WO2011024847A1 - 高耐熱水性scr触媒及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
高耐熱水性scr触媒及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/76—Iron group metals or copper
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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- B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
- B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/064—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/072—Iron group metals or copper
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/76—Iron group metals or copper
- B01J29/7615—Zeolite Beta
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/10—Heat treatment in the presence of water, e.g. steam
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20738—Iron
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/50—Zeolites
- B01D2255/502—Beta zeolites
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
- B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
- B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
- B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
- B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
- B01J2229/186—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself not in framework positions
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/30—Ion-exchange
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
- F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
- F01N2510/063—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction zeolites
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an SCR catalyst made of iron and ⁇ -type zeolite, which is used to purify nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust gas in the presence of a reducing agent, and a method for producing the SCR catalyst.
- the ⁇ -type zeolite is known as a zeolite used for a NOx reduction catalyst, particularly a NOx reduction catalyst using ammonia as a reducing agent (abbreviation of “selective catalytic reduction”, generally called SCR catalyst).
- SCR catalyst a zeolite used for a NOx reduction catalyst, particularly a NOx reduction catalyst using ammonia as a reducing agent
- SCR catalyst selective catalytic reduction
- the SCR catalyst using ⁇ -type zeolite has reduced NOx reduction performance after endurance treatment in a high-temperature steam atmosphere (hereinafter referred to as hydrothermal endurance treatment), and the deterioration of activity particularly at a low temperature of 300 ° C. or less is large. The exhaust gas temperature could not be used under low conditions.
- ⁇ -type zeolite is well known as a zeolite used as a catalyst or adsorbent, and as a method for improving its hot water resistance, it is known to increase the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio or increase the crystal diameter.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 See Patent Documents 2 and 3.
- the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio is increased, the solid acid, that is, the catalytic activity point decreases, and when the crystal diameter is increased, the diffusion rate in the catalyst decreases and the temperature changes with time. This is disadvantageous for the catalyst characteristics under such transient conditions, and has not been a sufficient solution for SCR catalyst applications.
- Patent Document 4 a method has been proposed in which dealumination is performed by hydrothermal treatment before use.
- Patent Document 5 A method for improving hot water resistance by adding a rare earth element to iron usually used as a catalyst support metal has been reported (Patent Document 5).
- the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. was only less than 45%.
- Patent Document 6 Although a method for improving the post-endurance activity using an SCR catalyst in which the ⁇ -type zeolite has an optimized SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ratio, SEM particle size, and NH 3 adsorption amount has been proposed (Patent Document 6).
- the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. was less than 45%.
- Japanese Patent No. 2904862 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-038485 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-228128 Japanese National Table 2004-536756 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-177570 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-081348
- An object of the present invention is to provide an SCR catalyst having a high NOx reduction performance, particularly NOx reduction performance at a low temperature after hydrothermal durability treatment, and a simple production method thereof.
- the present inventors have calcinated at high temperature after supporting transition metal on zeolite. By performing the treatment, it is found that the interaction between the zeolite and the transition metal can be enhanced by setting the specific crystal state and the surface state, and the NOx reduction performance at a low temperature, particularly 200 ° C. or less, can be extremely enhanced.
- the present invention has been completed.
- the gist of the present invention resides in the following (1) to (10).
- An SCR catalyst comprising a ⁇ -type zeolite.
- the ratio of the isolated iron ion to the total iron amount contained in the catalyst is 60 to 90%, and the isolated ion iron amount is 1.0 to 3.0% by weight with respect to the catalyst weight.
- the SCR catalyst according to (1), wherein the amount of ion-exchanged iron contained in the catalyst is preferably 0 to 1.0% by weight based on the catalyst weight.
- the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio is 20 to 50, and the average SEM particle diameter of ⁇ -type zeolite containing 1 to 10% by weight of iron is 0.3 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the SCR catalyst according to (1) which is characterized in that (5) Preferably, the average SEM particle size of ⁇ -type zeolite containing SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of 25 to 45 and containing 1.5 to 3.5% by weight of iron is 0.3 to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the SCR catalyst according to (1) above, wherein (6) Preferably, the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment at 700 ° C. for 20 hours in an atmosphere with a water vapor concentration of 10% by volume is 45% to 65% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron is calcined at 700 to 850 ° C. in an atmosphere having a water vapor concentration of 5% by volume or less, according to any one of (1) to (6) above
- the manufacturing method of SCR catalyst of description (8)
- the method for producing an SCR catalyst according to the above (7) or (8), wherein the holding time in firing at 700 to 850 ° C. is preferably 1 hour or more.
- the SCR catalyst comprising ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron according to the present invention is excellent in SCR catalyst performance, particularly NOx reducibility at low temperature, even after endurance treatment at high temperature in a hydrothermal steam-containing atmosphere.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the wavelength and absorbance of the catalyst 3 obtained in Example 3 in UV-visible absorption measurement.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the calcination temperature of each SCR catalyst obtained in Example 1, 2, 3 or 4 or Comparative Example 1, 2 or 3 and the half width (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the calcination temperature of each SCR catalyst obtained in Examples 1, 2, 3 or 4 or Comparative Examples 1, 2, or 3, and the 900 ° C. heating loss.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the calcination temperature of each SCR catalyst obtained in Examples 1, 2, 3 or 4 or Comparative Examples 1, 2, or 3, and the 200 ° C.
- FIG. 5 shows the catalyst 3 or 6 obtained in Example 3 or 6, respectively, and the isolated iron ions ( ⁇ 300 nm), Fe 2 O 3 clusters (Comparative catalyst 5 or 6 obtained in Comparative Example 5 or 6 respectively)
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio of 300 to 400 nm) and Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles (400 nm to) and the amount of Fe (wt%).
- FIG. 6 shows the catalyst 1, 3 or 4 obtained in Example 1, 3 or 4, respectively, or the comparative catalyst 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7 obtained in Comparative Example 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7, respectively.
- 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the half width at 7 and the 200 ° C. NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal durability treatment.
