate is in this range, the balance between the shape stability and the shutdown characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery separator is good.
- the thermal contraction rate is more preferably 0.5 to 5%.
- heat-resistant porous layer In the non-aqueous secondary battery separator, examples of the heat-resistant porous layer include a layer having a microporous membrane shape, a nonwoven fabric shape, a paper shape, and other three-dimensional network-like porous structures.
- the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably a microporous film-like layer from the viewpoint of obtaining better heat resistance.
- the microporous film-like layer has a large number of micropores inside, and has a structure in which these micropores are connected. Gas or liquid can pass from one surface to the other. The layer that became.
- the heat resistance is a property that does not cause melting or decomposition in a temperature range of less than 200 ° C.
- the heat-resistant porous layer may be on both sides or one side of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably on both surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane from the viewpoint of the handling properties of the separator, durability, and the effect of suppressing heat shrinkage.
- a method of directly forming the heat-resistant porous layer on the substrate by a coating method is preferable.
- the method is not limited to this, and a method of adhering a separately manufactured heat-resistant porous layer sheet to the base material using an adhesive or the like, or a method such as heat fusion or pressure bonding can also be employed.
- the total thickness of the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the heat resistant porous layer is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- Such a range of the film thickness is also preferable from the viewpoint of the effect of preventing liquid withstand.
- the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably in the range of 30 to 90% from the viewpoint of the effect of preventing liquid withstand.
- the porosity is more preferably 30 to 70%.
- the heat-resistant resin used in the present invention is suitably a polymer having a melting point of 200 ° C. or higher, or a polymer having no melting point but having a decomposition temperature of 200 ° C. or higher.
- a heat resistant resin at least one resin selected from the group consisting of wholly aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polysulfone, polyketone, polyetherketone, polyetherimide, and cellulose is preferably used. Can be mentioned.
- a wholly aromatic polyamide is suitable, and from the viewpoint of easy formation of a porous layer and excellent redox resistance, polymetaphenylene isophthalamide, which is a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, is used. Further preferred.
- the heat resistant porous layer preferably contains an inorganic filler.
- the inorganic filler is not particularly limited, but specifically, metal oxides such as alumina, titania, silica, zirconia, metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate, metal phosphates such as calcium phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, hydroxide A metal hydroxide such as magnesium is preferably used.
- Such an inorganic filler is preferably highly crystalline from the viewpoint of elution of impurities and durability.
- the inorganic filler those that cause an endothermic reaction at 200 to 400 ° C. are preferable.
- heat generation associated with the decomposition of the positive electrode is considered to be the most dangerous, and this decomposition occurs in the vicinity of 300 ° C.
- the temperature at which the endothermic reaction occurs is in the range of 200 to 400 ° C., it is effective in preventing the nonaqueous secondary battery from generating heat.
- the inorganic filler that generates an endothermic reaction at 200 to 400 ° C. include an inorganic filler made of a metal hydroxide, a boron salt compound, a clay mineral, or the like.
- inorganic fillers include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, dosonite, and zinc borate.
- aluminum hydroxide, dawsonite, and calcium aluminate undergo a dehydration reaction in the range of 200 to 300 ° C
- magnesium hydroxide and zinc borate undergo a dehydration reaction in the range of 300 to 400 ° C. It is preferable to use at least one of them.
- metal hydroxides are preferable from the viewpoints of flame retardancy improvement effect, handling properties, static elimination effect, and battery durability improvement effect
- aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide is particularly preferable.
- the said inorganic filler can be used individually or in combination of 2 or more types.
- these flame retardant inorganic fillers are appropriately mixed with other inorganic fillers such as metal oxides such as alumina, zirconia, silica, magnesia, and titania, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and metal carbonates. You can also.
- the average particle diameter of the inorganic filler is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of short circuit resistance at high temperature, moldability, and the like.
- the content of the inorganic filler in the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably 50 to 95% by mass from the viewpoint of heat resistance improvement effect, permeability and handling properties.
- the inorganic filler in the heat-resistant porous layer is present in a state of being trapped by the heat-resistant resin when the heat-resistant porous layer is in the form of a microporous film, and when the heat-resistant porous layer is a nonwoven fabric or the like It may be present in the constituent fibers or fixed to the nonwoven fabric surface or the like with a binder such as a resin.
- the method for forming the heat-resistant porous layer is not particularly limited.
- the heat-resistant porous layer can be formed through the following steps (1) to (5).
- a method of directly forming the heat-resistant porous layer on the polyolefin microporous membrane by a coating method is preferable.
- a method of adhering a separately manufactured heat-resistant porous layer sheet to a polyolefin microporous film using an adhesive or the like, a method of heat-sealing or press-bonding can also be employed.
- a heat-resistant resin is dissolved in a solvent to prepare a coating slurry.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it dissolves the heat-resistant resin, but specifically, a polar solvent is preferable, and examples thereof include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide.
- the said solvent can add the solvent used as a poor solvent with respect to heat resistant resin in addition to these polar solvents. By applying such a poor solvent, a microphase separation structure is induced and the formation of a heat-resistant porous layer is facilitated.
- the poor solvent alcohols are preferable, and polyhydric alcohols such as glycol are particularly preferable.
- the concentration of the heat resistant resin in the coating slurry is preferably 4 to 9% by mass.
- an inorganic filler is disperse
- a method of improving the dispersibility by surface-treating the inorganic filler with a silane coupling agent or the like is also applicable.
- the slurry is coated on at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the method for coating the slurry for coating include a knife coater method, a gravure coater method, a Mayer bar method, a die coater method, a reverse roll coater method, a roll coater method, a screen printing method, an ink jet method, and a spray method. .
- the reverse roll coater method is preferable from the viewpoint of uniformly forming the coating layer.
- the coagulation liquid is not particularly limited as long as it can coagulate the heat-resistant resin, but water or a mixture of an appropriate amount of water with the solvent used in the slurry is preferable.
- the mixing amount of water is preferably 40 to 80% by mass with respect to the coagulation liquid.
- the amount of water is 40% by mass or more, the time required for solidifying the heat-resistant resin does not become too long. Further, there is no occurrence of a part that is not sufficiently solidified.
- the amount of water is 80% by mass or less, the solidification of the surface of the heat-resistant resin layer in contact with the coagulation liquid proceeds at an appropriate rate, the surface is sufficiently porous, and the degree of crystallization is moderate. is there. Furthermore, the cost of solvent recovery can be kept low.
- Drying Water is removed by drying from a sheet in which a heat-resistant resin coating layer is formed on a polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, but the drying temperature is preferably 50 to 80 ° C.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the second aspect of the present invention is an adhesive porous material comprising the aforementioned polyolefin microporous membrane and a vinylidene fluoride-based resin laminated on one or both sides of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries provided with the quality layer. According to such a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery, the adhesion between the separator and the electrode is increased by laminating an adhesive porous layer containing a vinylidene fluoride resin on one or both surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane. .
- the adhesive porous layer exhibits excellent ion permeability and electrolyte retention. This significantly improves the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- the adhesive porous layer has a structure in which a plurality of micropores are connected to each other, and these micropores are connected to each other, so that gas or liquid can pass from one surface to the other. Yes.
- the adhesive porous layer may be on both sides or one side of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the adhesive porous layer is on both sides rather than only on one side of the polyolefin microporous membrane. From the viewpoint of preventing the separator from curling, and because both sides of the separator are in close contact with the positive and negative electrodes, battery cycle characteristics. Is preferable from the viewpoint of further improvement.
- the thickness of the adhesive porous layer is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m per side from the viewpoint of adhesion to the electrode and increase in battery capacity.
- the porosity of the adhesive porous layer is preferably 60 to 80% from the viewpoint of ion permeability and electrolyte solution retention.
- the vinylidene fluoride resin contained in the adhesive porous layer is preferably at least one of the following (i) and (ii).
- a vinylidene fluoride resin an electrode
- a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene is preferable.
- the method for forming the adhesive porous layer is not particularly limited, but can be formed by, for example, the following wet film forming method.
- a dope obtained by mixing and dissolving a vinylidene fluoride resin, an organic solvent that dissolves the resin and is compatible with water, and a phase separation agent (gelling agent or pore opening agent) is polyolefin microporous.
- a film forming method in which a porous layer is formed by applying to a film and then immersing it in an aqueous coagulation bath to coagulate the vinylidene fluoride resin, followed by washing with water and drying.
