WO2010021248A1 - 非水系二次電池用セパレータ - Google Patents
非水系二次電池用セパレータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010021248A1 WO2010021248A1 PCT/JP2009/063951 JP2009063951W WO2010021248A1 WO 2010021248 A1 WO2010021248 A1 WO 2010021248A1 JP 2009063951 W JP2009063951 W JP 2009063951W WO 2010021248 A1 WO2010021248 A1 WO 2010021248A1
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- separator
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- porous layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/423—Polyamide resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries, and particularly relates to a technique for improving the safety of non-aqueous secondary batteries.
- Non-aqueous secondary batteries represented by lithium ion secondary batteries have high energy density and are widely used as main power sources for portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is required to have a higher energy density, but ensuring safety is a technical issue.
- the role of the separator is important in ensuring the safety of the lithium ion secondary battery, and from the viewpoint of high strength and a shutdown function, a polyethylene microporous film is currently used.
- the shutdown function refers to a function of blocking the current by closing the pores of the microporous membrane when the temperature of the battery rises. This function suppresses heat generation of the battery and prevents thermal runaway of the battery.
- the microporous membrane itself melts and deforms, and the current cutoff function is lost. .
- thermal runaway of the battery occurs, causing not only destruction of the battery itself, but also destruction of a device incorporating the battery, accident due to ignition, and the like.
- the heat resistance of the microporous membrane is also required for the lithium ion secondary battery separator in order to ensure further safety.
- the shutdown function is contrary to heat resistance because the operation principle is to close the hole by melting polyethylene. Therefore, sufficient heat resistance cannot be obtained by a technique for improving heat resistance by the molecular weight, crystal structure, or the like of polyethylene.
- Patent Document 1 is an example in which a nonwoven fabric is laminated on a polyolefin microporous film.
- a molded body formed from fibers such as non-woven fabric cannot be thinned sufficiently, so that it is difficult to reduce the fiber diameter. End up. For this reason, when exposed to high temperatures, the polyolefin microporous membrane may break in the voids between the fibers, and the heat resistance is not sufficient.
- Patent Document 2 is an example in which short fibers are combined inside a polyolefin microporous membrane. However, since this also uses short fibers, there is a problem similar to the case of the above-mentioned Patent Document 1.
- Patent Document 3 is an example in which a porous layer made of a heat-resistant resin is formed on a polyolefin microporous membrane by a phase separation method. According to this method, the porous layer made of a heat resistant resin can be sufficiently thinned. And if conditions are chosen, since this porous layer can be made into a uniform sponge-like structure, it is thought that the subject about the above heat resistance can be avoided. However, what is disclosed here is not suitable for a porous structure, and ion permeability is extremely low.
- Patent Document 4 is an example in which ion permeability is improved by mixing ceramic powder in a heat-resistant porous layer.
- the porous structure of the heat-resistant porous layer is not disclosed in detail, and the ion permeability is not sufficient.
- the conventional non-aqueous secondary battery separator having a heat-resistant porous layer added for the purpose of achieving both heat resistance and shutdown characteristics has insufficient heat resistance and ion permeability. Improvement is desired.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery that has excellent heat resistance and ion permeability in addition to shutdown characteristics.
- the present inventor examined in detail a separator in which a polyolefin microporous film is coated with a heat-resistant porous layer, and when the porous structure of the heat-resistant porous layer satisfies a specific condition, Alternatively, when the relation between the porous structure of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the heat-resistant porous layer satisfies a specific condition, it has been found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved, and further, excellent battery characteristics can be obtained. . That is, the present invention employs the following configuration.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a porous composite film in which a heat-resistant porous layer containing a heat-resistant resin is formed on at least one surface of a substrate comprising a polyolefin microporous film, the film of the substrate.
- the resistance (A), the Gurley value (B) of the substrate, the membrane resistance (C) of the porous composite membrane, and the Gurley value (D) of the porous composite membrane satisfy the following formulas (1) to (3): A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- A is the film resistance [ohm ⁇ cm 2 ] of the substrate
- B is the Gurley value [sec / 100 cc] of the substrate
- C is the film resistance [ohm ⁇ cm of the porous composite film.
- D respectively represent the Gurley value [sec / 100 cc] of the porous composite membrane, and the membrane resistance [ohm ⁇ cm 2 ] is 1 by weight ratio of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) in the electrolyte. : 1 mol / L of LiBF 4 dissolved in the solvent mixed in 1 is used as the value when measured at 20 ° C.) 2.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery in which at least one surface of a polyolefin microporous membrane is coated with a heat-resistant porous layer containing a heat-resistant resin, the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer determined by the mercury intrusion method is A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery, wherein the separator is 0.1 to 0.2 ⁇ m. 3. 3. The separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery as described in 2 above, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane obtained by mercury porosimetry has an average pore size of 0.05 to 0.5 ⁇ m. 4).
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery in which a heat-resistant porous layer composed of heat-resistant resin fibrils is laminated and integrated on at least one surface of a polyolefin microporous membrane, the average of the heat-resistant resin fibrils
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery wherein the fibril diameter is 10 to 80 nm, and the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat resistant porous layer is 50 to 250 nm. 5). 5.
- the inorganic filler is a porous filler.
- 14 14.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery that has excellent heat resistance and ion permeability in addition to shutdown characteristics.
- Such a separator is very effective in improving the safety and battery characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the present invention captures the invention from various viewpoints in order to solve the above-described problems, and is broadly divided into the following three types (I) to (III).
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a porous composite membrane in which a heat-resistant porous layer containing a heat-resistant resin is formed on at least one surface of a substrate comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
- the film resistance (A) of the material, the Gurley value (B) of the substrate, the film resistance (C) of the porous composite film, and the Gurley value (D) of the porous composite film are expressed by the following formulas (1) to (3):
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries characterized by satisfying the above.
- A is the film resistance [ohm ⁇ cm 2 ] of the substrate
- B is the Gurley value [sec / 100 cc] of the substrate
- C is the film resistance [ohm ⁇ cm of the porous composite film.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery characterized in that the average pore diameter is 0.1 to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- III A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery in which a heat-resistant porous layer composed of heat-resistant resin fibrils is laminated and integrated on at least one surface of a polyolefin microporous membrane, the heat-resistant resin A separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery, wherein the average fibril diameter of the fibril is 10 to 80 nm, and the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat resistant porous layer is 50 to 250 nm.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the first aspect of the present invention is composed of a porous composite membrane in which a heat-resistant porous layer containing a heat-resistant resin is formed on at least one surface of a substrate made of a polyolefin microporous membrane.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery wherein the membrane resistance (A) of the substrate, the Gurley value (B) of the substrate, the membrane resistance (C) of the porous composite membrane, and the Gurley value of the porous composite membrane ( D) satisfies the following formulas (1) to (3).
- A is the film resistance [ohm ⁇ cm 2 ] of the substrate
- B is the Gurley value [sec / 100 cc] of the substrate
- C is the film resistance [ohm] of the porous composite film.
- Cm 2 ] and D represent the Gurley value [sec / 100 cc] of the porous composite film, respectively.
- the membrane resistance [ohm ⁇ cm 2 ] is obtained by dissolving 1 mol / L of LiBF 4 in a solvent in which propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) are mixed in an electrolyte solution at a weight ratio of 1: 1. The value when measured at 20 ° C.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery separator having excellent heat resistance, ion permeability, charge / discharge characteristics, cycle characteristics, and shutdown characteristics (SD characteristics) can be obtained.
- Such a separator is very effective in improving the safety and durability of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the value (A / B) obtained by dividing the film resistance (A) of the substrate by the Gurley value (B) of the substrate is 0.005 to 0.020 ohm ⁇ cm 2 / (sec / 100 cc). is required.
- a / B is less than 0.005
- the charge / discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery may be adversely affected.
- a / B exceeds 0.020 clogging is likely to occur at the interface between the base material and the coating layer, and problems due to clogging frequently occur, which is not preferable. Specifically describing the clogging-related defects, shutdown characteristics and ion permeability may decrease, making it difficult to ensure battery safety, and charge / discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics. It may become insufficient.
- the value (C / D) obtained by dividing the membrane resistance (C) of the porous composite membrane by the Gurley value (D) of the porous composite membrane is 0.010 to 0.025 ohm ⁇ cm 2 / (sec / 100 cc). Need. When C / D is less than 0.010, it is difficult to impregnate the electrolyte in the separator and the ion permeability is lowered, which adversely affects the charge / discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery. . On the other hand, if C / D exceeds 0.025, the heat shrinkage rate becomes high and the heat resistance becomes insufficient.
- the ion permeability is remarkably inhibited, and the SD characteristics may be further deteriorated. This is because clogging occurs at the interface between the base material and the heat-resistant porous layer. In such a case, the ion permeability is significantly inhibited uniformly. In addition, the SD characteristics may deteriorate depending on the degree of clogging.
- the Gurley value in the present invention is an index relating to the air permeability of the membrane, and is determined according to the standard of JIS P8117. Generally, it can be said that the smaller the Gurley value, the better the air permeability.
- the Gurley value is given by the following equation (4).
- tG K ⁇ ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ L) / ( ⁇ ⁇ d) (4)
- tG is the Gurley value (sec / 100 cc)
- K is the proportionality constant (0.0778 sec / 100 cc)
- ⁇ is the curvature (unit is dimensionless, and for any curve)
- L is a film thickness (cm)
- ⁇ is a porosity (dimensionalless)
- d is an average pore diameter (cm).
- the membrane resistance is given by the following formula (5).
- Rm ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ L) / ⁇ (5)
- Rm is the membrane resistance (ohm ⁇ cm 2 )
- ⁇ is the specific resistance of the electrolyte (ohm ⁇ cm)
- L is the film thickness (cm)
- ⁇ is the porosity (unit is none)
- the specific resistance ⁇ of the electrolytic solution is 2.66 ⁇ 10 2 ohm ⁇ cm when the electrolytic solution is 1 mol / L LiBF 4 PC / EC (1/1 weight ratio) and the temperature is 20 ° C. .
- the average pore diameter (d) can be obtained from the following formula (6).
- d (K / ⁇ ) ⁇ (Rm / tG) (6)
- the value obtained by dividing the membrane resistance by the Gurley value (Rm / tG) is a value proportional to the average pore diameter, and is calculated by including K / ⁇ determined by the measurement conditions.
- the average pore size is calculated.
- this average pore diameter d gives the averaged radius.
- K / ⁇ 2.92 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 sec / 100 cc / (ohm ⁇ cm).
- the heat resistant porous layer is a porous coating layer containing a heat resistant resin laminated on at least one surface of a polyolefin microporous membrane.
- this heat-resistant porous layer has a large number of micropores inside, and the micropores are connected to each other, so that gas or liquid can pass from one surface to the other. It has become.
- the heat resistant resin in the present invention includes a resin having substantially no melting point and a thermal decomposition temperature of 200 ° C. or higher.
- a heat resistant resin include wholly aromatic polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and cellulose. Of these, wholly aromatic polyamides are preferable because the durability of the secondary battery is excellent.
- the above-mentioned wholly aromatic polyamide has a meta type and a para type, and the meta type is preferable from the viewpoint of better durability of the secondary battery, and is also preferable from the viewpoint of easily forming a porous structure.
- the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer is preferably 20 to 80%, more preferably 40 to 70%, and particularly preferably 50 to 70%. Thereby, even if the electrode expands and contracts during charging / discharging of the battery, an effect that the separator easily follows this deformation occurs, and as a result, good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the thickness of the heat resistant porous layer is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of heat resistance. Since the basis weight of the heat-resistant porous layer varies depending on the material used, it cannot be generally stated, but it is preferably about 2 to 10 g / m 2 .
- the heat resistant porous layer preferably contains an inorganic filler.
- an inorganic filler is contained in the heat-resistant porous layer, thermal shrinkage when the separator reaches a high temperature is suppressed, and the compressive strength of the separator is further strengthened. As a result, an effect of improving the heat resistance of the secondary battery separator is produced.