- FIG. 5 shows the catalyst 3 or 6 obtained in Example 3 or 6, respectively, and the isolated iron ions ( ⁇ 300 nm), Fe 2 O 3 clusters (Comparative catalyst 5 or 6 obtained in Comparative Example 5 or 6 respectively)
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio
- FIG. 7 shows the catalyst 1, 3 or 4 obtained in Example 1, 3 or 4, respectively, or the comparative catalyst 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7 obtained in Comparative Example 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7, respectively.
- 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the 900 ° C. heating loss in FIG. 7 and the 200 ° C. NOx reduction rate after the hydrothermal durability treatment.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention is composed of ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron. Thereby, the interaction between ⁇ -type zeolite and iron is expressed, and this SCR catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity.
- the details of the interaction between the zeolite and iron are not clear, but iron coordination to zeolite structural defects (called silanol or hydroxyl nest, etc.), or the condensation reaction between silanol and iron oxide on the zeolite surface, and iron hydroxide This is thought to be due to the above.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane is 0.28 to 0.34 °, and preferably 0.30 to 0.32 °.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is an index representing the state of the crystal, and the regularity of the crystal, that is, the number of structural defects can be determined from this value. The larger the value, the lower the regularity of the crystal, indicating that more defects are generated in the crystal. The interaction between this defect site and iron is strongly expressed, and the catalytic activity after hydrothermal treatment is increased. It is thought to improve.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is remarkably large, the decay of the zeolite structure itself has progressed too much, and the catalytic activity is considered to be remarkably reduced.
- the half width (FWHM) is less than 0.28 °, there are few structural defects and the interaction between iron and ⁇ -type zeolite is not sufficient, so that the catalytic activity after hydrothermal treatment becomes low, and 0.34 Beyond ° C, the structure of the zeolite itself collapses significantly and the catalytic activity becomes low.
- the 900 ° C. heat loss after the hydration treatment is 15.0 to 18.0 wt%, and preferably 15.5 to 17.5 wt%.
- the heat loss of the hydrated zeolite is the weight reduction rate of the SCR catalyst when the SCR catalyst is heated at a predetermined temperature
- the 900 ° C. heat loss is the weight of the SCR catalyst in the heat treatment at 900 ° C. Decrease rate.
- the loss on heating reflects the amount of water adsorbed and the amount of water produced by dehydration condensation of silanol sites in the crystal structure. Therefore, the heat loss can be used as an index for determining the amount of surface silanol that is also a moisture adsorption site. It is considered that the smaller the value, the more the reaction between silanol and iron proceeds, and the catalytic activity after hydrothermal treatment is improved. On the other hand, when it is large, the surface silanol is not sufficiently reacted, and the reaction with iron is not sufficiently advanced, so that the SCR catalyst activity is considered to be low.
- the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of the ⁇ -type zeolite used in the present invention is not particularly limited, it is preferably 20 to 50 in terms of catalytic activity and skeletal structure stability, and 20 to 40 It is more preferable that The average SEM particle size is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.3 to 2.0 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of thermal stability of the zeolite, metal dispersion support, and ease of production. In order to support iron in a highly dispersed state, it is desirable that the half width is 0.22 to 0.34 ° and the heating loss at 900 ° C. is 15 to 25% by weight.
- the skeleton is too strong and the interaction between iron and zeolite does not proceed. If it exceeds 0.34 °, the skeleton is too weak, so the structure collapses in the process of supporting iron, and iron is highly dispersed. Cannot be supported. If the weight loss on heating at 900 ° C. is less than 15% by weight, the hydrophobicity is too high and iron cannot be supported in a highly dispersed state. For example, zeolite whose hydrophobicity is promoted by hydrothermal treatment or acid treatment is not suitable. Zeolite having too many acid sites and lattice defects whose weight loss on heating at 900 ° C.
- a zeolite having a Si / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of less than 20 and an average SEM particle size of less than 0.3 ⁇ m is not suitable.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention comprises ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron, and the iron components contained in the catalyst of the present invention are isolated iron ions, Fe 2 O 3 clusters, Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles Consists of. It is desirable that the iron is present in the form of isolated iron ions.
- the isolated iron ions in this catalyst are composed of iron supported in a highly dispersed state on the zeolite surface and ion-exchanged iron present at the ion exchange site of the zeolite.
- the Fe 2 O 3 cluster indicates a state in which some Fe 2 O 3 is aggregated by heat treatment.
- the Fe 2 O 3 agglomerated particles are further agglomerated of Fe 2 O 3 clusters, and exhibit particulate iron oxide that exhibits a reddish brown color. Since these agglomerated irons are remarkably less active than isolated iron ions, it is desirable that the ratio and amount thereof be small.
- the iron component contained in the catalyst of the present invention is composed of isolated iron ions (I), Fe 2 O 3 clusters (II), and Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles (III), which are measured by UV-visible absorption measurement. be able to. Isolated iron ions, Fe 2 O 3 clusters, and Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles absorb in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions.
- the absorption wavelength region of iron varies depending on the existence state, absorption at 300 nm is for isolated iron ions, absorption at 300-400 nm is for Fe 2 O 3 clusters, and absorption at 400 nm is for Fe 2 O 3. Be attributed to agglomerated particles. That is, the decomposition waveforms B and C consisting of Gaussian curves with peak wavelengths of about 210 ⁇ 10 nm and about 270 ⁇ 10 nm in the UV-visible absorption spectrum are attributed to absorption based on isolated iron ions.
- the ratio of isolated iron ions in the UV-visible absorption measurement is as follows.
- Ratio of integral absorption intensity (C) of 270 ⁇ 10 nm (ratio of isolated iron ions) (B + C) / A
- the ratio of the Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles in the UV-visible absorption measurement is the integrated intensity (peak wavelength 435 ⁇ 10 nm) with respect to the total absorption integrated intensity (A) in the wavelength range 220 to 700 nm of the UV-visible absorption spectrum.
- F) and the ratio of integrated absorption intensity (G) at a peak wavelength of 505 ⁇ 10 nm (Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles) (F + G) / A.
- the ratio of isolated iron ions is small in SCR catalysts with a low nitrogen oxide purification function.
- the ratio of isolated iron ions in the iron contained is preferably 60% or more, and more preferably 70% or more. It is considered that the upper limit of the isolated iron ion ratio is practically 90%.