- This wet film forming method is suitable because the porosity and pore diameter of the adhesive porous layer can be easily controlled by the composition of the dope and the composition of the coagulation bath.
- the organic solvent can be suitably used as long as it can dissolve the vinylidene fluoride resin and is compatible with water.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- DMAc N, N-dimethylacetamide
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- acetonitrile acetonitrile and the like are preferably selected. You may mix and use.
- concentration of the vinylidene fluoride resin in the dope is preferably 5 to 25% by mass.
- the phase separation agent can be used as long as it is a poor solvent for the vinylidene fluoride resin and is compatible with water.
- water and alcohols are preferably selected.
- propylene glycols including polymers, ethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol (TPG), 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, Polyhydric alcohols such as polyethylene glycol monoethyl ether, methanol, ethanol and glycerin are preferably selected.
- the concentration of the phase separation agent in the dope is preferably 0 to 60% by mass in the mixed solvent of the organic solvent and the phase separation agent.
- a mixed solution of water, an organic solvent used for the dope, and a phase separation agent is preferably used.
- the proportion of water is preferably 30 to 90% by mass. It is preferable in production that the amount ratio of the organic solvent and the phase separation agent is matched with the amount ratio of the dope.
- the adhesive porous layer can also be formed by the following dry film forming method.
- a vinylidene fluoride resin, a volatile solvent for dissolving the vinylidene resin, and a plasticizer are mixed and dissolved, and this solution state dope is applied to a polyolefin microporous film, and then volatile by drying. After removing the solvent, the plasticizer is extracted with a volatile solvent that dissolves the plasticizer but does not dissolve the vinylidene fluoride resin, and is dried to form a porous layer.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention having the above-described configuration, which is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the electromotive force is obtained.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery has a structure in which a battery element in which a negative electrode and a positive electrode face each other with a separator interposed therebetween is impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and this is enclosed in an exterior.
- the negative electrode has a structure in which a negative electrode mixture comprising a negative electrode active material, a conductive additive and a binder is formed on a current collector.
- the negative electrode active material include materials capable of electrochemically doping lithium, and examples thereof include carbon materials, silicon, aluminum, tin, and wood alloys.
- the negative electrode active material include Sn, SnSb, Ag 3 Sn, artificial graphite, graphite, Si, SiO, V 5 O 4 and the like.
- Examples of the conductive assistant include carbon materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the binder is made of an organic polymer, and examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride and carboxymethyl cellulose.
- As the current collector a copper foil, a stainless steel foil, a nickel foil, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode has a structure in which a positive electrode mixture comprising a positive electrode active material, a conductive additive and a binder is formed on a current collector.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-containing transition metal oxides. Specifically, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Examples include O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiCo 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiAl 0.25 Ni 0.75 O 2, and the like.
- a positive electrode active material that has a volume change rate of 1% or more in the process of dedoping lithium.
- a positive electrode active material include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiAl 0.25 Ni 0.75 O 2 and the like.
- the conductive assistant include carbon materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the binder is made of an organic polymer, and examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride.
- aluminum foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, or the like can be used.
- aluminum foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, or the like can be used.
- the electrolytic solution has a structure in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination.
- Examples of exterior materials include metal cans or aluminum laminate packs.
- the shape of the battery includes a square shape, a cylindrical shape, a coin shape, and the like, but the separator of the present invention can be suitably applied to any shape.
- Mass per unit area The mass per unit area of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is obtained by cutting a sample into 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm and measuring the weight. By dividing this weight by the area, the basis weight which is the weight per 1 m 2 was obtained.
- Gurley value air permeability
- the membrane resistance of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the non-aqueous secondary battery separator was determined by the following method. First, a sample is cut out to a size of 2.6 cm ⁇ 2.0 cm. A sample cut out in a methanol solution (methanol: manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in which 3% by mass of a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Kao Corporation, Emulgen 210P) is dissolved is immersed and air-dried. An aluminum foil with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m is cut into 2.0 cm ⁇ 1.4 cm, and a lead tab is attached.
- methanol solution methanol: manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- a nonionic surfactant manufactured by Kao Corporation, Emulgen 210P
- Two aluminum foils are prepared, and a sample cut between the aluminum foils is sandwiched so that the aluminum foils are not short-circuited.
- the sample is impregnated with 1M LiBF 4 propylene carbonate / ethylene carbonate (1/1 mass ratio) as an electrolyte. This is sealed under reduced pressure in an aluminum laminate pack so that the tab comes out of the aluminum pack.
- Such cells are prepared so that there are one, two, and three separators in the aluminum foil, respectively.
- the cell is placed in a constant temperature bath at 20 ° C., and the resistance of the cell is measured by an AC impedance method at an amplitude of 10 mV and a frequency of 100 kHz.
- the measured resistance value of the cell is plotted against the number of separators, and the plot is linearly approximated to obtain the slope.
- the film resistance (ohm ⁇ cm 2 ) per separator was determined by multiplying the inclination by 2.0 cm ⁇ 1.4 cm which is the electrode area.
- Puncture strength The puncture strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries was measured using a KES-G5 handy compression tester manufactured by Kato Tech Co., Ltd., with a radius of curvature of the needle tip of 0.5 mm and a puncture speed of 2 mm / The puncture test was conducted under the condition of sec, and the maximum puncture load was defined as the puncture strength.
- the sample was fixed by sandwiching a silicon rubber packing in a metal frame (sample holder) having a hole of ⁇ 11.3 mm.
- Tie molecular volume fraction / tensile strength A sample obtained by cutting the tensile strength and tensile elastic modulus of a polyolefin microporous membrane and a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery into a size of 10 ⁇ 100 mm is a tensile testing machine (manufactured by A & D, RTC-1225A) was used under the conditions of a load cell load of 5 kgf and a distance between chucks of 50 mm. From the tensile modulus obtained here, the tie molecular volume fraction was calculated using the following formula.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the sample is a value obtained by dividing the measured value by (100 ⁇ porosity) / 100, assuming that the porosity of the polyolefin is 0%.
- 41 GPa was used as a theoretical tensile elastic modulus.
- the value in said (3) was used for the porosity, and the value in the following (8) was used for crystallinity.
- Thai molecular volume fraction ⁇ (1-0.01 ⁇ crystallinity) ⁇ sample modulus ⁇ / (theoretical modulus ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ crystallinity ⁇ sample modulus) ⁇ 100
- the shutdown temperature of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the non-aqueous secondary battery separator was determined by the following method. First, the sample was punched into a diameter of 19 mm, and the sample cut out in a methanol solution (methanol: manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in which 3% by mass of a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Kao Corporation, Emulgen 210P) was dissolved was immersed and air-dried. . The sample was sandwiched between SUS plates having a diameter of 15.5 mm.
- the sample was impregnated with 1M LiBF 4 propylene carbonate / ethylene carbonate (1/1 mass ratio) (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) as an electrolyte.
- This was enclosed in a 2032 type coin cell. I took the lead from the coin cell, put a thermocouple, and put it in the oven. The temperature inside the coin cell was increased at a temperature increase rate of 1.6 ° C./min, and at the same time, the resistance of the cell was measured by an AC impedance method at an amplitude of 10 mV and a frequency of 100 kHz. The time when the resistance value was 10 3 ohm ⁇ cm 2 or more was regarded as shutdown, and the temperature at that time was taken as the shutdown temperature.
- the heat resistance of the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is such that when the shutdown temperature of (11) is measured, the resistance value is 10 after the shutdown occurs until the cell temperature reaches 200 ° C. The evaluation was made based on whether or not to keep 3 ohm ⁇ cm 2 or more. When the resistance value was kept at 10 3 ohm ⁇ cm 2 or more, the heat resistance was judged as good ( ⁇ ), and when the resistance value was below 10 3 ohm ⁇ cm 2 , the heat resistance was judged as poor ( ⁇ ).
- the electrolytic solution a solution in which 1M of LiBF 4 was dissolved in a solvent in which propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1 was used, and the above sample was impregnated with the electrolytic solution. This was sealed in an aluminum laminate pack under reduced pressure so that the tabs came out of the aluminum pack.