- a specific function of the inorganic filler itself for example, heat resistance, thermal conductivity, flame retardancy, gas absorbability, etc. can be added to the function of the separator.
- the content of the inorganic filler in the heat resistant porous layer is preferably 0.4 to 4 times the volume of the heat resistant resin. If the content of the inorganic filler is less than 0.4 times the volume of the heat resistant resin, the effect of improving the heat resistance of the inorganic filler may not be sufficiently obtained. Moreover, when content of an inorganic filler exceeds 4 times with respect to the volume of a heat resistant resin, a heat resistant porous layer will be densified too much and ion permeability may fall. In this case, the heat-resistant porous layer becomes brittle, and the handling property may be significantly reduced.
- the average particle diameter of the inorganic filler is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter exceeds 1 ⁇ m, it may be impossible to sufficiently prevent occurrence of a short circuit when the separator is exposed to a high temperature, and it is difficult to form a heat-resistant porous layer with an appropriate thickness. There is also a possibility.
- the average particle diameter is smaller than 0.1 ⁇ m, the inorganic filler is liable to fall off from the separator and the handling property is lowered, which is not preferable. In addition, it is substantially difficult to use such a small filler from the viewpoint of cost.
- the kind of inorganic filler is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal carbonates, and metal hydroxides.
- metal oxides such as alumina, zirconia, silica, magnesia, and titania
- metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are preferable, and alumina or aluminum hydroxide is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of dispersibility.
- aluminum hydroxide those having a gibbsite composition, a bayerite composition, a boehmite composition and a mixed composition thereof are suitable, and among them, those having a gibbsite composition are preferred.
- a metal hydroxide such as aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide
- the flammable electrolyte is diluted by the discharged water, it is effective not only for the separator but also for the flame retardancy of the electrolyte, which is also effective for flame retarding the entire battery.
- the metal hydroxide is softer than the metal oxide such as alumina, the handling problem such that the sheet conveying portion of the manufacturing apparatus is worn by the inorganic filler contained in the separator does not occur.
- a separator coated with a heat-resistant porous layer generally tends to have poor handling properties because the heat-resistant porous layer is generally easily charged with static electricity.
- the charged charge decays quickly, so that the charge can be kept at a low level, and handling is improved.
- the metal hydroxide is preferably one that causes a dehydration reaction at a temperature of 200 ° C. or more and 600 ° C. or less, and more preferably 250 ° C. to 400 ° C.
- heat generation associated with the decomposition reaction of the positive electrode is considered to be the most dangerous, and this decomposition reaction occurs in the vicinity of 300 ° C. For this reason, if the generation
- the battery is 200 ° C.
- the negative electrode almost loses its activity, so that it does not react with the generated water to cause an exothermic reaction and is safe.
- the dehydration reaction temperature of the metal hydroxide is 200 ° C. or higher, the dehydration reaction will not occur at a temperature lower than the shutdown temperature of the polyolefin microporous membrane, so that the shutdown characteristics are not affected. .
- the dehydration reaction temperature of the metal hydroxide exceeds 600 ° C., it is not preferable because heat generation of the non-aqueous secondary battery may not be suitably prevented.
- aluminum hydroxide is preferable because dehydration reaction occurs in a temperature range of approximately 250 to 300 ° C.
- magnesium hydroxide is preferable in a temperature range of approximately 350 to 400 ° C.
- Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are also preferable from the viewpoint of protecting the positive electrode from hydrogen fluoride present in the non-aqueous secondary battery and improving the durability of the battery.
- inorganic filler made of the above metal hydroxide it is also possible to mix and use a metal oxide such as alumina and other inorganic fillers as long as the handling properties are not adversely affected.
- a porous filler as the inorganic filler in the present invention. That is, in a system to which an inorganic filler is applied, SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) formed on the surface of the electrolyte or the electrode by reacting a minute amount of moisture or hydrogen fluoride in the battery with the surface portion of the inorganic filler. Decomposition of the film is promoted, and as a result, gas may be generated in the battery to reduce the durability of the battery.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
- the heat-resistant resin constituting the heat-resistant porous layer is generally a substance that easily adsorbs moisture, the heat-resistant porous layer is likely to contain a relatively large amount of moisture, and the above-mentioned problem of lowering durability Is prone to occur.
- a porous filler is used as the inorganic filler, the generated gas can be trapped by the porous filler. For this reason, it becomes possible to significantly improve the durability of the battery.
- the porous filler is generally softer than the dense metal oxide filler such as ⁇ -alumina, handling problems such as the sheet conveying portion of the manufacturing apparatus being worn by the porous filler also occur. do not do.
- the porous filler preferably has a specific surface area of 40 to 3000 m 2 / g, more preferably 40 to 1000 m 2 / g, and even more preferably 40 to 500 m 2 / g. If such a porous filler is used, the activity of moisture and hydrogen fluoride present in a minute amount in the battery can be significantly reduced, and gas generation due to decomposition of the electrolyte can be suppressed. Therefore, the durability of the battery can be further improved.
- a specific surface area of less than 40 m 2 / g is not preferable because the activity of moisture and hydrogen fluoride cannot be sufficiently reduced.
- the specific surface area is obtained by analyzing an adsorption isotherm measured by a nitrogen gas adsorption method using a BET equation (equation derived by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller).
- the porous filler is preferably composed of mesopores of 50 nm or less or micropores of 2 nm or less, and particularly preferably has a structure with developed micropores of 2 nm or less. In this case, it is because the activity reduction effect of the water
- porous filler for example, a porous filler obtained by heat-treating metal hydroxide such as zeolite, activated carbon, activated alumina, porous silica, magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide can be suitably used.
- metal hydroxide such as zeolite, activated carbon, activated alumina, porous silica, magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide
- activated alumina is preferred.
- activated alumina refers to a porous filler represented by Al 2 O 3 ⁇ xH 2 O (x can take a value of 0 or more and 3 or less).
- the surface of the activated alumina is amorphous Al 2 O 3 , ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 , ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 , gibbsite-like Al (OH) 3 , boehmite-like Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O, etc.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane in the present invention is made of polyolefin and has a large number of micropores inside, and has a structure in which these micropores are connected. Gas or liquid passes from one surface to the other. It is a film that has become possible.
- the polyolefin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, and combinations thereof. Polyethylene is particularly preferable, and as this polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, a mixture of high-density polyethylene and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, or the like is suitable.
- the film thickness of the polyolefin microporous film is preferably in the range of 5 to 20 ⁇ m. If the film thickness is smaller than 5 ⁇ m, the strength is undesirably lowered. On the other hand, if the thickness exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the output characteristics of the battery are lowered or the energy density is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the porosity is preferably in the range of 20 to 80%, and more preferably in the range of 30 to 60%. If the porosity is lower than 20%, sufficient ion permeability cannot be obtained and the output characteristics of the battery are deteriorated. Further, if the porosity is higher than 80%, it is difficult to ensure sufficient strength as a battery separator, and it is difficult to develop a good shutdown function.
- the Gurley value of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 50 to 500 seconds / 100 cc, more preferably 100 to 300 seconds / 100 cc. Further, the puncture strength as an index of strength is preferably 200 g or more, and more preferably 300 g or more.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery separator of the present invention is characterized by specifying the heat-resistant porous layer and the pore size of the base material as described above, and with such a configuration, heat resistance and good ion permeation can be obtained. Performance and shutdown characteristics.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably in the range of 5 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the separator is thinner than 5 ⁇ m, it is difficult to obtain sufficient strength for handling the separator.
- the thickness is greater than 25 ⁇ m, the ion permeability may be insufficient, and the battery may have insufficient discharge characteristics and low temperature characteristics, or the energy density of the battery may be reduced. is there.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably in the range of 20 to 80%, and more preferably in the range of 40 to 70%. If the porosity is lower than 20%, the ion permeability is lowered and the discharge performance is remarkably lowered. Moreover, when higher than 80%, the heat resistance falls and the subject that intensity
- the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably in the range of 20 to 80% as described above.
- the Gurley value of the separator is preferably 400 seconds / 100 cc or less, and more preferably 300 seconds / 100 cc or less.
- the Gurley value is higher than 400 seconds / 100 cc, the ion permeability is not sufficient, which is not preferable in terms of battery discharge characteristics and low temperature characteristics.
- the separator preferably has a thermal contraction rate in the MD direction and TD direction at 175 ° C. of 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
- a thermal contraction rate in the MD direction and TD direction at 175 ° C. of 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
- the heat-resistant porous layer may be formed on at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous membrane, more preferably on both the front and back surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the heat resistant porous layer of the present invention has an effect of making the film formed on the electrode surface in a good form during charging and discharging. For this reason, it is preferable that the heat-resistant porous layer is in contact with both the positive electrode surface and the negative electrode surface in terms of improving durability such as battery cycle characteristics and storage characteristics. Therefore, the form which shape
- the method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane as a substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can produce a material that satisfies the physical properties of the polyolefin microporous membrane in the present invention.
- the following steps (i) to (vi) are performed. Including methods can be adopted.
- (i) A step of preparing a solution obtained by dissolving a polyolefin composition in a solvent.
- a step of stretching the gel composition (iv) A step of heat-setting the stretched gel composition.
- paraffin liquid paraffin, paraffin oil, mineral oil, castor oil, tetralin, ethylene glycol, glycerin, decalin, toluene, xylene, diethyltriamine, ethylenediamine, dimethylsulfoxide, hexane and the like can be mentioned. It is done.
- the stretching method in the step (iii) is preferably biaxial stretching, and any of sequential biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and transverse stretching are performed separately and simultaneous biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and transverse stretching are performed simultaneously. Can also be suitably used.
- the method for producing a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it can produce a material satisfying the physical properties of the separator of the present invention. Is possible.
- (iii) A step of treating the polyolefin microporous film coated with the slurry with a coagulating liquid capable of coagulating the heat resistant resin.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it dissolves the heat-resistant resin.
- a polar solvent is preferable, and examples thereof include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and the like.
- the said solvent can add the solvent used as a poor solvent with respect to heat resistant resin in addition to these polar solvents. By applying such a poor solvent, a microphase separation structure is induced and the formation of a heat-resistant porous layer is facilitated.
- the poor solvent alcohols are preferable, and polyhydric alcohols such as glycol are particularly preferable.
- the concentration of the heat resistant resin in the coating slurry is preferably 4 to 9% by weight.
- the slurry is applied to at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous membrane, but when forming a heat-resistant porous layer on both surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane, both sides of the polyolefin microporous membrane are coated. Simultaneous application is preferable from the viewpoint of shortening the process.
- the method for applying the slurry include a knife coater method, a gravure coater method, a screen printing method, a Mayer bar method, a die coater method, a reverse roll coater method, an ink jet method, a spray method, and a roll coater method.
- the reverse roll coater method is preferable from the viewpoint of uniformly forming a coating film.
- an excess slurry is applied to both surfaces of the membrane, and this is applied to a pair of reverse roll coaters.
- the polyolefin microporous film coated with the slurry is treated with a coagulating liquid capable of coagulating the heat resistant resin, thereby coagulating the heat resistant resin to form the heat resistant porous layer.
- a coagulating liquid capable of coagulating the heat resistant resin, thereby coagulating the heat resistant resin to form the heat resistant porous layer.
- a porous layer to which the inorganic filler is bound is formed.
- a method of treating with the coagulating liquid a method of spraying the coagulating liquid on the polyolefin microporous film coated with the slurry by spraying, or a method of immersing the microporous film in a bath containing the coagulating liquid (coagulating bath) Etc.
- the coagulation liquid is not particularly limited as long as it can coagulate the heat-resistant resin, but water or a solution obtained by mixing an appropriate amount of water with the solvent used in the slurry is preferable.
- the mixing amount of water is preferably 40 to 80% by weight with respect to the coagulating liquid.