- the amount of isolated iron ions is preferably 1.0% by weight or more, more preferably 1.5% by weight or more based on the catalyst weight. As the amount of iron supported increases, iron aggregation tends to occur, so it is practically considered that the upper limit is 3.0% by weight.
- Isolated iron ions consist of those supported on the crystal surface and those on the ion exchange site, and are particularly preferably supported on the crystal surface of ⁇ -type zeolite, and preferably contain less ion exchange iron. This is because the ion-exchanged iron is easily moved by hydrothermal treatment, protons are generated at the site where the iron is removed, and the catalyst is easily deactivated.
- the amount of ion exchange iron is preferably 0 to 1.0 wt%. The amount of ion exchanged iron can be determined from the value of ion exchange capacity measurement after sodium exchange of the catalyst.
- the iron content is not limited, but is preferably 1 to 10% by weight, and more preferably 2 to 5% by weight.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention comprises ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron, but in addition to iron, metals of group VIII and IB group of elements in the periodic table (that is, Co, Ni, Ru) Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Cu, Ag and Au), rare earth metals, titania and zirconia can be additionally added as a promoter component.
- the loading method methods such as an ion exchange method, an impregnation loading method, an evaporation to dryness method, a precipitation loading method, a physical mixing method, and a skeleton substitution method can be employed.
- any soluble or insoluble material such as nitrate, sulfate, acetate, chloride, complex salt, oxide, complex oxide can be used.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention preferably has a NOx reduction rate of 45% or more at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C. after a hydrothermal durability treatment at 700 ° C. for 20 hours under a 10 vol% hydrogen atmosphere, and is 50% or more. It is more preferable. In reality, the upper limit is considered to be 65%.
- the NOx reduction rate at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C. is an index for judging low temperature activity and hydrothermal durability, which are important for the SCR catalyst. If the NOx reduction rate at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C. is 45% or more, NOx can be treated stably over a long period of time.
- the hydrothermal durability treatment in the present invention refers to treatment at a temperature of 700 ° C. for 20 hours and a gas flow rate / zeolite volume ratio of 100 times / minute in an air stream containing 10% by volume of water vapor.
- the SCR catalyst is generally evaluated by the performance of hydrothermal durability treatment, but there is no standardized hydrothermal durability treatment.
- the above hydrothermal durability test conditions are a category of conditions generally used as hydrothermal durability treatment conditions for the SCR catalyst, and are not particularly special conditions.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention can be used after being mixed with a binder such as silica, alumina and clay mineral.
- a binder such as silica, alumina and clay mineral.
- clay minerals used for molding include kaolin, attapulgite, montmorillonite, bentonite, allophane, and sepiolite.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention has high performance as an exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention exhibits high NOx decomposability particularly at low temperatures after hydrothermal treatment by enhancing the interaction between zeolite and iron by heat treatment, and is highly advanced by contacting with exhaust gas containing nitrogen oxides.
- the exhaust gas can be purified.
- nitrogen oxides purified by the present invention include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen trioxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, dinitrogen monoxide, and mixtures thereof. Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and dinitrogen monoxide are preferred.
- the nitrogen oxide concentration of the exhaust gas that can be treated by the present invention is not limited.
- the exhaust gas may contain components other than nitrogen oxides, and may contain, for example, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur oxides, and water.
- the method of the present invention can purify nitrogen oxides from a wide variety of exhaust gases such as diesel vehicles, gasoline vehicles, boilers, gas turbines and the like.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention purifies nitrogen oxides in the presence of a reducing agent.
- hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and the like contained in the exhaust gas can be used as the reducing agent, and an appropriate reducing agent may be added to the exhaust gas and coexist as necessary.
- the reducing agent added to the exhaust gas is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include ammonia, urea, organic amines, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the like, or any mixture thereof.
- ammonia, urea, organic amines, or any mixture thereof is preferably used.
- nitrogen oxides are converted into harmless nitrogen, and the exhaust gas can be treated.
- the method of adding these reducing agents is not particularly limited, and a method of directly adding the reducing component in a gaseous state, a method of spraying and vaporizing a liquid such as an aqueous solution, a method of spraying pyrolysis, and the like can be employed.
- the addition amount of these reducing agents can be arbitrarily set so that nitrogen oxides can be sufficiently purified.
- the space velocity when contacting the SCR catalyst and the exhaust gas is not particularly limited, but the preferred space velocity is 500 to 500,000 hr ⁇ 1 on a volume basis, more preferably 2000 to 300,000 hr -1 .
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention can be produced by calcining ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron at 700 to 850 ° C. in an atmosphere having a water vapor concentration of 5% by volume or less.
- a catalyst using a zeolite that is easily dealuminated (Al) such as ⁇ -type zeolite dry calcination at a high temperature such as 700 to 850 ° C. is performed in order to maintain the skeleton structure and the solid acid. It was not done.
- the decomposition treatment of the supported iron salt and the activation treatment for removing water in the zeolite are performed at 100 to 500 ° C. in order to retain the skeletal structure and the solid acid.
- dealumination treatment for suppressing too strong activity and firing in a special reducing atmosphere are usually performed while maintaining the skeleton structure in a steam atmosphere exceeding 10% by volume.
- the present invention has been found that high-temperature treatment in a low-steam air atmosphere, which has not been performed so far, is effective in improving the activity of the SCR catalyst after endurance treatment.
- ⁇ -type zeolite used in the present invention for example, those produced by the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-81348 (Patent Document 6) can be used.
- Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-81348
- the water vapor concentration during calcination is 5% by volume or less. It is preferable to carry out at 1 volume% or less in order to suppress the hydrolysis reaction by the water vapor
- the water vapor concentration exceeds 5% by volume, the performance is not improved due to the interaction between iron and ⁇ -type zeolite due to water vapor, but iron agglomeration is promoted, and the activity after hydrothermal treatment decreases.