- the resistance of this cell was measured by an alternating current impedance method at an amplitude of 10 mV and a frequency of 100 kHz, and a resistance value (A) (ohm ⁇ cm 2 ) before pressurization was obtained. Next, this cell was pressurized with a flat plate press to 40 MPa for 5 minutes, and then the pressure was released.
- GUR2126 weight average molecular weight 4150,000, number average molecular weight 800,000, melting point 141 ° C .; manufactured by Ticona
- GURX143 weight average molecular weight 560,000, number average molecular weight 50,000, melting point 135 ° C .; manufactured by Ticona
- Liquid paraffin Moxura Oil Research Co., Ltd., Smoyl P-350: boiling point 480 ° C.
- decalin sum
- a polyethylene solution was prepared by dissolving in a mixed solvent having a boiling point of 193 ° C. manufactured by Kojun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- the polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the obtained base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and this base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 6 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 9 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 125 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyolefin microporous film was obtained by drying at 50 degreeC and annealing at 120 degreeC.
- the resulting polyolefin microporous membrane had a structure in which fibrillar polyolefins were entangled in a network and constituted pores.
- Example 2 A polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 208 ° C. and the heat setting temperature was 130 ° C.
- Example 3 In Example 1, a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 201 ° C and the heat setting temperature was 120 ° C.
- Example 5 In Example 4, a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the ratio of GUR2126 to GURX143 was adjusted to 40:60 (mass ratio) and the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 205 ° C.
- Example 6 In Example 4, a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the ratio of GUR2126 to GURX143 was adjusted to 20:80 (mass ratio) and the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 205 ° C.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 199 ° C. and the heat setting temperature was 123 ° C.
- Example 1 a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 181 ° C. and the heat setting temperature was 110 ° C.
- Example 2 A polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 231 ° C. and the heat setting temperature was 138 ° C.
- Example 4 a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the heat setting temperature was 138 ° C and the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 180 ° C.
- Example 4 a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the ratio of GUR2126 to GURX143 was adjusted to 70:30 (mass ratio) and the polyethylene solution was kneaded at 230 ° C.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that kneading was performed, the longitudinal stretching ratio was 5.5 times, the lateral stretching ratio was 11 times, and heat setting was performed at 125 ° C. after the transverse stretching.
- Example 10 The polyolefin microporous membrane obtained in Example 1 was used, and a heat-resistant porous layer made of a heat-resistant resin and an inorganic filler was laminated thereon to produce the non-aqueous secondary battery separator of the present invention.
- a heat-resistant porous layer made of a heat-resistant resin and an inorganic filler was laminated thereon to produce the non-aqueous secondary battery separator of the present invention.
- polymetaphenylene isophthalamide manufactured by Teijin Techno Products, Conex
- This heat resistant resin was dissolved in a mixed solvent in which dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) were 50:50 by mass ratio.
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- magnesium hydroxide as an inorganic filler (Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kisuma-5P, average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m) was dispersed to prepare a slurry for coating.
- concentration of polymetaphenylene isophthalamide in the coating slurry was adjusted to 5.5% by mass, and the mass ratio of polymetaphenylene isophthalamide to inorganic filler was adjusted to 25:75.
- two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them. Thereafter, the polyolefin microporous film was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyolefin microporous film.
- the clearance between the Meyer bars was set to 20 ⁇ m, and # 6 was used for both the Mayer bars.
- This was immersed in a coagulating liquid having a mass ratio of water: DMAc: TPG 50: 25: 25 and 40 ° C., and then washed and dried.
- Characteristics of the obtained non-aqueous secondary battery separator (film thickness, basis weight, porosity, Gurley value, membrane resistance, puncture strength, tensile strength, shutdown temperature, heat resistance, heat shrinkage rate, pressure recovery rate) Table 3 shows the measurement results.
- the separators for non-aqueous secondary batteries of the following examples and comparative examples are similarly shown in Tables 3 to 6.
- Example 11 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 2 was used.
- Example 12 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 3 was used.
- Example 13 In Example 10, a separator for a nonaqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the clearance between Mayer bars was set to 7 ⁇ m.
- Example 18 In Example 10, a non-aqueous secondary battery separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 4 was used.
- Example 19 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 5 was used.
- Example 20 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 6 was used.
- Example 21 In Example 18, a separator for a nonaqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 except that the clearance between Mayer bars was set to 7 ⁇ m.
- Example 26 In Example 10, a separator for a nonaqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 7 was used.
- Example 27 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 8 was used.
- Example 28 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Example 9 was used.
- Example 29 In Example 26, a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 26 except that the clearance between Mayer bars was set to 7 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 12 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 1 was used.
- Example 13 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 2 was used.
- Example 14 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 3 was used.
- Example 15 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 4 was used.
- Example 16 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 5 was used.
- Example 17 A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the polyolefin microporous film prepared in Comparative Example 6 was used.
- Examples 34 to 66, Comparative Examples 23 to 44 Using the polyolefin microporous membrane or the non-aqueous secondary battery separator prepared in Examples 1 to 33 and Comparative Examples 1 to 22, non-aqueous secondary battery products were manufactured, and cycle characteristics were evaluated.
- MCMB mesophase carbon micro beads
- acetylene black trade name Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Example 67 Comparative Example 45
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was manufactured by laminating an adhesive porous layer containing a vinylidene fluoride resin on the polyolefin microporous membrane obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 by the following method.
- This dope was applied to both the front and back surfaces of a polyethylene microporous membrane. Subsequently, the polyethylene microporous film coated with the dope was immersed in a coagulation bath to coagulate the coating layer.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode were produced in the same manner as in Example 38.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and laminated in the order of positive electrode / separator / negative electrode.
- the laminate was thermocompression bonded at 70 ° C. and 1 MPa for 60 seconds, and T-shaped peeling was performed at 150 mm / min using Tensilon (RTC-1210A, manufactured by ORIENEC).
- the area of the peeled surface was set to 100, the ratio of the area where the negative electrode active material moved to the separator side was 90% or more was designated as “A”, and the area less than 90% was designated as “B”. Table 9 shows the measurement results.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has excellent mechanical strength and shutdown characteristics even when combined with a heat-resistant porous layer by controlling the crystallinity and tie molecular volume fraction, and It is possible to prevent the electrolyte from withering. This ensures the safety of the non-aqueous secondary battery using the polyolefin microporous membrane or the non-aqueous secondary battery separator including the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the microporous polyolefin membrane of the present invention has a crystallinity of 60 to 85% and a tie molecular volume fraction of 0.7 to 1.7%.
- ⁇ 4> The polyolefin microporous membrane according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the number of short chain branches contained in 1000 carbon atoms of the main chain of the polyolefin is 1 to 5 .
- ⁇ 5> In any one of the above items ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, comprising a polyolefin comprising an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 million or more and a high density polyethylene having a density of 0.942 g / cm 3 or more.
- ⁇ 6> A step of preparing a polyolefin solution by melt-kneading 1 to 35 parts by mass of a polyolefin and 65 to 99 parts by mass of a mixed solvent composed of a volatile solvent and a non-volatile solvent at 190 to 220 ° C .; Extruding the solution from a die at a temperature not lower than the melting point of the polyolefin and not higher than the melting point + 60 ° C., cooling to form a gel-like composition, removing the volatile solvent from the gel-like composition, and the gel
- the polyolefin microporous material according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, wherein the polyolefin microporous material is produced through a step of stretching a gel composition and a step of removing the nonvolatile solvent from the gel composition It is a membrane.
- ⁇ 7> The polyolefin microporous membrane according to any one of the above ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, and a heat resistant porous layer comprising a heat resistant resin provided on one or both surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane; And a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the heat-resistant resin is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of wholly aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polysulfone, polyketone, polyetherketone, polyetherimide, and cellulose.
- the heat resistant porous layer further includes an inorganic filler.
- the inorganic filler is at least one of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
- the vinylidene fluoride resin includes (i) polyvinylidene fluoride, and (ii) vinylidene fluoride and at least one of hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, and ethylene.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to ⁇ 11> selected from the group consisting of: ⁇ 13>
- a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to any one of the above, and obtaining an electromotive force by doping or dedoping lithium.
- ⁇ 14> The method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein the mixed solvent comprises 1 to 35 parts by mass of polyolefin, a volatile solvent, and a nonvolatile solvent 65-99 parts by mass of a melt kneaded at 190-220 ° C. to prepare a polyolefin solution (stretching step); Extruding the polyolefin solution from a die at a temperature not lower than the melting point of the polyolefin and not higher than the melting point + 60 ° C.