- the amount of water is less than 40% by weight, there arises a problem that the time required for solidifying the heat-resistant resin becomes long or the solidification becomes insufficient.
- the amount of water is more than 80% by weight, there arises a problem that the cost for solvent recovery becomes high, or the surface that comes into contact with the coagulation liquid is solidified too quickly and the surface is not sufficiently porous.
- the step (iv) is a step of removing the coagulating liquid from the sheet after the step (iii), and a method of washing with water is preferable.
- the step (v) is a step of drying and removing water from the sheet after the step (iv), and the drying method is not particularly limited.
- the drying temperature is preferably 50 to 80 ° C., and when a high drying temperature is applied, it is preferable to apply a method of contacting with a roll in order to prevent dimensional change due to heat shrinkage.
- Non-aqueous secondary battery The separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention can be applied to any form of non-aqueous secondary battery as long as it is a non-aqueous secondary battery having an electromotive force obtained by doping or dedoping lithium.
- a general non-aqueous secondary battery has a structure in which a battery element in which a negative electrode and a positive electrode face each other with a separator interposed therebetween is impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and this is enclosed in an exterior.
- the negative electrode has a structure in which a negative electrode mixture composed of a negative electrode active material, a conductive additive and a binder is formed on a current collector.
- the negative electrode active material include materials capable of electrochemically doping lithium, and examples thereof include carbon materials, silicon, aluminum, tin, and wood alloys.
- the conductive assistant include carbon materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the binder is made of an organic polymer, and examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride and carboxymethyl cellulose.
- As the current collector a copper foil, a stainless steel foil, a nickel foil, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode has a structure in which a positive electrode mixture composed of a positive electrode active material, a conductive additive and a binder is formed on a current collector.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-containing transition metal oxides. Specifically, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2, LiMn 2 O 4, LiFePO 4 , and the like.
- the conductive assistant include carbon materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the binder is made of an organic polymer, and examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride.
- As the current collector aluminum foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, or the like can be used.
- the electrolytic solution has a structure in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination.
- Examples of exterior materials include metal cans or aluminum laminate packs.
- the shape of the battery includes a square shape, a cylindrical shape, a coin shape, and the like, but the separator of the present invention can be suitably applied to any shape.
- the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the second aspect of the present invention is the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery in which at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous membrane is coated with a heat-resistant porous layer containing a heat-resistant resin.
- the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer determined by mercury porosimetry is 0.1 to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery having excellent heat resistance and charge / discharge characteristics in addition to a shutdown function can be obtained.
- Such a separator is very effective in improving the safety and durability of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the average pore size of the heat-resistant porous layer needs to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- this average pore diameter exceeds 0.2 ⁇ m, the thermal shrinkage rate of the separator increases, and in extreme cases, the separator is deformed and heat resistance failure such as loss of the current interruption function occurs.
- the average pore size is smaller than 0.1 ⁇ m, the ion permeability of the separator is lowered, and the charge / discharge characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery are poor.
- the average pore size ( ⁇ m) of the heat-resistant porous layer in the second invention is determined as follows. First, for each of the polyolefin microporous membrane (base material) and the coating film (the whole separator) coated with a heat-resistant porous layer on the base material, the pore diameter is measured by a porosimeter based on the mercury intrusion method. Measure the cumulative pore volume per unit weight (ml / g). An example of the measurement result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 1, the broken line indicates the measurement data of the substrate, and the solid line indicates the measurement data of the coating film.
- the substrate and the coating film are multiplying the respective integrated pore volumes (ml / g) of the substrate and the coating film in the measurement results shown in FIG. 1 by the respective basis weights (g / m 2 ), the substrate and the coating
- the integrated pore volume (ml / m 2 ) per unit area with respect to the pore diameter is calculated.
- FIG. 2 An example of the calculation result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 2, the broken line indicates calculation data for the base material, and the solid line indicates calculation data for the coating film.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the correlation between the difference between the accumulated pore volume (ml / m 2 ) per unit area of the substrate and the coating film and the pore diameter ( ⁇ m).
- FIG. 3 shows the cumulative pore volume (ml / m 2 ) per unit area with respect to the pore diameter ( ⁇ m) of the heat-resistant porous layer.
- the pore diameter corresponding to the pore volume of 1/2 of the total pore volume of this heat resistant porous layer is calculated (corresponding to the one-dot chain line in FIG. 3), and this is the average pore diameter of the heat resistant porous layer. ( ⁇ m).
- the porosimeter a measuring instrument based on the mercury intrusion method is used.
- the porosimeter based on the mercury intrusion method include a commercially available Autoscan-60 porosimeter manufactured by Yuasa Ionics Co., Ltd. and a 60,000 psi porosimeter manufactured by American Instrument Company.
- the average pore diameter can be adjusted by molding conditions when the heat-resistant porous layer is laminated on the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the heat-resistant porous layer can be adjusted by the concentration of the heat-resistant resin and the amount of the phase separation agent added to the solvent. It can also be adjusted by including an inorganic filler in the coating solution. Generally, the larger the amount of the phase separation agent or inorganic filler added, the smaller the pore size. Moreover, the pore diameter tends to increase as the concentration of the heat resistant resin decreases.
- the average pore size of the polyolefin microporous membrane obtained by mercury porosimetry is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 ⁇ m. If the average pore size is smaller than 0.05 ⁇ m, the impregnation property of the electrolytic solution is lowered, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.5 ⁇ m, it is difficult to obtain good shutdown characteristics. Further, the average pore size of the polyolefin microporous membrane as the base material is not necessarily smaller than the average pore size of the heat-resistant porous layer. If the average pore diameter of the polyolefin microporous membrane is adjusted to the above range and the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer is adjusted as described above, good ion permeability, heat resistance and shutdown characteristics can be obtained.
- a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is a non-aqueous system in which a heat-resistant porous layer composed of a heat-resistant resin fibril is laminated and integrated on at least one surface of a polyolefin microporous membrane.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery separator having excellent heat resistance and ion permeability can be obtained.
- Such a separator is very effective in improving the safety and battery characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the heat-resistant porous layer with this structure is moderately flexible, it has the effect of stabilizing the SEI film formed on the electrode surface, and has excellent oxidation-reduction resistance, improving the durability of the battery. It also has a significant effect. This effect is particularly prominent when the heat-resistant porous layer is formed on both the front and back surfaces of the polyolefin microporous membrane. In this case, the heat resistance is further improved.
- the average fibril diameter of the heat-resistant resin fibrils in the heat-resistant resin layer is required to be 10 to 80 nm.
- this average fibril diameter is smaller than 10 nm, it becomes difficult to obtain mechanical properties sufficient to sufficiently suppress the thermal shrinkage of the polyolefin microporous film as a substrate.
- ion permeability will be inhibited and it is not preferable.
- the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat resistant resin layer is required to be 50 to 250 nm. If the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat-resistant porous layer is smaller than 50 nm, it is difficult to obtain sufficient ion permeability by reducing the impregnation property of the electrolytic solution. On the other hand, if it exceeds 250 nm, it is difficult to obtain sufficient heat resistance.
- the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer is preferably 50 to 80%, more preferably 50 to 70%. If the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer is less than 50%, the ion permeability is lowered, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 80%, the heat resistance and mechanical properties are undesirably lowered.
- the average fibril diameter of the heat-resistant resin fibril is calculated from the measurement results of the volume and surface area of the heat-resistant resin, assuming that the entire structure of the heat-resistant resin fibril is a cylindrical fibril.
- the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat-resistant porous layer is calculated from the measurement results of the pore volume and the surface area, assuming that the pore structure is all cylindrical.
- the specific surface area St of the separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is measured by the following specific surface area measurement method by gas adsorption method (method according to JIS Z 8830, so-called BET method).
- the specific surface area Ss of the polyolefin microporous film, which is a material, and the specific surface area Sf of the inorganic filler are obtained.
- the specific surface area S is determined using the BET equation represented with N 2 to adsorbate seek N 2 adsorption amount of each sample, the N 2 adsorption amount obtained by the following equation (7).
- 1 / [W ⁇ ⁇ (P 0 / P) ⁇ 1 ⁇ ] ⁇ (C ⁇ 1) / (Wm ⁇ C) ⁇ (P / P 0 ) (1 / (Wm ⁇ C) (7)
- P is the gas pressure of the adsorbate in the adsorption equilibrium
- P 0 is the saturated vapor pressure of the adsorbate in the adsorption equilibrium
- W is the adsorption amount at the adsorption equilibrium pressure P
- Wm is the monomolecular adsorption amount.
- the specific surface area S is obtained by the following formula (9).
- S (Wm ⁇ N ⁇ Acs ⁇ M) / w (9)
- N is the Avogadro number
- M is the molecular weight
- Acs is the adsorption cross section
- w is the sample weight.
- the adsorption sectional area Acs is 0.16 nm 2 .
- the surface area of each constituent material in the sample can be obtained by adding the weight W constituting the sample to the obtained specific surface area S. That is, assuming that the weight of the heat resistant resin is Wa, the weight of the inorganic filler is Wf, and the weight of the polyolefin microporous film of the substrate is Ws, the surface area of the heat resistant resin is St ⁇ (Wa + Wf + Ws) ⁇ (Ss ⁇ Ws + Sf ⁇ Wf). It is obtained by. In addition, the surface area of the polyolefin microporous film of the base material is obtained by Ss ⁇ Ws.
- the average pore diameter of the pores in the heat-resistant porous layer is such that the pores are cylindrical from the pore volume and surface area of the heat-resistant porous layer. Assuming that it is calculated by the following method.
- the average fibril diameter of the polyolefin fibril in the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 10 to 300 nm, and more preferably 10 to 100 nm from the viewpoint of ion permeability. If the average fibril diameter of the polyolefin fibril is smaller than 10 nm, the heat shrinkage rate is increased, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the average fibril diameter of the polyolefin fibril is larger than 300 nm, ion permeability is inhibited, which is not preferable.
- the average pore diameter of the pores in the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 10 to 100 nm, and more preferably 10 to 50 nm from the viewpoint of ion permeability and shutdown characteristics.
- this average pore diameter is smaller than 10 nm, the impregnation property of the electrolytic solution is lowered, so that the ion permeability is inhibited and the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery may be adversely affected.
- this average pore diameter is larger than 100 nm, clogging is likely to occur at the interface between the base material and the heat-resistant porous layer, so that ion permeability may be lowered and shutdown characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the porosity of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably in the range of 20 to 60%, and more preferably in the range of 30 to 60%.
- the curvature of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 1.2 to 2.5, more preferably 1.2 to 1.8.
- the curvature is defined as a value obtained by dividing the length of the hole by the film thickness when focusing on an arbitrary hole.
- the polyolefin microporous film used in the third aspect of the present invention can be manufactured through the same steps as those of the first aspect of the present invention.
- a mixed solvent composed of liquid paraffin and decalin is used as the solvent
- the concentration of the polyolefin composition is 15 to 35% by weight
- the draw ratio is 50 to 100 times (longitudinal draw ratio ⁇ Transverse stretching ratio)
- a heat setting temperature of 110 to 140 ° C. a heat setting temperature not higher than the heat setting temperature, but is not limited thereto.
- the average fibril diameter tends to decrease or the average pore diameter tends to increase.
- the concentration of the polyolefin composition is increased or the draw ratio is decreased, the average fibril diameter tends to increase or the average pore diameter tends to decrease.
- the heat setting temperature is increased, the average pore diameter may be increased or the average fibril diameter may be increased.
- the heat setting temperature is decreased, the average pore diameter may be decreased or the average fibril diameter may be decreased. There is.
- the average fibril diameter may increase or the average pore diameter may increase.
- the concentration of the polyolefin composition is 35% by weight or more, the heat setting temperature is higher than 140 ° C., or annealing is performed at a temperature higher than the heat setting temperature, the porosity may be lower than 30%. Further, if there is a large deformation during annealing, the porosity may be lower than 30%. If the concentration of the polyolefin composition is lower than 15% by weight, the porosity may be higher than 60%.
