WO2010116603A1 - アルキルベンゼン類の製造方法及びそれに用いる触媒 - Google Patents
アルキルベンゼン類の製造方法及びそれに用いる触媒 Download PDFInfo
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- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
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- B01J29/78—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
- C10G47/02—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G47/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used with catalysts deposited on a carrier
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- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
- C10G47/02—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G47/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used with catalysts deposited on a carrier
- C10G47/12—Inorganic carriers
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- C10G47/20—Crystalline alumino-silicate carriers the catalyst containing other metals or compounds thereof
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- B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
- B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
- B01J2229/20—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements in the catalyst composition comprising the molecular sieve, but not specially in or on the molecular sieve itself
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- B01J2229/42—Addition of matrix or binder particles
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- B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
- B01J2235/10—Infrared [IR]
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- B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
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- B01J2235/30—Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy
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- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1096—Aromatics or polyaromatics
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- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/30—Aromatics
Definitions
- the present invention efficiently produces high-value-added alkylbenzenes by carrying out an appropriate hydrocracking reaction without excessive hydrogenation and hydrogenation to proceed with the minimum necessary naphthene ring opening reaction. And a catalyst used therefor.
- Alkylbenzenes represented by benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) have been conventionally produced by a catalytic reforming method in petroleum refining.
- the catalytic reforming reaction is basically a reaction in which the carbon number does not change, but on the other hand, studies to convert heavy oils with a large number of carbons into light oils such as gasoline fractions have been advanced for a long time. Yes.
- Solid acids are known as catalysts for so-called decomposition reactions that reduce the number of carbon atoms.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 For example, a method of upgrading light cycle oil (LCO) using a catalyst composed of molybdenum and zeolite beta or a group VIII or VI metal and an ultrastable Y-type zeolite as a solid acid is known (Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the target product is gasoline, and it is not a method for selectively producing BTX or the like.
- the amount of alkylbenzenes produced is at a sufficient level. There wasn't.
- Patent Documents 3, 4, and 5 do not disclose a method for efficiently producing alkylbenzenes from 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbons having one benzene ring and naphthene ring.
- the inventor of the present invention selectively produces monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by hydrocracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of a zeolite catalyst (Patent Document 7), and further, heavy carbonization.
- a method for producing alkylbenzenes by hydrocracking a refined oil obtained by purifying hydrogen in the presence of a zeolite catalyst has been proposed (Patent Document 8).
- the former method is a method for producing alkylbenzenes from an aromatic hydrocarbon having two or more rings such as a naphthalene ring, and the hydrocracking catalyst used in the latter is high in the maximum acid strength of Blensted acid.
- the production amount of alkylbenzenes is small, and it has been demanded to further increase the production amount.
- the present invention suppresses excessive decomposition and excessive nuclear hydrogenation, and reduces activity associated with carbon deposition on a catalyst by a decomposition reaction from a 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbon having one benzene ring and naphthene ring. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing alkylbenzenes having high added value with high yield and high conversion efficiency while suppressing and a catalyst used therefor.
- a solid acid having an appropriate acid strength range as compared with a solid acid having too strong acid properties (for example, ZSM-5 and Y-type zeolite).
- a hydrocracking catalyst containing for example, ⁇ zeolite
- the desired ring-opening product can be selectively obtained, and the solid acid outer surface acid sites per unit weight of the zeolite particle size Since it is possible to adjust the strength of acid sites by selecting an appropriate zeolite, it was found that 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbons can be converted to alkylbenzenes at a high conversion rate by using a small particle size.
- the present invention has been conceived.
- the present invention is as follows.
- a raw material hydrocarbon oil containing less than 20% by volume of alkylbenzenes and less than 30% by volume of bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 25% by volume or more of 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbons A method for producing an alkylbenzene comprising contacting a hydrocracking catalyst containing a solid acid having a maximum acid strength of 110 kJ / mol or more and less than 140 kJ / mol.
- Hydrocracking catalyst used for the production of alkylbenzenes according to any one of (1) to (4) above, wherein the Bronsted acid contains a solid acid having a maximum acid strength of 110 kJ / mol or more and less than 140 kJ / mol .
- the hydrocracking catalyst according to the above (5) which contains ⁇ zeolite particles having an average particle diameter of less than 0.7 ⁇ m, and the average crystallite diameter of the zeolite is 50 nm or less.
- alkylbenzenes such as BTX from a 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbon having one benzene ring and a naphthene ring
- a solid acid having an appropriate acid property preferably having a small particle size.
- alkylbenzenes mean those in which hydrogen of benzene is substituted with 0 to 6 saturated hydrocarbon groups, and those substituted with saturated hydrocarbon groups are scientifically called alkylbenzenes.
- these alkylbenzenes, including unsubstituted benzene, are referred to as alkylbenzenes.
- the substituted saturated hydrocarbon group is mostly a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- a 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbon is saturated with one aromatic ring such as tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), indane (2,3-dihydroindene), and cyclohexylbenzene.
- a compound having one naphthene ring in one molecule including those obtained by substituting hydrogen of the aromatic ring and naphthene ring with a hydrocarbon group, and tetralin and alkyltetralin are collectively referred to as tetralins, indans and alkylindans.
- tetralins indans and alkylindans.
- indans are generally referred to as indans
- cyclohexylbenzene and alkylcyclohexylbenzene are sometimes collectively referred to as cyclohexylbenzenes.
- the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon having two or more aromatic rings (one having a plurality of condensed rings and single rings bonded), and a hydrocarbon having two aromatic rings is called a two-ring aromatic hydrocarbon. .
- the method for producing alkylbenzenes of the present invention is divided into raw hydrocarbon oil, pretreatment process, hydrocracking reaction, hydrocracking catalyst, hydrocracking catalyst manufacturing method, and hydrocracking product oil separation method. Will be described in turn.
- the proportion of alkylbenzenes is less than 20% by volume, preferably less than 15% by volume, particularly preferably less than 10% by volume, and the bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is less than 30% by volume, preferably It is less than 25% by volume, particularly preferably less than 20% by volume, and 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbon is 25% by volume or more, preferably 30% by volume or more, particularly preferably 40% by volume or more.
- the proportion of alkylbenzenes is 20% by volume or more, bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are 30% by volume or more, and 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbons are less than 25% by volume, alkylbenzenes can be obtained in high yield. It is not preferable.
- the raw material hydrocarbon oil of the present invention a distillate obtained by atmospheric distillation of crude oil, a vacuum gas oil obtained by vacuum distillation of atmospheric residue, a process for lightening various heavy oils Distillates obtained from (catalytic cracking device, thermal cracking device, etc.), for example, catalytic cracking oil (particularly LCO) obtained from catalytic cracking device, pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal cracking device (coker, visbreaking, etc.) , Heavy residues of ethylene crackers obtained from ethylene crackers, contact reformed oils obtained from catalytic reformers, and aromatic rich contact reformed oils obtained by extraction, distillation or membrane separation of contact reformed oils, A fraction obtained from an aromatic extraction device for producing a lubricating base oil, an aromatic rich fraction obtained from a solvent dewaxing device, or a fraction obtained by hydrorefining these, etc., satisfying the above composition ratio.
- catalytic cracking oil particularly LCO
- pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal cracking device (coker, visbreaking,
- aromatic rich refers to a material having 10 or more carbon atoms and a content of aromatic compound exceeding 50% by volume obtained from a catalytic reformer.
- desulfurization method or hydroconversion method to purify atmospheric distillation residue, vacuum distillation residue, dewaxed oil, oil sand, oil shale, coal, biomass, etc. for example, heavy oil decomposition such as H-Oil process, OCR process, etc.
- a distillate generated from a process or a cracking process of heavy oil with a supercritical fluid can be suitably used as long as it satisfies the above composition ratio.
- purifier suitably can also be used as raw material hydrocarbon oil of this invention.
