WO2009157084A1 - 真空処理装置および真空処理装置の運転方法 - Google Patents
真空処理装置および真空処理装置の運転方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009157084A1 WO2009157084A1 PCT/JP2008/061728 JP2008061728W WO2009157084A1 WO 2009157084 A1 WO2009157084 A1 WO 2009157084A1 JP 2008061728 W JP2008061728 W JP 2008061728W WO 2009157084 A1 WO2009157084 A1 WO 2009157084A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/4401—Means for minimising impurities, e.g. dust, moisture or residual gas, in the reaction chamber
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/4401—Means for minimising impurities, e.g. dust, moisture or residual gas, in the reaction chamber
- C23C16/4404—Coatings or surface treatment on the inside of the reaction chamber or on parts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/4401—Means for minimising impurities, e.g. dust, moisture or residual gas, in the reaction chamber
- C23C16/4405—Cleaning of reactor or parts inside the reactor by using reactive gases
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/3244—Gas supply means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/3244—Gas supply means
- H01J37/32449—Gas control, e.g. control of the gas flow
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/32798—Further details of plasma apparatus not provided for in groups H01J37/3244 - H01J37/32788; special provisions for cleaning or maintenance of the apparatus
- H01J37/32853—Hygiene
- H01J37/32862—In situ cleaning of vessels and/or internal parts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a vacuum processing apparatus and a method for operating the vacuum processing apparatus, and more particularly to a vacuum processing apparatus for processing a substrate using plasma and a method for operating the same.
- a vacuum processing apparatus for processing a substrate using plasma is used for forming a thin film in a semiconductor, an electronic component, a solar cell, or the like.
- a vacuum processing apparatus a film forming apparatus, plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) equipment, dry etching equipment, sputtering equipment, etc.
- plasma CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- dry etching equipment dry etching equipment
- sputtering equipment etc.
- a plasma CVD apparatus is used to deposit amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or the like on a substrate, the portion other than the substrate facing the plasma generated in the deposition chamber (for example, discharge electrode, counter electrode, substrate holding)
- These films are also formed and deposited on a tool, an electrode cover, etc. (hereinafter referred to as a film forming unit member).
- the film is peeled off due to a difference in thermal expansion due to a temperature change in the film forming chamber during the film forming process for each substrate, and is mixed into the film formed on the substrate to improve the film forming quality.
- product defects increase, and the processing capability of the film forming apparatus decreases.
- the film forming operation is interrupted and cleaning is performed to remove the film formed in the film forming chamber.
- the film forming apparatus is normally opened to the atmosphere, and the film forming unit in the film forming chamber in which the film is deposited is manually replaced with a replacement part whose film has been cleaned and removed in another place.
- the film forming unit in the film forming chamber in which the film is deposited is manually replaced with a replacement part whose film has been cleaned and removed in another place.
- n is lower than a predetermined particle count threshold limit or higher than a predetermined uniformity limit when performing cleaning after performing “n” times of CVD process.
- the upper limit of the number of processes in which the CVD apparatus operates within a predetermined deposition rate is shown.
- “n” is in the range of about 1-50, preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 10 or more. This “n” means that the number of particles on the substrate is measured after carrying the substrate into a film forming chamber equipped with a particle counter before the film forming operation and performing a preliminary operation. It is set within the range. Alternatively, it is set in a range in which the variation in film thickness falls within a predetermined range (predetermined uniformity).
- Patent Document 1 since the preliminary operation is performed and the self-cleaning timing is determined, the setting takes time and the film forming conditions are changed. It lacks versatility, such as having to redo the setting each time. Further, in order to suppress the explosion reaction caused by the direct contact of the film forming source gas with the cleaning gas, it is necessary to purge and switch the gas supply system line and the exhaust line. Since this operation takes time, the self-cleaning work time is extended. For this reason, in order to optimize the cleanliness and the self-cleaning frequency in the film forming chamber, it is necessary to make a judgment from the operational situation obtained empirically by repeatedly performing self-cleaning trials.
- the self-cleaning method can be improved by adjusting the place where the cleaning gas is introduced.
- the self-cleaning method is not sufficient, but further improvement is required.
- the thick film deposited in the film forming chamber after performing a plurality of film forming processes Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the cleaning processing time in order to increase the operation time of the vacuum processing apparatus.
- the present invention provides a vacuum processing apparatus capable of setting the timing for self-cleaning to be simple and versatile, further extending the timing, and improving production efficiency. It aims at providing the driving method.
- the present invention employs the following means as a method for setting the timing for performing self-cleaning suitable for a mass production apparatus.
- the first aspect of the present invention is a vacuum processing apparatus that performs self-cleaning by introducing a cleaning gas into a film-forming chamber that performs film-forming processing on a substrate, and the timing for performing the self-cleaning is the film-forming time.
- the film forming operation time is shown as the ratio of the film forming related work time to the sum of the film forming related working time including the film forming preparation time and the cleaning related working time including the cleaning time, the cleaning preparation time and the base film forming time.