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries according to the third aspect of the present invention can be manufactured through the same steps as those of the first aspect of the present invention described above.
- the following conditions can be employed, for example.
- the heat resistant resin is dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 50:50 to 80:20 so that the heat resistant resin is 4.0 to 8.0% by weight.
- a heat-resistant porous layer is formed on the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous membrane.
- a heat-resistant porous layer having an average fibril diameter of 10 to 80 nm and an average pore diameter of 50 to 250 nm by variously changing the composition of the mixed solvent, the concentration of the heat-resistant resin, the composition of the coagulating liquid, and the temperature. It is. Also, the average fibril diameter and pore diameter can be controlled by adding an inorganic filler to the coating solution.
- the coating weight of the heat resistant porous layer was determined by subtracting the basis weight of the polyolefin microporous membrane from the basis weight of the separator in which the heat resistant porous layer and the polyolefin microporous membrane were combined.
- the film thickness of the sample was determined by measuring 20 points with a contact-type film thickness meter (manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation) and averaging this.
- the contact terminal was a cylindrical one having a bottom surface of 0.5 cm in diameter.
- the constituent materials are a, b, c..., N, and the weights of the constituent materials are Wa, Wb, Wc..., Wn (g / cm 2 ). g / cm 3 ), where the film thickness of the layer of interest is t (cm), the porosity ⁇ (%) was obtained from the following equation (21).
- ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ (Wa / xa + Wb / xb + Wc / xc +... + Wn / xn) / t ⁇ ⁇ 100
- Membrane resistance of polyolefin microporous membrane A polyolefin microporous membrane serving as a sample was cut into a size of 2.6 cm x 2.0 cm. The cut sample was immersed in a methanol solution in which 3% by weight of a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Kao Corporation; Emulgen 210P) was dissolved and air-dried. An aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was cut into 2.0 cm ⁇ 1.4 cm, and a lead tab was attached thereto. Two aluminum foils were prepared, and the sample was sandwiched between the aluminum foils so that the aluminum foils were not short-circuited.
- a nonionic surfactant manufactured by Kao Corporation; Emulgen 210P
- the sample is impregnated with an electrolytic solution (a liquid obtained by dissolving 1 mol / L LiBF 4 in a solvent in which propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1). This was sealed in an aluminum laminate pack under reduced pressure so that the tab would come out of the aluminum pack.
- electrolytic solution a liquid obtained by dissolving 1 mol / L LiBF 4 in a solvent in which propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1).
- Gurley value 1) Gurley value of polyolefin microporous membrane The Gurley value (sec / 100 cc) of the polyolefin microporous membrane was measured according to the standard of JIS P8117.
- Separator Gurley value (sec / 100 cc) was determined in the same manner as described above except that a composite separator was used as a sample.
- the length between the two points AB and CD was measured before and after the heat treatment, and the thermal shrinkage rate was obtained from the following formulas (22) and (23), which was used as an index of heat resistance.
- MD direction thermal shrinkage ⁇ (AB length before heat treatment ⁇ AB length after heat treatment) / AB length before heat treatment ⁇ ⁇ 100
- TD direction thermal contraction rate ⁇ (length of CD before heat treatment ⁇ length of CD after heat treatment) / length of CD before heat treatment ⁇ ⁇ 100
- MCMB mesophase carbon microbeads
- acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo; trade name Denka Black
- polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were opposed to each other through a separator. This was impregnated with an electrolytic solution and sealed in an exterior made of an aluminum laminate film to produce a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- 1 mol / L LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / ethyl methyl carbonate (3/7 weight ratio) (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used as the electrolytic solution.
- This prototype battery has a positive electrode area of 2 ⁇ 1.4 cm 2 , a negative electrode area of 2.2 ⁇ 1.6 cm 2 , and a set capacity of 8 mAh (in the range of 4.2V-2.75V).
- Charging / discharging characteristic was evaluated as follows. First, a charge / discharge cycle of charging at a constant current (1.6 mA) and a constant voltage (4.2 V) for 8 hours and discharging at a constant current (1.6 mA) and a constant voltage (2.75 V) is performed. Ten cycles were performed. The discharge capacity obtained at the 10th cycle was defined as the discharge capacity of this battery. Next, the battery was charged with a constant current (1.6 mA) and a constant voltage (4.2 V) for 8 hours, and discharged with a constant current (16 mA) and a constant voltage (2.75 V).
- the capacity obtained at this time was divided by the discharge capacity of the battery at the 10th cycle to obtain a load characteristic value (%).
- This load characteristic value was used as an index of charge / discharge characteristics. When this value was 85% or more, it was evaluated as ⁇ , when it was 70 to 85%, ⁇ , and when it was 70% or less, it was evaluated as ⁇ .
- Cycle characteristics were evaluated using the battery produced by the above method. First, a charge / discharge cycle of charging at a constant current (1.6 mA) and a constant voltage (4.2 V) for 8 hours and discharging at a constant current (1.6 mA) and a constant voltage (2.75 V) is performed. Ten cycles were performed. The discharge capacity obtained at the 10th cycle was defined as the discharge capacity of this battery. Subsequently, the same charge / discharge cycle was repeated 100 times, and when the decrease in discharge capacity at this time was 10% or less, it was evaluated as ⁇ , 10-20% as ⁇ , and 20% or more as x.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 11.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 125 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane had a thickness of 13 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 6.44 g / m 2 , a porosity of 48%, and a puncture strength of 379 g.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M
- concentration of Conex in a coating liquid might be 5.0 weight%
- the weight ratio of Conex and aluminum hydroxide might be set to 15:85 (volume ratio 24:76).
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 5.63 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 63%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 20 ⁇ m, the porosity was 53%, and the puncture strength was 346 g.
- Table 1 shows the membrane resistance (A), Gurley value (B) and membrane resistance (A) / Gurley value (B) of the polyethylene microporous membrane, and the membrane resistance (C) and Gurley value (D ) And membrane resistance (C) / Gurley value (D).
- Table 2 shows the thermal shrinkage at 175 ° C., charge / discharge characteristics, cycle characteristics, SD characteristics, slip properties, withstand voltage half-life, and DSC analysis evaluation results (presence or absence of endothermic reaction at 200 ° C. or higher). The measurement results in the following examples and comparative examples are similarly shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.8 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 13.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 132 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane had a thickness of 12 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 7.05 g / m 2 , a porosity of 38%, and a puncture strength of 335 g.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent in which dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) had a weight ratio of 70:30. .
- Aluminum hydroxide (manufactured by Showa Denko; H-43M) having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed in this polymer solution to prepare a coating solution.
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film produced as described above was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the clearance between the Meyer bars was set to 30 ⁇ m, and # 6 was used for both the Mayer bars.
- This was immersed in a coagulating liquid having a weight ratio of water: DMAc: TPG 30: 49: 21 and 30 ° C., followed by washing and drying. This obtained the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries of this invention in which the heat resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 5.21 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 64%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 19 ⁇ m, the porosity was 48%, and the puncture strength was 346 g.
- Example 1-3 For the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention, as in Example 1-1, except that magnesium hydroxide having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m (Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd .; Kisuma 5P) was used as the inorganic filler. A separator was obtained. In the separator, the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 5.05 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 66%. The thickness of the entire separator was 20 ⁇ m, the porosity was 54%, and the puncture strength was 351 g.
- Example 1-4 Aluminum hydroxide (manufactured by Showa Denko; H-43M) was heat-treated at 280 ° C. to obtain activated alumina having a porous structure with an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 400 m 2 / g. When XRD analysis was performed on this activated alumina, it was found that it was mainly an amorphous bulk structure and a very small amount of boehmite phase was mixed.
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries of this invention was obtained like Example 1-1 except the point which used said active alumina as an inorganic filler.
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 4.77 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 69%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 19 ⁇ m, the porosity was 55%, and the puncture strength was 349 g.
- Example 1-5 As in Example 1-1, except that ⁇ -alumina (manufactured by Showa Denko; AL160SG-3) having an average particle size of 0.6 ⁇ m was used as the inorganic filler, for the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention A separator was obtained.
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 6.65 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 64%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 19 ⁇ m, the porosity was 53%, and the puncture strength was 355 g.
- a slurry was prepared by adding and dispersing 0.2 times the silica powder (manufactured by Tokuyama: Tokuseal) to the polyethylene solution.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 13.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 138 ° C.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane had a thickness of 13 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 4.45 g / m 2 , a porosity of 64%, and a puncture strength of 234 g.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- Aluminum hydroxide (manufactured by Showa Denko; H-43M) having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed in this polymer solution to prepare a coating solution.
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film produced as described above was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the clearance between the Meyer bars was set to 30 ⁇ m, and # 6 was used for both the Mayer bars.
- This was immersed in a coagulation liquid having a weight ratio of water: DMAc: TPG 30: 42: 28 and 30 ° C., and then washed and dried. This obtained the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries in which the heat-resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 5.85 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 65%.
- the total thickness of the separator was 21 ⁇ m, the porosity was 64%, and the puncture strength was 255 g.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 13.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 138 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane had a thickness of 12 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 7.87 g / m 2 , a porosity of 31%, and a puncture strength of 359 g.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent in which dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) had a weight ratio of 50:50.
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- Aluminum hydroxide (manufactured by Showa Denko; H-43M) having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed in this polymer solution to prepare a coating solution. The concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 4.0% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 50:50 (volume ratio 64:36). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film produced as described above was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the clearance between the Meyer bars was set to 30 ⁇ m, and # 6 was used for both the Mayer bars.
- This was immersed in a coagulating liquid having a weight ratio of water: DMAc: TPG 60: 20: 20 and 60 ° C., followed by washing and drying. This obtained the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries in which the heat-resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 3.25 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 83%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 23 ⁇ m, the porosity was 56%, and the puncture strength was 361 g.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 11.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 125 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane had a thickness of 13 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 6.44 g / m 2 , a porosity of 48%, and a puncture strength of 379 g.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- Aluminum hydroxide (manufactured by Showa Denko; H-43M) having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed in this polymer solution to prepare a coating solution.
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film produced as described above was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the clearance between the Meyer bars was set to 30 ⁇ m, and # 6 was used for both the Mayer bars.
- This was immersed in a coagulation liquid having a weight ratio of water: DMAc: TPG 30: 42: 28 and 30 ° C., and then washed and dried. This obtained the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries in which the heat-resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 6.46 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 66%.
- the thickness of the entire separator was 22 ⁇ m, the porosity was 55%, and the puncture strength was 331 g.
- Examples 1-1 to 1-5 are those in which A / B and C / D are within the scope of the present invention, and A / B ⁇ C Since it is / D, it is excellent in all of heat resistance, discharge characteristics, cycle characteristics, and SD characteristics.
- a / B greatly exceeds 0.020
- C / D greatly exceeds 0.025
- the condition of A / B ⁇ C / D is not satisfied.
- SD characteristics, discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics are poor.
- Comparative Example 1-2 since A / B exceeds 0.020 and C / D exceeds 0.025, heat resistance is poor, and discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics are also somewhat poor. is there.
- Comparative Example 1-3 does not satisfy the condition of A / B ⁇ C / D, and thus has slightly poor discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics. From this, it can be seen that a separator having excellent heat resistance, SD characteristics, discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics can be obtained if the conditions of the present invention are satisfied.
- FIG. 4 shows the DSC analysis results for Example 1-1.
- an endothermic peak due to melting of polyethylene was observed at 110 to 160 ° C.
- a large endothermic peak due to dehydration reaction of aluminum hydroxide was further observed at 250 to 320 ° C. From this, it can be seen that in Example 1-1, after the polyethylene microporous membrane melts and shuts down, aluminum hydroxide undergoes a dehydration reaction with a large endothermic reaction when exposed to a higher temperature.