- these raw material hydrocarbon oils may be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the proportion of alkylbenzenes is less than 20% by volume, and bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are less than 30% by volume, 1. Anything can be used without any problem as long as it is adjusted to contain 25% by volume or more of a pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
- catalytic cracking oil pyrolysis oil, vacuum gas oil, ethylene cracker heavy residue, catalytic reforming oil, supercritical fluid cracking oil, or hydrorefined oils of these are preferable, especially contact What hydrocracked the cracked light oil (LCO) is preferable.
- LCO cracked light oil
- the raw material hydrocarbon oil of the present invention in addition to the above-mentioned raw material properties, when bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are contained in an amount of 30% by volume or more, hydrotreating is performed in advance, and the bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are partially Those obtained by nuclear hydrogenation and converted to 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbons can also be used.
- the hydrogenation treatment in this case is not particularly limited, but for example, the method described in the pretreatment step described later is preferable.
- the boiling points of 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbon tetralin and indane are 207 ° C. and 176 ° C., respectively, and the boiling point of 2-ring aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene is 218 ° C. Is preferably 10% by volume or less for a fraction below 175 ° C., more preferably 90% by volume or more, and more preferably 95% by volume or more.
- the 10% distillation temperature is preferably 100 to 175 ° C, more preferably 140 to 175 ° C, still more preferably 150 to 170 ° C, and the 90% distillation temperature is The temperature is preferably 230 to 600 ° C, more preferably 230 to 400 ° C, still more preferably 230 to 320 ° C, and particularly preferably 265 to 300 ° C.
- the nitrogen content which is a reaction inhibitor for hydrocracking reaction
- the sulfur content is 0.1 to 3 About weight percent is included.
- the main sulfur compounds are benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and sulfides, but there are many benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes in the boiling range of the raw material hydrocarbon oil used in the present invention.
- Dibenzothiophene is stable because it is electronically delocalized, and is not easily hydrocracked. Therefore, it is preferable that dibenzothiophene is not contained in the raw material hydrocarbon oil used in the present invention.
- Sulfur content and nitrogen content in the raw material hydrocarbon oil can be reduced by a pretreatment described later, and the sulfur content is preferably 500 ppm by weight or less, more preferably 100 ppm by weight or less, particularly preferably 50 ppm by weight or less,
- the nitrogen content is preferably reduced to 50 ppm by weight or less, more preferably 20 ppm by weight or less, and particularly preferably 10 ppm by weight or less.
- Pretreatment process In the present invention, various raw material hydrocarbon oils can be used as described above, but the contents of sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds contained therein are also various. Therefore, particularly when the concentration is too high, the function of the hydrocracking catalyst may not be fully exhibited. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce a sulfur content and a nitrogen content by applying a known method as a pretreatment step in advance before the hydrocracking step. Examples of the pretreatment step include hydrorefining, adsorption separation, sorption separation, and oxidation treatment, and hydrorefining is particularly preferable.
- the hydrocracking reaction raw material and the hydrorefining catalyst are heated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of 150 to 400 ° C., more preferably 200 to 380 ° C., and even more preferably 250 to 360 ° C. , Pressure 1 to 10 MPa, more preferably 2 to 8 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 0.1 to 10.0 h ⁇ 1 , more preferably 0.1 to 8.0 h ⁇ 1 , still more preferably 0.2 to 5 It is preferable to make contact at 0.0 h ⁇ 1 and a hydrogen / hydrocarbon ratio of 100 to 5000 NL / L, preferably 150 to 3000 NL / L.
- LHSV liquid hourly space velocity
- the sulfur content is preferably 500 ppm by weight or less, more preferably 100 ppm by weight or less, particularly preferably 50 ppm by weight or less, and the nitrogen content is preferably 50 ppm by weight or less, more preferably 20 ppm by weight or less. Preferably, it is reduced to 10 ppm by weight or less.
- the hydrogenation of the aromatic ring also proceeds partially.
- the reaction under reaction conditions that allow the polycyclic aromatic component to be hydrogenated to a single ring or 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbon. It is preferable to control the aromatic hydrocarbon amount so that 0.90 or more (volume ratio) before the reaction remains, more preferably 0.95 or more, and still more preferably 0.98 or more.
- At least 1 sort (s) of metal chosen from the 6th group and 8th group of a periodic table is added to a refractory oxide support
- a supported catalyst can be preferably used.
- a catalyst specifically, a support containing at least one selected from alumina, silica, boria, and zeolite, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, which are metals of Groups 6 and 8 of the periodic table.
- the hydrorefining catalyst may be used after being subjected to treatments such as drying, reduction, and sulfidation before the hydrogenation reaction, if necessary.
- the amount of the catalyst used in the pretreatment step is preferably in the range of 10 to 200% by volume with respect to the hydrocracking catalyst.
- the amount is less than 10% by volume, the removal of the sulfur content is insufficient.
- the amount exceeds 200% by volume, the apparatus becomes large and inefficient, which is not preferable.
- the pretreatment step and the hydrocracking step may be configured as catalyst layers for each packed in one reaction column, or may be configured from separate reaction columns.
- a hydrogen supply line may be provided between the catalyst layers, and a reaction product gas extraction line may be installed upstream thereof to extract the reaction product gas and supply fresh hydrogen gas to promote the reaction.
- a separate apparatus may be sufficient as a pre-processing process and a hydrocracking process, respectively.
- the hydrocracking method of the raw material hydrocarbon oil in the present invention is selected from raw material hydrocarbon oils which are brought into contact with a hydrocracking catalyst described in detail later in the presence of hydrogen and which are rich in 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbons.
- alkylbenzenes are produced. That is, the naphthene ring of the raw hydrocarbon oil is opened and converted to alkylbenzenes, and hydrocracked product oil containing various light hydrocarbon fractions is obtained.
- the increase in alkylbenzenes relative to the raw material hydrocarbon oil is preferably 15% by volume or more, more preferably 17% by volume or more, and still more preferably 19% by volume or more.
- the increase in the BTX yield relative to the raw material hydrocarbon oil is preferably 4% by weight or more, more preferably 5% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 6% by weight or more.
- the BTX yield is the total of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in the product oil.
- the total content of 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbons such as tetralins and indans is 30% by volume or less, preferably 28% by volume or less, particularly preferably 27% by volume or less, based on the total amount of the produced oil.
- the total content of two or more aromatic ring hydrocarbons is 1% by volume or less, preferably 0.5% by volume or less, particularly preferably 0.3% by volume or less, based on the total amount of product oil.
- the yield (reaction liquid yield) of the hydrocracked product oil is preferably 70% by volume or more, more preferably 75% by volume or more, and particularly preferably 80% by volume or more.
- the reaction liquid yield is the residual ratio (volume%) of the fraction having 5 or more carbon atoms after the reaction, when the feedstock oil is 100. In the decomposition reaction, a large amount of gas is produced as a by-product, and it is often less than 100% by volume. However, when selective decomposition without preferential nuclear hydrogenation and gas generation occurs preferentially, gas generation is suppressed. % May be exceeded.
- the conversion rate of 1.5-ring aromatic hydrocarbon is important. Is preferably 35% or more, more preferably 40% or more, and particularly preferably 50% or more. Furthermore, although the liquid yield is high, only hydrogenation, and the yield of alkylbenzenes does not increase unless progressing to a ring-opening reaction, so 1.5 or more (mainly 1.5 and 2 rings) aromatic carbonization It is preferable that the ratio of the increased amount (wt%) of alkylbenzenes to the hydrogen conversion (%) is 0.22 or more.
- the hydrocracking method of hydrocarbon oil in the present invention is a ratio (k (1RA) / k) of a production rate constant k (1RA) of alkylbenzenes and a reaction rate constant k (O) to a compound other than alkylbenzenes.
- (O)) is preferably 0.80 or more, more preferably 0.90 or more, and particularly preferably 1.00 or more.
- the ratio of the reaction rate constants is less than 0.80, it is more advantageous to produce a complete hydride such as decalins and cyclohexanes or a cracked gas such as butane and propane, rather than the desired alkylbenzenes. Since it becomes difficult to produce a ring-opening product, it is not preferable.