- the calcination temperature in the production of the SCR catalyst of the present invention is 700 to 850 ° C. It is preferable to carry out at 750 to 800 ° C. If the temperature is lower than 700 ° C., the interaction between iron and ⁇ -type zeolite is not sufficiently promoted, and the catalytic activity of the present invention cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it exceeds 850 ° C., the crystal collapse of ⁇ -type zeolite proceeds remarkably. , The catalytic activity decreases.
- the calcining time in the method of the present invention is not particularly limited. However, if the calcining time is too short, the interaction between iron and ⁇ -type zeolite does not proceed sufficiently, and it is preferable to hold for 1 hour or longer.
- the ⁇ -type zeolite containing iron before firing in the production of the SCR catalyst of the present invention has an iron content of 1.5 to 3.5 weight in consideration of iron dispersibility and zeolite durability. %,
- the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio is preferably 25 to 45, and the average SEM particle size is preferably 0.2 to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the weight of the measurement object was measured immediately after the hydration treatment so that the amount of moisture adsorption did not change while left standing. (Hydrothermal durability treatment conditions)
- the SCR catalyst was processed under the following atmosphere.
- the reduction rate of nitrogen oxides when a gas having the following conditions was brought into contact at a predetermined temperature was defined as the NOx reduction rate.
- the SCR catalyst is generally evaluated by using a gas containing NOx gas that undergoes reductive decomposition and ammonia as a reducing agent in a ratio of 1: 1.
- the NOx reduction conditions used in the present invention fall within the category of general conditions for evaluating the NOx reduction performance of the SCR catalyst, and are not particularly special conditions.
- Nitrogen reduction conditions employed in the evaluation of the present invention Process gas composition NOx 200ppm NH 3 200ppm O 2 10% by volume H 2 O 3% by volume Remaining N 2 balance Process gas flow rate 1.5 liter / min Process gas / catalyst volume ratio 1000 / min (UV-visible absorption measurement) UV-visible absorption measurement was performed using a self-recording spectrophotometer (UV-3100, Shimadzu Corp.) equipped with an integrating sphere attachment device (ISR-3100 of Shimadzu Corp.) attached to the sample chamber.
- UV-visible absorption measurement was performed using a self-recording spectrophotometer (UV-3100, Shimadzu Corp.) equipped with an integrating sphere attachment device (ISR-3100 of Shimadzu Corp.) attached to the sample chamber.
- Example 2 (Catalyst 2) A catalyst 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 750 ° C. at a rate of temperature increase of 207 ° C./hour, and held at 750 ° C. for 1 hour for firing.
- Example 3 (Catalyst 3) A catalyst 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 800 ° C. at a rate of temperature rise of 194 ° C./hour, and held at 800 ° C. for 1 hour for firing.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of catalyst 3 is 0.30 °, the iron content is 3.2% by weight, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration is 16. It was 4% by weight.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 55% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the Fe content was 3.1% by weight.
- UV-visible absorption measurement was performed. The result is shown in FIG. From this figure, it became clear that the ratio of isolated iron ions was 80%.
- Example 4 (Catalyst 4) A catalyst 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 850 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 183 ° C./hour, and held at 850 ° C. for 1 hour for firing.
- Example 5 The dried iron-supported ⁇ -type zeolite described in Example 1 was molded into a disk-shaped pellet having a diameter of 2 cm using a compression molding machine.
- the pellets were pulverized in a mortar and then sized to 840 to 1410 ⁇ m using a sieve to obtain iron-supported ⁇ -type zeolite granules.
- 5 ml of the iron-supported ⁇ -type zeolite granules were weighed with a graduated cylinder and fixed with quartz wool at the center of a quartz reaction tube having a diameter of 8 mm, an inner diameter of 6 mm, and a length of 25 cm. While circulating air containing a water vapor concentration of 5% by volume at a rate of 300 ml / min, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 800 ° C.
- Example 6 (Catalyst 6) A catalyst 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that 2.27 g of ferric nitrate nonahydrate (manufactured by Kishida Chemical) was dissolved.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of catalyst 6 was 0.30 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 16.5 wt%.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 52% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the Fe content was 2.1% by weight.
- ultraviolet-visible absorption measurement was performed, the ratio of isolated iron ions was 76%, and the amount of isolated iron ions was 1.6% by weight.
- Comparative Example 1 Comparative Catalyst 1
- Comparative Catalyst 1 Comparative Catalyst 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 ° C. at a rate of temperature increase of 238 ° C./hour, and held at 500 ° C. for 1 hour for firing.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of Comparative Catalyst 1 was 0.24 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 18.6% by weight.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 39% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- Comparative Example 2 Comparative Catalyst 2 Comparative catalyst 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 600 ° C. at a rate of 230 ° C./hour, and the firing was carried out at 600 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the comparative catalyst 2 had a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of 0.24 °, and a 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 18.3% by weight.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 39% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- Comparative Example 3 Comparative Catalyst 3) Comparative catalyst 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised from room temperature to 900 ° C. at a temperature raising rate of 175 ° C./hour, and held at 900 ° C. for 1 hour for firing.
- Comparative Example 4 (Comparative Catalyst 4) A comparative catalyst 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that calcination was performed while circulating air containing a water vapor concentration of 10% by volume.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of Comparative Catalyst 4 was 0.26 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 16.0 wt%.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 39% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- a comparative catalyst 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of Comparative Catalyst 5 was 0.22 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 13.7 wt%.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal durability treatment in a 10% by volume steam atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 20 hours was 28% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the Fe content was 3.0% by weight.
- ultraviolet-visible absorption measurement was performed, the ratio of isolated iron ions was 53%, and the amount of isolated iron ions was 1.6% by weight.
- a comparative catalyst 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of Comparative Catalyst 6 was 0.40 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 26.4% by weight.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal endurance treatment in a 10 vol% steam atmosphere at 700 ° C for 20 hours was 27% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the Fe content was 3.0% by weight.
- ultraviolet-visible absorption measurement was performed, the ratio of isolated iron ions was 40%, and the amount of isolated iron ions was 1.2% by weight.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane of Comparative Catalyst 7 was 0.26 °, and the 900 ° C. heat loss after hydration treatment was 19.4% by weight.
- the NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal durability treatment in a 10% by volume steam atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 20 hours was 28% at a reaction temperature of 200 ° C.