- Japanese application 2010-068117, Japanese application 2010-068118, and Japanese application 2010-068119 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. All documents, patent applications, and technical standards mentioned in this specification are to the same extent as if each individual document, patent application, and technical standard were specifically and individually stated to be incorporated by reference, Incorporated herein by reference.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、セパレータは、電池内においては正極と負極の間に配置されている。電池の充放電が行われた場合、電極の膨張・収縮によってセパレータの厚み方向に圧縮力や回復力が作用する。従来のコバルト酸リチウムやハードカーボンなどの低容量タイプの正負極材料の場合は、電極の体積変化が小さい。そのため、セパレータの厚み方向への変形も小さく、電池特性への影響も特にはない。ところが、高容量タイプの正・負極活物質など、充放電時における体積変化率が大きい電極材料を用いた場合、電極からセパレータに与えられる作用力も大きくなる。そして、電極の体積変化にセパレータが追随できない場合がある。セパレータの多孔質構造が圧縮された状態から回復できなくなると、セパレータの空孔内に十分な量の電解液が保持されなくなる、いわゆる液枯れ現象が発生するおそれがある。この液枯れ現象は、結果として電池の繰り返し充放電特性(サイクル特性)を低下させてしまうおそれがある。
本発明によれば、安全性及び電池特性を向上させた非水系二次電池を提供することができる。
本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜における「微多孔膜」とは、内部に多数の微細孔を有し、これら微細孔が連結された構造となっており、一方の面から他方の面へと気体あるいは液体が通過可能となった膜をいう。
高密度ポリエチレンや、高密度ポリエチレンと超高分子量ポリエチレンの混合物に対して、低密度ポリエチレンを加えてもよい。
結晶化度及びタイ分子体積分率が上記範囲にあるとき、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を耐熱性多孔質層と複合化した場合にも、優れた機械強度及びシャットダウン特性が得られる。また、このポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、適度な結晶化度及びタイ分子体積分率を有することにより、充放電の電極の体積変化よって生じる繰り返し変形に対して孔形状が良好に回復するため、電解液の液枯れが防止される。
結晶化度〔%〕={(測定された融解エネルギー)/(理論融解エネルギー)}×100
・・・(1)
高分子は、非晶部にあるタイ分子により絡み合う部分がある。結晶化度が高くなることで、非晶部が減少し、結果として非晶部でのタイ分子密度が高くなる。この非晶部は、結晶部の末端や側鎖に形成されることが多いが、非晶部での絡み合いは結晶同士を拘束することになる。その結果、機械強度の面では突刺強度の向上につながる。しかし、結晶同士の拘束は融点の向上も同時に引き起こし、シャットダウン特性の低下を引き起こす。そのため、結晶化度が60~85%の範囲にあることが有効である。
また、上記の結晶化度の好ましい範囲は、60~80%である。
タイ分子体積分率〔%〕={(1-0.01×結晶化度)×サンプル弾性率}/(理論弾性率-0.01×結晶化度×サンプル弾性率)×100 ・・・(2)
前記タイ分子体積分率は、0.7~1.5%の範囲が好ましく、1.0~1.5%の範囲が好ましい。
本発明においては、特に、前記結晶化度及び前記タイ分子体積分率が上記した範囲を満たすためには、ポリオレフィンの溶融押出の際の樹脂温度(すなわち混練温度)を190~220℃の範囲に制御する方法が好適である。
中でも、ポリオレフィンの個数平均分子量は、3万~5万がより好ましい。
なお、2種以上のポリオレフィンを混合して用いる場合は、その混合した状態で測定される個数平均分子量を、本発明における個数平均分子量とする。
上記の中でも、ポリオレフィンの短鎖分岐数は、1~2がより好ましい。
本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の膜厚は、非水系二次電池のエネルギー密度、負荷特性、機械強度及びハンドリング性の観点から、5~25μmであることが好ましい。
本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造法に、特に制限はないが、具体的には下記(1)~(6)の工程を経て製造することが好ましい。なお、原料に用いるポリオレフィンについては上述のとおりである。
ポリオレフィンを溶剤に溶解させた溶液を調製する(延伸工程)。このとき、溶剤を混合して溶液を調製してもよい。溶剤としては、例えばパラフィン、流動パラフィン、パラフィン油、鉱油、ひまし油、テトラリン、エチレングリコール、グリセリン、デカリン、トルエン、キシレン、ジエチルトリアミン、エチルジアミン、ジメチルスルホキシド、ヘキサン等が挙げられる。結晶化度を制御する観点から、揮発性溶媒と不揮発性溶媒とを含む混合溶媒が好ましい。揮発性溶媒としては、例えば大気圧下における沸点が300℃未満の溶媒、例えば、デカリン、トルエン、キシレン、ジエチルトリアミン、エチルジアミン、ジメチルスルホキシド、ヘキサン、テトラリン、エチレングリコール、グリセリン等が挙げられる。不揮発性溶媒としては、例えば大気圧下における沸点が300℃以上の溶媒、例えばパラフィン、流動パラフィン、パラフィン油、鉱油、ひまし油等が挙げられる。混合溶媒としては、デカリンとパラフィンとの組合せが好ましい。
このとき、ポリオレフィンとしては、重量平均分子量100万以上の超高分子量ポリエチレンと、密度0.942g/cm3以上の高密度ポリエチレンとを含む。
調製した溶液を一軸押出機、もしくは二軸押出機で混練し、融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でTダイもしくはIダイで押し出す(押出工程)。好ましくは二軸押出機を用いる。そして、押し出した溶液をチルロール又は冷却浴に通過させて冷却し、ゲル状組成物を形成する。この際、ゲル化温度以下に急冷しゲル化することが好ましい。
次いで、ゲル状組成物から揮発性溶媒を除去する(第1の溶媒除去工程)。揮発性溶剤を使用する場合、予熱工程も兼ねて加熱等により蒸発させゲル状組成物から溶媒を除くこともできる。また、不揮発性溶媒の場合は、圧力をかけて絞り出すなどして溶媒を除くことができる。なお、溶媒は、必ずしも完全に除く必要はない。
脱溶媒処理に次いで、ゲル状組成物を延伸する(延伸工程)。ここで、延伸処理の前に弛緩処理を行っても良い。延伸処理は、ゲル状成形物を加熱し、通常のテンター法、ロール法、圧延法もしくはこれらの方法の組合せによって所定の倍率で2軸延伸する。2軸延伸は、同時又は逐次のどちらであってもよい。また縦多段延伸や3、4段延伸とすることもできる。
延伸温度は、90℃~ポリオレフィンの融点未満であることが好ましく、さらに好ましくは100~120℃である。加熱温度が融点を越える場合は、ゲル状成形物が溶解するために延伸できない。又、加熱温度が90℃未満の場合は、ゲル状成形物の軟化が不十分で延伸において破膜し易く高倍率の延伸が困難となる場合がある。
また、延伸倍率は、原反の厚さによって異なるが、1軸方向で少なくとも2倍以上、好ましくは4~20倍で行うことが好ましい。特に、結晶パラメータを制御するという観点では、延伸倍率が機械方向に4~10倍、また機械垂直方向に6~15倍であることが好ましい。
延伸後、必要に応じて熱固定を行い、熱寸法安定性を持たせる。
延伸後のゲル状組成物を抽出溶剤に浸漬して、不揮発性溶媒を抽出、除去する(第2の溶媒除去工程)。抽出溶剤としては、例えばペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、シクロヘキサン、デカリン、テトラリンなどの炭化水素、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素、メチレンクロライドなどの塩素化炭化水素、三フッ化エタンなどのフッ化炭化水素、ジエチルエーテル、ジオキサン等のエーテル類など易揮発性のものを用いることができる。これらの溶剤は、ポリオレフィン組成物の溶解に用いた溶媒に応じて適宜選択し、単独もしくは混合して用いることができる。溶媒の抽出は、微多孔膜中の溶媒を1質量%未満に迄除去する。
微多孔膜をアニールにより熱セットする。アニールは80~150℃で実施する。本発明においては、所定の熱収縮率を有するという観点から、アニール温度が115~135℃であることが好ましい。
(第1の態様に係る非水系二次電池用セパレータ)
第1の態様に係る本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータは、既述のポリオレフィン微多孔膜と、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に積層された耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層とを備えた非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
かかる非水系二次電池用セパレータによれば、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜によりシャットダウン機能が得られると共に、耐熱性多孔質層によりシャットダウン温度以上の温度においてもポリオレフィンが保持されるため、メルトダウンが生じ難く、高温時の安全性を確保できる。したがって、前記非水系二次電池用セパレータによれば、安全性に優れた非水系二次電池を得ることができる。
前記非水系二次電池用セパレータの空孔率は、透過性、機械強度およびハンドリング性の観点から、30~70%であることが好ましい。前記空孔率は、より好ましくは40~60%である。
前記非水系二次電池用セパレータの膜抵抗は、非水系二次電池の負荷特性の観点から、1.5~10ohm・cm2であることが好ましい。
前記非水系二次電池用セパレータの引張強度は、非水系二次電池の作製時、セパレータを捲回する際の破損しにくさの観点から、10N以上であることが好ましい。
前記非水系二次電池用セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層としては、微多孔膜状、不織布状、紙状、その他三次元ネットーワーク状の多孔質構造を有した層を挙げることができる。耐熱性多孔質層としては、より優れた耐熱性が得られる観点から、微多孔膜状の層であることが好ましい。ここで、微多孔膜状の層とは、内部に多数の微細孔を有し、これら微細孔が連結された構造となっており、一方の面から他方の面へと気体あるいは液体が通過可能となった層をいう。
耐熱性とは、200℃未満の温度領域で溶融ないし分解等を起こさない性状をいう。
なお、耐熱性多孔質層を基材上に固定するためには、耐熱性多孔質層を塗工法により基材上に直接形成する手法が好ましい。但し、これに限らず、別途製造した耐熱性多孔質層のシートを基材上に接着剤等を用いて接着する手法や、熱融着や圧着などの手法も採用することができる。
前記耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は、液枯れの防止効果の観点から、30~90%の範囲が好ましい。前記空孔率は、より好ましくは30~70%である。
本発明で用いられる耐熱性樹脂は、融点200℃以上のポリマー、あるいは融点を有しないが分解温度が200℃以上のポリマーが適当である。このような耐熱性樹脂の好ましい例としては、全芳香族ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリスルホン、ポリケトン、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルイミド、及びセルロースからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の樹脂が好適に挙げられる。特に、耐久性の観点から、全芳香族ポリアミドが好適であり、また、多孔質層を形成しやすく耐酸化還元性に優れるという観点から、メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるポリメタフェニレンイソフタルアミドがさらに好適である。
本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層には無機フィラーが含まれていることが好ましい。無機フィラーとしては、特に限定はないが、具体的にはアルミナ、チタニア、シリカ、ジルコニア等の金属酸化物、炭酸カルシウム等の金属炭酸塩、リン酸カルシウム等の金属リン酸塩、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化マグネシウム等の金属水酸化物等が好適に用いられる。このような無機フィラーは、不純物の溶出や耐久性の観点から、結晶性の高いものが好ましい。