- k (1RA) is a production rate constant of alkylbenzenes when the reaction order is first order
- k (O) is a production rate constant other than alkylbenzenes from tetralin when the reaction order is first order. It is.
- the reaction method for hydrocracking the raw material hydrocarbon oil in the present invention is not particularly limited, and conventionally used reaction methods, that is, a fixed bed, a boiling bed, a fluidized bed, a moving bed, etc. are applied. it can.
- the fixed bed type is preferable because the apparatus configuration is not complicated and the operation is easy.
- the hydrocracking catalyst used in the present invention is preferably used after pretreatment such as drying, reduction, and sulfidation after filling the reactor. These treatments can be carried out inside or outside the reaction tower by a known method. Activation of the catalyst by sulfurization is generally performed by treating the hydrocracking catalyst at a temperature of 150 to 800 ° C., preferably 200 to 500 ° C., under a hydrogen / hydrogen sulfide mixed stream.
- the operating conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction pressure, hydrogen flow rate, liquid space velocity, etc. are the properties of the raw hydrocarbon oil, the quality of the product oil, the production volume, the refining equipment, the hydrocracking equipment, the post-treatment
- the operating conditions cannot be determined in general because they differ depending on the capacity of the capacity equipment, but the operating conditions can be determined relatively easily if the raw material hydrocarbon oil or hydrocracking equipment is determined.
- the above-mentioned raw hydrocarbon oil and the hydrocracking catalyst described later are reacted in the presence of hydrogen at a reaction temperature of preferably 200 to 450 ° C., more preferably 250 to 430 ° C., and even more preferably 280 to 400 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is preferably 2 to 10 MPa, more preferably 2 to 8 MPa
- the liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) is preferably 0.1 to 10.0 h ⁇ 1 , more preferably 0.1 to 8.0 h ⁇ 1
- the contact is preferably performed at 0.2 to 5.0 h ⁇ 1 and a hydrogen / hydrocarbon ratio of preferably 100 to 5000 NL / L, preferably 150 to 3000 NL / L.
- the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbon in the raw hydrocarbon oil for the hydrocracking reaction are decomposed and converted into desired alkylbenzenes.
- the decomposition activity may be insufficient or the catalyst may be rapidly deteriorated.
- the solid acid used in the present invention has a maximum acid strength of Bronsted acid of 110 kJ / mol or more and less than 140 kJ / mol, preferably 115 kJ / mol or more, more preferably 120 kJ / mol or more, Moreover, the thing of 135 kJ / mol or less is preferable.
- the maximum acid strength of Bronsted acid is less than 110 kJ / mol, a sufficient acid point is not imparted, so that the ring-opening reaction does not proceed easily.
- the maximum acid strength is 140 kJ / mol or more, only the ring-opening reaction occurs. It is not preferable because hydrocracking proceeds excessively, such as dealkylation reaction or nuclear hydrogenation reaction, and the liquid yield decreases. In either case, the yield of alkylbenzenes decreases.
- the maximum acid strength of Bronsted acid is determined as the heat of adsorption of ammonia, and the measurement method is N. Katada, T. Tsubaki, M. Niwa, Appl. Cat. A: Gen., 340, (2008) p.76.
- Naonobu Katada, Miki Niwa, Zeolite, Vol. 21, (2004), p. 45 ammonia adsorption-temperature desorption method (NH 3 -TPD method) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) Law). That is, the acid amount is obtained from the difference in absorption amount at each temperature due to the bending vibration (1430 cm ⁇ 1 ) of Bronsted acid.
- the maximum acid strength distribution is determined from the temperature dependence. In the obtained distribution, the strong acid side peak of Bronsted acid is read, and this is used as the maximum acid strength.
- the Bronsted acid point of the solid acid has an important role in the hydrocracking reaction of the raw material hydrocarbon oil in the present invention, particularly the ring-opening reaction. Bronsted acid points exist on the inside and outside surfaces of the solid acid pores. However, considering the accessibility of the target molecule and pore clogging due to carbonaceous precipitation, which is a factor that reduces the activity, The larger the surface area, the better. In order to obtain a large external surface area, a method of reducing the particle size of the solid acid is effective. It is preferable to use zeolite as the solid acid, and the average particle size is preferably less than 0.7 ⁇ m. More preferably, the zeolite is less than 0.6 ⁇ m, and still more preferably the zeolite is less than 0.5 ⁇ m. This average particle size is basically maintained until after the catalyst is prepared.
- the average particle size of the zeolite was measured with a scanning electron microscope (hereinafter referred to as “SEM”), and solid acid particles were photographed, and 20 or more were randomly selected from them. It is measured and the average is taken as the particle diameter of each zeolite particle, and is calculated from the average value of each particle diameter.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- ⁇ -type zeolite is suitable.
- Na type, H type, and NH 4 type are relatively easily available as ⁇ type zeolite.
- Na type is obtained by synthesis, and then converted to H type or NH 4 type by ion exchange.
- the zeolite includes transition metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, zinc, chromium, titanium, vanadium, zirconia, cadmium, tin, lead, lanthanum, cerium, ytterbium, europium, dysprosium, etc.
- a catalyst supporting one or more metals selected from the rare earths can be preferably used.
- the supporting method can be carried out by a usual method, and these metal ions may be introduced by immersing the support in a solution containing the metal salt to form a transition metal-containing zeolite or a rare earth-containing zeolite.
- the transition metal-containing zeolite or the rare earth-containing zeolite may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof.
- the hydrocracking catalyst of the present invention can be suitably used in the form of pellets (columnar or irregular columnar), granules, spheres, etc. together with a solid acid and a binder that binds the solid acid.
- the hydrocracking catalyst is preferably a solid acid having a small particle size dispersed well in a binder or the like. For this reason, the crystallite size of the solid acid is preferably small.
- the average crystallite size is preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 47 nm or less, and particularly preferably 45 nm or less.
- any crystal plane can be used as long as it is clear and overlaps with other crystal phases in calculating the crystallite diameter of the zeolite.
- the hydrocracking catalyst has a specific surface area of 100 to 800 m 2 / g, a central pore diameter of 3 to 15 nm, and a pore volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 2 to 60 nm of 0.1 to 1.0 mL / Those having physical properties of g are preferred.
- the specific surface area is determined by nitrogen adsorption based on ASTM standard D3663-78, more preferably 150 to 700 m 2 / g, still more preferably 200 to 600 m 2 / g. If the specific surface area is less than 100 m 2 / g, the active metal is not sufficiently dispersed and the activity is not improved. Conversely, if the specific surface area exceeds 800 m 2 / g, a sufficient pore volume cannot be maintained. This is not preferable because the diffusion of the product becomes insufficient and the progress of the reaction is rapidly inhibited.
- the center pore diameter of the hydrocracking catalyst is preferably from 3.5 to 12 nm, more preferably from 4.0 to 10 nm.
- the pore volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 2 to 60 nm is preferably 0.15 to 0.8 mL / g, more preferably 0.2 to 0.7 mL / g.
- the central pore diameter and the pore volume are not preferable if they are too large or too small because there is an appropriate range from the relationship between the size of molecules involved in the reaction and diffusion.
- the so-called mesopore pore characteristics that is, the pore diameter and the pore volume can be measured by a nitrogen gas adsorption method, and the relationship between the pore volume and the pore diameter can be calculated by the BJH method or the like.
- the median pore diameter is defined as V, where V is the cumulative pore volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 2 to 60 nm obtained under the condition of a relative pressure of 0.9667 in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.
- V is the cumulative pore volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 2 to 60 nm obtained under the condition of a relative pressure of 0.9667 in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.
- the cumulative pore volume curve obtained by accumulating the volume amount it means the pore diameter at which the cumulative pore volume is V / 2.
- the hydrocracking catalyst in the present invention is preferably a catalyst having macropores, mesopores, and micropores.
- the mesopore pore characteristics of the solid acid are maintained until the catalyst is formed, so the mesopore pore characteristics of the hydrocracking catalyst are basically the pore characteristics of the mesopore as the solid acid pore characteristics. It is preferable to control and adjust the kneading conditions (time, temperature, torque) and firing conditions (time, temperature, flow gas type and flow rate) so as to have characteristics.
