WO2010111316A2

WO2010111316A2 - Optical assembly having a display panel and methods of making and disassembling same

Info

Publication number: WO2010111316A2
Application number: PCT/US2010/028382
Authority: WO
Inventors: Stanley C. Busman; Sunil K. Pillalamarri; Thu-Van T. Tran
Original assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Co
Current assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Co
Priority date: 2009-03-27
Filing date: 2010-03-24
Publication date: 2010-09-30
Anticipated expiration: 2011-09-27
Also published as: TW201041747A; WO2010111316A3; CN102388324A

Abstract

An optical assembly including a display panel is disclosed herein. The display panel is optically bonded to a substantially transparent substrate using an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer is formed from a liquid optically clear adhesive. The adhesive layer provides a cleavage strength between glass substrates of about 15 N/mm or less such that the optical assembly can be disassembled with little or no damage to the display panel or the substrate. Methods of making the optical assembly are also disclosed. The optical assembly may be used in an optical device such as a handheld device, a television, a computer monitor, a laptop display, or a digital sign.

Description

OPTICAL ASSEMBLY HAVING A DISPLAY PANEL AND METHODS OF MAKING AND DISASSEMBLING SAME

Field of the Invention An optical assembly that may be used in a display device is disclosed. The optical assembly includes a display panel optically bonded to another optical component.

Background

Optical bonding may be used to adhere together two optical elements using an optical grade adhesive. In display applications, optical bonding may be used to adhere together optical elements such as display panels, glass plates, touch panels, diffusers, rigid compensators, heaters, and flexible films such as polarizers and retarders. The optical performance of a display can be improved by minimizing the number of internal reflecting surfaces, thus it may be desirable to remove or at least minimize the number of air gaps between optical elements in the display.

Summary

An optical assembly comprising a display panel is disclosed herein. The optical assembly comprises: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate.

The optical assembly disclosed herein may be used in an optical device comprising, for example, a handheld device comprising a display, a television, a computer monitor, a laptop display, or a digital sign. These and other aspects of the invention are described in the detailed description below. In no event should the above summary be construed as a limitation on the claimed subject matter which is defined solely by the claims as set forth herein.

Detailed Description Optical materials may be used to fill gaps between optical components or substrates of optical assemblies. Optical assemblies comprising a display panel bonded to an optical substrate may benefit if the gap between the two is filled with an optical material that matches or nearly matches the refractive indices of the panel and the substrate. For example, sunlight and ambient light reflection inherent between a display panel and an outer cover sheet may be reduced. Color gamut and contrast of the display panel can be improved under ambient conditions. Optical assemblies having a filled gap can also exhibit improved shock-resistance compared to the same assemblies having an air gap- Optical materials used to fill gaps between optical components or substrates typically comprise adhesives and various types of cured polymeric compositions. However, these optical materials are not useful for making an optical assembly if, at a later time, one wishes to disassemble or rework the assembly with little or no damage to the components. This reworkability feature is needed for optical assemblies because the components tend to be fragile and expensive. For example, a cover sheet often needs to be removed from a display panel if flaws are observed during or after assembly or if the cover sheet is damaged after sale. It is desirable to rework the assembly by removing the cover sheet from the display panel with little or no damage to the components.

Reworkability is becoming increasingly important as the size or area of available display panels continues to increase.

An optical assembly having a large size or area can be difficult to manufacture, especially if efficiency and stringent optical quality are desired. A gap between optical components may be filled by pouring or injecting a curable composition into the gap followed by curing the composition to bond the components together. However, these commonly used compositions have long flow-out times which contribute to inefficient manufacturing methods for large optical assemblies.

The optical assembly disclosed herein comprises an adhesive layer and optical components, particularly a display panel and a substantially light transmissive substrate.

The adhesive layer allows one to rework the assembly with little or no damage to the components. The adhesive layer may have a cleavage strength between glass substrates of about 15 N/mm or less, 10 N/mm or less, or 6 N/mm or less, such that reworkability can be obtained with little or no damage to the components. Total energy to cleavage can be less than about 25 kg*mm over a l"xl" area.

The adhesive layer is suitable for optical applications. For example, the adhesive layer may have at least 85% transmission over the range of from 460 to 720 nm. The adhesive layer may have, per millimeter thickness, a transmission of greater than about 85% at 460 nm, greater than about 90% at 530 nm, and greater than about 90% at 670 nm. These transmission characteristics provide for uniform transmission of light across the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum which is important to maintain the color point in full color displays.

For reasons described above, the adhesive layer preferably has a refractive index that matches or closely matches that of the display panel and/or the substantially transparent substrate. For example, the adhesive layer may have a refractive index of from about 1.4 to about 1.7. The adhesive layer may have any thickness. The particular thickness employed in the optical assembly may be determined by any number of factors, for example, the design of the optical device in which the optical assembly is used may require a certain gap between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate. The adhesive layer typically has a thickness of from about 1 um to about 5 mm, from about 50 um to about 1 mm, or from about 50 um to about 0.2 mm.

