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WO2010057579A2 - Élément de bâtiment, coque de bâtiment et bâtiment - Google Patents

Élément de bâtiment, coque de bâtiment et bâtiment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010057579A2
WO2010057579A2 PCT/EP2009/007921 EP2009007921W WO2010057579A2 WO 2010057579 A2 WO2010057579 A2 WO 2010057579A2 EP 2009007921 W EP2009007921 W EP 2009007921W WO 2010057579 A2 WO2010057579 A2 WO 2010057579A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
building
generator
outer skin
envelope
skin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2009/007921
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2010057579A3 (fr
Inventor
Jörn SCHRÖER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ewald Doerken AG
Original Assignee
Ewald Doerken AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ewald Doerken AG filed Critical Ewald Doerken AG
Priority to EP09753032.3A priority Critical patent/EP2356703B1/fr
Priority to ES09753032T priority patent/ES2433416T3/es
Publication of WO2010057579A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010057579A2/fr
Publication of WO2010057579A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010057579A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D1/00—Roof covering by making use of tiles, slates, shingles, or other small roofing elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D12/00—Non-structural supports for roofing materials, e.g. battens, boards
    • E04D12/002—Sheets of flexible material, e.g. roofing tile underlay
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
    • H10N10/10—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects
    • H10N10/13—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects characterised by the heat-exchanging means at the junction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a building element of a building shell having or forming a building envelope of a building, to be arranged with a building exterior skin behind the building shell. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a building element of a building skin of a building envelope of a building, with an outer skin element. Moreover, the invention relates to a building envelope of a building with at least one building element of the aforementioned type and a building with an aforementioned building envelope.
  • the two aforementioned building elements differ in that the former building element is one which is arranged as part of the building envelope behind the outer outer skin of the building. Accordingly, this building element can be, for example, a supporting structure or a part thereof, a building panel, an insulating board or an underlay or underlaying track.
  • the second-mentioned building element is a component of the outer building skin, such as, for example, a roofing panel or a facade panel.
  • the present invention is essentially concerned with the use of solar energy in the area of the building envelope of a building.
  • Solar thermal energy is the conversion of solar energy into usable thermal energy. This is usually done by using the incident solar energy via so-called solar panels.
  • Photovoltaic means the direct conversion of radiant energy, mainly solar energy, into electrical energy.
  • the energy conversion takes place with the help of solar cells, which become so-called solar modules are connected, in photovoltaic systems instead.
  • the generated electricity can then either be used on site or fed into electricity grids.
  • a major disadvantage in both solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is that usually a corresponding arrangement on the building shell, often on the roof or a sunlit facade is necessary. This outside arrangement on the roof or the facade is often perceived as a visual-aesthetic impairment of the building, so that is partly ignored from a use of these facilities for this reason.
  • the systems engineering of both systems is sometimes relatively expensive, which is associated with not inconsiderable costs, so that many users are also prevented for reasons of cost of the use of such facilities.
  • Another major disadvantage resulting from the need for the outboard arrangement of these plants is that the plants concerned are directly exposed to external environmental factors. Particularly in the case of storms, hail or the like, damage to the abutments or at least of parts of the plant can occur.
  • roofing elements in particular in the form of roof tiles o. The like.
  • the roofing elements are provided with lateral connections for electrical connection to adjacent covering plates.
  • Such structures are very expensive and therefore costly.
  • the present invention is an object of the invention to provide building elements, building envelopes and buildings, which can be done in a relatively simple and cost-effective manner power generation and / or conventional and / or provided with minor modifications building base elements or outer skin elements can be used ,
  • thermoelectric shear generator for converting heat, especially heat radiation, into electricity.
  • This alternative of the invention thus provides for arranging at least one thermoelectric generator for converting thermal radiation into electricity on building elements which are arranged in the building envelope behind the outer skin of the building.