200~400℃において吸熱反応を生じる無機フィラーとして、金属水酸化物、硼素塩化合物又は粘土鉱物等からなる無機フィラーが挙げられる。具体的には、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化マグネシウム、アルミン酸カルシウム、ドーソナイト、硼酸亜鉛等が挙げられる。水酸化アルミニウム、ドーソナイト、アルミン酸カルシウムは200~300℃の範囲において脱水反応が起こり、また、水酸化マグネシウム、硼酸亜鉛は300~400℃の範囲において脱水反応が起こるため、これらの無機フィラーのうち少なくともいずれか一種を用いることが好ましい。中でも、難燃性の向上効果、ハンドリング性、除電効果、電池の耐久性改善効果の観点から、金属水酸化物が好ましく、特に、水酸化アルミニウム又は水酸化マグネシウムが好ましい。
上記無機フィラーは単独若しくは2種以上を組み合せて用いることができる。また、これらの難燃性の無機フィラーには、アルミナ、ジルコニア、シリカ、マグネシア、チタニア等の金属酸化物、金属窒化物、金属炭化物、金属炭酸塩等の他の無機フィラーを適宜混合して用いることもできる。
本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層における無機フィラーの含有量は、耐熱性向上効果、透過性およびハンドリング性の観点から、50~95質量%であることが好ましい。
なお、耐熱性多孔質層中の無機フィラーは、耐熱性多孔質層が微多孔膜状である場合は耐熱性樹脂に捕捉された状態で存在し、耐熱性多孔質層が不織布等の場合は構成繊維中に存在するか、樹脂等のバインダーにより不織布表面等に固定されていればよい。
本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層の形成方法に特に制限はないが、例えば下記(1)~(5)の工程を経て形成することが可能である。
耐熱性多孔質層をポリオレフィン微多孔膜に固定するためには、耐熱性多孔質層を塗工法によりポリオレフィン微多孔膜上に直接形成する手法が好ましい。ほかに、別途製造した耐熱性多孔質層のシートをポリオレフィン微多孔膜に、接着剤等を用いて接着する手法、熱融着や圧着する手法も採用することができる。
耐熱性樹脂を溶剤に溶かし、塗工用スラリーを作製する。溶剤は耐熱性樹脂を溶解するものであればよく、特に限定はないが、具体的には極性溶剤が好ましく、例えばN-メチルピロリドン、ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド等が挙げられる。また、当該溶剤はこれらの極性溶剤に加えて耐熱性樹脂に対して貧溶剤となる溶剤も加えることができる。このような貧溶剤を適用することでミクロ相分離構造が誘発され、耐熱性多孔質層を形成する上で多孔化が容易となる。貧溶剤としては、アルコールの類が好適であり、特にグリコールのような多価アルコールが好適である。
塗工用スラリー中の耐熱性樹脂の濃度は4~9質量%が好ましい。また必要に応じ、これに無機フィラーを分散させて塗工用スラリーとする。塗工用スラリー中に無機フィラーを分散させるに当たって、無機フィラーの分散性が好ましくないときは、無機フィラーをシランカップリング剤などで表面処理し、分散性を改善する手法も適用可能である。
スラリーをポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の表面に塗工する。ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の両面に耐熱性多孔質層を形成する場合は、基材の両面に同時に塗工することが、工程の短縮という観点で好ましい。塗工用スラリーを塗工する方法としては、ナイフコーター法、グラビアコーター法、マイヤーバー法、ダイコーター法、リバースロールコーター法、ロールコーター法、スクリーン印刷法、インクジェット法、スプレー法等が挙げられる。この中でも、塗工層を均一に形成するという観点において、リバースロールコーター法が好適である。ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の両面に同時に塗工する場合は、例えば、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を一対のマイヤーバーの間に通すことで両面に過剰な塗工用スラリーを塗布し、これを一対のリバースロールコーターの間に通して過剰なスラリーを掻き落すことで精密計量するという方法を採用できる。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜に塗工用スラリーを塗工したものを、耐熱性樹脂を凝固させることが可能な凝固液で処理することにより、耐熱性樹脂を凝固させて、耐熱性多孔質層を形成する。
凝固液で処理する方法としては、塗工用スラリーを塗工した面に凝固液をスプレーで吹き付ける方法や、塗工用スラリーを塗工したポリオレフィン微多孔膜を凝固液の入った浴(凝固浴)中に浸漬する方法等が挙げられる。ここで、凝固浴を設置する場合は、塗工装置の下方に設置することが好ましい。
凝固液としては、耐熱性樹脂を凝固できるものであれば特に限定されないが、水、または、スラリーに用いた溶剤に水を適当量混合させたものが好ましい。ここで、水の混合量は、凝固液に対して40~80質量%が好ましい。水の量が40質量%以上であると、耐熱性樹脂を凝固するのに要する時間が長くなり過ぎない。また、凝固が不十分な部分が発生することもない。他方、水の量が80質量%以下であると、凝固液と接触する耐熱性樹脂層の表面の凝固が適度な速度で進行し、表面が十分に多孔化され、結晶化の程度が適度である。さらに溶剤回収のコストが低く抑えられる。
スラリーの凝固に用いた凝固液を、水洗することによって、除去する。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜に耐熱性樹脂の塗工層を形成したシートから、水を乾燥により除去する。乾燥方法は特に限定はないが、乾燥温度は50~80℃が好適である。高い乾燥温度を適用する場合は、熱収縮による寸法変化が起こらないようにするために、ロールに接触させる方法を適用することが好ましい。
第2の態様に係る本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータは、既述のポリオレフィン微多孔膜と、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に積層されたフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を含む接着性多孔質層とを備えた非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
かかる非水系二次電池用セパレータによれば、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面または両面にフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を含む接着性多孔質層が積層されていることにより、セパレータと電極との密着性が高まる。そのため、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜が有する機械強度、シャットダウン特性および液枯れ防止効果に加えて、接着性多孔質層が優れたイオン透過性と電解液保持性を発揮する。これにより、電池のサイクル特性が著しく向上する。
前記接着性多孔質層は、内部に多数の微細孔を有し、これら微細孔が互いに連結された構造となっており、一方の面から他方の面へと気体あるいは液体が通過可能となっている。
前記接着性多孔質層は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の両面または片面にあればよい。前記接着性多孔質層は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面のみにあるよりも両面にある方が、セパレータのカールを防止できる観点、及びセパレータの両面が正負極それぞれに密着することで電池のサイクル特性がより向上する観点から好ましい。
前記接着性多孔質層の空孔率は、イオン透過性および電解液保持性の観点から、60~80%であることが好ましい。
前記接着性多孔質層含まれるフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂は、下記(i)及び(ii)の少なくとも一方であることが好ましい。
(i)ポリフッ化ビニリデン
(ii)フッ化ビニリデンと、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、クロロトリフルオロエチレン、ヘキサフルオロエチレン、及びエチレンの少なくとも1種とからなる共重合体
特に、フッ化ビニリデン系樹脂としては、電極との接着性の観点から、フッ化ビニリデンとヘキサフルオロプロピレンの共重合体が好ましい。
本発明において、接着性多孔質層の形成方法に特に制限はないが、例えば下記の湿式製膜法によって形成することができる。この湿式製膜法は、フッ化ビニリデン系樹脂と、これを溶解し且つ水に相溶する有機溶剤と、相分離剤(ゲル化剤もしくは開孔剤)とを混合溶解したドープをポリオレフィン微多孔膜に塗布し、次いで水系の凝固浴に浸漬しフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を凝固後、水洗と乾燥を行ない多孔層を形成する製膜法である。この湿式製膜法は、ドープの組成及び凝固浴の組成により、接着性多孔質層の空隙率や孔径を容易に制御できるため好適である。
本発明の非水系二次電池は、正極と、負極と、正極及び負極の間に配置され、上述した構成を有する本発明の非水電解質電池用セパレータとを備え、リチウムのドープ・脱ドープにより起電力が得られるように構成されたものである。非水系二次電池は、負極と正極がセパレータを介して対向している電池要素に電解液が含浸され、これが外装に封入された構造となっている。
本実施例における各値は、以下の方法に従って求めた。
(1)膜厚
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの膜厚は、接触式の膜厚計(ミツトヨ社製)にて20点測定し、これを平均することで求めた。ここで、接触端子は底面が直径0.5cmの円柱状のものを用いた。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの目付は、サンプルを10cm×10cmに切り出し重量を測定する。この重量を面積で割ることで1m2当たりの重量である目付を求めた。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの空孔率は、下記式から求めた。
ε={1-Ws/(ds・t)}×100
ここで、ε:空隙率(%)、Ws:目付(g/m2)、ds:真密度(g/cm3)、t:膜厚(μm)である。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータのガーレ値を、JIS P 8117に従って求めた。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの膜抵抗を以下の方法で求めた。
まず、サンプルを2.6cm×2.0cmのサイズに切り出す。非イオン性界面活性剤(花王社製、エマルゲン210P)を3質量%溶解したメタノール溶液(メタノール:和光純薬社製)に切り出したサンプルを浸漬し、風乾する。厚さ20μmのアルミ箔を2.0cm×1.4cmに切り出し、リードタブを付ける。このアルミ箔を2枚用意して、アルミ箔間に切り出したサンプルをアルミ箔が短絡しないように挟む。サンプルに電解液である1MのLiBF4 プロピレンカーボネート/エチレンカーボネート(1/1質量比)を含浸させる。これをアルミラミネートパック中にタブがアルミパックの外に出るようにして減圧封入する。このようなセルをアルミ箔中にセパレータが1枚、2枚、3枚となるようにそれぞれ作製する。該セルを20℃の恒温槽中に入れ、交流インピーダンス法で振幅10mV、周波数100kHzにて該セルの抵抗を測定する。測定されたセルの抵抗値をセパレータの枚数に対してプロットし、このプロットを線形近似し傾きを求める。この傾きに電極面積である2.0cm×1.4cmを乗じてセパレータ1枚当たりの膜抵抗(ohm・cm2)を求めた。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの突刺強度は、カトーテック社製KES-G5ハンディー圧縮試験器を用いて、針先端の曲率半径0.5mm、突刺速度2mm/secの条件で突刺試験を行い、最大突刺荷重を突刺強度とした。ここで、サンプルはφ11.3mmの穴があいた金枠(試料ホルダー)にシリコンゴム製のパッキンも一緒に挟み固定した。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの引張強度及び引張弾性率を、10×100mmのサイズにカットしたサンプルを引張試験機(A&D社製、RTC-1225A)を用い、ロードセル荷重5kgf、チャック間距離50mmの条件で測定した。ここで得られた引張弾性率から、下記の式を用いてタイ分子体積分率を算出した。また、サンプルの引張弾性率は、測定値を(100-空孔率)/100で割ることで、ポリオレフィンの空孔率0%の状態を仮定して得た値である。