- the pore characteristics of the macropores can be controlled by the space between the solid acid particles and the filling rate with the binder.
- the space between the solid acid particles can be controlled by the particle size of the solid acid particles, and the filling rate can be controlled by the amount of the binder.
- the pore characteristics of micropores largely depend on the pores inherent to the solid acid, but can also be controlled by dealumination such as steaming.
- the pore characteristics of mesopores and macropores can also be influenced by the properties of the binder and the kneading conditions described below.
- the solid acid is mixed with an inorganic oxide matrix (binder) to form a carrier.
- the side crushing strength of a cylindrical pellet having a diameter of 1.6 mm is preferably 3 kg or more, more preferably 4 kg or more.
- the molded carrier also has sufficient mechanical strength in order to produce the catalyst with good yield.
- the mechanical strength of the molded carrier in the present invention is preferably 3 kg or more and more preferably 4 kg or more as the side crushing strength of a cylindrical pellet having a diameter of 1.6 mm.
- the bulk density of the catalyst is preferably 0.4 to 2.0 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 g / cm 3 , and particularly preferably 0.6 to 1.2 g / cm 3 . .
- porous and amorphous ones such as alumina, silica-alumina, titania-alumina, zirconia-alumina, and boria-alumina can be suitably used.
- alumina, silica-alumina, and boria-alumina are preferred because of their strong ability to bind zeolite and high specific surface area.
- These inorganic oxides function as a substance that supports an active metal and also serve as a binder that binds the zeolite, thereby improving the strength of the catalyst.
- the specific surface area of this binder is desirably 30 m 2 / g or more.
- the binder which is one of the constituent components of the carrier is a powder made of aluminum hydroxide and / or hydrated oxide (hereinafter also simply referred to as alumina powder), in particular, an oxide having a boehmite structure such as pseudoboehmite.
- Aluminum monohydrate hereinafter also simply referred to as alumina
- the binder is also a powder of aluminum hydroxide and / or hydrated oxide containing boria (boron oxide), particularly aluminum oxide monohydrate having a boehmite structure such as pseudoboehmite containing boria. Since it can improve the chemical decomposition activity and selectivity, it can be preferably used.
- aluminum oxide monohydrate examples include commercially available alumina sources (for example, PURAL (registered trademark), CATAPAL (registered trademark), DISPERAL (registered trademark), DISPAL (registered trademark), and UOP commercially available from SASOL.
- commercially available VERSAL (registered trademark) or HIQ (registered trademark) commercially available from ALCOA, etc.) can be used.
- it can be prepared by a well-known method for partially dehydrating aluminum oxide trihydrate.
- the aluminum oxide monohydrate is in the form of a gel, the gel is dissolved with water or acidic water.
- the acidic aluminum source can be selected from aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, and the like, and the basic aluminum source can be selected from sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate, and the like.
- the blending ratio of the binder is preferably 5 to 70% by weight, more preferably 10 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the solid acid and the binder constituting the catalyst. If it is less than 5% by weight, the mechanical strength of the catalyst tends to be lowered, and if it exceeds 70% by weight, the hydrocracking activity and selectivity are relatively lowered.
- the weight of the solid acid with respect to the total amount of the hydrocracking catalyst is preferably 1 to 80% by weight, more preferably 10 to 70% by weight. If it is less than 1% by weight, the effect of improving the decomposition activity due to the use of the solid acid is hardly exhibited, and if it exceeds 80% by weight, the middle distillate selectivity is relatively lowered.
- the hydrocracking catalyst of the present invention preferably contains a metal selected from Group 6 and Group 8 of the periodic table as an active component.
- a metal selected from Group 6 and Group 8 of the periodic table as an active component.
- Group 6 and Group 8 metals molybdenum, tungsten, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, and platinum are particularly preferably used. These metals can be used alone or in combination of two or more. These metals are added so that the total amount of Group 6 and Group 8 metal elements in the hydrocracking catalyst is 0.05 to 35% by weight, particularly 0.1 to 30% by weight. It is preferable to do.
- molybdenum When molybdenum is used as the metal, the content thereof is preferably 5 to 20% by weight, particularly 7 to 15% by weight in the hydrocracking catalyst. When tungsten is used as the metal, its content is preferably 5 to 30% by weight, particularly 7 to 25% by weight in the hydrocracking catalyst. If the addition amount of molybdenum or tungsten is less than the above range, the hydrogenation function of the active metal necessary for the hydrocracking reaction is insufficient, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the amount is larger than the above range, the added active metal component tends to aggregate and is not preferable.
- the total content of cobalt or nickel is preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, particularly 1 to 7% by weight in the hydrocracking catalyst.
- the content is preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight. If it is less than 0.1% by weight, a sufficient hydrogenation function cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 5% by weight, the addition efficiency is poor and it is not economical, which is not preferable.
- the Group 6 metal component supported as the active component is an aqueous solution of a compound such as ammonium paramolybdate, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, phosphomolybdic acid, ammonium tungstate, tungstic acid, tungstic anhydride, or tungstophosphoric acid. It can be impregnated and added.
- Group 8 metal components include nickel and cobalt nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, bromides, acetates, carbonates, phosphates, aqueous solutions such as chloroplatinic acid, dichlorotetraammineplatinum, tetrachloro Hexammineplatinum, platinum chloride, platinum iodide, potassium chloroplatinate, palladium acetate, palladium chloride, palladium nitrate, palladium acetylacetonate, rhodium acetate, rhodium chloride, rhodium nitrate, ruthenium chloride, osmium chloride, iridium chloride, etc. May be used as an aqueous solution. Further, phosphorus, boron, potassium, and rare earth such as lanthanum, cerium, ytterbium, europium, dysprosium may be added as the third component.
- the hydrocracking catalyst of the present invention can be prepared by kneading and molding a solid acid and a binder, then drying and firing to prepare a support, and further impregnating and supporting a metal component, followed by drying and firing. it can.
- the production method of the hydrocracking catalyst of the present invention will be described in detail below, but is not limited to the following method, and other methods capable of producing a catalyst having predetermined pore characteristics and performance may be used. it can.
- a kneader generally used for catalyst preparation can be used.
- a method of adding raw materials, adding water and mixing with a stirring blade is preferably used, but there is no particular limitation on the order of adding raw materials and additives.
- Water is usually added at the time of kneading, but it is not particularly necessary to add water when the raw material is in the form of a slurry.
- an organic solvent such as ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or methyl isobutyl ketone may be added.
- the temperature and kneading time during kneading vary depending on the zeolite and binder used as raw materials, but are not particularly limited as long as a preferable pore structure is obtained.
- an acid such as nitric acid, a base such as ammonia, an organic compound such as citric acid and ethylene glycol, a water-soluble property such as cellulose ethers and polyvinyl alcohol.
- a high molecular compound, ceramic fiber, etc. may be added and kneaded.
- the molded product After kneading, it can be molded using a known molding method generally used for catalyst preparation.
- extrusion using a screw-type extruder that can be efficiently molded into any shape such as pellets (columnar, irregular columnar), granules, and spheres, and molding by an oil drop method that can be efficiently molded into spheres.
- the size of the molded product is not particularly limited. For example, in the case of a cylindrical pellet, a pellet having a diameter of about 0.5 to 20 mm and a length of about 0.5 to 15 mm can be easily obtained.
- the molded product obtained as described above is used as a carrier by drying and baking treatment. This baking treatment may be performed at a temperature of 300 to 900 ° C. for 0.1 to 20 hours in a gas atmosphere such as air or nitrogen.
- a conventional method can be used, and there is no particular limitation.
- More metal components can be supported by repeating the supporting process and the drying process.
- the carrier is impregnated with an aqueous solution containing a Group 6 metal component and then dried at room temperature to 150 ° C., preferably 100 to 130 ° C. for 0.5 hours or more, or without drying, the Group 8 is left as it is.