- the SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio was 33, and the iron content was 1.9% by weight.
- Catalyst 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 obtained in Example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or Comparative Example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 respectively, or Comparative catalyst 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 catalyst firing temperature (° C.), X-ray diffraction half width (°), 900 ° C. heating loss (% by weight), and 200 ° C. NOx reduction rate after hydrothermal durability treatment ( %) Is shown in Table 1 below.
- the half width (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane is 0.28 to 0.34 in the range of the present invention by firing in the range of 700 to 850 ° C. of the present invention. Controlled to a range of °.
- the change of 900 degreeC heat loss after the hydration process by baking temperature is shown in FIG.
- the heating loss at 900 ° C. is controlled within the range of 15.0 to 18.0% by weight of the present invention by firing at the firing temperature range of 700 to 850 ° C.
- FIG. 4 shows the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment at the firing temperature.
- the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal endurance treatment is high by the baking in the baking temperature range of the present invention of 700 to 850 ° C.
- the ratio and weight% of the cluster and the ratio and weight% of the Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles are shown in Table 2 below.
- the catalyst has a larger proportion of isolated iron ions than the comparative catalyst, and as a result, as shown in Table 1, the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment is high.
- Table 3 shows the amount of ion-exchanged iron obtained in the catalyst 3 or the comparative catalyst 1 obtained in Example 3 or Comparative Example 1, respectively.
- the catalyst has a smaller amount of ion-exchanged iron than the comparative catalyst, and as is clear from Table 1, the NOx purification rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment is high.
- FIG. 6 shows the change in the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment according to the half width (FWHM) of the X-ray crystal diffraction (302) plane.
- the catalyst 1, 3 or 4 of the present invention included in the range of the half width of the present invention 0.28 to 0.34 ° is less water than the comparative catalyst 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7 outside the range. It is shown that the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after heat endurance treatment is high.
- FIG. 7 shows the change in the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment due to heating loss at 900 ° C.
- the catalyst 1, 3 or 4 of the present invention contained in the range of 15.0 to 18.0% by weight of the heating loss of 900 ° C. of the present invention is compared with the comparative catalyst 1, 3, 5, 6 or 7 outside the range.
- the NOx reduction rate at 200 ° C. after the hydrothermal durability treatment is high.
- the SCR catalyst of the present invention can be used to purify nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust gas in the presence of a reducing agent. Therefore, the industrial value of the present invention is remarkable.
- I Isolated iron ion ( ⁇ 300nm) II: Fe 2 O 3 cluster (300 to 400 nm) III: Fe 2 O 3 aggregated particles (from 400 nm)
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Abstract
Description
β型ゼオライトを用いたSCR触媒は、高温水蒸気雰囲気下での耐久処理(以下、水熱耐久処理という)後において、NOx還元性能が低下し、特に300℃以下の低温での活性の劣化が大きく、排ガス温度が低い条件下で使用することができなかった。このようなβ型ゼオライトを用いたSCR触媒の水熱耐久処理後における性能低下は、β型ゼオライトの耐熱水性が不十分であることが主な原因と考えられるが、特に低温活性が低下してしまう原因はこれまで十分に解明されていなかった。従来の文献で報告されているSCR触媒の性能、或いは市販のβ型ゼオライトを用いたSCR触媒の性能は、いずれも、水熱耐久処理後では200℃におけるNOx還元率が45%未満であった。