The adhesive layer may be made using a liquid optically clear adhesive or liquid composition, wherein the liquid composition has a viscosity suitable for efficient manufacturing of large optical assemblies. A large optical assembly may have an area of from about 15 cm² to about 5 m² or from about 15 cm² to about 1 m². For example, the liquid composition may have a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, wherein viscosity is measured for the composition at 25°C. The liquid composition is amenable for use in a variety of manufacturing methods. The adhesive layer may comprise tackifier. Tackifiers are well known and are used to increase the tack or other properties of an adhesive. There are many different types of tackifiers but nearly any tackifier can be classified as: a rosin resin derived from wood rosin, gum rosin or tall oil rosin; a hydrocarbon resin made from a petroleum based feedstock; or a terpene resin derived from terpene feedstocks of wood or certain fruits. The adhesive layer may comprise, e.g., from 0.01 to about 20 wt.%, from 0.01 to about 15 wt.%, or from 0.01 to about 10 wt.% of tackifier. The adhesive layer may be substantially free of tackifier comprising, e.g., from 0.01 to about 5 wt.% or from about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt. % of tackifϊer all relative to the total weight of the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer may be free of tackifier.

The adhesive layer may be soft, for example, the layer may have a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, less than about 20 or less than about 10. The adhesive layer may exhibit little or no shrinkage, e.g., less than about 5%, depending on whatever amount is acceptable.

In general, (meth)acrylate refers to both acrylate and methacrylate functionality. Disclosed herein is an optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a reactive diluent comprising a mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C; and a plasticizer.

The multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise any one or more of: a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional polyester

(meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer. The multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise at least two (meth)acrylate groups, e.g., from 2 to 4 (meth)acrylate groups, that participate in polymerization during curing. The adhesive layer may comprise from about 20 to about 60 wt.%, or from about 25 to about 45 wt.%, of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer. The particular multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer used, as well as the amount used, may depend on a variety of factors. For example, the particular oligomer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps. For another example, the particular oligomer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, and the resulting adhesive layer has a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, or less than about 20. The multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer having at least two (meth)acrylate groups, e.g., from 2 to 4 (meth)acrylate groups, that participate in polymerization during curing. In general, these oligomers comprise the reaction product of a polyol with a multifunctional isocyanate, followed by termination with a hydroxy-functionalized (meth)acrylate. For example, the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer may be formed from an aliphatic polyester or polyether polyol prepared from condensation of a dicarboxylic acid, e.g., adipic acid or maleic acid, and an aliphatic diol, e.g. diethylene glycol or 1,6-hexane diol. In one embodiment, the polyester polyol comprises adipic acid and diethylene glycol. The multifunctional isocyanate may comprise methylene dicyclohexylisocyanate or 1,6- hexamethylene diisocyanate. The hydroxy-functionalized (meth)acrylate may comprise a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, or polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate. In one embodiment, the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer comprises the reaction product of a polyester polyol, methylene dicyclohexylisocyanate, and hydroxyethyl acrylate.

Useful multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomers include products that are commercially available. For example, the multifunctional aliphatic urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise urethane diacrylate CN9018, CN3108, and CN3211 available from Sartomer, Co., Exton, PA, GENOMER 4188/EHA (blend of GENOMER 4188 with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate), GENOMER 4188/M22 (blend of GENOMER 4188 with GENOMER 1122 monomer), GENOMER 4256, and GENOMER 4269/M22 (blend of GENOMER 4269 and GENOMER 1122 monomer) available from Rahn USA Corp., Aurora IL, and polyether urethane diacrylate BR-3042, BR-3641AA, BR-3741AB, and BR-344 available from Bomar Specialties Co., Torrington, CT.

In general, the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer may be used in any amount depending on other components used to form the adhesive layer as well as the desired properties of the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer may comprise from about 20 to about 60 wt.%, or from about 25 to about 45 wt.%, of the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer.

The multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise a multifunctional polyester (meth)acrylate oligomer. Useful multifunctional polyester acrylate oligomers include products that are commercially available. For example, the multifunctional polyester acrylate may comprise BE-211 available from Bomar Specialties Co. and CN2255 available from Sartomer Co.

The multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer. Useful multifunctional polyether acrylate oligomers include products that are commercially available. For example, the multifunctional polyether acrylate may comprise GENOMER 3414 available from Rahn USA Corp. The reaction product that forms the adhesive layer is formed from a reactive diluent. The reactive diluent comprises a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C. The reactive diluent may comprise more than one monomer, for example, from two to five different monomers. Examples of these monomers include isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydro fur fury 1 acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, alkoxylated methacylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate and mixtures thereof. For example, the reactive diluent may comprise tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and isobornyl (meth)acrylate. For another example, the reactive diluent may comprise alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and isobornyl acrylate.