- an aqueous solution containing the above metal components After impregnating with an aqueous solution containing the above metal components and drying at room temperature to 150 ° C., preferably 100 to 130 ° C. for 0.5 hours or more, 350 to 800 ° C., preferably 450 to 600 ° C. for 0.5 hours or more.
- the catalyst can be prepared by calcination.
- the Group 6 and Group 8 metals supported on the catalyst of the present invention may be in any form such as metals, oxides, and sulfides.
- a post-treatment step for refining the hydrocracked product oil obtained as necessary can be installed.
- a post-processing process is not specifically limited, The catalyst kind, catalyst amount, and operation conditions similar to a pre-processing process can be set.
- the post-treatment process may be installed immediately after the hydrocracking process to treat the hydrocracked product oil, or may be installed after the subsequent separation process to treat each separated hydrocarbon fraction individually. May be.
- impurities in the product can be greatly reduced. For example, the sulfur content and the nitrogen content can be reduced to 0.1 ppm by weight or less.
- the obtained hydrocracked product oil may be appropriately separated into products such as LPG fraction, gasoline fraction, kerosene fraction, light oil fraction, non-aromatic naphtha fraction and alkylbenzenes through a separation step. It can. These products can be used as they are as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, light oil and petrochemical raw materials as long as they satisfy the standards for petroleum products, etc. Used as a substrate.
- the separation process is not particularly limited, and any known method such as precision distillation, adsorption separation, sorption separation, extraction separation, membrane separation or the like can be adopted according to the product properties. Moreover, what is necessary is just to set those operating conditions suitably.
- the distillation method is, for example, separation into an LPG fraction, a gasoline fraction, a kerosene fraction, and a light oil fraction. Specifically, a lighter portion near the boiling point of 0 to 30 ° C. is divided into an LPG fraction and a boiling point higher than that.
- the portion with a high boiling point around 150-215 ° C is the gasoline fraction
- the portion with a higher boiling point around 215-260 ° C is the kerosene fraction
- the portion with a higher boiling point around 260-370 ° C is the light oil fraction.
- a fraction heavier than that may be treated as an unreacted product in the hydrocracking reaction step again, or used as a base material such as A heavy oil.
- the resulting hydrocarbon products include LPG fractions with a boiling point of -10 to 30 ° C, gasoline fractions with a boiling point of 30 to 215 ° C, and kerosene oil fractions containing a large amount of alkylbenzenes remaining after separation of the above fractions. is there.
- the sulfur content was measured by the fluorescent X-ray method in the high concentration region and the microcoulometric titration method in the low concentration region according to the sulfur content test method of JIS K2541.
- the nitrogen content was measured by a chemiluminescence method according to the nitrogen content test method of JIS K2609.
- the temperature was raised to 500 ° C at a rate of ° C / min, and the IR spectrum was measured once at 10 ° C during the temperature rise. Subsequently, 133 kPa of ammonia was introduced at 100 ° C. and maintained for 30 minutes. After degassing for 30 minutes, He was circulated under the same conditions as before adsorption, the temperature was increased, and IR spectrum and MS spectrum were measured. After the measurement, a known amount of ammonia was sent to the mass spectrometer to correct the MS spectrum.
- the amount of Bronsted acid (1430 cm -1 ) and Lewis acid (1330 cm -1 ) is quantified by the bending vibration of ammonia, and the respective acid strength distributions are obtained from the temperature dependence of ammonia desorbed from both acid points. In the obtained distribution, the strong acid side peak of Bronsted acid was read out and taken as the maximum acid strength.
- XRD Ultra IV type manufactured by Rigaku Corporation
- tube voltage 30 kV tube current 20 kA
- scan speed 4 ° C./min step width 0.02 °
- Example 1 to 4 1,34 g of H- ⁇ type zeolite (HSZ-940HOA manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) having a SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of 39.6 and a specific surface area of 746 m 2 / g is 834 g of alumina powder (Ula alumina Versal 250). Then, 500 mL of 4.0 wt% dilute nitric acid solution and 100 g of ion exchange water are added and kneaded, extruded into a cylindrical shape (pellet), dried at 130 ° C. for 6 hours, and then at 600 ° C. for 2 hours. The carrier was fired.
- H- ⁇ type zeolite H- ⁇ type zeolite (HSZ-940HOA manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) having a SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of 39.6 and a specific surface area of 746 m 2 / g is 834 g of alumina powder (Ula a
- the dry weight of zeolite and alumina contained in the support (when dried at 130 ° C.) was set to be 70% by weight and 30% by weight, respectively.
- the maximum acid strength was 125 kJ / mol as the heat of ammonia adsorption.
- This support was spray impregnated with an aqueous ammonium molybdate solution and dried at 130 ° C. for 6 hours, and then spray-impregnated with an aqueous nickel nitrate solution and dried at 130 ° C. for 6 hours.
- catalyst A was obtained by calcination at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes under an air stream. Table 1 shows the composition of catalyst A (supported metal content) and typical physical properties.
- the specific surface area was 359 m 2 / g
- the pore volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 2 nm or more and less than 60 nm was 0.312 mL / g
- the center pore The diameter was 4.1 nm.
- Catalyst B was obtained in the same manner as Catalyst A except that 834 g, 500 mL of a 4.0 wt% dilute nitric acid solution and 50 g of ion-exchanged water were used. Properties of catalyst B are shown in Table 1. When this zeolite was measured with ammonia TPD, the highest acid strength of Bronsted acid was 145 kJ / mol as the heat of ammonia adsorption.
- Catalyst C was obtained in the same manner as Catalyst A except that 834 g, 500 mL of a 4.0 wt% dilute nitric acid solution and 100 g of ion-exchanged water were used.
- the properties of catalyst C are shown in Table 1. When this zeolite was measured by ammonia TPD, the maximum acid strength as ammonia adsorption heat was 150 kJ / mol.
- H-beta type zeolite (Notchemcat Lot-081106H) having a SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ratio of 31.3 (molar ratio) and a specific surface area of 706 m 2 / g was used.
- the average particle size of the zeolite was 0.3 ⁇ m from the result calculated from the SEM photograph.
- 1,202 g of the zeolite is mixed with 1,202 g of alumina powder (Ula alumina Versal 250), 500 mL of 4.0 wt% dilute nitric acid solution and 875 g of ion-exchanged water are added and kneaded, and cylindrical (pellet) And then dried at 130 ° C. for 6 hours and then calcined at 600 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a carrier.
- the dry weight of zeolite and alumina contained in the support (when dried at 130 ° C.) was set to 50% by weight and 50% by weight, respectively.
- This support was spray impregnated with an aqueous ammonium molybdate solution and dried at 130 ° C.
- catalyst D was obtained by calcination at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes under an air stream. Table 5 shows the composition of catalyst D (supported metal content) and typical physical properties.
- Example 9 to 11 Except for using an H- ⁇ type zeolite (Tosoh HSZ-940HOA) having a SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ratio of 39.6 (molar ratio), a specific surface area of 746 m 2 / g, and a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m, Catalyst E was obtained in the same manner as Catalyst D. Properties of catalyst E are shown in Table 5. As shown in Table 7, the hydrocracking of Examples 9 to 11 was performed under the same conditions as in Examples 6 to 8 except that Catalyst E was used instead of Catalyst D. Table 7 shows the properties of the resulting product oil.
- H- ⁇ type zeolite Tosoh HSZ-940HOA having a SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ratio of 39.6 (molar ratio), a specific surface area of 746 m 2 / g, and a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m
- the desired alkylbenzene is obtained from the 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbon by hydrocracking using a hydrocracking catalyst having an appropriate maximum acid strength as in Examples 5-11. It can be seen that the conversion to a kind is proceeding efficiently. However, in the case of a hydrocracking catalyst using zeolite with a large particle size (Examples 9 to 11), the yield of alkylbenzenes is slightly low even with a catalyst having the same maximum acid strength. On the other hand, when a hydrocracking catalyst using zeolite with a large particle size and an inappropriate maximum acid strength is used (Comparative Examples 9 to 12), the nuclear hydrogenation reaction proceeds and the target ring-opening reaction does not proceed.