  • the basic building elements may be the supporting structure or parts thereof, building panels, insulating panels or even underlayment or underlay sheets. At least one generator is attached to these, for example glued, or integrated therein. It will then be understood that the building element has corresponding connections to either connect the thermoelectric generator to other generators of the same or other building elements or to dissipate the power generated by the generator.
  • thermoelectric generator is an electrothermal converter that generates a current flow based on the Seebeck effect with temperature difference.
  • Thermoelectric generators and Peltier arrangements have long been known, p- and n-doped semiconductors whose thermal contact surfaces have different temperatures, transport electrical charges through an external circuit. These thermoelectric generators electrical work can be done on a consumer in the circuit. Peltier arrangements reverse that before However, they are identical in structure to thermoelectric generators.
  • thermoelectric generators are used in various areas where large amounts of heat and high temperatures are generated.
  • the advantages of thermoelectric see generators are in their high reliability. They work independently of atmospheric conditions such as humidity. There is no fault-susceptible mass transport, but only a charge transport.
  • thermoelectric generators are usually evaluated on the basis of the figure of merit ZT, which depends on the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductivity, the thermal conductivity and the temperature.
  • ZT the figure of merit
  • the materials contained in the figure of merit depend above all on the charge carrier concentration of the respective material, with narrow bandgap semiconductors achieving the highest ZT values in the range of room temperature. Therefore, also in connection with the present invention corresponding semiconductor materials with a narrow band gap are to be preferred.
  • Increasing the thermoelectric figure of merit is always to be understood as an optimization of the entire parameter set and can not be achieved by maximizing or minimizing only one of the variables contained.
  • ZT values between 1 and 3 can be achieved.
  • efficiencies between 3 to 5% are possible.
  • semiconductor materials of Bi 2 Te 3 , PbTe, Si, Ge, BiSb or FeSi 2 are used.
  • the generator is mounted on the bäudeau tohaut facing the outside of the building base element is arranged.
  • the generator thus has in the installed state with its heat radiation receiving contact side in the direction of the building outer skin and is preferably only slightly spaced from the building outer skin to accommodate a large amount of heat radiation can.
  • thermoelectric generator is disposed on the inside of the outer skin member.
  • the generator then absorbs the heat directly, in particular by heat conduction of the outer skin element.
  • thermoelectric generator or the arrangement for generating the electric current is not on the outside of the outer skin of the building envelope of the building, so that the visual aesthetic impression of the building is not affected and the Arrangement, moreover, not the environmental influences and thus the risk of damage in storms, hail o. The like. Is exposed.
  • generators are provided both on the building elements of the outer building skin and on the inner building elements. In this way can be easily achieved an increase in the number of thermoelectric generators per unit area.
  • thermoelectric generators when the thermoelectric generators are provided for use in conjunction with underlays or underlay webs, it makes sense to form the generators flexible or foil-like. In this way, the function and handling of the respective tracks is not affected by the generators provided on the upper side of the tracks.
  • thermoelectric generators provided in the invention on the building elements by the use of photovoltaic and / or solar thermal energy.
  • the photovoltaic and / or solar thermal means preferably inside, ie behind the building outer skin, be provided in order not to affect the possible by the thermoelectric generators possible effect of concealed arrangement of the power generation arrangement according to the invention.
  • the outer building skin is either at least partially open, so that direct sunlight is possible, or that the building outer skin at least partially transparent outer skin elements, so for example transparent facade and / or roofing elements comprises, behind which then the respective means are arranged.
  • thermoelectric generator in particular as regards the material selection of the semiconductor materials, designed such that the generator for the conversion of infrared radiation in the wavelength range between 2 to 20 microns, preferably between 6 and 13 ⁇ m is formed and optimized.
  • the absorption maximum lies in the aforementioned interval. It is understood that each individual value within the aforementioned range limits is possible.
  • the absorption maximum is at a wavelength between 8 and 10 microns.
  • the coating is an absorber layer which preferably has a high degree of absorption (low reflection) in the visible light range and / or low emission (high reflection) in the heat radiation range.
  • the coating should have a high visible light absorption of more than 80%, preferably more than 90%, and more preferably between 92 and 98%.