- the same DSC analysis results were obtained in Example 1-2, in which aluminum hydroxide was used as the inorganic filler.
- Example 1-3 using magnesium hydroxide as an inorganic filler is not shown, a large endothermic peak due to dehydration of magnesium hydroxide is observed at 350 to 400 ° C. in addition to the endothermic peak due to melting of polyethylene. It was done.
- Examples 1-4 using activated alumina as an inorganic filler and Examples 1-5 using ⁇ -alumina as an inorganic filler no significant endothermic peak was observed in the temperature range exceeding 200 ° C. It was. From this, it can be seen that when a metal hydroxide is used as the inorganic filler, an excellent flame retardant effect can be obtained.
- Examples 1-1 to 1-4 in which metal hydroxide or activated alumina is used as the inorganic filler, all have good sliding properties and excellent handling properties. Furthermore, it can be seen that Examples 1-1 to 1-3 using metal hydroxide as the inorganic filler are all excellent in the charge removal effect.
- Micropores Autopore IV 9510 type was used for the pore diameter measurement by the mercury intrusion method.
- the measurement pore diameter range was 10 to 0.003 ⁇ m.
- the average pore diameter was defined as the average pore diameter of the polyolefin microporous membrane, which is the pore diameter showing an accumulated pore volume that is 1/2 of the maximum accumulated pore volume obtained in the measurement range.
- Micropores Autopore IV 9510 type was used for the pore diameter measurement by the mercury intrusion method.
- the measurement pore diameter range was 10 to 0.003 ⁇ m.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane hereinafter referred to as a substrate
- a polyolefin microporous membrane hereinafter referred to as a coating membrane
- the pore size distribution curve obtained here is the cumulative pore volume per 1 g of sample (mercury intrusion amount: ml / g) with respect to the pore size ( ⁇ m).
- the cumulative pore volume per 1 g of the sample is multiplied by the basis weight of the sample (g / m 2 ) to convert it to the cumulative pore volume per 1 m 2 of the sample (ml / m 2 ).
- a pore size distribution curve of pore volume (ml / m 2 ) per 1 m 2 of sample with respect to the pore size ( ⁇ m) of the substrate and the coating film is obtained.
- the difference between the coating film and the substrate is taken, and the cumulative pore volume (ml / m 2 ) per 1 m 2 of the heat resistant porous layer with respect to the pore diameter ( ⁇ m) of the heat resistant porous layer is calculated.
- a pore size distribution curve is obtained.
- the pore diameter showing an accumulated pore volume that is 1/2 of the maximum accumulated pore volume obtained in the measurement range was taken as the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 11.0 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 125 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- the polyethylene microporous membrane has a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m, a basis weight of 5.82 g / m 2 , a porosity of 53%, an average pore diameter of 0.15 ⁇ m, a puncture strength of 350 g, a Gurley value of 173 seconds / 100 cc, and a membrane resistance of It was 1.901 ohm ⁇ cm 2 .
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent in which dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) had a weight ratio of 50:50. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M
- concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69).
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 6.84 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 59%.
- the separator had a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, a porosity of 53%, and a puncture strength of 331 g.
- Table 3 shows the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer, the thermal contraction rate of the separator, the Gurley value, and the membrane resistance.
- the other examples and comparative examples are also summarized in Table 3.
- Example 2-2 A polyethylene microporous membrane similar to that in Example 2-1 was used as the substrate.
- Conex registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M
- H-43M aluminum hydroxide having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed as an inorganic filler to prepare a coating solution.
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries of this invention in which the heat resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat-resistant porous layer was 5.87 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat-resistant porous layer was 59%.
- the separator had a thickness of 19 ⁇ m, a porosity of 53%, and a puncture strength of 349 g.
- Example 2-3 A polyethylene microporous membrane similar to that in Example 2-1 was used as the substrate. Then, a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that it was coated on one side of a polyethylene microporous membrane. In the separator, the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 6.60 g / m 2 , and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 60%. The separator had a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, a porosity of 54%, and a puncture strength of 342 g.
- Example 2-4 A polyethylene microporous membrane similar to that in Example 2-1 was used as the substrate.
- An aluminum hydroxide manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a polyimide resin having a polymer concentration of 20% (Rika Coat; manufactured by Nippon Nippon Chemical Co., Ltd.) ) was added in an amount 4 times the polymer weight (2.2 times the volume ratio) and dispersed.
- the slurry was diluted with NMP so that the polymer concentration was 4.5% by weight with respect to NMP, thereby preparing a coating solution.
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 5.94 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 59%.
- the separator had a film thickness of 19 ⁇ m, a porosity of 53%, and a puncture strength of 388 g.
- Example 2-1 A polyethylene microporous membrane similar to that in Example 2-1 was used as the substrate.
- Conex registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries in which the heat-resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 6.94 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 52%.
- the separator had a thickness of 19 ⁇ m, a porosity of 50%, and a puncture strength of 344 g.
- Example 2-2 A polyethylene microporous membrane similar to that in Example 2-1 was used as the substrate.
- Conex registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M
- H-43M aluminum hydroxide having an average particle diameter of 0.8 ⁇ m was dispersed as an inorganic filler to prepare a coating solution.
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 4.0% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 80:20 (volume ratio 88:12). Then, two Meyer bars were opposed to each other, and an appropriate amount of coating liquid was put between them.
- the polyethylene microporous film was passed between Mayer bars on which the coating liquid was placed, and the coating liquid was applied to the front and back surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries in which the heat-resistant porous layer was formed in the both surfaces of the polyethylene microporous film.
- the coating amount of the heat resistant porous layer was 3.05 g / m 2 on both sides, and the porosity of the heat resistant porous layer was 73%.
- the separator had a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, a porosity of 59%, and a puncture strength of 330 g.
- the separators of Examples 2-1 to 2-4 whose average pore diameter is within the range of the present invention, have a low thermal shrinkage ratio of MD and TD and excellent heat resistance.
- the separators of Examples 2-1 to 2-4 have low curl values and low membrane resistance, they have excellent ion permeability and charge / discharge characteristics when applied to batteries.
- the separator of Comparative Example 2-1 in which the average pore diameter is smaller than the range of the present invention has a high Gurley value and a large membrane resistance. I can't get it.
- the separator of Comparative Example 2-2 having an average pore diameter larger than the range of the present invention has a large heat shrinkage rate and is inferior in heat resistance.
- LiCoO 2 lithium cobaltate
- acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo; trade name Denka Black
- 6 polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.
- MCMB mesophase carbon microbeads
- acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo; trade name Denka Black
- polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were opposed to each other through a separator. This was impregnated with an electrolytic solution and sealed in an exterior made of an aluminum laminate film to produce a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- 1 mol / L LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / ethyl methyl carbonate (3/7 weight ratio) (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used as the electrolytic solution.
- This prototype battery has a positive electrode area of 2 ⁇ 1.4 cm 2 , a negative electrode area of 2.2 ⁇ 1.6 cm 2 , and a set capacity of 8 mAh (in the range of 4.2V-2.75V).
- the non-aqueous secondary battery separator produced in Examples 2-1, 2-3 and 2-4 and the polyethylene microporous membrane produced in Example 2-1 were used as described above.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery was produced.
- a heat-resistant porous layer with a positive electrode side and a negative electrode side with a heat-resistant porous layer were prepared. These batteries were charged to 4.2 V or 4.3 V, and then a trickle charge test was conducted at 60 ° C. for 4.2 hours or 4.3 V for 200 hours.
- the specific surface area was determined from the BET equation by the nitrogen gas adsorption method. The measurement was performed by a three-point method using NOVA-1200 (manufactured by Yuasa Ionics).
- the coating thickness was determined by subtracting the thickness of the substrate from the thickness of the separator.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.8 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 13.5 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 132 ° C.
- this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin. Then, it dried at 50 degreeC and obtained the polyethylene microporous film by annealing at 120 degreeC.
- This polyethylene microporous membrane is used as the substrate 1.
- Table 5 shows the configuration and physical properties of the substrate 1.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69).
- Example 3-2 Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.5% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 20:80 (volume ratio 31:69).
- Example 3-3 Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- H-43M specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a die at 148 ° C. and cooled in a water bath to prepare a gel tape (base tape).
- the base tape was dried at 60 ° C. for 8 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 15 minutes, and the base tape was stretched by biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and lateral stretching were sequentially performed.
- the longitudinal stretching was 5.5 times
- the stretching temperature was 90 ° C.
- the transverse stretching was 10.5 times the stretching ratio
- the stretching temperature was 105 ° C.
- heat setting was performed at 135 ° C. Next, this was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to extract liquid paraffin and decalin.
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 60:40. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.3% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 25:75 (volume ratio 37:63).
- Example 3-5 Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent in which dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) had a weight ratio of 50:50. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- ⁇ -alumina manufactured by Showa Denko KK; AL160-SG3: specific surface area 8.4 m 2 / g
- the Conex concentration in the coating solution was adjusted to 5.2% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 12:88 (volume ratio 29:71).
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 80:20. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- the Conex concentration in the coating solution was adjusted to 7.0 wt%, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 55:45 (volume ratio 38:62).
- Conex (registered trademark; manufactured by Teijin Techno Products), a meta-type wholly aromatic polyamide, was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in a weight ratio of 80:20. .
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- TPG tripropylene glycol
- aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size of 0.8 ⁇ m manufactured by Showa Denko KK; H-43M: specific surface area 9.4 m 2 / g
- the concentration of Conex in the coating solution was adjusted to 3.0% by weight, and the weight ratio of Conex to aluminum hydroxide was adjusted to 10:90 (volume ratio 17:83).
- the separators of Examples 3-1 to 3-5 in which the average fibril diameter and the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer are within the scope of the present invention have a heat shrinkage rate. Small and excellent in heat resistance.
- the separators of Examples 3-1 to 3-5 have low membrane resistance and small Gurley values, the ion permeability when used as a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery is also good.
- the separator of Comparative Example 3-1 in which both the average fibril diameter and the average pore diameter of the heat resistant porous layer exceed the range of the present invention has a large heat shrinkage ratio and poor heat resistance.
- the separator of Comparative Example 3-2 in which the average pore diameter of the heat-resistant porous layer is smaller than the range of the present invention has a high membrane resistance and a large Gurley value. Therefore, when used as a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery. Ion permeability is poor.
- the separator of Comparative Example 3-3, in which the average fibril diameter of the heat resistant porous layer is smaller than the range of the present invention, has a large heat shrinkage rate and poor heat resistance.