- Example 12 to 14 A hydrocracking catalyst (specific surface area: 185 m 2 / g, pore diameter 2 to 2), which carries a commercially available Ni, Mo, P in the first column using a catalytic cracking gas oil fraction having the properties shown in Table 10 as the feedstock. Volume of pores in the range of 60 nm: 0.415 mL / g, median pore diameter: 7.9 nm, composition: Mo; 12.3% by weight, Ni; 3.5% by weight, P; 2.0% by weight , Al; 43.3% by weight) 25 ml, the second column was filled with 50 ml of the catalyst D used in Examples 5 to 8, and the reaction temperature shown in Table 11 was 7.0 MPa, LHSV 0.5 h.
- the properties of the hydrodesulfurized oil after the hydrodesulfurization reaction at the outlet of the first column were treated at a reaction temperature of 330 ° C. and 340 ° C., respectively, and the properties of the hydrocracked product oil at the outlet of the second column are shown in Table 10. Is shown in Table 11. As above, the conversion of 1.5 or more aromatic hydrocarbons is the value obtained by the following formula.
- aromatic hydrocarbon conversion (%) 100 ⁇ (1.5 ring or more aromatic hydrocarbon in the produced oil (volume%) / 1.5 ring or more aromatic hydrocarbon in the feedstock oil) (Volume%)) x 100
- catalytic cracking diesel oil also contains 2-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and 3-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, and apparently 1.5 ring aromatic hydrocarbons increase from these depending on the hydrodesulfurization treatment conditions. Sometimes. Therefore, the conversion rate of 1.5 or more ring aromatic hydrocarbons here is the apparent conversion rate of 1.5 or more ring aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Example 15 to 17 The hydrocracking reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Examples 12-14, except that catalyst E used in Examples 9-11 was used instead of catalyst D in Examples 12-14 above as the second column catalyst. went. Table 11 shows the properties of the resulting oil.
- hydrocracking catalyst using a solid acid having an appropriate maximum acid strength and particle size is also used for a feed oil obtained by hydrodesulfurizing a gas oil fraction to have a composition range of the present invention.
- the conversion to alkylbenzenes proceeds efficiently by hydrocracking.
- a hydrocracking catalyst using a solid acid having an appropriate maximum acid strength but a large particle size Examples 15 to 17
- the production amount of alkylbenzenes is slightly increased under the same reaction conditions. If the reaction conditions are harsh in order to increase the decomposition activity, the yield of alkylbenzenes will improve, but the excessive decomposition reaction will proceed and the generation of gas will increase and the reaction solution yield will decrease. Tend to.
- the present invention uses an excess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as a raw material hydrocarbon oil, and performs an appropriate hydrocracking reaction without excessive hydrogenation nuclear hydrogenation, whereby high-value-added alkylbenzenes, particularly BTX (Benzene, toluene, xylene) can be used in a method for efficiently producing, and the hydrocracked product oil thus obtained is subjected to an appropriate separation step to obtain an LPG fraction, a gasoline fraction, a kerosene fraction, a light oil fraction.
- Fractions, non-aromatic naphtha fractions and products such as alkylbenzenes (including BTX).
- these products can be used as they are as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, light oil and petrochemical raw materials as long as they satisfy the standards for petroleum products, etc. Can be used.
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Abstract
Description
また、特定の酸量を有する超安定Y型ゼオライト、非晶質クラッキング成分、及びVIII族、VI族金属を含む固体酸を用いて、潤滑油基油や中間蒸留物を製造する方法も知られている(特許文献3、4、5)が、1個のベンゼン環とナフテン環を有する1.5環芳香族炭化水素からアルキルベンゼン類を効率良く製造する方法は開示されていない。
(1)アルキルベンゼン類の割合が20容量%未満、2環芳香族炭化水素が30容量%未満、1.5環芳香族炭化水素を25容量%以上含有する原料炭化水素油を、ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度が110kJ/mol以上140kJ/mol未満の固体酸を含有する水素化分解触媒と接触させるアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
(2)固体酸が平均粒子径0.7μm未満のβゼオライト粒子である上記(1)に記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
(3)水素化分解触媒に含有されるβゼオライトの結晶子径の平均値が50nm以下である上記(2)に記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
(4)2環芳香族炭化水素が30容量%以上である原料炭化水素油を水素化処理して30容量%未満に低減した留分を原料炭化水素油として用いる上記(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
(6)平均粒子径が0.7μm未満のβゼオライト粒子を含有し、ゼオライトの結晶子径の平均値が50nm以下である上記(5)に記載の水素化分解用触媒。
本発明の原料炭化水素油は、アルキルベンゼン類の割合が20容量%未満、好ましくは15容量%未満、特に好ましくは10容量%未満であり、2環芳香族炭化水素は30容量%未満、好ましくは25容量%未満、特に好ましくは20容量%未満であり、さらに、1.5環芳香族炭化水素を25容量%以上、好ましくは30容量%以上、特に好ましくは40容量%以上のものである。
アルキルベンゼン類の割合が20容量%以上、2環芳香族炭化水素が30容量%以上、1.5環芳香族炭化水素が25容量%未満のものは、アルキルベンゼン類を高収率で得ることができず、好ましくない。