なお、理論的な引張弾性率として41GPaを用いた。また、空孔率は上記(3)での値を用い、結晶化度は下記(8)での値を用いた。
タイ分子体積分率 ={(1-0.01×結晶化度)×サンプル弾性率}/(理論弾性率-0.01×結晶化度×サンプル弾性率)×100
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を5±1mgになるように切り出し、DSC(TAインスツルメント社製TA-2920)を用いて融解エネルギーを測定した。なお、昇温速度は2℃/分に設定してDSCを行なった。
次に、ポリオレフィンの結晶化度を、下記式のように、DSCにより測定された融解エネルギーと、結晶の理論融解エネルギーの比から求めた。なお、理論融解エネルギーとして、289J/g・Kを用いた。
結晶化度〔%〕=(測定された融解エネルギー)/(理論融解エネルギー)×100
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の作製に用いたポリオレフィンの個数平均分子量は、GPC(Waters製、ALC/GPC 150-C plus型)で測定した。なお、2種以上のポリオレフィンを混合して用いた場合は、混合により得た混合物の個数平均分子量について測定した。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の短鎖分岐数は、赤外分光計(ニコレー社製、Magna-750)を用いて測定した。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータのシャットダウン温度は、以下の方法で求めた。
まず、サンプルを直径19mmに打ち抜き、非イオン性界面活性剤(花王社製、エマルゲン210P)を3質量%溶解したメタノール溶液(メタノール:和光純薬社製)に切り出したサンプルを浸漬し、風乾した。サンプルを直径15.5mmのSUS板に挟んだ。サンプルに電解液である1MのLiBF4 プロピレンカーボネート/エチレンカーボネート(1/1質量比)(キシダ化学社製)を含浸させた。これを2032型コインセルに封入した。コインセルからリード線をとり、熱電対を付けてオーブンの中に入れた。昇温速度1.6℃/分でコインセル内部の温度を昇温させ、同時に交流インピーダンス法で振幅10mV、周波数100kHzにて該セルの抵抗を測定した。抵抗値が103ohm・cm2以上となったときをシャットダウンとみなし、その時点の温度をシャットダウン温度とした。
非水系二次電池用セパレータの耐熱性は、上記(11)のシャットダウン温度を測定した際に、シャットダウンが発現してからセル温度が200℃になるまでに、抵抗値が103ohm・cm2以上を維持し続けるかどうかにより評価した。抵抗値が103ohm・cm2以上を維持し続ければ耐熱性が良好(○)と判断し、抵抗値が103ohm・cm2を下回れば耐熱性が不良(×)と判断した。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの熱収縮率は、サンプル105℃で1時間加熱することによって測定した。なお、測定方向は機械方向である。
加圧回復率の測定により、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜及び非水系二次電池用セパレータの液枯れ防止効果を評価した。
まず、サンプル2.6cm×2.0cmのサイズに切り出した。非イオン性界面活性剤(花王社製、エマルゲン210P)を3質量%溶解したメタノール溶液に、切り出したサンプルを浸漬し、風乾した。厚さ20μmのアルミ箔を、2.0cm×1.4cmに切り出しリードタブを付けた。このアルミ箔を2枚用意して、アルミ箔間に切り出したセパレータを、アルミ箔が短絡しないように挟んだ。電解液には、プロピレンカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートが1対1の質量比で混合された溶媒中にLiBF4を1M溶解させたものを用い、この電解液を上記サンプルに含浸させた。これをアルミラミネートパック中に、タブがアルミパックの外に出るようにして減圧封入した。このセルの抵抗を交流インピーダンス法で、振幅10mV、周波数100kHzにて測定し、加圧前の抵抗値(A)(ohm・cm2)を求めた。次にこのセルを平板プレス機で40MPaとなるように5分間加圧し、続いて圧力を開放した。この操作を5回繰り返し、加圧後圧力を開放したセルの抵抗値(B)(ohm・cm2)を測定した。そして、下式により加圧回復率を求めた。なお、加圧回復率が高いほど、液枯れ防止効果に優れているといえる。
加圧回復率(%)= 抵抗値(B)/抵抗値(A)×100
ポリオレフィンの分子量は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)にて測定した。
試料15mgにGPC測定用移動相20mlを加え、145℃で完全に溶解し、ステンレス製焼結フィルター(孔径1.0μm)で濾過した。濾液400μlを装置に注入して測定に供し、試料の重量平均分子量を求めた。
・装置:ゲル浸透クロマトグラフAlliance GPC2000型(Waters社製)
・カラム:東ソー(株)製、TSKgel GMH6-HT×2+TSKgel GMH6-HT×2
・カラム温度:140℃、
・移動相:o-ジクロロベンゼン
・検出器:示差屈折計(RI)
・分子量較正:東ソー(株)製、単分散ポリスチレン
ポリエチレンパウダーとして超高分子量ポリエチレンであるGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、個数平均分子量80万、融点141℃l;Ticona社製)と、高密度ポリエチレンであるGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、個数平均分子量5万、融点135℃;Ticona社製)とを用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を20:80(質量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30質量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製、スモイルP-350:沸点480℃)とデカリン(和光純薬工業社製、沸点193℃)の混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成は、ポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:67.5:2.5(質量比)である。この際、ポリエチレン溶液は197℃で混練した。
実施例1において、ポリエチレン溶液を208℃で混練し、熱固定温度を130℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、ポリエチレン溶液を201℃で混練し、熱固定温度を120℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、GUR2126:GURX143=30:70(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を195℃で混練し、熱固定温度を132℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例4において、GUR2126とGURX143との比を40:60(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を205℃で混練した以外は、実施例4と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例4において、GUR2126とGURX143との比を20:80(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を205℃で混練した以外は、実施例4と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、ポリエチレンパウダーとして更に低密度ポリエチレンであるSK-PE-20L(融点106℃、セイシン企業製)を用い、GUR2126:GURX143:SK-PE-20L=30:60:10(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を199℃で混練し、熱固定温度を123℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例7において、GUR2126:GURX143:SK-PE-20L=30:70:0(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を202℃で混練し、熱固定温度を122℃にした以外は、実施例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例7において、GUR2126:GURX143:SK-PE-20L=30:10:60(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を200℃で混練し、熱固定温度を124℃にした以外は、実施例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、ポリエチレン溶液を181℃で混練し、熱固定温度を110℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、ポリエチレン溶液を231℃で混練し、熱固定温度を138℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例4において、熱固定温度を138℃にし、ポリエチレン溶液を180℃で混練した以外は、実施例4と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例4において、GUR2126とGURX143との比を70:30(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を230℃で混練した以外は、実施例4と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例7において、GUR2126:GURX143:SK-PE-20L=25:75:0(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を185℃で混練し、熱固定温度を135℃にした以外は、実施例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例7において、GUR2126:GURX143:SK-PE-20L=30:0:70(質量比)に調整し、ポリエチレン溶液を228℃で混練した以外は、実施例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1において、GUR2126とGURX143の混合比を10:90(質量比)とし、ポリエチレン溶液の組成をポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:45:25(質量比)とし、ポリエチレン溶液を180℃で混練し、縦延伸倍率を5.5倍、横延伸倍率を11倍にし、横延伸の後に125℃で熱固定を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
比較例7において、GUR2126とGURX143の混合比を30:70(質量比)とし、ポリエチレンの濃度を25質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液の組成をポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=25:37.5:37.5(質量比)とした以外は、比較例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
比較例7において、GUR2126とGURX143の混合比を50:50(質量比)とし、ポリエチレンの濃度を21質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液の組成をポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=21:31.5:47.5(質量比)とした以外は、比較例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
比較例7において、GUR2126とGURX143の混合比を70:30(質量比)とし、ポリエチレンの濃度を17質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液の組成をポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=17:51:32(質量比)とした以外は、比較例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