  • the emission in the area of thermal radiation should be between 2 and 10% and in particular between 3 and 7%. For example, with a 95% absorption of visible light and a 5% emission in the rich heat radiation about 90% of the incident solar energy can be converted into usable heat.
  • the aforementioned coating is composed of several functional layers.
  • the carrier material may be a metal substrate with good reflection and heat conduction.
  • the carrier material is then applied to the outside of the relevant building element or can form this.
  • a thin titanium carbide compound or other compound can serve as an adhesion-promoting layer and diffusion barrier.
  • the absorber layer is provided as the actual functional layer. This preferably consists of a titanium compound with oxygen and nitrogen. Preference is given here TiN, TiO and TiO 2 are used.
  • an antireflection and / or protective layer can be located on the absorber layer, which can basically consist of a quartz glass, but also of a plastic material. By minimizing surface reflection, the absorption of solar radiation is further optimized.
  • the absorber layer on the outer skin member wherein the outer skin member itself can serve as a carrier.
  • the adhesion-promoting layer and / or the protective layer on the outside can additionally be provided.
  • the abovementioned coating is therefore of considerable importance since, according to Stefan-Boltzmann's law, the emitted radiation energy is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher the energy gain.
  • thermoelectric generator having building element in predominantly sunlit areas of the building envelope, ie in particular in areas that are aligned to the east, south and / or west, is provided.
  • Particularly preferred is the use of building elements according to the invention in the areas of the building with a south, southwest or southeast orientation.
  • the generator is coupled to at least one consumer in the building. Since the generator generates a DC current with comparatively small voltages, it makes sense that the generator is coupled to an accumulator as an energy store and / or to an inverter, so that the generated current is not only used by an AC consumer on site but can also be fed into the public grid.
  • the energy storage ultimately serves as a buffer to continuously provide energy available.
  • thermoelectric generators for converting heat, in particular heat radiation, into electricity in the vicinity of buildings, the generators being arranged under or behind an external building skin of a building and heat emitted and / or transmitted by the building exterior skin, in particular infrared radiation, convert into electricity.
  • 1 is a schematic representation of a building with a building envelope
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a building element according to the invention and Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a thermoelectric generator for use in a building element.
  • a building 1 is shown schematically.
  • the building 1 has a building envelope 2 which is bounded on the outside by a building skin 3 or forms this.
  • Both the building envelope 2 and the building outer skin 3 have building elements 4, 5, wherein the building elements 4 of the building shell 2 are arranged behind the building outer skin 3, while the building elements 5 are arranged outside as part of the building outer skin 3.
  • the outer sides of the building elements 5 form the outside of the building outer skin.
  • the building envelope 2 of the building 1 has a facade 6 and a roof 7. Both the facade 6 and the roof 7 have individual building elements 4, 5, which will be discussed in more detail below.
  • a part of the building envelope 3 is shown. In detail, it is about a part of the roof 7.
  • the building envelope 2 in the present case has a building outer skin 3, a plurality of outer building elements 5, which ultimately form outer skin elements.
  • the outer building elements 5 and the outer skin elements in the embodiment according to FIG. 2 are identical. This is in the illustrated embodiment to known roofing elements.
  • interior building elements 4 are provided as parts of the building envelope 2.
  • the present invention is a support battens 8 onto which the roof covering elements are laid, as well as a underlay web 9 arranged underneath the support battens 8 is.
  • Fig. 2 only an exemplary embodiment is shown. It is understood that the building envelope 2 is not necessary must necessarily have a sarking 9. In addition, what is not shown here, also insulation panels or other structural panels may be part of the building envelope. The aforementioned components then also represent building elements 4 or building basic elements in the sense of the present invention.
  • the outer skin of the building is then formed by outer facade panels as outer building elements or outer skin elements, while the elements arranged behind the facade panels form the inner building elements or basic building elements.
  • thermoelectric generators 11 are used for the conversion of thermal radiation 12, which results from the solar irradiation of the building shell 3 or is discharged from the outer shell 3 forming building elements 5, in electricity.
  • thermoelectric generators on the building elements 5 facing upper sides of the roof battens 8 could be provided.
  • the generators 11 could also be provided on further interior building elements 4.