上記原料炭化水素油のなかでも、接触分解油、熱分解油、減圧軽油、エチレンクラッカー重質残渣、接触改質油、超臨界流体分解油、或いはこれらの水素化精製油が好ましく、特には接触分解軽油(LCO)を水素化精製したものが好ましい。
この場合の水素化処理は特段限定されるものではないが、例えば後述する前処理工程に記載した方法が好適である。
本発明においては、原料炭化水素油として、前記の通り様々なものを用いることができるが、それらに含まれる硫黄化合物や窒素化合物の含有量も様々である。したがって、特にその濃度が高すぎる場合、水素化分解触媒の機能を充分に発揮できないこともある。そこで、水素化分解工程の前に、あらかじめ前処理工程として周知の方法を適用して硫黄分や窒素分を低減しておくことが好ましい。前処理工程としては水素化精製、吸着分離、収着分離、酸化処理等が挙げられるが、特に水素化精製が好ましい。水素化精製で対処する場合、水素化分解反応用原料と水素化精製触媒とを、水素の存在下で、温度150~400℃、より好ましくは200~380℃、さらに好ましくは250~360℃で、圧力1~10MPa、より好ましくは2~8MPa、液空間速度(LHSV)0.1~10.0h-1、より好ましくは0.1~8.0h-1、さらに好ましくは0.2~5.0h-1、水素/炭化水素比100~5000NL/L、好ましくは150~3000NL/Lで接触させることが好ましい。
本発明における原料炭化水素油の水素化分解方法は、水素の存在下で、後で詳しく説明する水素化分解触媒と接触させ、1.5環芳香族炭化水素を多く含む原料炭化水素油から選択的にアルキルベンゼン類を生成する方法である。すなわち、原料炭化水素油のナフテン環を開環して、アルキルベンゼン類へ変換して、それと併せて各種の軽質な炭化水素留分を含む水素化分解生成油が得られる。
またさらに、液収率は高いが水素化のみで、開環反応まで進まなければアルキルベンゼン類の収量は増加しないので、1.5環以上(主には1.5環と2環)芳香族炭化水素の転化率(%)に対するアルキルベンゼン類の増加量(wt%)の比を0.22以上とすることが好ましい。
本発明で用いられる固体酸は、ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度が、110kJ/mol以上、140kJ/mol未満のもので、115kJ/mol以上のものが好ましく、120kJ/mol以上のものがより好ましく、また135kJ/mol以下のものが好ましい。ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度が110kJ/mol未満では、充分な酸点が付与されないため開環反応が進行しにくく、また、この最高酸強度が140kJ/mol以上であると、開環反応だけに留まらず脱アルキル化反応や核水添反応など、水素化分解が進み過ぎて、液収率が低下するため好ましくなく、いずれの場合もアルキルベンゼン類の収率が低下する。
この外表面積を多く得るためには、固体酸の粒子径を小さくする方法が効果的であり、固体酸としてゼオライトを用いることが好ましく、この平均粒子径としては、0.7μm未満のゼオライトが好ましく、より好ましくは0.6μm未満のゼオライト、さらに好ましくは0.5μm未満のゼオライトである。なお、この平均粒子径は基本的には触媒調製後まで維持される。
なお、ゼオライトの平均粒子径は、走査型電子顕微鏡(以下、「SEM」という)で、固体酸粒子を写真撮影し、その中から無作為に20個以上を選び、それぞれの長径と短径を測定し、その平均を各ゼオライト粒子の粒子径とし、この各粒子径の平均値から算出されるものである。
この水素化分解触媒は、粒子径の小さい固体酸が、バインダーなどに良く分散したものが望ましく、このため、この固体酸の結晶子径も小さいことが好ましい。固体酸として、ゼオライトを用いる場合は、その結晶子径の平均値として、50nm以下が好ましく、より好ましくは47nm以下、特に好ましくは45nm以下である。
この結晶子径も粒子径同様、基本的にはゼオライトの結晶子径が触媒調製後にも維持される。
比表面積は、ASTM規格D3663‐78に基づき窒素吸着によって求められるもので、より好ましくは150~700m2/g、さらに好ましくは200~600m2/gのものである。なお、比表面積が100m2/gよりも小さいものの場合は活性金属の分散が不十分で活性が向上せず、逆に800m2/gを超えるものの場合は十分な細孔容積を保持できないため反応生成物の拡散が不十分になり、反応の進行が急激に阻害されるので好ましくない。
また、細孔直径2~60nmの細孔の占める細孔容積は、好ましくは0.15~0.8mL/g、より好ましくは0.2~0.7mL/gのものである。中央細孔直径及び細孔容積は、反応に関与する分子の大きさと拡散との関係から適正範囲が存在するため、大きすぎても小さすぎても好ましくない。
また、中央細孔直径は、窒素ガス吸着法において相対圧0.9667の条件で得られる細孔直径2~60nmの細孔の占める細孔容積の累積をVとするとき、各細孔直径の容積量を累積させた累積細孔容積曲線において、累積細孔容積がV/2となる細孔直径をいう。
ミクロポアの細孔特性は、固体酸が本来有する細孔に依存するところが大きいが、スチーミングなどの脱アルミニウム処理により制御することもできる。
メソポアとマクロポアの細孔特性は、また、後述するバインダーの性状及び混練条件により影響され得る。固体酸は、無機酸化物マトリックス(バインダー)と混合して担体とする。
さらに、触媒のバルク密度は、0.4~2.0g/cm3が好ましく、より好ましくは0.5~1.5g/cm3、特に好ましくは0.6~1.2g/cm3である。
なお、水素化分解触媒全量に対する固体酸の重量は、好ましくは1~80重量%、より好ましくは10~70重量%である。1重量%未満では、固体酸を用いたことによる分解活性向上効果が発現し難く、80重量%を超えると相対的に中間留分選択性が低下する。
本発明の水素化分解触媒は、固体酸とバインダーを混練して成形した後、乾燥、焼成して担体を作成し、さらに金属成分を含浸担持した後、乾燥、焼成することによって調製することができる。本発明の水素化分解触媒の製造方法をより詳細に下記に説明するが、下記の方法に限定するものでなく、所定の細孔特性、性能を有する触媒を作製できる他の方法を用いることもできる。
上記のようにして得られた成形物は、乾燥、焼成処理をすることにより担体とされる。この焼成処理は、空気又は窒素などのガス雰囲気中において300~900℃の温度で0.1~20時間焼成すればよい。
本発明の触媒に担持された第6族及び第8族の金属は、金属、酸化物、硫化物などの何れの形態であってもよい。
本発明において、前処理工程と同様、必要に応じて得られた水素化分解生成油を精製する後処理工程を設置することも可能である。後処理工程は特に限定されるものではないが、前処理工程と同様の触媒種、触媒量及び操作条件を設定することができる。後処理工程は、水素化分解工程直後に設置して水素化分解生成油を処理しても良いし、そのあとの分離工程の後に設置して分離された各炭化水素留分を個々に処理しても良い。この後処理工程の設置により製品中の不純物を大幅に低減することができ、例えば硫黄分や窒素分を0.1重量ppm以下にすることも可能である。
なお、実施例及び比較例における原料油及び生成油性状の分析方法、触媒物性測定において使用した測定装置及び方法は次のとおりである。
密度はJIS K2249の振動式密度試験方法、蒸留性状はJIS K2254の常圧法蒸留試験方法によって測定した。
アルキルベンゼン類(ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン類)および1.5環芳香族炭化水素(テトラリン類など)の組成は、島津製作所製の炭化水素全成分分析装置を用いて測定し、JIS K2536に準じて測定した。
芳香族化合物のタイプ分析(環分析)の測定は、石油学会法JPI-5S-49-97に従って、高速液体クロマトグラフ装置を使用し、移動相にはノルマルヘキサン、検出器にはRI法を用いて測定した。
硫黄分の測定は、JIS K2541の硫黄分試験方法に従い、高濃度領域では蛍光X線法、及び低濃度領域では微量電量滴定法により行った。
窒素分の測定は、JIS K2609の窒素分試験方法に従い、化学発光法により行った。
試料約10mgの試料を直径10mmの円盤状に圧縮成形し、in-situ赤外セルにセットし、酸素40kPa(300Torr)の中で昇温し、500℃で1時間保ち、500℃のまま15分間真空脱気し、真空を保ったまま100℃まで降温した後に82μmol/s(標準状態の容積で120cm3/分)のHeを流通させて系内を3.33kPa(25Torr)に保ち、10℃/分の速度で500℃まで昇温し、昇温中にIRスペクトルを10℃に1回測定した。続いて100℃でアンモニア133kPaを導入し30分間保ち、30分間脱気後に吸着前と同じ条件でHeを流通させて昇温し、IRスペクトルおよびMSスペクトルを測定した。測定後に既知量のアンモニアを質量分析計に送り、MSスペクトルの補正を行なった。アンモニアの変角振動によりブレンステッド酸(1430cm-1)とルイス酸(1330cm-1)の酸量をそれぞれ定量し、両酸点から脱離するアンモニアの温度依存性からそれぞれの酸強度分布を求め、得られた分布のうちブレンステッド酸の強酸側ピークを読み取り、それを最高酸強度とした。
窒素ガス吸着法による細孔特性(比表面積、細孔直径2nm以上60nm未満の細孔の占める細孔容積、中央細孔直径)の測定にはMicromeritics社製ASAP2400型測定器を用いた。
[ゼオライトおよびゼオライト触媒の粒子径の測定方法]
SEM(日立製作所社製S-5000型)を用い、試料は高温用試料台にAGペーストで固定し、試料加熱温度600℃、加速電圧3kVとして測定した。得られたSEM像から、無作為に20粒子を選び、それぞれの長径と短径を測定し、その平均を各ゼオライト粒子の粒子径とし、この各粒子径の平均値を算出した。
XRD(リガク社製Ultima IV型)を用い、X線源はCu kα1(λ=0.15407nm)、管電圧30kV、管電流20kA、スキャン速度4℃/分、ステップ幅0.02°、測定範囲5~50°、スリット/発散=2/3°の条件で測定した。なお、平均結晶子径の算出は、2θ=13.4~13.5°、27.0~27.1°の回折ピークを用いて半価幅該当するピークの半値幅より行った。
SiO2/Al2O3モル比が39.6、比表面積が746m2/gであるH‐β型ゼオライト(東ソー製HSZ‐940HOA)1,400gをアルミナ粉末(UOP社製アルミナVersal 250)834gと混合し、4.0重量%の希硝酸溶液500mL、イオン交換水100gを添加して混練し、円柱状(ペレット)に押し出し成形し、130℃で6時間乾燥した後、600℃で2時間焼成して担体とした。ここでは、担体中に含まれるゼオライトおよびアルミナの乾燥重量(130℃乾燥時)が、それぞれ70重量%、30重量%になるように設定した。