- the present invention can be effectively utilized as a technique for improving the characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
0.005≦A/B≦0.020[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(1)
0.010≦C/D≦0.025[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(2)
A/B<C/D …(3)
(式(1)~(3)中、Aは基材の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Bは基材のガーレ値[sec/100cc]、Cは多孔複合膜の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Dは多孔複合膜のガーレ値[sec/100cc]をそれぞれ表わす。また、膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]は電解液にプロピレンカーボネート(PC)とエチレンカーボネート(EC)が重量比で1:1に混合された溶媒にLiBF4を1mol/L溶解したものを用い、20℃で測定した場合の値とする。)
2. ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が被覆された非水系二次電池用セパレータにおいて、水銀圧入法により求めた該耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径が0.1~0.2μmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
3. 水銀圧入法により求めた前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径が0.05~0.5μmであることを特徴とする上記2に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
4. ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルから構成される耐熱性多孔質層が積層されかつ一体化された非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、該耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~80nmであり、該耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径が50~250nmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
5. 前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中のポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~300nmであり、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中の細孔の平均孔径が10~100nmであることを特徴とする上記4に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
6. 前記ポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~100nmであり、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中の細孔の平均孔径が10~50nmであることを特徴とする上記5に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
7. 前記耐熱性多孔質層が無機フィラーを含むことを特徴とする上記1~6のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
8. 前記無機フィラーが金属水酸化物からなることを特徴とする上記7に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
9. 前記無機フィラーが多孔質フィラーからなることを特徴とする上記7に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
10. 前記耐熱性多孔質層中において、前記無機フィラーが前記耐熱性樹脂の体積に対し0.4~4倍含有されていることを特徴とする上記7~9のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
11. 前記無機フィラーの平均粒子径が0.1~1μmであることを特徴とする上記7~10のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
12. 前記耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率が20~80%であることを特徴とする上記1~11のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
13. 前記耐熱性樹脂が全芳香族ポリアミドであることを特徴とする上記1~12のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
14. 前記全芳香族ポリアミドがメタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであることを特徴とする上記13に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
15. 前記耐熱性多孔質層が前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の両面に形成されていることを特徴とする上記1~14のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
(I) ポリオレフィン微多孔膜からなる基材の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が形成された多孔複合膜からなる非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、該基材の膜抵抗(A)、該基材のガーレ値(B)、該多孔複合膜の膜抵抗(C)及び該多孔複合膜のガーレ値(D)が、下記式(1)~(3)を満足することを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
0.005≦A/B≦0.020[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(1)
0.010≦C/D≦0.025[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(2)
A/B<C/D …(3)
(式(1)~(3)中、Aは基材の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Bは基材のガーレ値[sec/100cc]、Cは多孔複合膜の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Dは多孔複合膜のガーレ値[sec/100cc]をそれぞれ表わす。また、膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]は電解液にプロピレンカーボネート(PC)とエチレンカーボネート(EC)が重量比で1:1に混合された溶媒にLiBF4を1mol/L溶解したものを用い、20℃で測定した場合の値とする。)
(II) ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が被覆された非水系二次電池用セパレータにおいて、水銀圧入法により求めた該耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径が0.1~0.2μmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
(III) ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルから構成される耐熱性多孔質層が積層されかつ一体化された非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、該耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~80nmであり、該耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径が50~250nmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
[第一の本発明]
第一の本発明に係る非水系二次電池用セパレータは、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜からなる基材の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が形成された多孔複合膜からなる非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、該基材の膜抵抗(A)、該基材のガーレ値(B)、該多孔複合膜の膜抵抗(C)及び該多孔複合膜のガーレ値(D)が、下記式(1)~(3)を満足することを特徴とする。
0.005≦A/B≦0.020[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(1)
0.010≦C/D≦0.025[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(2)
A/B<C/D …(3)
本発明では、基材の膜抵抗(A)を基材のガーレ値(B)で割った値(A/B)が0.005~0.020ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)であることが必要である。A/Bが0.005未満であると、セパレータ中への電解液の含浸が困難であり、イオン透過性を阻害してしまう場合がある。そして、この場合、電池の充放電特性やサイクル特性に悪影響を及ぼしてしまうおそれがある。また、A/Bが0.020を超えると、基材と塗工層の界面において目詰まりが起こりやすくなり、目詰まり由来の不具合が頻繁に発生するので好ましくない。目詰まり由来の不具合を具体的に述べると、シャットダウン特性やイオン透過性の低下が起こることがあり、それに伴って電池の安全性を確保することが困難となったり、充放電特性やサイクル特性が不十分となったりすることがある。
tG=K・(τ2・L)/(ε・d) …(4)
ここで、式(4)中、tGはガーレ値(sec/100cc)、Kは比例定数(0.0778sec/100cc)、τは曲路率(単位は無次元で、任意の曲路に対して曲路長を膜厚で割った値を平均したもの)、Lは膜厚(cm)、εは空孔率(無次元)、dは平均孔径(cm)をそれぞれ表わす。
Rm=(ρ・τ2・L)/ε …(5)
ここで、式(5)中、Rmは膜抵抗(ohm・cm2)、ρは電解液の比抵抗(ohm・cm)、Lは膜厚(cm)、εは空孔率(単位は無次元)をそれぞれ表わす。なお、電解液の比抵抗ρは、電解液が1mol/L LiBF4 PC/EC(1/1重量比)であって温度が20℃の場合は、2.66×102ohm・cmとなる。
d=(K/ρ)・(Rm/tG) …(6)
式(6)から分かるように、膜抵抗をガーレ値で割った値(Rm/tG)は、平均孔径に比例する値であり、測定条件によって決定されるK/ρを入れて計算することで平均孔径が算出される。ここで、この平均孔径dは平均された半径を与える。第一の本発明の場合、K/ρ=2.92×10-4sec/100cc/(ohm・cm)である。よって、上記の式(1)及び(2)をその具体的数値であらわすと、以下の式(1-A)及び式(2-A)となる。
15(nm)≦d≦58(nm) …(1-A)
29(nm)≦d≦73(nm) …(2-A)
本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも片面に積層された耐熱性樹脂を含む多孔質被覆層である。また、この耐熱性多孔質層は、内部に多数の微細孔を有し、これら微細孔が互いに連結された構造となっており、一方の面から他方の面へと気体あるいは液体が通過可能となっている。
本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層は無機フィラーを含むことが好ましい。耐熱性多孔質層に無機フィラーが含まれると、セパレータが高温度になった際の熱収縮が抑制され、更にセパレータの圧縮強度が強固になる。その結果、二次電池用セパレータの耐熱性を向上させる効果が生じる。また、無機フィラー自体の特有の機能(例えば耐熱性や熱伝導性、難燃性、ガス吸収性等)をセパレータの機能に付加できる点でも好ましい。
本発明におけるポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、ポリオレフィンからなり、内部に多数の微細孔を有し、これら微細孔が連結された構造となっており、一方の面から他方の面へと気体あるいは液体が通過可能となった膜である。ポリオレフィンとしては、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレン、ポリメチルペンテン、これらの組合せ等が挙げられる。特に好ましいのはポリエチレンであるが、このポリエチレンとしては高密度ポリエチレンや、高密度ポリエチレンと超高分子量ポリエチレンの混合物等が好適である。
本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータの特徴は、前述のように耐熱性多孔質層と基材の孔径を特定することにあり、このような構成とすることで耐熱性と良好なイオン透過性、シャットダウン特性を両立することができる。
本発明において、基材となるポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法は、本発明におけるポリオレフィン微多孔膜の物性を満足するものを製造できれば特に限定されないが、例えば下記(i)~(vi)の工程を含む方法を採用できる。
(i)ポリオレフィン組成物を溶剤に溶解させた溶液を調整する工程。
(ii)前記溶液をポリオレフィン組成物の融点以上かつ融点+60℃以下の温度でダイより押出し、冷却してゲル状組成物を形成する工程。
(iii)前記ゲル状組成物を延伸する工程。
(iv)延伸されたゲル状組成物を熱固定する工程。
(v)前記溶剤を除去する工程。
(vi)アニールする工程。
本発明において、非水系二次電池用セパレータの製造方法は、本発明のセパレータの物性を満足するものを製造できれば特に限定されないが、例えば下記(i)~(v)の工程を経て製造することが可能である。
(i)耐熱性樹脂を溶剤に溶かして、塗工用スラリーを作製する工程。
(ii)前記スラリーをポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の表面に塗工する工程。
(iii)前記スラリーが塗工されたポリオレフィン微多孔膜を、前記耐熱性樹脂を凝固させることが可能な凝固液で処理する工程。
(iv)前記凝固液を水洗することによって除去する工程。
(v)水を乾燥する工程。
本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータは、リチウムのドープ・脱ドープにより起電力を得る形態の非水系二次電池であれば、いかなる形態の非水系二次電池においても適用可能である。一般的な非水系二次電池は、負極と正極がセパレータを介して対向している電池要素に電解液が含浸され、これが外装に封入された構造となっている。
第二の本発明に係る非水系二次電池用セパレータは、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が被覆された非水系二次電池用セパレータにおいて、水銀圧入法により求めた該耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径が0.1~0.2μmであることを特徴とする。
第二の本発明において、耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径は、0.1~0.2μmの範囲であることを必要とする。この平均孔径が0.2μmを超えると、セパレータの熱収縮率が高くなり、極端な場合にはセパレータが変形して電流遮断機能が失われる等の耐熱性不良が生じる。また、平均孔径が0.1μmより小さくなると、セパレータのイオン透過性が低下し、非水系二次電池の充放電特性が不良となる。
第二の本発明において、水銀圧入法により求めたポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径は0.05~0.5μmの範囲が好適である。平均孔径が0.05μmより小さいと電解液の含浸性が低下し好ましくない。また0.5μmより大きくなると良好なシャットダウン特性を得ることが困難となる。また、必ずしも基材のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径は耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径より小さい必要はない。ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径を上記の範囲に調整し、耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径を前述のように調整すれば、良好なイオン透過性と耐熱性、シャットダウン特性を得ることができる。
第三の本発明に係る非水系二次電池用セパレータは、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルから構成される耐熱性多孔質層が積層されかつ一体化された非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、該耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~80nmであり、該耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径が50~250nmであることを特徴とする。
第三の本発明では、耐熱性樹脂層における耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~80nmであることを必要とする。この平均フィブリル径が10nmより小さいと、基材であるポリオレフィン微多孔膜の熱収縮を十分に抑制するだけの力学物性を得ることが困難となる。また、80nmより大きいと、イオン透過性を阻害し好ましくない。
本発明において、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径は、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの全構成が円柱状のフィブリルであると仮定し、耐熱性樹脂の体積と表面積の測定結果から算出する。また、耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径は、当該細孔の構造が全て円柱状であると仮定し、細孔容積と表面積の測定結果から算出する。以下、これらの算出法について詳述する。
まず、以下のガス吸着法による比表面積の測定法(JIS Z 8830に準じた方法、いわゆるBET法)により、非水系二次電池用セパレータの比表面積Stと、基材であるポリオレフィン微多孔膜の比表面積Ssと、無機フィラーの比表面積Sfを求める。
1/[W・{(P0/P)-1}]={(C-1)/(Wm・C)}(P/P0)(1/(Wm・C) …(7)
ここで、式(7)中、Pは吸着平衡における吸着質の気体の圧力、P0は吸着平衡における吸着質の飽和蒸気圧、Wは吸着平衡圧Pにおける吸着量、Wmは単分子吸着量、CはBET定数を表す。x軸を相対圧力P0/Pとし、y軸を1/[W・{(P0/P)-1}]とすると、線形のプロット(いわゆるBETプロット)が得られる。このプロットにおける傾きをA、切片をBとすると、単分子吸着量Wmは下記式(8)のようになる。
Wm=1/(A+B)…(8)
S=(Wm・N・Acs・M)/w…(9)
ここで、Nはアボガドロ数、Mは分子量、Acsは吸着断面積、wはサンプル重量である。なお、N2の場合、吸着断面積Acsは0.16nm2である。
塗工層の耐熱性樹脂がフィブリル状繊維質から構成されると仮定する。フィブリル繊維質の全容積をVt1とし、フィブリルの直径をRt1とし、フィブリル全長をLs1とすると、以下の(10)~(12)の式が成立する。
Vt1=π・(Rt1/2)2・Lt1 …(11)
Vt1=Wa/da …(12)
ここで、daは耐熱性樹脂の比重である。上記(10)~(12)の式から、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径Rt1を求めることができる。
耐熱性樹脂層中の細孔の平均孔径は、該耐熱性多孔質層の細孔容積と表面積から、細孔が円柱状であると仮定して下記方法で算出する。
Vt2=π(Rt2/2)2・Lt2 …(14)
Vt2=ε・(Wa/da+Wf/df+Vt2) …(15)