In general, the reactive diluent may be used in any amount depending on other components used to form the adhesive layer as well as the desired properties of the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer may comprise from about 30 to about 60 wt.%, or from about 40 to about 60 wt.%, of the reactive diluent, relative to the total weight of the adhesive layer.

The particular reactive diluent used, and the amount(s) of monomer(s) used, may depend on a variety of factors. For example, the particular monomer(s) and amount(s) thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps. For another example, the particular monomer(s) and amount(s) thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, and the resulting adhesive layer has a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, or less than about 20.

The adhesive layer comprises a plasticizer that increases its softness and flexibility. Plasticizers are well known and typically do not participate in polymerization of (meth)acrylate groups. The plasticizer may comprise more than one plasticizer material. The plasticizer may comprise an oil. Suitable oils include vegetable oil, mineral oil and soybean oil. The adhesive layer may comprise from greater than 5 to about 20 wt.%, or from greater than 5 to about 15 wt.%, of the plasticizer. The particular plasticizer used, as well as the amount used, may depend on a variety of factors. For example, the particular plasticizer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps. For another example, the particular plasticizer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, and the resulting adhesive layer has a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, or less than about 20. The reaction product that forms the adhesive layer may further comprise a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. This monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality may comprise more than one monomer. Alkylene functionality includes ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The glycol functionality is comprised of units, and the monomer may have anywhere from 1 to 10 alkylene oxide units, from 1 to 8 alkylene oxide units, or from

4 to 6 alkylene oxide units. The monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality may comprise propylene glycol monoacrylate available as BISOMER PP A6 from Cognis Ltd. This monomer has 6 propylene glycol units. The monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality may comprise ethylene glycol monomethacrylate available as BISOMER MPEG350MA from Cognis Ltd. This monomer has on average 7.5 ethylene glycol units. The adhesive layer may comprise from about 5 to about 30 wt.%, or from about 10 to about 20 wt.%, of the mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. The particular monomer used, as well as the amount used, may depend on a variety of factors. For example, the particular monomer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps. For another example, the particular monomer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, and the resulting adhesive layer has a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, or less than about 20.

The adhesive layer has little or no tackifϊer as described above. Tackifϊers are typically used to increase the tackiness of an adhesive. The particular tackifϊer used, as well as the amount used, may depend on a variety of factors. The tackifϊer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive layer has a cleavage strength between glass substrates of about 15 N/mm or less, 10 N/mm or less, or 6 N/mm or less. The tackifϊer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about 1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps. For another example, the particular monomer and/or the amount thereof may be selected such that the adhesive composition is a liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps, from about 100 to about 5000 cps, from about 100 to about

1000 cps, from about 200 to about 700 cps, from about 200 to about 500 cps, or from about 500 to about 4000 cps, and the resulting adhesive layer has a Shore A hardness of less than about 30, or less than about 20.

The adhesive layer may comprise: the reaction product of from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 30 to about 60 wt.% of the reactive diluent; and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the plasticizer. The reaction product may further comprise from about 10 to about 20 wt.% of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. This adhesive layer may comprise a glass-to-glass cleavage force less than about 15 N/mm, less than about 10 N/mm, or less than about 6 N/mm.

The adhesive layer may comprise: the reaction product of from about 25 to about 45 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 40 to about 60 wt. % of the reactive diluent; and from greater than 5 to about 15 wt.% of the plasticizer. The reaction product may further comprise from about 10 to about 20 wt.% of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. This adhesive layer may comprise a glass-to-glass cleavage force less than about 15 N/mm, less than about 10 N/mm, or less than about 6 N/mm.

The adhesive layer may comprise: the reaction product of from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 30 to about 60 wt.% of the reactive diluent; and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the plasticizer. The reaction product may further comprise from about 10 to about 20 wt.% of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. This adhesive layer may comprise a glass-to-glass cleavage force less than about 15 N/mm, less than about 10 N/mm, or less than about 6 N/mm.

The adhesive layer may comprise: the reaction product of from about 25 to about 45 wt.% of the multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 40 to about 60 wt.% of the reactive diluent; and from greater than 5 to about 15 wt.% of the plasticizer. The reaction product may further comprise from about 10 to about 20 wt.% of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality. This adhesive layer may comprise a glass-to-glass cleavage force less than about 15 N/mm, less than about 10 N/mm, or less than about 6 N/mm. The optical assembly may comprise a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of a multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and a liquid rubber.

The multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional isoprene (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a copolymer of butadiene and isoprene. The multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer. The mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms may comprise a pendant group having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms. The liquid rubber may comprise liquid isoprene.