  • the generators 11 are preferably glued to the top 10 of the underlay 9. It is not shown that the individual generators 11 are preferably electrically connected to a rechargeable battery and / or converter (not shown). It is to be noted, moreover, that the generators 11 may in principle also be laminated into the underlay strip 9 or fastened in another way to the underlay strip 9 or be integrated into it. In addition, what is also not shown, the underlay sheet 9 may be formed heat or infrared radiation reflective, so that the majority of the heat radiation passes to the generators 11. The distance of the upper side 13 of the generators 11 to the heat radiation 12 emitted underside of the building elements 5 should be only a few centimeters, preferably less than 5 cm.
  • a roof tile is shown as an outer building element 5.
  • the building element 5 has an outer skin element 14 as the base body. It is such that on the inner or underside 15 of the outer skin member 14, a thermoelectric generator 11 is provided. This generator 11 converts the heat energy transferred by heat conduction through the skin member 14 into electric power.
  • the building element 5 preferably has an absorption layer or coating 16 on its outside.
  • the coating 16, which may consist of a titanium oxinitrite compound, for example, has a solar absorptance of 90% ⁇ 8% and / or a thermal emissivity of 10% ⁇ 8%.
  • the absorption layer ensures that only a small portion of the solar radiation reflects and only a small part of the heat radiation is emitted to the outside. The majority of the solar energy is released in the form of heat in the direction of the thermoelectric generators 11.
  • thermoelectric generators 11 in principle not only in combination with thermoelectric generators 11 must be provided on the building elements 5. Thus, it is readily possible, even on the outside of the building elements 5 to provide the coating 16, without that generators 11 must be provided on the underside. Also, the generators 11 may be provided without the coating is provided.
  • the building elements 4, 5 can form prefabricated building units with the generators 11, which can then be assembled as a complete structural unit at the building site together with the building concerned. be laid foundation element. In this case, then only an electrical connection of the individual generators 11 and the electrical connection is required. But it is also possible to attach to per se known outer skin elements or building base elements, the respective generators 11 only on the site. So it is possible, for example, after installation of the underlay sheet 9 on the top 10 of the underlay sheet 9, the generators 11 apply and connect them electrically afterwards. The application could then be done in a simple manner by previously mentioned bonding. The same applies to the underside arrangement of the generators 11 on the underside of the roof tiles.
  • thermoelectric see generator 11 consists of at least two, in the present case of eight cuboids 17, 18 of p- and n-doped semiconductor material, which are alternately connected at the top and bottom by metal bridges 19.
  • the metal bridges 19 at the same time form the thermal contact surfaces and are insulated by an upper-side plate 20 and a lower-side plate 21.
  • the arrangement of the cuboids 17, 18 is such that p-doped cubes 17 and n-doped cuboids 18 are successively electrically connected to each other so that they are connected in series.
  • the contact surface associated with the plate 21 is provided with its upper side for receiving the heat or thermal radiation, while the contact surface facing the lower plate 21 faces the interior of the building and has a lower temperature, this results in an electric current.
  • the temperature acting on the plate 20 is increased, for example by using the aforementioned coating on plate 20 or building element 5 and, moreover, the plate 21 is cooled on the underside, there is an increased temperature difference and thus a larger current.
  • the Form plate 21 as a heat sink.
  • the underlay 9 could be designed to be good heat conducting for cooling.
  • the generator 11 is in the horizontal installed position. Ultimately, the position of the generator 11 and the plates 20, 21 of the position of the relevant building element 4, 5 adapted in the installed position. In a Dachanordung the generator 11 is therefore arranged obliquely, while it is arranged for example in a facade assembly in a vertical position, so that the plates 20, 21 are arranged vertically.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un élément de bâtiment (4) d'une coque de bâtiment (2) pour un bâtiment (1), la coque de bâtiment formant ou possédant une peau extérieure de bâtiment (3), comprenant un élément de base de bâtiment disposé derrière la peau extérieure de bâtiment (3) et au moins un générateur thermoélectrique (11) associé à l'élément de base de bâtiment, afin de transformer de la chaleur, en particulier le rayonnement thermique, en courant électrique.
PCT/EP2009/007921 2008-11-19 2009-11-05 Élément de bâtiment, coque de bâtiment et bâtiment Ceased WO2010057579A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09753032.3A EP2356703B1 (fr) 2008-11-19 2009-11-05 Élément de bâtiment, coque de bâtiment et bâtiment
ES09753032T ES2433416T3 (es) 2008-11-19 2009-11-05 Elemento de edificio, envoltura de edificio y edificio