(1)X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)が0.28~0.34°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量が15.0~18.0重量%である鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトを含んでなるSCR触媒。
(2)好ましくは、触媒が含有する全鉄量に対する孤立鉄イオンの割合が60~90%であり、かつその孤立イオン鉄量が触媒重量に対して1.0~3.0重量%であることを特徴とする上記(1)に記載のSCR触媒。
(3)好ましくは、触媒が含有するイオン交換鉄量が触媒重量に対して0~1.0重量%であることを特徴とする上記(1)に記載のSCR触媒。
(5)好ましくは、SiO2/Al2O3モル比が25~45であり、鉄を1.5~3.5重量%含むβ型ゼオライトの平均SEM粒子径が0.3~1.0μmであることを特徴とする上記(1)に記載のSCR触媒。
(6)好ましくは、700℃、20時間、水蒸気濃度10容量%の雰囲気下での水熱耐久処理後におけるNOx還元率が反応温度200℃で45%~65%であることを特徴とする上記(1)乃至(5)のいずれか一項に記載のSCR触媒。
(8)好ましくは、水蒸気濃度が1容量%以下であることを特徴とする上記(7)に記載のSCR触媒の製造方法。
(9)好ましくは、700~850℃での焼成における保持時間が1時間以上であることを特徴とする上記(7)又は(8)に記載のSCR触媒の製造方法。
(10)上記(1)乃至(6)のいずれか一項に記載のSCR触媒を用いたことを特徴とする窒素酸化物の還元除去方法。
本発明のSCR触媒は鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトから構成される。これにより、β型ゼオライトと鉄の相互作用が発現して、このSCR触媒は優れた触媒活性を呈する。ゼオライトと鉄の相互作用の詳細は明らかではないが、ゼオライトの構造欠陥(シラノールまたはヒドロキシルネストなどと呼ばれる)への鉄の配位、またはゼオライト表面のシラノールと酸化鉄、および水酸化鉄の縮合反応等により発現するためと考えられる。
半値幅(FWHM)は結晶の状態を表す指標であり、この値から結晶の規則性、すなわち構造欠陥の多寡を判断することができる。この値が大きいほど結晶の規則性は低く、結晶中に欠陥が多く生成していることを示しており、この欠陥部位と鉄との相互作用が強く発現し、水熱処理後での触媒活性が向上するものと考えられる。一方、半値幅(FWHM)が著しく大きい場合はゼオライト構造自体の崩壊が進み過ぎており、触媒活性は著しく低下すると考えられる。
本発明のSCR触媒は水和処理後の900℃加熱減量が15.0~18.0重量%であることを必須とし、15.5~17.5重量%であることが好ましい。
本発明で使用されるβ型ゼオライトのSiO2/Al2O3モル比は特に限定されるものではないが、触媒活性、骨格構造安定の面から20~50であることが好ましく、20~40であることがより好ましい。また、平均SEM粒子径も特に限定されないが、ゼオライトの熱安定性、及び金属の分散担持、製造の容易さから0.3~2.0μmであることが好ましい。また、鉄を高分散に担持させるために、半値幅は0.22~0.34°、900℃加熱減量は15~25重量%であることが望ましい。半値幅が0.22°未満では骨格が強すぎて鉄とゼオライトの相互作用が進まず、0.34°を超えると骨格が弱すぎるため鉄を担持する過程で構造が崩れ、高分散に鉄を担持することができない。900℃加熱減量が15重量%未満では疎水性が高すぎて鉄を高分散に担持することができない。例えば、水熱処理や酸処理で疎水性を促進させたゼオライトは適さない。900℃加熱減量が25重量%を超える酸点及び格子欠陥が多すぎるゼオライトも、鉄を担持する過程で構造が崩れるため高分散に担持することができない。例えば、Si/Al2O3モル比が20未満、平均SEM粒子径が0.3μm未満のようなゼオライトは適さない。
本発明の触媒に含有される鉄成分は孤立鉄イオン(I)、Fe2O3クラスター(II)、Fe2O3凝集粒子(III)で構成され、これらは、紫外可視吸光測定で測定することができる。孤立鉄イオン又はFe2O3クラスター、Fe2O3凝集粒子は紫外及び可視光の波長領域に吸収を示す。紫外可視吸光測定における、鉄の吸収波長領域はその存在状態によって異なり、~300nmの吸収は孤立鉄イオンに、300~400nmの吸収はFe2O3クラスターに、400nm~の吸収はFe2O3凝集粒子に帰属される。即ち、紫外可視吸収スペクトルにおけるピーク波長約210±10nm及び約270±10nmのガウス曲線よりなる分解波形B及びCは孤立鉄イオンに基づく吸収に帰属される。
本発明のSCR触媒は、鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトを含んでなるものであるが、鉄以外に周期律表のVIII族、IB族の元素群の金属(つまり、Co、Ni、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Cu、Ag及びAu)、希土類金属、チタニア、ジルコニアを助触媒成分として付加的に加えることもできる。
本発明のSCR触媒は、700℃、20時間、10容量%水素雰囲気下の水熱耐久処理後に、反応温度200℃でのNOx還元率が45%以上であることが好ましく、50%以上であることがより好ましい。現実的には65%が上限であると考えられる。
本発明でいう水熱耐久処理とは、水蒸気を10容量%含む空気流通下において温度700℃、20時間、ガス流量/ゼオライト容量比100倍/分で処理することをいう。従来からSCR触媒は水熱耐久処理の性能で評価されることが一般的であるが、その水熱耐久処理としては、特に規格化されたものはない。上記の水熱耐久試験条件はSCR触媒の水熱耐久処理条件として一般的に用いられる条件の範疇であり、特に特殊な条件ではない。
本発明のSCR触媒は、シリカ、アルミナ及び粘土鉱物等のバインダーと混合し成形して使用することもできる。成形する際に用いられる粘土鉱物として、カオリン、アタパルジャイト、モンモリロナイト、ベントナイト、アロフェン、セピオライトが例示できる。
本発明のSCR触媒はゼオライトと鉄の相互作用を熱処理により高めることで、水熱処理後に特に低温で高いNOx分解性を発揮するものであり、窒素酸化物を含む排ガスと接触させることにより、高度に排ガス浄化することができる。
本発明で浄化される窒素酸化物は、例えば一酸化窒素、二酸化窒素、三酸化二窒素、四酸化二窒素、一酸化二窒素、及びそれらの混合物が例示される。好ましくは一酸化窒素、二酸化窒素、一酸化二窒素である。ここで本発明が処理可能な排ガスの窒素酸化物濃度は限定されるものではない。
本発明のSCR触媒は還元剤の存在下で窒素酸化物を浄化するものである。
これらの還元剤の添加方法は特に限定されず、還元成分をガス状で直接添加する方法、水溶液などの液状を噴霧し気化させる方法、噴霧熱分解させる方法等を採用することができる。これらの還元剤の添加量は、十分に窒素酸化物が浄化できるように任意に設定することができる。
次に、本発明のSCR触媒の製造方法について説明する。
本発明のSCR触媒は、鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトを水蒸気濃度5容量%以下の雰囲気下において700~850℃で焼成を行うことにより製造することができる。
本発明の方法では、鉄を含有させた後に焼結を行なう必要があり、先にβ型ゼオライトの高温焼成を行なうと本発明における鉄とβ型ゼオライトの相互作用が発揮されず、活性が低下する。
また、耐熱性の高いゼオライト構造としてZSM-5やフェリエライト等が知られているが、骨格構造の耐久性は高いが、鉄の高分散担持が困難であり、且つ鉄とゼオライトの相互作用が進みにくいため、本発明のSCR触媒には適さない。
本発明の方法における焼成時間は特に限定されるものではないが、焼成時間が短すぎると鉄とβ型ゼオライトの相互作用が十分に進行しないため、1時間以上保持することが好ましい。
通常用いられるCu-Kα線源を用いる粉末X線結晶回折により、2θ=22.6°付近に現れるメインピークを使用して半値幅(FWHM)を求めた。
(水和処理)
塩化アンモニウムの飽和水溶液を下部に充填したデシケーター内に処理物を置き、真空ポンプにて内部を15Torr以下まで減圧した後、減圧を止め、内部を閉鎖したまま、12時間以上静置することにより水和処理を行った。
(水和処理後の900℃加熱減量の測定)
水和処理を行なった測定物をるつぼに入れ重量を測定した後、マッフル炉にて乾燥空気流通下で室温から900℃まで3時間かけて昇温し、900℃で5時間保持した後、シリカゲルを充填したデシケーター内で室温まで十分冷却を行い、その重量を測定することにより900℃加熱減量を求めた。
(水熱耐久処理条件)
SCR触媒を以下の雰囲気下で処理した。
時間 :20時間
ガス中水分濃度 :10容量%
ガス流量/ゼオライト容量比 :100倍/分