Useful multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomers include the difunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer CN307 and CN307 available from Sartomer Co. Useful multifunctional polyisoprene (meth)acrylate oligomers include the methacrylated isoprene oligomers UC- 102 and UC-203 available from Kuraray America, Inc.

Useful monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomers having pendant alkyl groups of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms include 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, and stearyl acrylate. Liquid rubber may comprise LIR-30 liquid isoprene rubber and LIR-390 liquid butadiene/isoprene copolymer rubber available from Kuraray, Inc. and RICON 130 liquid polybutadiene rubber available from Sartomer Co., Inc.

The adhesive layer may further comprise a plasticizer as described above.

The adhesive layer may comprise: the reaction product of from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the liquid rubber.

The adhesive layer comprises little or no tackifϊer as described above. In general, the adhesive layer may comprise spacer beads in order to "set" a particular thickness of the layer. The spacer beads may comprise ceramic, glass, silicate, polymer, or plastic. The spacer beads are generally spherical and have a diameter of from about 1 um to about 5 mm, from about 50 um to about 1 mm, or from about 50 um to about 0.2 mm. In general, the adhesive layer may comprise nonabsorbing metal oxide particles, for example, to modify the refractive index of the adhesive layer. Nonabsorbing metal oxide particles that are substantially transparent may be used. For example, a 1 mm thick disk of the nonabsorbing metal oxide particles in an adhesive layer may absorb less than about 15% of the light incident on the disk. Examples of nonabsorbing metal oxide particles include AI2O3, ZrO₂, TiO₂, V2O5, ZnO, SnO₂, ZnS, SiO₂, and mixtures thereof, as well as other sufficiently transparent non-oxide ceramic materials. The metal oxide particles can be surface treated to improve dispersibility in the adhesive layer and the composition from which the layer is coated. Examples of surface treatment chemistries include silanes, siloxanes, carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, zirconates, titanates, and the like. Techniques for applying such surface treatment chemistries are known.

Nonabsorbing metal oxide particles may be used in an amount needed to produce the desired effect, for example, in an amount of from about 10 to about 85 wt.%, or from about 40 to about 85 wt.%, based on the total weight of the adhesive layer. Nonabsorbing metal oxide particles may only be added to the extent that they do not add undesirable color, haze or transmission characteristics. Generally, the particles can have an average particle size of from about 1 nm to about 100 nm. Photoinitiators may be used in the liquid compositions when curing with UV- radiation. Photoinitiators include organic peroxides, azo compounds, quinines, nitro compounds, acyl halides, hydrazones, mercapto compounds, pyrylium compounds, imidazoles, chlorotriazines, benzoin, benzoin alkyl ethers, ketones, phenones, and the like. For example, the adhesive compositions may comprise ethyl-2,4,6- trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate available as LUCIRIN TPO-L from BASF Corp. or 1- hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone available as IRGACURE 184 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals. The photoinitiator is often used at a concentration of about 0.1 to 10 weight percent or 0.1 to 5 weight percent based on the weight of oligomeric and monomer material in the polymerizable composition. The liquid compositions and adhesive layers can optionally include one or more additives such as chain transfer agents, antioxidants, stabilizers, fire retardants, viscosity modifying agents, antifoaming agents, antistats, wetting agents, colorants such as dyes and pigments, fluorescent dyes and pigments, phosphorescent dyes and pigments, fibrous reinforcing agents, and woven and non- woven fabrics. The adhesive layers described above are formed by curing an adhesive composition or liquid composition. Any form of electromagnetic radiation may be used, for example, the liquid compositions may be cured using UV-radiation and/or heat. Electron beam radiation may also be used. The liquid compositions described above are said to be cured using actinic radiation, i.e., radiation that leads to the production of photochemical activity. For example, actinic radiation may comprise radiation of from about 250 to about 700 nm. Sources of actinic radiation include tungsten halogen lamps, xenon and mercury arc lamps, incandescent lamps, germicidal lamps, fluorescent lamps, lasers and light emitting diodes. UV-radiation can be supplied using a high intensity continuously emitting system such as those available from Fusion UV Systems.

In some embodiments, actinic radiation may be applied to a layer of the liquid composition such that the composition is partially polymerized. The liquid composition may be disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate and then partially polymerized. The liquid composition may be disposed on the display panel or the substantially transparent substrate and partially polymerized, then the other of the display panel and the substrate may be disposed on the partially polymerized layer.

In some embodiments, actinic radiation may be applied to a layer of the liquid composition such that the composition is completely or nearly completely polymerized.

The liquid composition may be disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate and then completely or nearly completely polymerized. The liquid composition may be disposed on the display panel or the substantially transparent substrate and completely or nearly completely polymerized, then the other of the display panel and the substrate may be disposed on the polymerized layer.