ここで、Wfは無機フィラーの重量、dfは無機フィラーの密度である。上記(13)~(15)の式から、耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径Rt2を求めることができる。
第三の本発明においては、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中のポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径は10~300nmであることが好ましく、イオン透過性の観点からは更に10~100nmであることが好ましい。ポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10nmより小さいと、熱収縮率が高くなり好ましくない。一方、ポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が300nmより大きくなると、イオン透過性を阻害するので好ましくない。
ポリエチレン微多孔膜がフィブリル状繊維質から構成され、細孔が円柱状の孔であると仮定する。フィブリル繊維質の全体積をVs1、全細孔体積をVs2とする。フィブリルの直径をRs1とし、円柱状孔の直径をRs2とし、フィブリル全長をLs1とし、円柱状孔全長をLs2とすると、以下の(16)~(20)の式が成立する。
Vs1=π・(Rs1/2)2・Ls1 …(17)
Vs2=π・(Rs/2)2・Ls2 …(18)
Vs2=ε・(Vs1+Vs2) …(19)
Vs1=Ws/ds …(20)
ここで、εは空孔率、dsはポリオレフィンの比重である。上記(16)~(20)の式からRs1とRs2を求めることができる。
第三の本発明で用いるポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、上述した第一の本発明と同様の工程を経て製造することが可能である。特に第三の本発明の場合は、例えば、溶剤に流動パラフィンとデカリンからなる混合溶剤を用い、ポリオレフィン組成物の濃度を15~35重量%とし、延伸倍率を50~100倍(縦延伸倍率×横延伸倍率)とし、熱固定温度を110~140℃とし、アニール温度を熱固定温度以下の温度とすることで得ることができるが、これに限定されるものではない。
第三の本発明に係る非水系二次電池用セパレータは、上述した第一の本発明と同様の工程を経て製造することが可能である。特に、第三の本発明のように平均フィブリル径10~80nm、平均孔径50~250nmの耐熱性多孔質層を得るためには、例えば下記に示す条件を採用することができる。
以下、本発明の実施例における各種測定法について説明する。
サンプルを10cm×10cmの大きさに切り出し、重量を測定した。この重量を面積で割ることで、1m2当たりの重量である目付を求めた。
耐熱性多孔質層とポリオレフィン微多孔膜が複合化したセパレータの目付から、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の目付を引くことで、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量を求めた。
サンプルの膜厚は、接触式の膜厚計(ミツトヨ社製)にて20点測定し、これを平均することで求めた。ここで接触端子は底面が直径0.5cmの円柱状のものを用いた。
構成材料がa、b、c…、nからなり、構成材料の重量がWa、Wb、Wc…、Wn(g/cm2)であり、それぞれの真密度がxa、xb、xc…、xn(g/cm3)で、着目する層の膜厚をt(cm)としたとき、空孔率ε(%)は以下の式(21)より求めた。
ε={1-(Wa/xa+Wb/xb+Wc/xc+…+Wn/xn)/t}×100 …(21)
1)ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の膜抵抗
サンプルとなるポリオレフィン微多孔膜を、2.6cm×2.0cmのサイズに切り出した。非イオン性界面活性剤(花王社製;エマルゲン210P)を3重量%溶解したメタノール溶液に、切り出したサンプルを浸漬し、風乾した。厚さ20μmのアルミ箔を2.0cm×1.4cmに切り出し、これにリードタブを付けた。このアルミ箔を2枚用意して、アルミ箔が短絡しないように、サンプルをアルミ箔間に挟み込んだ。サンプルに電解液(プロピレンカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートが1対1の重量比で混合した溶媒に1mol/LのLiBF4を溶解させた液体)を含浸させる。これをアルミラミネートパック中に、タブがアルミパックの外に出るようにして、減圧封入した。このようなセルを、アルミ箔中におけるサンプルの枚数が1枚、2枚、3枚となるようにそれぞれ作製した。該セルを20℃の恒温槽中に入れ、交流インピーダンス法で振幅10mV、周波数100kHzにて該セルの抵抗を測定した。測定されたセルの抵抗値を、サンプルの枚数に対してプロットし、このプロットを線形近似し傾きを求めた。この傾きに電極面積である2.0cm×1.4cmを乗じて、サンプル1枚当たりの膜抵抗(ohm・cm2)を求めた。
サンプルとして複合化セパレータを用いた点以外は、上記の場合と同様にして、セパレータ1枚当たりの膜抵抗(ohm・cm2)を求めた。
1)ポリオレフィン微多孔膜のガーレ値
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜のガーレ値(sec/100cc)は、JIS P8117の規格に準じて測定した。
サンプルとして複合化セパレータを用いた点以外は、上記の場合と同様にして、セパレータのガーレ値(sec/100cc)を求めた。
サンプルとなるセパレータを18cm(MD方向)×6cm(TD方向)に切り出した。TD方向を2等分する線上に、上部から2cm、17cmの箇所(点A、点B)に印を付けた。また、MD方向を2等分する線上に、左から1cm、5cmの箇所(点C、点D)に印をつけた。これにクリップをつけて(クリップをつける場所はMD方向の上部2cm以内の箇所)、175℃に調整したオーブンの中につるし、無張力下で30分間熱処理を行った。2点AB間、CD間の長さを熱処理の前後で測定し、以下の式(22)(23)から熱収縮率を求め、これを耐熱性の指標とした。
MD方向熱収縮率={(熱処理前のABの長さ-熱処理後のABの長さ)/熱処理前のABの長さ}×100 …(22)
TD方向熱収縮率={(熱処理前のCDの長さ-熱処理後のCDの長さ)/熱処理前のCDの長さ}×100…(23)
カトーテック社製KES-G5ハンディー圧縮試験器を用いて、針先端の曲率半径0.5mm、突刺速度2mm/secの条件で突刺試験を行い、最大突刺荷重を突刺強度とした。ここでサンプルは直径11.3mmの穴があいた金枠(試料ホルダー)にシリコンゴム製のパッキンも一緒に挟み固定した。
まず、セパレータを直径19mmに打ち抜き、非イオン性界面活性剤(花王社製;エマルゲン210P)の3重量%メタノール溶液中に浸漬して風乾した。そしてセパレータに電解液を含浸させSUS板(直径15.5mm)に挟んだ。電解液には、プロピレンカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートが1対1の重量比で混合した溶媒に、1mol/LのLiBF4を溶解させた液体を用いた。これを2032型コインセルに封入した。コインセルからリード線をとり、熱電対を付けてオーブンの中に入れた。昇温速度1.6℃/分で昇温させ、同時に振幅10mV、1kHzの周波数の交流を印加することでセルの抵抗を測定した。
上記測定で135~150℃の範囲で抵抗値が103ohm・cm2以上となった場合はSD特性を良好(○)と判断し、そうでなかった場合はSD特性を不良(×)と判断した。
東洋精機社製のカード摩擦試験機を用いて評価した。具体的に、サンプルとなるセパレータを1kgの重り(76mm角)に貼り付け、セパレータ側を下向きにし、これをSUS製ステージの上に置いた。そして、重りを速度90cm/分で10cm滑らせた。SUS製ステージと接触していた側のサンプル表面を観察し、黒くなっているか否かを確認した。黒くなっている場合はステージ材料のSUSが研磨されていると判断し×と判定した。また、黒くなっていない場合はSUSが研磨されていないと判断し○と判定した。
オネストメーター(シシド静電気社製:HO110型)を用い測定した。測定環境は温度20℃、湿度50%とした。サンプルとなるセパレータをサンプルホルダーに固定し、電圧印加装置とサンプルとの間の距離を20mmとし、印加電圧5kVの条件で電圧を印加した。帯電が飽和したのち3分間の電圧減衰挙動を確認し、この減衰曲線から半減期を算出した。なお、この耐電圧半減期が短いほど、帯電を低いレベルに保つことができ、ハンドリング性が良好なセパレータであると言える。
吸熱反応の有無は、DSC(示差走査熱量測定)により分析した。DSC測定装置にはTAインスツルメントジャパン株式会社製のDSC2920を用いた。測定サンプルは、以下の実施例および比較例で作製したセパレータを5.5mg秤量し、これをアルミパンに入れてかしめることにより作製した。測定は、窒素ガス雰囲気下で、昇温速度5℃/min、温度範囲30~500℃で行った。200℃以上において有意なピークが観察された場合は○、観察されなかった場合は×と評価した。
1)非水系二次電池の試作
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2;日本化学工業社製)粉末89.5重量部、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製;商品名デンカブラック)4.5重量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ化学社製)6重量部となるようにN-メチル-2ピロリドン溶媒を用いてこれらを混練し、スラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを厚さが20μmのアルミ箔上に塗布乾燥後プレスし、100μmの正極を得た。
上記のような方法で作製した電池を用いて、次のようにして充放電特性を評価した。まず、一定の電流(1.6mA)および一定の電圧(4.2V)で8時間充電し、一定の電流(1.6mA)および一定の電圧(2.75V)で放電するという充放電サイクルを、10サイクル実施した。10サイクル目に得られた放電容量を、この電池の放電容量とした。次に、一定の電流(1.6mA)および一定の電圧(4.2V)で8時間充電し、一定の電流(16mA)および一定の電圧(2.75V)で放電した。このとき得られた容量を上記の10サイクル目の電池の放電容量で割り、負荷特性値(%)を得た。この負荷特性値を充放電特性の指標とした。この数値が85%以上の場合は○、70~85%の場合は△、70%以下の場合は×と評価した。
上記のような方法で作製した電池を用いてサイクル特性を評価した。まず、一定の電流(1.6mA)および一定の電圧(4.2V)で8時間充電し、一定の電流(1.6mA)および一定の電圧(2.75V)で放電するという充放電サイクルを、10サイクル実施した。10サイクル目に得られた放電容量を、この電池の放電容量とした。続いて、同様の充放電サイクルを100サイクル繰り返し、このときの放電容量の低下が10%以下のものを○、10~20%のものを△、20%以上のものを×と評価した。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を1:9(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:45:25(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率11.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に125℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は13μm、目付は6.44g/m2、空孔率は48%、突刺強度は379gであった。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を2:8(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:68:2(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.8倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率13.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に132℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は12μm、目付は7.05g/m2、空孔率は38%、突刺強度は335gであった。
無機フィラーとして、平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化マグネシウム(協和化学工業社製;キスマ5P)を用いた点以外は、実施例1-1と同様にして、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は両面で5.05g/m2であり、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は66%であった。当該セパレータ全体の膜厚は20μm、空孔率は54%、突刺強度は351gであった。
水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工製;H-43M)を280℃で熱処理し、平均粒子径0.8μm、比表面積400m2/gの多孔質構造を有した活性アルミナを得た。この活性アルミナについてXRD解析を行ったところ、主にアモルファス状のバルク構造であって、極僅かにベーマイト相が混在していることが分かった。
無機フィラーとして、平均粒子径0.6μmのα-アルミナ(昭和電工社製;AL160SG-3)を用いた点以外は、実施例1-1と同様にして、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は両面で6.65g/m2であり、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は64%であった。当該セパレータ全体の膜厚は19μm、空孔率は53%、突刺強度は355gであった。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を7:3(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が17重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=17:51:32(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液にポリエチレンの重量に対し0.2倍のシリカ粉末(トクヤマ製:トクシール)を添加し分散させて、スラリーを調整した。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率13.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に138℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理し、さらに酸性水溶液中でシリカを除去することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は13μm、目付は4.45g/m2、空孔率は64%、突刺強度は234gであった。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を1:9(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:45:25(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率13.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に138℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は12μm、目付は7.87g/m2、空孔率は31%、突刺強度は359gであった。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を1:9(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:45:25(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率11.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に125℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は13μm、目付は6.44g/m2、空孔率は48%、突刺強度は379gであった。
以下、第二の本発明の実施例における各種測定法について説明する。なお、第一の本発明の実施例における測定法と同様のものについては説明を省略する。
水銀圧入法による細孔径測定はマイクロメリティクス製 オートポアIV 9510型を用いた。ここで、測定細孔径範囲は10~0.003μmとした。平均孔径は、測定範囲において得られた最大積算細孔容積の1/2の積算細孔容積を示す細孔径を、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径とした。
水銀圧入法による細孔径測定はマイクロメリティクス製 オートポアIV 9510型を用いた。ここで、測定細孔径範囲は10~0.003μmとした。先ず、基材であるポリオレフィン微多孔膜(以下、基材)と耐熱性多孔質層が被覆されたポリオレフィン微多孔膜(以下、塗工膜)の細孔径分布を水銀圧入法により求める。ここで得られた細孔径分布曲線は、細孔径(μm)に対する試料1g当たりの積算細孔容積(水銀圧入量:ml/g)である。次に試料1g当たりの積算細孔容積に試料の目付(g/m2)を乗じて試料1m2当たりの積算細孔容積(ml/m2)に換算する。このようにして、基材及び塗工膜の細孔径(μm)に対する試料1m2当たりの細孔容積(ml/m2)の細孔径分布曲線を得る。この細孔径分布曲線において、塗工膜と基材の差をとり、耐熱性多孔質層について細孔径(μm)に対する耐熱性多孔質層1m2当たりの積算細孔容積(ml/m2)の細孔径分布曲線を得る。測定範囲において得られた最大積算細孔容積の1/2の積算細孔容積を示す細孔径を耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径とした。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を1:9(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30:45:25(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率11.0倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に125℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。該ポリエチレン微多孔膜の膜厚は12μm、目付は5.82g/m2、空孔率は53%、平均孔径は0.15μm、突刺強度は350g、ガーレ値は173秒/100cc、膜抵抗は1.901ohm・cm2であった。
実施例2-1と同様のポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材として用いた。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比60:40となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は5.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が20:80(体積比31:69)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。ポリエチレン微多孔膜を、塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=70:18:12で30℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は両面で5.87g/m2で、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は59%であった。当該セパレータの膜厚は19μm、空孔率は53%、突刺強度は349gであった。
実施例2-1と同様のポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材として用いた。
そして、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の片面に塗工した以外は実施例2-1と同様の方法で、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は6.60g/m2で、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は60%であった。当該セパレータの膜厚は20μm、空孔率は54%、突刺強度は342gであった。
実施例2-1と同様のポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材として用いた。