- a vacuum processing apparatus in which the ratio is set in a range that is saturated with respect to an increase in the amount of film forming processing.
- the film formation related work time is, for example, the total of the film formation time for performing the film formation process and the film formation preparation time including the substrate transport time and the preparation time before and after the film formation, and the amount of film formation processing increases. Increases approximately proportionally.
- the cleaning-related work time is, for example, the cleaning time accompanied by the etching reaction of the deposited film, and the temperature other than the substrate facing the plasma generated in the gas system switching or the film forming chamber is the temperature at the time of film forming. It is the total time of the cleaning preparation time such as the adjustment and the base film formation time required for forming the base film.
- the deposited film is formed in a place other than the substrate in the film formation chamber (for example, discharge electrode, counter electrode, substrate holder, electrode cover, etc .: hereinafter referred to as a film formation unit member).
- the thickness of the film also increases substantially in proportion to the film-forming work time. For this reason, since the deposited film thickness to be removed increases substantially in proportion to the deposition-related work time, the cleaning time accompanied by the etching reaction of the deposited film also increases in proportion to the deposition-related work time.
- the ratio of the film formation related work time to the sum of the film formation related work time and the cleaning related work time corresponding to the total work time of the vacuum processing apparatus was defined as the film forming operation time ratio.
- the film forming operation time ratio forms a so-called saturation curve that converges to a certain value when the film forming processing time becomes infinite by assuming that the amount of film forming processing is infinite.
- the timing for performing the self-cleaning is set in a range in which the film forming operation time ratio is saturated with respect to the increase in the film forming processing amount. It can be easily set by giving a cleaning-related work time approximately proportional to the above.
- saturated means that the rate of increase in the ratio of the film-forming work time to the film-forming treatment amount is reduced to 1 ⁇ 2 or less compared to when the film-forming treatment amount is small. Indicates the state. Further, it shows a state after 90% or more of the convergence value of the film forming operation time ratio when the film forming treatment amount becomes infinite, more preferably after the value of the film forming operation time ratio reaches 80% or more. Yes.
- the timing for performing the self-cleaning is set in a range in which the film forming operation time ratio is saturated with respect to the increase in the amount of film forming, so that the influence of the cleaning related work time on the film forming related work time is small. For this reason, since the influence of the cleaning-related work time is reduced, the production efficiency of the vacuum processing apparatus can be stably improved.
- the film forming operation time ratio is set in a range exceeding 90% of the convergence value.
- the self-cleaning timing is the same as that of the amorphous silicon film.
- the integrated film thickness is set in a range exceeding 20 ⁇ m, or the integrated film thickness of the microcrystalline silicon film is set in a range exceeding 50 ⁇ m.
- the integrated film thickness on the substrate is obtained by multiplying the film thickness of the silicon-based film to be processed on one substrate by the number of film forming substrates, and forming the film in the film forming chamber including the discharge electrode.
- the silicon-based deposited film thickness on the unit member is determined by the integrated film thickness on the substrate because the film thickness varies depending on the film forming unit member and cannot be directly measured.
- the integrated film does not exceed, for example, 500 ⁇ m.
- the silicon system represents a material including an amorphous silicon system and a crystalline silicon system, and is a generic name including silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), and silicon germanium (SiGe).
- the crystalline silicon system means an amorphous silicon system, that is, a silicon system other than the amorphous silicon system, and includes a microcrystalline silicon system and a polycrystalline silicon system.
- a heat storage member having a large heat capacity may be installed inside the film forming chamber.
- the heat storage member having a large heat capacity can absorb the amount of heat generated during the cleaning operation.
- the “large heat capacity” means a heat capacity that is at least larger than the heat capacity of the substrate.
- the discharge electrode installed facing the board
- a heat storage member may be provided near the electrode cover. If it does in this way, since heat storage can be performed in the part which the heat_generation
- a base film forming operation for forming a base film with high adhesion in the film forming chamber may be performed.
- the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber nickel alloy material, stainless steel material, aluminum material or the like is used.
- a corrosive layer is generated in which fluorine or fluorine radicals used in the etching reaction act on the constituent components.
- This corrosive layer grows by performing self-cleaning, and the silicon-based film formed on the surface easily peels from the corroded layer portion.
- the surface of the film forming chamber is etched to cause an iron (Fe) component, a chromium (Cr) component, or an aluminum (Al) component that is a part of the constituent material of the film forming unit member. And so on.
- the silicon-based film formed integrally on the base film with high adhesion is less likely to be peeled off integrally with the base film, so that the self-cleaning timing is further increased accordingly. Can do.
- the base film can suppress the floating of fine particles containing components such as iron, chromium, and aluminum and improve the stability of the plasma, the efficiency of the film forming operation can be improved.
- the base film has a thick film thickness of, for example, 200 nm or more and 3000 nm or less.