In the assembly process, it is generally desirable to have a layer of the liquid composition that is substantially uniform. The two components are held securely in place. If desired, uniform pressure may be applied across the top of the assembly. If desired, the thickness of the layer may be controlled by a gasket, standoffs, shims, and/or spacers used to hold the components at a fixed distance to each other. Masking may be required to protect components from overflow. Trapped pockets of air may be prevented or eliminated by vacuum or other means. Radiation may then be applied to form the adhesive layer.

The optical assembly may be prepared by creating an air gap or cell between the two components and then disposing the liquid composition into the cell. An example of this method is described in US 6,361,389 Bl (Hogue et. al) and includes adhering together the components at the periphery edges so that a seal along the periphery creates the air gap or cell. Adhering may be carried out using any type of adhesive, e.g., a bond tape such as a double-sided pressure sensitive adhesive tape, a gasket, an RTV seal, etc., as long as the adhesive does not interfere with reworkability as described above. Then, the liquid composition is poured into the cell through an opening at a periphery edge. Alternatively, the liquid composition is injected into the cell maybe using some pressurized injection means such as a syringe. Another opening is required to allow air to escape as the cell is filled. Exhaust means such as vacuum may be used to facilitate the process. Actinic radiation may then be applied as described above to form the adhesive layer.

The optical assembly may be prepared using an assembly fixture such as the one described in US 5,867,241 (Sampica et al.) In this method, a fixture comprising a flat plate with pins pressed into the flat plate is provided. The pins are positioned in a predetermined configuration to produce a pin field which corresponds to the dimensions of the display panel and of the component to be attached to the display panel. The pins are arranged such that when the display panel and the other components are lowered down into the pin field, each of the four corners of the display panel and other components is held in place by the pins. The fixture aids assembly and alignment of the components of an optical assembly with suitable control of alignment tolerances. Additional embodiments of this assembly method are described in Sampica et al. US 6,388,724 Bl (Campbell, et. al) describes how standoffs, shims, and/or spacers may be used to hold components at a fixed distance to each other.

The optical assembly disclosed herein may comprise additional components typically in the form of layers. For example, a heating source comprising a layer of indium tin oxide or another suitable material may be disposed on one of the components. Additional components are described in, for example, US 2008/0007675 Al (Sanelle et al.).

The display panel may comprise any type of panel such as a liquid crystal display panel. Liquid crystal display panels are well known and typically comprise a liquid crystal material disposed between two substantially transparent substrates such as glass or polymer substrates. As used herein, substantially transparent refers to a substrate that is suitable for optical applications, e.g., has at least 85% transmission over the range of from 460 to 720 nm. Optical substrates may have, per millimeter thickness, a transmission of greater than about 85% at 460 nm, greater than about 90% at 530 nm, and greater than about 90% at 670 nm. On the inner surfaces of the substantially transparent substrates are transparent electrically conductive materials that function as electrodes. In some cases, on the outer surfaces of the substantially transparent substrates are polarizing films that pass essentially only one polarization state of light. When a voltage is applied selectively across the electrodes, the liquid crystal material reorients to modify the polarization state of light, such that an image is created. The liquid crystal display panel may also comprise a liquid crystal material disposed between a thin film transistor array panel having a plurality of thin film transistors arranged in a matrix pattern and a common electrode panel having a common electrode. The display panel may comprise a plasma display panel. Plasma display panels are well known and typically comprise an inert mixture of noble gases such as neon and xenon disposed in tiny cells located between two glass panels. Control circuitry charges electrodes within the panel which causes the gases to ionize and form a plasma which then excites phosphors to emit light. The display panel may comprise an organic electroluminescence panel. These panels are essentially a layer of an organic material disposed between two glass panels. The organic material may comprise an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or a polymer light emitting diode (PLED). These panels are well known.

The display panel may comprise an electrophoretic display. Electrophoretic displays are well known and are typically used in display technology referred to as electronic paper or e-paper. Electrophoretic displays comprise a liquid charged material disposed between two transparent electrode panels. Liquid charged material may comprise nanoparticles, dyes and charge agents suspended in a nonpolar hydrocarbon, or microcapsules filled with electrically charged particles suspended in a hydrocarbon material. The microcapsules may also be suspended in a layer of liquid polymer.

The substantially transparent substrate used in the optical assembly may comprise a variety of types and materials. The substantially transparent substrate is suitable for optical applications and typically has at least 85% transmission over the range of from 460 to 720 nm. The substantially transparent substrate may have, per millimeter thickness, a transmission of greater than about 85% at 460 nm, greater than about 90% at 530 nm, and greater than about 90% at 670 nm. The substantially transparent substrate may comprise glass or polymer. Useful glasses include borosilicate, sodalime, and other glasses suitable for use in display applications as protective covers. One particular glass that may be used comprises EAGLE XG and JADE glass substrates available from Corning Inc. Useful polymers include polyester films such as polyethylene terephalate, polycarbonate films or plates, acrylic films such as polymethylmethacrylate films, and cycloolefm polymer films such as ZEONOX and ZEONOR available from Zeon Chemicals L. P. The substantially transparent substrate preferably has an index of refraction close to that of display panel and/or the adhesive layer; for example, from about 1.4 and about 1.7. The substantially transparent substrate typically has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 5 mm.