(NOx還元率の測定)
以下の条件のガスを所定の温度で接触させた場合の窒素酸化物の還元率をNOx還元率とした。SCR触媒は一般的に還元分解するNOxガスと還元剤のアンモニアを1:1で含有するガスを用いて評価することが一般的である。本発明で用いたNOx還元条件は、通常SCR触媒のNOx還元性を評価する一般的な条件の範疇に入るものであり、特に特殊な条件ではない。
処理ガス組成 NOx 200ppm
NH3 200ppm
O2 10容量%
H2O 3容量%
残り N2バランス
処理ガス流量 1.5リットル/分
処理ガス/触媒容量比 1000/分
(紫外可視吸光測定)
積分球付属装置((株)島津製作所のISR-3100)を試料室に取り付けた自記分光光高度計((株)島津製作所のUV-3100)を用いて紫外可視吸光測定を行なった。
スリット幅 :5.0nm
ベースライン補正 :硫酸バリウム粉末
測定波長範囲 :220~700nm
(イオン交換鉄量)
イオン交換鉄量は、触媒のナトリウム交換重量(容量)をイオン交換、ろ過、洗浄、乾燥した後、ICPの組成分析により求め、計算式によりイオン交換鉄容量に換算した。
イオン交換溶液:純水99g+酢酸ナトリウム1.5g
交換時間:1時間
交換温度:30℃
換算式
(イオン交換鉄量)={(Na交換重量)/(Na原子量)}×{(鉄原子量)/3}
(平均SEM粒子径)
平均SEM粒子径は一般的なSEM観測で求めることができる。本願でのSEM粒子径はレーザー回折散乱式粒子径・粒度分布測定装置や、遠心沈降式粒子径粒度分布測定装置で測定される凝集粒子径ではなく、それを構成する一次粒子径のことをさす。倍率15000倍でSEM観測を行い、視野内の粒子100個を無作為に選び、その粒子径をそれぞれ測定し、その個数平均径を算出し、平均SEM粒子径とした。
測定個数:100個
算出方法:個数平均径
実施例1(触媒1)
純水4.61gに硝酸第二鉄九水和物(キシダ化学製)3.48gを溶解させ、硝酸第二鉄水溶液を作製した。乳鉢を用いてβ型ゼオライト〔SiO2/Al2O3モル比=29、平均SEM粒子径=0.40μm、X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)=0.24°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量=19.6重量%〕15g(乾燥重量)と該硝酸鉄水溶液を10分間均一となるよう良く混合した後、熱風式棚段乾燥機を用いて110℃で24時間乾燥し、鉄担持β型ゼオライト乾燥物を得た。該乾燥物8g(有姿重量)を磁性皿にいれ電気式マッフル炉にて焼成を行なった。乾燥空気(水蒸気濃度0.05容量%)を2.0L/分で吹き込みながら225℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から700℃まで昇温し、700℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった。室温まで冷却した後に該鉄担持β型ゼオライトを取り出し、触媒1を得た。
又、700℃、20時間、10容量%水蒸気雰囲気下の水熱耐久処理後におけるNOx還元率は反応温度200℃で46%であった。
実施例2(触媒2)
207℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から750℃まで昇温し、750℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして触媒2を得た。
実施例3(触媒3)
194℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から800℃まで昇温し、800℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして触媒3を得た。
組成をICP分析した結果、Fe含有量は3.1重量%であった。紫外可視吸光測定を行なった。その結果を図1に示す。この図から、孤立鉄イオンの割合は80%であることが明らかとなった。
実施例4(触媒4)
183℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から850℃まで昇温し、850℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして触媒4を得た。
実施例5(触媒5)
実施例1記載の鉄担持β型ゼオライト乾燥物を圧縮成型器にて直径2cmの円盤状のペレットに成型した。乳鉢にて該ペレットを粉砕した後、ふるいを用いて840~1410μmに整粒し、鉄担持β型ゼオライト顆粒を得た。該鉄担持β型ゼオライト顆粒5mlをメスシリンダーにて秤り取り、直径8mm、内径6mm、長さ25cmの石英反応管中央部に石英ウールを用いて固定した。水蒸気濃度5容量%を含む空気を300ml/分で流通させながら、管状電気炉にて194℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から800℃まで昇温し、800℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった。室温まで冷やした後に該鉄担持β型ゼオライトを取り出し、触媒5を得た。
実施例6(触媒6)
硝酸第二鉄九水和物(キシダ化学製)2.27gを溶解させた以外は実施例3と同様にして触媒6を得た。
238℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から500℃まで昇温し、500℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして比較触媒1を得た。
比較触媒1のX線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)は0.24°であり、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量が18.6重量%であった。700℃、20時間、10容量%水蒸気雰囲気下の水熱耐久処理後におけるNOx還元率は反応温度200℃で39%であった。
比較例2(比較触媒2)
230℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から600℃まで昇温し、600℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして比較触媒2を得た。
比較例3(比較触媒3)
175℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から900℃まで昇温し、900℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして比較触媒3を得た。
比較例4(比較触媒4)
水蒸気濃度10容量%を含む空気を流通させながら焼成を行なった以外は実施例5と同様にして比較触媒4を得た。
比較例5(比較触媒5)
β型ゼオライトとして東ソー製HSZ-940HOA〔SiO2/Al2O3モル比=40、平均SEM粒子径=0.60μm、X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)=0.22°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量=13.6重量%〕を用いたことと、238℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から500℃まで昇温し、500℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして比較触媒5を得た。
組成をICP分析した結果、Fe含有量は3.0重量%であった。紫外可視吸光測定を行なったところ、孤立鉄イオンの割合は53%であり、孤立鉄イオン量は1.6重量%であった。
β型ゼオライトとして東ソー製HSZ-930HOA〔SiO2/Al2O3モル比=27、平均SEM粒子径=0.20μm、X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)=0.34°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量=26.3重量%〕を用いたことと、238℃/時間の昇温速度で室温から500℃まで昇温し、500℃で1時間保持し焼成を行なった以外は実施例1と同様にして比較触媒6を得た。
組成をICP分析した結果、Fe含有量は3.0重量%であった。紫外可視吸光測定を行なったところ、孤立鉄イオンの割合は40%であり、孤立鉄イオン量は1.2重量%であった。