なお、当ゼオライトをアンモニアTPDで測定したところ、アンモニア吸着熱として、最高酸強度は125kJ/molであった。
この触媒Aの細孔特性を窒素ガス吸着法で測定したところ、比表面積が359m2/g、細孔直径2nm以上60nm未満の細孔の占める細孔容積が0.312mL/g、中央細孔直径は4.1nmであった。
なお、反応液収率は、反応後における炭素数5以上の留分の残存率(容量%)とし、1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率は、次式で得られた値である(以下、同じ)。
1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率(%)=100-(生成油中の1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素(容量%)/原料油中の1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の(容量%))×100
SiO2/Al2O3モル比が6.9、比表面積が697m2/gであるNH4‐Y型ゼオライト(東ソー製HSZ‐341NHA)を1,684g、アルミナ粉末(UOP社製アルミナVersal 250)834g、4.0重量%の希硝酸溶液500mL、イオン交換水50gを使用した以外、触媒Aと同様の方法で触媒Bを得た。触媒Bの性状を表1に示す。
なお、このゼオライトをアンモニアTPDで測定したところ、アンモニア吸着熱として、ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度は145kJ/molであった。
SiO2/Al2O3モル比が30.6、比表面積が400m2/gであるNH4‐ZSM‐5型ゼオライト(Zeolyst製CBV3020E)1,533g、アルミナ粉末(UOP社製アルミナVersal 250)834g、4.0重量%の希硝酸溶液500mL、イオン交換水100gを使用した以外は、触媒Aと同様の方法で触媒Cを得た。触媒Cの性状を表1に示す。
なお、このゼオライトをアンモニアTPDで測定したところ、アンモニア吸着熱として、最高酸強度は150kJ/molであった。
[水素化分解触媒の調製]
SiO2/Al2O3比が31.3(モル比)、比表面積が706m2/gであるH‐β型ゼオライト(エヌ・イーケムキャット製Lot‐081106H)を使用した。当該ゼオライトの平均粒子径は、SEMの写真から算出した結果から0.3μmであった。当該ゼオライト1,202gをアルミナ粉末(UOP社製アルミナVersal 250)1,202gと混合し、4.0重量%の希硝酸溶液500mL、イオン交換水875gを添加して混練し、円柱状(ペレット)に押し出し成形し、130℃で6時間乾燥した後、600℃で2時間焼成して担体とした。ここでは、担体中に含まれるゼオライトおよびアルミナの乾燥重量(130℃乾燥時)が、それぞれ50重量%、50重量%になるように設定した。
この担体に、モリブデン酸アンモニウム水溶液をスプレー含浸して130℃で6時間乾燥した後、硝酸ニッケル水溶液をスプレー含浸して130℃で6時間乾燥した。次いで、空気の気流下で、500℃で30分間焼成して触媒Dを得た。触媒Dの組成(担持金属含有量)と代表的物性を表5に示す。
SiO2/Al2O3比が39.6(モル比)、比表面積が746m2/g、粒子径が0.7μmであるH-β型ゼオライト(東ソー製HSZ‐940HOA)を使用した以外、触媒Dと同様の方法で触媒Eを得た。触媒Eの性状を表5に示す。
実施例9~11の水素化分解を、表7に示すとおり、触媒Dの代わりに触媒Eを使用した以外は、それぞれ実施例6~8と同様の条件で行った。その結果得られた生成油の性状等を表7に示す。
SiO2/Al2O3比が6.9(モル比)、比表面積が697m2/g、粒子径が6.0μmであるNH4-Y型ゼオライト(東ソー製HSZ‐341NHA)を使用した以外、触媒Dと同様の方法で触媒Fを得た。触媒Fの性状を表5に示す。
比較例9~12の水素化分解を、表8に示すとおり、触媒Dの代わりに触媒Fを使用し、反応温度を280~350℃とした以外は、それぞれ実施例6と同様の条件で行った。その結果得られた生成油の性状等を表8に示す。
SiO2/Al2O3比が30.3(モル比)、比表面積が405m2/g、粒子径が0.05μmであるZSM-5型ゼオライト(エヌ・イーケムキャット製Lot-080115)を使用した以外、触媒Dと同様の方法で触媒Dを得た。触媒Gの性状を表5に示す。
比較例13~16の水素化分解を、表9に示すとおり、触媒Dの代わりに触媒Gを使用した以外は、それぞれ実施例5~8と同様の条件で行った。その結果得られた生成油の性状等を表9に示す。
なお、SEM写真(図1~図4)に示すとおり、ゼオライト原料と触媒調製後のゼオライト部位の粒子径はほとんど変わらずに維持されており、実施例5~8に使用した触媒Dでは、微粒子状態が維持されていることがわかる。
原料油として表10に示す性状を有する接触分解軽油留分を用い、一塔目に市販のNi、Mo、Pを担持した水素化脱硫触媒(比表面積:185m2/g、細孔直径2~60nmの範囲にある細孔の容積:0.415mL/g、中央細孔直径:7.9nm、組成:Mo;12.3重量%、Ni;3.5重量%、P;2.0重量%、Al;43.3重量%)を25ml、二塔目に、実施例5~8で用いた触媒Dを50ml充填し、表11に示した反応温度で、反応圧力7.0MPa、LHSV0.5h-1、水素/原料油比=1,400NL/Lの条件下で、水素化分解反応を行った。
一塔目出口における水素化脱硫反応後の水素化脱硫油の性状を、それぞれ反応温度330℃及び340℃で処理したものについて、表10に、また二塔目出口の水素化分解生成油の性状を表11に示す。前記と同様、1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率は、次式で得られた値である。
1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率(%)=100-(生成油中の1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素(容量%)/原料油中の1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の(容量%))×100
但し、接触分解軽油には2環芳香族炭化水素および3環芳香族炭化水素も含まれており、水素化脱硫処理条件によっては、見かけ上、これらから1.5環芳香族炭化水素が増量することもある。したがって、ここで1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率は、見かけ上の1.5環以上芳香族炭化水素の転化率である。
二塔目の触媒として、上記実施例12~14の触媒Dの代わりに実施例9~11で用いた触媒Eを使用する以外は、実施例12~14と同じの条件で水素化分解反応を行った。表11に得られた生成油の性状を示す。
二塔目の触媒として、上記実施例13の触媒Dの代わりに比較例9~12で用いた触媒Fを使用する以外は、実施例13と同じの条件で水素化分解反応を行った。表11に得られた生成油の性状を示す。
Claims (6)
- アルキルベンゼン類の割合が20容量%未満、2環芳香族炭化水素が30容量%未満、1.5環芳香族炭化水素を25容量%以上含有する原料炭化水素油を、ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度が110kJ/mol以上140kJ/mol未満の固体酸を含有する水素化分解触媒と接触させることを特徴とするアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
- 固体酸が平均粒子径0.7μm未満のβゼオライト粒子である請求項1に記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
- 水素化分解触媒に含有されるβゼオライトの結晶子径の平均値が50nm以下である請求項2に記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
- 2環芳香族炭化水素が30容量%以上である原料炭化水素油を水素化処理して30容量%未満に低減した留分を原料炭化水素油として用いる請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造方法。
- ブレンステッド酸の最高酸強度が110kJ/mol以上140kJ/mol未満の固体酸を含有する請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のアルキルベンゼン類の製造に用いる水素化分解用触媒。
- 平均粒子径が0.7μm未満のβゼオライト粒子を含有し、ゼオライトの結晶子径の平均値が50nm以下である請求項5に記載の水素化分解用触媒。
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| EP10761311A EP2415850A4 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2010-03-03 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ALKYL BENZENES AND CATALYST USED THEREIN |
| US13/259,781 US20120000819A1 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2010-03-03 | Method of producing alkylbenzene and catalyst used therefor |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JP5409775B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
| US20120000819A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
| EP2415850A4 (en) | 2012-09-05 |
| JPWO2010116603A1 (ja) | 2012-10-18 |
| CN102369261B (zh) | 2014-12-17 |
| CN102369261A (zh) | 2012-03-07 |
| EP2415850A1 (en) | 2012-02-08 |
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