The substantially transparent substrate may comprise a touch screen. Touch screens are well known and generally comprise a transparent conductive layer disposed between two substantially transparent substrates. For example, a touch screen may comprise indium tin oxide disposed between a glass substrate and a polymer substrate.

The optical assembly disclosed herein may be used in a variety of optical devices including, but not limited to, a handheld device such as a phone, a television, a computer monitor, a projector, a sign. The optical device may comprise a backlight.

Examples

Materials used in the following examples are described in Table 1.

Table 1

Preparation of liquid optically clear adhesives

Liquid optically clear adhesives (LOCAs) according to Table 2 were prepared. For a given composition, the LOCA components were charged to a black mixing container, a Max 200 (about 100cm ), from FlackTek Inc., Landrum, South Carolina, and mixed using a Hauschild Speedmixer™ DAC 600 FV, from FlackTek Inc., operating at 2200 rpm for 4 minutes.

Table 2

1) viscosity of liquid composition = 600 cps

2) amount of platinum metal per total composition = 36 ppm

3) viscosity of liquid composition = 1300 cps

4) viscosity of liquid composition = 3000 cps

Hardness Measurement

Sample pucks were made by filling a four cavity mold with each of the LOCAs described above. The cavity size was 1" diameter x 0.25" thick cut from an aluminum plate. The mold comprised three components; a glass base, a polyethylene terephalate release liner and the aluminum plate with cavities. The three elements of the mold, glass base, release liner and aluminum cavity were clamped together prior to filling with LOCA. The filled molds were exposed to UV radiation by passing each through a UV light system, a Model F300S equipped with a type H bulb and a model LC-6 conveyor system all from Fusion UV Systems, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland. The molds were run through the system 5 times at as speed of 4"/sec. The molds were then turned over and run an additional 5 times at as speed of 4"/sec through the light system, exposing the partially cured LOCA though the glass plate, to ensure complete cure of the LOCAs. The total UVA energy each side received was about 2,500 mJ/cm², as measured by UV Power Puck II available from EIT, Inc. Sterling, Virginia. Hardness was measured with a Shore A Durometer from Rex Gauge Company,

Inc. Buffalo Grove, Illinois, immediately after the pucks cooled to room temperature for all the examples except for Examples 4 and 7, which were allowed to cure for a minimum of 16 hours at room temperature.

Viscosity Measurement

Viscosity measurements were made by using an AR2000 Rheometer equipped with a 40 mm, 1° stainless steel cone and plate from TA Instruments, New Castle, Delaware. Viscosities were measured using a steady state flow procedure with a frequency from 0.01 to 25 sec^"1 with a 28 μm gap between cone and plate at 25⁰C. Viscosities are reported at 1 sec^"1. Cleavage Strength and Total Energy

Cleavage strength measurements were made using a modified ASTM D 1062-02 Cleavage Strength test method. LOCA was placed between standard l"x 3" microscope slides over an overlapping area of 1 in² and a thickness of 5 mils using 5 mil ceramic spacer beads which were placed on the adhesive before laminating the two glass slides together. Lamination consisted of placing the second slide, by hand, on top of the first slide having the LOCA and beads, and manually applying pressure. The LOCA between the slides was cured for 10 seconds with an Omnicure 2000 high pressure Hg spot cure source (ca. 2500 mJ/cm² UVA energy) from EXFO Photonic Solutions, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The bonded glass slides were then bonded to offset aluminum blocks specified in ASTM D 1062-02, using 3M™ Scotch- Weld™ Epoxy Adhesive DPlOO available from the 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, and allowed to cure overnight before testing. This also allowed the 1-part silicone to cure (Ex4 and 7). Cleavage force was measured using an MTS Insight 30 EL Electromechanical Testing System, Eden

Prairie, Minnesota. The crosshead speed was 2 inches/min at 72⁰F. Results are reported as maximum tear strength, i.e. cleavage strength, (N/mm) and total energy (kg*mm). Failure mode is reported as either adhesive or cohesive.