β型ゼオライト〔SiO2/Al2O3モル比=29、平均SEM粒子径=0.40μm、X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)=0.24°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量=19.6重量%〕21.2g(乾燥重量)と酢酸ナトリウム30.0gを純水179gに溶解した溶液に添加し、液温30℃で1時間のイオン交換処理を行なった。その後、ろ過、洗浄を行なった後、110℃で一晩乾燥し、Na交換β型ゼオライトを得た。
その鉄交換β型ゼオライト21.2gを650℃、2時間、10容量%水蒸気雰囲気下の水熱処理を実施した後、2.55gの硫酸鉄7水和物を純水100gに溶かし、硫酸にてpH2に調整した鉄溶液にてイオン交換を行なった。イオン交換は液温を30℃、硫酸によりpH2に調整しながら、1時間行なった。ろ過、洗浄を行なった後、110℃で一晩乾燥をし、比較触媒7を得た。
又、焼成温度による水和処理後の900℃加熱減量の変化を図3に示す。
この図から明らかな様に、700~850℃の本発明の焼成温度範囲による焼成により、900℃加熱減量が本発明の範囲15.0~18.0重量%の範囲に制御される。
この図から明らかな様に、700~850℃の本発明の焼成温度範囲による焼成により、水熱耐久処理後200℃でのNOx還元率が高い。
実施例3、実施例6、比較例5又は比較例6でそれぞれ得られた、触媒3、触媒6、比較触媒5又は比較触媒6での、孤立鉄イオンの割合及び重量%、Fe2O3クラスターの割合及び重量%、及び、Fe2O3凝集粒子の割合及び重量%を以下の表2に示す。
実施例3又は比較例1でそれぞれ得られた、触媒3又は比較触媒1での、イオン交換鉄量を以下の表3に示す。
本発明の半値幅の範囲0.28~0.34°に含まれる本発明の触媒1、3又は4は、その範囲外の比較触媒1、3、5、6又は7と比較して、水熱耐久処理後200℃でのNOx還元率が高い事が示されている。
本発明の900℃加熱減量の範囲15.0~18.0重量%に含まれる本発明の触媒1、3又は4は、その範囲外の比較触媒1、3、5、6又は7と比較して、水熱耐久処理後200℃でのNOx還元率が高い事が示されている。
本出願は、2009年08月27日出願の日本国特許出願(特願2009-196640)に基づくものであり、その内容はここに参照として取り込まれる。
II:Fe2O3クラスター(300~400nm)
III:Fe2O3凝集粒子(400nm~)
A:全吸収積分強度
B、C:孤立鉄イオンピーク
D、E:Fe2O3クラスターピーク
F、G:Fe2O3凝集粒子ピーク
●1、●2、●3、●4:触媒
□1、□2、□3、□5、□6、□7:比較触媒
Claims (10)
- X線結晶回折(302)面の半値幅(FWHM)が0.28~0.34°、水和処理後の900℃加熱減量が15.0~18.0重量%である鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトを含んでなるSCR触媒。
- 触媒が含有する全鉄量に対する孤立鉄イオンの割合が60~90%であり、かつその孤立イオン鉄量が触媒重量に対して1.0~3.0重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のSCR触媒。
- 触媒が含有するイオン交換鉄量が触媒重量に対して0~1.0重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のSCR触媒。
- SiO2/Al2O3モル比が20~50であり、鉄を1~10重量%含むβ型ゼオライトの平均SEM粒子径が0.3~2.0μmであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のSCR触媒。
- SiO2/Al2O3モル比が25~45であり、鉄を1.5~3.5重量%含むβ型ゼオライトの平均SEM粒子径が0.3~1.0μmであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のSCR触媒。
- 700℃、20時間、水蒸気濃度10容量%の雰囲気下での水熱耐久処理後におけるNOx還元率が反応温度200℃で45%~65%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のSCR触媒。
- 鉄を含有してなるβ型ゼオライトを水蒸気濃度5容量%以下の雰囲気下、700~850℃で焼成を行うことを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか一項に記載のSCR触媒の製造方法。
- 水蒸気濃度が1容量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のSCR触媒の製造方法。
- 700~850℃での焼成における保持時間が1時間以上であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のSCR触媒の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一項に記載のSCR触媒を用いたことを特徴とする窒素酸化物の還元除去方法。
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- 2010-08-25 WO PCT/JP2010/064356 patent/WO2011024847A1/ja not_active Ceased
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102513145A (zh) * | 2011-11-14 | 2012-06-27 | 天津大学 | 用于丙烯腈氧化尾气NOx净化的Fe分子筛催化剂和制备方法 |
| WO2019117183A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-06-20 | 東ソー株式会社 | β型ゼオライト及びその製造方法 |
| JP2019104677A (ja) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-06-27 | 東ソー株式会社 | β型ゼオライト及びその製造方法 |
| JP7192463B2 (ja) | 2017-12-14 | 2022-12-20 | 東ソー株式会社 | β型ゼオライト及びその製造方法 |
| JP7435709B2 (ja) | 2017-12-14 | 2024-02-21 | 東ソー株式会社 | β型ゼオライト及びその製造方法 |
| WO2024237142A1 (ja) * | 2023-05-12 | 2024-11-21 | 東ソー株式会社 | 鉄含有fer型ゼオライト及びその製造方法 |
| CN117839753A (zh) * | 2024-03-07 | 2024-04-09 | 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所 | 一种脱硝催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN117839753B (zh) * | 2024-03-07 | 2024-05-07 | 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所 | 一种脱硝催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5625622B2 (ja) | 2014-11-19 |
| CN102548658A (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
| KR20120046722A (ko) | 2012-05-10 |
| CN102548658B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
| KR101631732B1 (ko) | 2016-06-17 |
| US9138685B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 |
| JP2011067814A (ja) | 2011-04-07 |
| EP2471597B1 (en) | 2020-09-23 |
| EP2471597A1 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
| US20120141370A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
| EP2471597A4 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
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