比較例7において、GUR2126とGURX143の混合比を30:70(質量比)とし、ポリエチレンの濃度を25質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液の組成をポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=21:31.5:47.5(質量比)とした以外は、比較例7と同様にしてポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得た。
実施例1で得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜を用い、これに耐熱性樹脂と無機フィラーからなる耐熱性多孔質層を積層させて、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを製造した。
具体的に、耐熱性樹脂として、ポリメタフェニレンイソフタルアミド(帝人テクノプロダクツ社製、コーネックス)を用いた。この耐熱性樹脂を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が質量比で50:50となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとしての水酸化マグネシウム(協和化学工業社製、キスマ-5P、平均粒子径1.0μm)を分散させて、塗工用スラリーを作製した。なお、塗工用スラリーにおけるポリメタフェニレンイソフタルアミドの濃度は5.5質量%となるようにし、かつ、ポリメタフェニレンイソフタルアミドと無機フィラーの質量比は25:75となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。この後、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を、塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは20μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを質量比で水:DMAc:TPG=50:25:25で40℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
得られた非水系二次電池用セパレータの特性(膜厚、目付、空孔率、ガーレ値、膜抵抗、突刺強度、引張強度、シャットダウン温度、耐熱性、熱収縮率、加圧回復率)の測定結果を表3に示す。なお、以下の実施例および比較例の非水系二次電池用セパレータについても同様に表3~表6に示す。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例2で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例3で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを7μmに設定した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを75μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を35:65(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:32:18に調整した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を70:30(質量比)にし、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:15:35に調整した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例4で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例5で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例6で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例18において、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを7μmに設定した以外は、実施例18と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例18において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例18と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例18において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを75μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例18と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例18において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を35:65(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:32:18に調整した以外は、実施例18と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例18において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を70:30(質量比)にし、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:15:35に調整した以外は、実施例18と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例10において、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例7で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例8で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として実施例9で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例26において、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを7μmに設定した以外は、実施例26と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例26において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例26と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例26において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を40:60(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを75μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20に調整した以外は、実施例26と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例26において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を35:65(質量比)にし、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスを60μmに設定し、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:32:18に調整した以外は、実施例26と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例26において、DMAcとTPGの混合比を70:30(質量比)にし、凝固液の組成を水:DMAc:TPG=50:15:35に調整した以外は、実施例26と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例1で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例2で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例3で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例4で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例5で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例6で作製したものを使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜として比較例7~比較例11で作製したものをそれぞれ使用した以外は、実施例10と同様にして非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例1~33及び比較例1~22で作製したポリオレフィン微多孔膜あるいは非水系二次電池用セパレータを用いて非水系二次電池用を製造し、サイクル特性を評価した。
~正極の作製~
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2:日本化学工業社製)89.5質量部、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製デンカブラック)4.5質量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ化学社製)6質量部となるように、N-メチル-ピロリドンを用いてこれらを混練し、スラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを厚さが20μmのアルミ箔上に塗布乾燥後プレスし、100μmの正極を得た。
~負極の作製~
メソフェーズカーボンマイクロビーズ(MCMB:大阪瓦斯化学社製)87質量部、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製商品名デンカブラック)3質量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ化学社製)10質量部となるようにN-メチル-2ピロリドンを用いてこれらを混練し、スラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを厚さが18μmの銅箔上に塗布乾燥後プレスし、90μmの負極を得た。
上記の正極及び負極の間に、実施例1~33及び比較例1~22で作製したポリオレフィン微多孔膜あるいは非水系二次電池用セパレータをそれぞれ挟んだ。これに電解液を含浸させてアルミラミネートフィルムからなる外装に封入し、実施例12~22及び比較例5~8の非水系二次電池を作製した。ここで、電解液には1M LiPF6 エチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート(3/7質量比)(キシダ化学社製)を用いた。
ここで、この試作電池は正極面積が2×1.4cm2、負極面積は2.2×1.6cm2で、設定容量は8mAh(4.2V-2.75Vの範囲)とした。
得られた各非水系二次電池について、4.0Vの定電流・定電圧充電と、2.75Vの定電流放電を100サイクル繰り返した後に、その放電容量を測定した。そして、100サイクル後の放電容量を3サイクル後の放電容量で割り、得られた放電容量保持率(%)をサイクル特性の指標とした。測定結果を表7~表8にまとめて示す。
下記の方法により、実施例1及び比較例1で得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜にフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を含む接着性多孔質層を積層させて、非水系二次電池用セパレータを製造した。
共重合組成がVdF/HFP/CTFE=92.0/4.5/3.5(質量比)で、重量平均分子量が41万であるフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を、DMAc(有機溶剤):TPG(相分離剤)=60:40(質量比)である混合溶媒に12質量%となるように溶解しドープを調製した。
このドープをポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に塗工した。次いで、ドープを塗工したポリエチレン微多孔膜を凝固浴へ浸漬し、塗工層を凝固させた。ここで、凝固浴の組成は、水:DMAc:TPG=50:30:20(質量比)とした。次いで、水洗と乾燥を行なった。これにより、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の表裏両面に接着性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。