Shrinkage Measurement

Percent volume shrinkage was measured using an Accupyc II 1340 Pycnometer from Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, Georgia. An uncured LOCA sample of known mass was placed in a silver vial of the pycnometer. The vial was placed in the pycnometer and the volume of the sample was measured and the density of the LOCA was determined based on the volume and mass of the sample. Sample mass was about 3.5 grams. The density of a cured LOCA sample was measured following the same procedure as that of the uncured. Cured LOCA samples were prepared by following a similar procedure as described for the measurement of hardness, except the mold was made from teflon plate and the cavity size was 3.27 mm thickness and 13.07 mm in diameter. Volume shrinkage was then calculated from the following equation:

{[(1/ Avg Liquid Density) - (1/ Avg Cured Density)] / (1/ Avg Liquid Density)} x 100% Reworkability Measurement

A qualitative determination of the ability to debond the LOCA, i.e. reworkability, from a glass slide was made by the following procedure. LOCA was placed on a 2" by 3" glass slide with 1 mm thickness. The LOCA thickness was maintained at 5 mils by using

5 mil ceramic spacer beads which were placed on the adhesive before laminating the two glass slides together. Lamination consisted of placing the second slide, by hand, on top of the first slide having LOCA and beads, and manually applying pressure. Curing of the LOCA followed the procedure described above for the hardness measurement. After curing, the samples were left over night at ambient conditions. Reworkability was determined by taking a razor blade edge, about 1.5" in length and sliding it between the two glass slides, on the 2" side of the glass slide, to initiate a cleavage of the cured LOCA. A manual force was applied to the razor blade to pry open the glass slides. The time to completely separate the two glass slides while applying the force was recorded. Additionally, whether or not the glass slide broke under the applied force was also recorded. The lower the time to debond the two glass plates is generally thought to correlate to improved reworkability. If the glass slide broke during the process, the remaining glass attached to the other slide was removed by a similar procedure. The total time to separate all the glass was reported. The lower the time to completely debond the two glass plates was generally thought to correlate to improved reworkability.

Additionally, the debonding mode, whether or not the glass broke and to what extend, was also monitored and reported.

Table 3

1) < 2 indicates the sample hardness was not measurable on the shore A hardness scale. This value is an estimate.

Table 4

Rework of Assemblies To facilitate cleaning of partially cured and uncured LOCAs remaining on the surface of a cover sheet and/or LCD panel, the separated components were fully cured using appropriate curing conditions. Cured LOCA can be removed by stretch release due to its elastic property. Residual cured LOCA can be removed by applying pressure sensitive adhesive tape over the cover sheet and LCD panel. Residual cured LOCA can also be removed by placing a cylindrical rod over the residual cured LOCA on the cover sheet and LCD panel.

Fully cured assemblies of a cover sheet and LCD panel can be separated by inserting a taut wire of e.g., stainless steel, glass fibre or nylon, with diameter slightly less than the gap size between the two components. The taut wire can then be passed through the two components by pulling the wire tightly up against and side of one of the components. This forces the wire to conform and exert a pressure on the surface of the cover sheet, thus facilitating debonding of the two components. After the wired is pulled through, the two components can be separated by manual twisting.

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. It is understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a reactive diluent comprising a mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C; and a plasticizer.

2. The optical assembly of claim 1, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional polyester (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer.

3. The optical assembly of claim 1, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer.

4. The optical assembly of claim 1, the mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25⁰C comprising a tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and isobornyl (meth)acrylate.

5. The optical assembly of claim 4, wherein the tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate comprises an alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

6. The optical assembly of claim 1 or 3, the plasticizer comprising an oil.

7. The optical assembly of claim 1 or 4, the reaction product further comprising a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality.

8. The optical assembly of claim 1, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 30 to about 60 wt.% of the reactive diluent; and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the plasticizer.

9. An optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a reactive diluent comprising a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality.

10. The optical assembly of claim 9, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional polyester (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer.

11. The optical assembly of claim 9, the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25⁰C comprising a tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and isobornyl (meth)acrylate, and the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality having from 1 to 10 alkylene oxide units.

12. The optical assembly of claim 11 , wherein the tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate comprises an alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

13. The optical assembly of claim 11, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer.

14. The optical assembly of claim 9, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of: from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 40 to about 80 wt.% of the reactive diluent.

15. An optical assembly comprising : a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of a multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and a liquid rubber.

16. The optical assembly of claim 15, the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional isoprene (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a copolymer of butadiene and isoprene.

17. The optical assembly of claim 15, the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer.

18. The optical assembly of claim 15, the pendant alkyl group comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

19. The optical assembly of claim 15 or 18, the liquid rubber comprising liquid isoprene.

20. The optical assembly of claim 15 or 18, further comprising a plasticizer.

21. The optical assembly of claim 20, the plasticizer comprising an oil.

22. The optical assembly of claim 15, the adhesive layer comprising: the reaction product of from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the mono functional

(meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the liquid rubber.

23. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, the adhesive layer being substantially free of tackifϊer.

24. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, the adhesive layer having a cleavage strength between glass substrates of about 15 N/mm or less.

25. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, the adhesive layer having a thickness of from about 1 um to about 5 mm.

26. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, the display panel comprising a liquid crystal display panel.

27. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, the substantially transparent substrate comprising a touch screen.

28. The optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, having an area of from about 15 cm² to about 5 m².

29. An optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and a liquid composition disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps at 25°C, the liquid composition comprising: a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, a mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C, and a plasticizer.