ポリマー濃度20%のポリイミド樹脂のN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)溶液(リカコート;新日本理化株式会社製)に、平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M)を、ポリマー重量に対して4倍量(体積比としては2.2倍)入れて分散した。このスラリーを、NMPに対してポリマー濃度が4.5重量%となるように、NMPで希釈することで塗工液を調整した。
実施例2-1と同様のポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材として用いた。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比80:20となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は7.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が20:80(体積比31:69)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。ポリエチレン微多孔膜を、塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=80:16:4で20℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は両面で6.94g/m2で、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は52%であった。当該セパレータの膜厚は19μm、空孔率は50%、突刺強度は344gであった。
実施例2-1と同様のポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材として用いた。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比50:50となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は4.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が80:20(体積比88:12)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。ポリエチレン微多孔膜を、塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=40:30:30で50℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。当該セパレータにおいて、耐熱性多孔質層の塗工量は両面で3.05g/m2で、耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率は73%であった。当該セパレータの膜厚は20μm、空孔率は59%、突刺強度は330gであった。
実施例2-1~2-3のセパレータを150℃で30分熱処理した。熱処理後、カール発生の有無を確認し、カール度が10°以上となったものを「カール有」、10°以下のものを「カール無」と判定した。その結果、実施例2-1及び2-2のものはカール無であったのに対し、実施例2-3のものはカール有であった。これより、両面に耐熱性多孔質層を形成したものはハンドリング性に優れることが分かる。また、高温に曝されたときの信頼性も高いと言える。
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2;日本化学工業社製)粉末89.5重量部、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製;商品名デンカブラック)4.5重量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ化学社製)6重量部となるようにN-メチル-2ピロリドン溶媒を用いてこれらを混練し、スラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを厚さが20μmのアルミ箔上に塗布乾燥後プレスし、100μmの正極を得た。
以下、第三の本発明の実施例における各種測定法について説明する。なお、第一の本発明の実施例における測定法と同様のものについては説明を省略する。
窒素ガス吸着法によりBET式から比表面積を求めた。測定はNOVA-1200(ユアサアイオニクス社製)を用い、3点法にて行った。
セパレータの膜厚から基材の膜厚を引くことで塗工厚を求めた。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を2:8(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30.0:67.5:2.5(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.8倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率13.5倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に132℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。このポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材1とする。基材1の構成及び物性を表5に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比60:40となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M:比表面積9.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は5.5重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が20:80(体積比31:69)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=70:18:12で30℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比60:40となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M:比表面積9.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は5.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が15:85(体積比24:76)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=70:18:12で30℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。
ポリエチレンパウダーとしてTicona社製のGUR2126(重量平均分子量415万、融点141℃)とGURX143(重量平均分子量56万、融点135℃)を用いた。GUR2126とGURX143を1:9(重量比)となるようにして、ポリエチレン濃度が30重量%となるように流動パラフィン(松村石油研究所社製;スモイルP-350P;沸点480℃)とデカリンの混合溶媒中に溶解させ、ポリエチレン溶液を作製した。該ポリエチレン溶液の組成はポリエチレン:流動パラフィン:デカリン=30.0:45.0:25.0(重量比)である。このポリエチレン溶液を148℃でダイから押し出し、水浴中で冷却してゲル状テープ(ベーステープ)を作製した。該ベーステープを60℃で8分、95℃で15分乾燥し、該ベーステープを縦延伸、横延伸と逐次行う2軸延伸にて延伸した。ここで、縦延伸は5.5倍、延伸温度は90℃、横延伸は延伸倍率10.5倍、延伸温度は105℃とした。横延伸の後に135℃で熱固定を行った。次にこれを塩化メチレン浴に浸漬し、流動パラフィンとデカリンを抽出した。その後、50℃で乾燥し、120℃、MD方向の弛緩率10%でアニール処理することでポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。このポリエチレン微多孔膜を基材2とする。基材2の構成及び物性を表5に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比50:50となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.6μmのα-アルミナ(昭和電工社製;AL160-SG3:比表面積8.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は5.2重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が12:88(体積比29:71)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=40:30:30で30℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された、本発明の非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比50:50となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M:比表面積9.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は4.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が25:75(体積比38:62)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=40:30:30で60℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比80:20となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M:比表面積9.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は7.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が55:45(体積比38:62)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=70:24:6で40℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。
メタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであるコーネックス(登録商標;帝人テクノプロダクツ社製)を、ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)とトリプロピレングリコール(TPG)が重量比80:20となっている混合溶媒に溶解させた。このポリマー溶液に、無機フィラーとして平均粒子径0.8μmの水酸化アルミニウム(昭和電工社製;H-43M:比表面積9.4m2/g)を分散させて、塗工液を作製した。なお、塗工液におけるコーネックスの濃度は3.0重量%となるように、かつ、コーネックスと水酸化アルミニウムの重量比が10:90(体積比17:83)となるように調整した。そして、マイヤーバーを2本対峙させ、その間に塗工液を適量のせた。基材1を塗工液がのっているマイヤーバー間を通過させて、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏面に塗工液を塗工した。ここで、マイヤーバー間のクリアランスは30μmに設定し、マイヤーバーの番手は2本とも#6を用いた。これを重量比で水:DMAc:TPG=50:40:10で50℃となっている凝固液中に浸漬し、次いで水洗・乾燥を行った。これにより、ポリエチレン微多孔膜の表裏両面に耐熱性多孔質層が形成された非水系二次電池用セパレータを得た。作製したセパレータの構成を表6、物性を表7に示す。また、このセパレータは耐熱性多孔質層がもろく、水酸化アルミニウムの粉落ちが認められた。
一方、耐熱性多孔質層の平均フィブリル径と平均孔径がいずれも本発明の範囲を超える比較例3-1のセパレータは、熱収縮率が大きく耐熱性が劣る。
また、耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径が本発明の範囲よりも小さい比較例3-2のセパレータは、膜抵抗が大きく、ガーレ値も大きいので、非水系二次電池用セパレータとして用いた際にイオン透過性が不良である。
耐熱性多孔質層の平均フィブリル径が本発明の範囲よりも小さい比較例3-3のセパレータは、熱収縮率が大きく耐熱性が劣る。
Claims (15)
- ポリオレフィン微多孔膜からなる基材の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が形成された多孔複合膜からなる非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、
該基材の膜抵抗(A)、該基材のガーレ値(B)、該多孔複合膜の膜抵抗(C)及び該多孔複合膜のガーレ値(D)が、下記式(1)~(3)を満足することを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
0.005≦A/B≦0.020[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(1)
0.010≦C/D≦0.025[ohm・cm2/(sec/100cc)]…(2)
A/B<C/D …(3)
(式(1)~(3)中、Aは基材の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Bは基材のガーレ値[sec/100cc]、Cは多孔複合膜の膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]、Dは多孔複合膜のガーレ値[sec/100cc]をそれぞれ表わす。また、膜抵抗[ohm・cm2]は電解液にプロピレンカーボネート(PC)とエチレンカーボネート(EC)が重量比で1:1に混合された溶媒にLiBF4を1mol/L溶解したものを用い、20℃で測定した場合の値とする。) - ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂を含む耐熱性多孔質層が被覆された非水系二次電池用セパレータにおいて、
水銀圧入法により求めた該耐熱性多孔質層の平均孔径が0.1~0.2μmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。 - 水銀圧入法により求めた前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径が0.05~0.5μmであることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の少なくとも一方の面に、耐熱性樹脂フィブリルから構成される耐熱性多孔質層が積層されかつ一体化された非水系二次電池用セパレータであって、
該耐熱性樹脂フィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~80nmであり、
該耐熱性多孔質層中の細孔の平均孔径が50~250nmであることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用セパレータ。 - 前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中のポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~300nmであり、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中の細孔の平均孔径が10~100nmであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記ポリオレフィンフィブリルの平均フィブリル径が10~100nmであり、前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜中の細孔の平均孔径が10~50nmであることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性多孔質層が無機フィラーを含むことを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記無機フィラーが金属水酸化物からなることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記無機フィラーが多孔質フィラーからなることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性多孔質層中において、前記無機フィラーが前記耐熱性樹脂の体積に対し0.4~4倍含有されていることを特徴とする請求項7~9のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記無機フィラーの平均粒子径が0.1~1μmであることを特徴とする請求項7~10のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性多孔質層の空孔率が20~80%であることを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性樹脂が全芳香族ポリアミドであることを特徴とする請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記全芳香族ポリアミドがメタ型全芳香族ポリアミドであることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 前記耐熱性多孔質層が前記ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の両面に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1~14のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用セパレータ。
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| WO2018155288A1 (ja) * | 2017-02-23 | 2018-08-30 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔性フィルム、二次電池用セパレータおよび二次電池 |
| JP7103338B2 (ja) | 2017-02-23 | 2022-07-20 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔性フィルム、二次電池用セパレータおよび二次電池 |
| JP2025038122A (ja) * | 2017-10-09 | 2025-03-18 | オプトドット コーポレイション | 電気化学セル用のセパレータ及びその作製方法 |
| JP2023536060A (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2023-08-23 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | 二次電池用分離膜 |
| JP7729686B2 (ja) | 2021-06-25 | 2025-08-26 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | 二次電池用分離膜 |
| WO2025197990A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-21 | 2025-09-25 | 帝人株式会社 | 非水系二次電池用セパレータ及び非水系二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR101716907B1 (ko) | 2017-03-15 |
| JP4653849B2 (ja) | 2011-03-16 |
| JPWO2010021248A1 (ja) | 2012-01-26 |
| US8815435B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
| TWI478420B (zh) | 2015-03-21 |
| CN102160211B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
| JP2010092882A (ja) | 2010-04-22 |
| KR20110050517A (ko) | 2011-05-13 |
| US20110143185A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
| JP4550936B2 (ja) | 2010-09-22 |
| JP2010092881A (ja) | 2010-04-22 |
| JP4575521B2 (ja) | 2010-11-04 |
| CN102160211A (zh) | 2011-08-17 |
| TW201027827A (en) | 2010-07-16 |
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