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008058250.6 2008-11-19
DE102008058250 2008-11-19
DE102009022745A DE102009022745A1 (de) 2008-11-19 2009-05-26 Gebäudeelement, Gebäudehülle und Gebäude
DE102009022745.8 2009-05-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010057579A2 true WO2010057579A2 (fr) 2010-05-27
WO2010057579A3 WO2010057579A3 (fr) 2010-10-07

Family

ID=42105297

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2009/007921 Ceased WO2010057579A2 (fr) 2008-11-19 2009-11-05 Élément de bâtiment, coque de bâtiment et bâtiment

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2356703B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102009022745A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2433416T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010057579A2 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012034042A2 (fr) 2010-09-09 2012-03-15 California Institute Of Technology Systèmes et procédés de stockage d'énergie électrochimique
CN104025325A (zh) * 2011-10-12 2014-09-03 埃萨姆·埃尔萨拉格 一种墙壁结构
JP2017106295A (ja) * 2015-12-04 2017-06-15 マックス建材株式会社 瓦葺屋根及び金属瓦
US20200321504A1 (en) * 2010-09-20 2020-10-08 Certainteed Corporation Solar thermoelectric power generation system, and process for making same

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011115172B4 (de) 2011-09-23 2017-02-16 Werner Neumann Verfahren zur Herstellung eines textilen thermoelektrischen Bauelements, textile thermoelektrische Bauelemente und Verwendungen eines textilen thermoelektrischen Bauelements
ES2466965B1 (es) * 2012-12-10 2015-05-19 Mancho NICOLOV RASOVSKI Aislamiento electrogenerador
DE102015104260A1 (de) 2015-03-20 2016-09-22 Werner Neumann Thermoelektrisches Bauelement
PL3640998T3 (pl) * 2018-10-17 2023-06-05 Sika Technology Ag Jednostka dachowa, system dachowy i sposób wytwarzania
DE102019008407A1 (de) * 2019-12-04 2021-06-10 Hochschule Für Technik Und Wirtschaft Berlin Schichtaufbau zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie, Verfahren, Gebäudestruktur und Transportmittel

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GB887202A (en) * 1959-03-09 1962-01-17 American Mach & Foundry Solar thermoelectric generators
DE19946806A1 (de) * 1999-09-29 2001-04-05 Klaus Palme Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie aus thermischen Energie nach dem Seebeck-Effekt
JP2001132193A (ja) * 1999-11-04 2001-05-15 Honda Access Corp 建築用材
DE10002986A1 (de) 2000-01-24 2001-07-26 Franz Dietrich Oeste Flache Dacheindeckungen aus lichtdurchlässigem Material
AU2003238806A1 (en) * 2002-05-30 2003-12-22 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Composite thermal system
US7578102B2 (en) 2002-08-16 2009-08-25 Mark Banister Electric tile modules
JP2004204546A (ja) * 2002-12-25 2004-07-22 Inax Corp 建物及び建材
EP1818992A1 (fr) * 2006-02-08 2007-08-15 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO Élément thermoélectrique thermiquement isolant de toiture
WO2009030236A2 (fr) * 2007-09-03 2009-03-12 Inno Power Aps Structure stratifiée destinée à générer de l'énergie électrique
ES2323931B1 (es) * 2008-01-25 2010-03-16 Xavier Ceron Parisi Placa solar termoelectrica.

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012034042A2 (fr) 2010-09-09 2012-03-15 California Institute Of Technology Systèmes et procédés de stockage d'énergie électrochimique
US20200321504A1 (en) * 2010-09-20 2020-10-08 Certainteed Corporation Solar thermoelectric power generation system, and process for making same
US11723274B2 (en) * 2010-09-20 2023-08-08 Certainteed Llc Solar thermoelectric power generation system, and process for making same
CN104025325A (zh) * 2011-10-12 2014-09-03 埃萨姆·埃尔萨拉格 一种墙壁结构
CN104025325B (zh) * 2011-10-12 2017-11-03 埃萨姆·埃尔萨拉格 一种墙壁结构
JP2017106295A (ja) * 2015-12-04 2017-06-15 マックス建材株式会社 瓦葺屋根及び金属瓦

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102009022745A1 (de) 2010-05-20
WO2010057579A3 (fr) 2010-10-07
EP2356703B1 (fr) 2013-08-14
ES2433416T3 (es) 2013-12-10
EP2356703A2 (fr) 2011-08-17

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