30. The optical assembly of claim 29, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional polyester (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer.

31. The optical assembly of claim 29, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer.

32. The optical assembly of claim 29, the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25⁰C comprising a tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and isobornyl (meth)acrylate.

33. The optical assembly of claim 32, wherein the tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate comprises an alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

34. The optical assembly of claim 29 or 32, the plasticizer comprising an oil.

35. The optical assembly of claim 29 or 33, the liquid composition further comprising a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality.

36. The optical assembly of claim 29, the liquid composition comprising: from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, from about 30 to about 60 wt.% of the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer, and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the plasticizer.

37. An optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and a liquid composition disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps at 25°C, the liquid composition comprising: a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about

4 to about 20 cps at 25°C, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality.

38. The optical assembly of claim 37, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional polyester (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional polyether (meth)acrylate oligomer.

39. The optical assembly of claim 37, the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25⁰C comprising a tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and isobornyl (meth)acrylate, and the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality having from 1 to 10 alkylene oxide units.

40. The optical assembly of claim 39, wherein the tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate comprises an alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

41. The optical assembly of claim 40, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer.

42. The optical assembly of claim 37, the liquid composition comprising: from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and from about 40 to about 80 wt.% of the reactive diluent.

43. An optical assembly comprising: a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and a liquid composition disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent substrate, the liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C and comprising: a multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and a liquid rubber.

44. The optical assembly of claim 43, the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising any one or more of: a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer, a multifunctional isoprene (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a copolymer of butadiene and isoprene.

45. The optical assembly of claim 43, the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a multifunctional polybutadiene (meth)acrylate oligomer.

46. The optical assembly of claim 43, the pendant alkyl group comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

47. The optical assembly of claim 43 or 46, the liquid rubber comprising liquid isoprene.

48. The optical assembly of claim 43 or 46, further comprising a plasticizer.

49. The optical assembly of claim 48, the plasticizer comprising an oil.

50. The optical assembly of claim 43, the liquid composition comprising: from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, from about 20 to about 60 wt.% of the mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and from greater than 5 to about 25 wt.% of the liquid rubber.

51. The optical assembly of any one of claims 29, 37 and 43, the liquid composition being substantially free of tackifier.

52. The optical assembly of any one of claims 29, 37 and 43, the liquid composition having a thickness of from about 1 um to about 5 mm.

53. The optical assembly of any one of claims 29, 37 and 43, the display panel comprising a liquid crystal display panel.

54. The optical assembly of any one of claims 29, 37 and 43, the substantially transparent substrate comprising a touch screen.

55. The optical assembly of any one of claims 29, 37 and 43, having an area of from about 15 cm² to about 5 m².

56. A method of making an optical assembly, comprising: providing a display panel; providing a substantially transparent substrate; disposing a liquid composition on one of the display panel and the substrate, the liquid composition comprising: a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, a reactive diluent comprising a mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C, and a plasticizer; disposing the other of the display panel and the substrate on the liquid composition; and curing the liquid composition by applying actinic radiation.

57. A method of making an optical assembly, comprising: providing a display panel; providing a substantially transparent substrate; disposing a liquid composition on one of the display panel and the substrate, the liquid composition comprising: a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, and a reactive diluent comprising a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 20 cps at 25°C, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer having alkylene oxide functionality; disposing the other of the display panel and the substrate on the liquid composition; and curing the liquid composition by applying actinic radiation.

58. A method of making an optical assembly, comprising: providing a display panel; providing a substantially transparent substrate; disposing a liquid composition on one of the display panel and the substrate, the liquid composition comprising: a multifunctional rubber-based (meth)acrylate oligomer, a mono functional (meth)acrylate monomer having a pendant alkyl group of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and a liquid rubber.

59. A method of making an optical assembly, comprising: providing a display panel; providing a substantially transparent substrate; disposing a polymerizable liquid composition on one of the display panel and the substrate, the polymerizable liquid composition having a viscosity of from about 100 to about 10,000 cps; disposing the other of the display panel and the substrate on the polymerizable liquid composition; and polymerizing the polymerizable liquid composition by applying actinic radiation.

60. The method of any one of claims 56, 57, 58 and 59, the optical assembly having an area of from about 15 cm² to about 5 m².

61. A method of disassembling an optical assembly, comprising: providing an optical assembly comprising: a display panel, a substantially transparent substrate, and an adhesive layer disposed between the display panel and the substrate, the adhesive layer having a cleavage strength between glass substrates of about 15 N/mm or less; and separating the display panel and the substrate from each other.

62. The method of claim 61, the optical assembly having an area of from about 15 cm² to about 5 m².

63. An optical device comprising the optical assembly of any one of claims 1, 9 and 15, wherein the optical device comprises a handheld device, a television, a computer monitor, a laptop display, or a digital sign.