実施例38と同様にして正極及び負極を作製した。この正極及び負極の間に非水系二次電池用セパレータを挟み、正極/セパレータ/負極の順で積層した。この積層体を70℃、1MPaで60秒熱圧着し、テンシロン(RTC-1210A、ORIENEC社製)を用い150mm/分でT字剥離した。剥離面の面積を100とし、負極活物質がセパレータ側に移行した面積の割合が90%以上であるものを「A」とし、90%未満のものを「B」とした。測定結果を表9に示す。
<1> 本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、結晶化度が60~85%であり、タイ分子体積分率が0.7~1.7%である構成としたものである。
<2> 前記タイ分子体積分率が0.7~1.5%である前記<1>に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜である。
<3> ポリオレフィンの個数平均分子量が3万~8万である前記<1>又は前記<2>に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜である。
<4> ポリオレフィンの主鎖の炭素原子1000個中に含まれる短鎖分岐数が1~5個である前記<1>~前記<3>のいずれか1つに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜である。
<5> 重量平均分子量が100万以上の超高分子量ポリエチレンと、密度0.942g/cm3以上の高密度ポリエチレンとを含むポリオレフィンからなる前記<1>~前記<4>のいずれか1つに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜である。
<6> ポリオレフィン1~35質量部と、揮発性溶媒及び不揮発性溶媒からなる混合溶媒65~99質量部とを、190~220℃で溶融混練して、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程と、前記ポリオレフィン溶液を前記ポリオレフィンの融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でダイより押出し、冷却してゲル状組成物を形成する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物から前記揮発性溶媒を除去する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物を延伸する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物中から前記不揮発性溶媒を除去する工程とを経て製造された前記<1>~前記<5>のいずれか1つに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜である。
<8> 前記耐熱性樹脂が、全芳香族ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリスルホン、ポリケトン、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルイミド、及びセルロースからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の樹脂である前記<7>に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
<9> 前記耐熱性多孔質層は、更に、無機フィラーを含む前記<7>又は前記<8>に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
<10> 前記無機フィラーは、水酸化アルミニウム及び水酸化マグネシウムの少なくとも一方である前記<9>に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
<12> 前記フッ化ビニリデン系樹脂は、(i)ポリフッ化ビニリデン、及び、(ii)フッ化ビニリデンと、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、クロロトリフルオロエチレン、ヘキサフルオロエチレン、及びエチレンの少なくとも1種と、からなる群より選ばれる前記<11>に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータである。
<13> 正極と、負極と、前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された、前記<1>~前記<6>のいずれか1つに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜又は請求項7~請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータとを備え、リチウムのドープ・脱ドープにより起電力を得る非水系二次電池である。
<14> 前記<1>~前記<6>のいずれか1つに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法であって、ポリオレフィン1~35質量部と、揮発性溶媒及び不揮発性溶媒からなる混合溶媒65~99質量部とを、190~220℃で溶融混練して、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程(延伸工程)と、
前記ポリオレフィン溶液を前記ポリオレフィンの融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でダイより押出し、冷却してゲル状組成物を形成する工程(押出工程)と、
前記ゲル状組成物から揮発性溶媒を除去する工程(第1の溶媒除去工程)と、
前記ゲル状組成物を延伸する工程(延伸工程)と、
前記ゲル状組成物中から前記不揮発性溶媒を除去する工程(第2の溶媒除去工程)と、を有するポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法である。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、及び技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、及び技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (14)
- 結晶化度が60~85%であり、
タイ分子体積分率が0.7~1.7%であるポリオレフィン微多孔膜。 - 前記タイ分子体積分率が0.7~1.5%である請求項1に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- ポリオレフィンの個数平均分子量が3万~8万である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- ポリオレフィンの主鎖の炭素原子1000個中に含まれる短鎖分岐数が1~5個である請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 重量平均分子量が100万以上の超高分子量ポリエチレンと、密度0.942g/cm3以上の高密度ポリエチレンとを含むポリオレフィンからなる請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- ポリオレフィン1~35質量部と、揮発性溶媒及び不揮発性溶媒からなる混合溶媒65~99質量部とを、190~220℃で溶融混練して、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程と、前記ポリオレフィン溶液を前記ポリオレフィンの融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でダイより押出し、冷却してゲル状組成物を形成する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物から前記揮発性溶媒を除去する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物を延伸する工程と、前記ゲル状組成物中から前記不揮発性溶媒を除去する工程とを経て製造された請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜と、
前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に設けられ、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層と、
を備えた非水系二次電池用セパレータ。 - 前記耐熱性樹脂が、全芳香族ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリスルホン、ポリケトン、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルイミド、及びセルロースからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の樹脂である請求項7に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性多孔質層は、更に、無機フィラーを含む請求項7又は請求項8に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記無機フィラーは、水酸化アルミニウム及び水酸化マグネシウムの少なくとも一方である請求項9に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜と、
前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の片面又は両面に設けられ、フッ化ビニリデン系樹脂を含む接着性多孔質層と、
を備えた非水系二次電池用セパレータ。 - 前記フッ化ビニリデン系樹脂は、(i)ポリフッ化ビニリデン、及び、(ii)フッ化ビニリデンと、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、クロロトリフルオロエチレン、ヘキサフルオロエチレン、及びエチレンの少なくとも1種と、を少なくとも共重合させた共重合体からなる群より選ばれる請求項11に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 正極と、
負極と、
前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された、請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜又は請求項7~請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータと、
を備え、リチウムのドープ・脱ドープにより起電力を得る非水系二次電池。 - 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法であって、
ポリオレフィン1~35質量部と、揮発性溶媒及び不揮発性溶媒からなる混合溶媒65~99質量部とを、190~220℃で溶融混練して、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程と、
前記ポリオレフィン溶液を前記ポリオレフィンの融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でダイより押出し、冷却してゲル状組成物を形成する工程と、
前記ゲル状組成物から前記揮発性溶媒を除去する工程と、
前記ゲル状組成物を延伸する工程と、
前記ゲル状組成物中から前記不揮発性溶媒を除去する工程と、
を有するポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2551293A4 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
| EP2551293A1 (en) | 2013-01-30 |
| US9178202B2 (en) | 2015-11-03 |
| US20150214528A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
| US20160006012A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
| US20130011716A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
| JPWO2011118735A1 (ja) | 2013-07-04 |
| CN102812076B (zh) | 2014-07-09 |
| KR20120125988A (ko) | 2012-11-19 |
| CN102812076A (zh) | 2012-12-05 |
| US9281509B2 (en) | 2016-03-08 |
| KR101287467B1 (ko) | 2013-07-19 |
| JP4806735B1 (ja) | 2011-11-02 |
| US9034509B2 (en) | 2015-05-19 |
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