- the thickness exceeds 500 nm for the amorphous silicon film and 3000 nm for the microcrystalline silicon film, the time required for the under film formation becomes longer, and the film formation process is possible due to the limitation of the maximum deposited film thickness until the next self-cleaning is performed. The amount of integrated film thickness is limited, and the film forming related work time is shortened.
- the base film-forming operation has a film-forming pressure of 1.0 to 1.5 times that during the film-forming process, and high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode at least in the initial stage of film formation. It is preferable that the film forming process is performed 0.1 to 1.0 times.
- the base film forming operation is performed until the film forming pressure is 1.0 to 1.5 times that during the film forming process and a film thickness of at least about 1/10 of the base film is formed. Since the high frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode in the initial stage of the film is 0.1 to 1.0 times that in the film forming process, a base film with high adhesion can be formed in the film forming chamber. In order to further improve the adhesion, it is preferable that the film forming pressure in the base film forming operation is 1.0 to 1.2 times that in the film forming process, and the initial high-frequency power is 0 in the film forming process. It is desirable to carry out at 4 times to 0.9 times.
- the film-forming pressure When the film-forming pressure is set higher than that during the film-forming process, more film-forming species reach the unit time than during the film-forming process, so that the denseness of the formed base film is improved. On the other hand, if it is too high, the film-forming speed is increased and the density is reduced. Further, if the high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode is reduced as compared with the film-forming process, the amount decomposed by the plasma is reduced, so that the base film is slowly formed and the denseness is improved. If it is less than 0.1 times, the film forming speed is slow, and the time for the base film forming work becomes long. If it is larger than 1.0 times, the initial film where the base film starts to grow may not be denser than the film during the film formation process.
- the base film forming operation is interrupted at least once and high vacuum evacuation is performed.
- the surface of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber adheres as fine particles to the surface of the film forming unit, which contains iron, chromium, aluminum, etc. that have been detached from the constituent materials by reaction with fluorine or fluorine radicals. is doing.
- these fine particles containing components such as iron, chromium and aluminum are easily ionized by reacting with the film forming gas, respectively, or easily floating in the plasma.
- the base film forming process is interrupted at least once and high vacuum evacuation is performed, so that floating substances in the film forming chamber at that time can be discharged to the outside.
- the self-cleaning timing can be further extended.
- the number of interruptions in which high vacuum evacuation is performed is preferably higher because the floating substance can be discharged from the film forming chamber to the outside, but considering that the base film forming operation cannot be prolonged more than necessary, The number of interruptions for evacuation is practically 5 or less.
- the surface of the portion where the base film is formed in the film forming chamber has a ten-point average roughness of 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m and a maximum height of 20 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable that it is processed.
- the surface of the film forming unit member where the base film is formed in the film forming chamber has a ten-point average roughness (Rz) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m and a maximum height of 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the roughness of the surface of the film forming unit member is 5 ⁇ m or more, the entire microscopic convex shape grows into a corrosive layer at an early stage of corrosion, and the microscopic convex portion tends to fall off.
- the apparent corrosion rate of the membrane unit member is large, and the lifetime of the membrane forming unit member is shortened.
- the roughness of the surface of the film forming unit member is 0.1 ⁇ m or less, the anchor effect between the base film for forming the base film and the film forming unit member is lowered, and the base film is easily peeled off.
- the surface of the film forming unit member is processed so that the ten-point average roughness (Rz) is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less and the maximum height is 10 ⁇ m or less, and the corrosion layer is removed and the base film is removed. It is further preferable from the prevention of peeling.
- a method of operating a vacuum processing apparatus that performs self-cleaning by introducing a cleaning gas into a film-forming chamber that performs film-forming processing on a substrate, wherein the self-cleaning includes film-forming time and film-forming time.
- the film forming operation time ratio represented by the ratio of the film forming related work time to the sum of the film forming related work time including the film preparation time and the cleaning related work time including the cleaning time, the cleaning preparation time and the base film forming time is An operation method of a vacuum processing apparatus is provided that is carried out in a range that is saturated with respect to an increase in the amount of film formation.
- the film forming operation time increases approximately proportionally as the film forming processing amount increases.
- the thickness of the film formed in a place other than the substrate in the film forming chamber also increases substantially in proportion to the film forming related work time.
- the cleaning time also increases in proportion to the film formation related work time. Therefore, it is shown as the ratio of the film formation related work time to the sum of the film formation related work time including the film formation time and the film formation preparation time and the cleaning related work time including the cleaning time, the cleaning preparation time and the base film formation time.
- the film forming operation time ratio forms a so-called saturation curve that converges to a certain value when the film forming processing time becomes infinite assuming that the amount of film forming processing is infinite.
- the self-cleaning is performed in a range where the ratio of the film forming related work time is saturated with respect to the increase in the film forming processing amount.
- a cleaning-related work time a cleaning time, a cleaning preparation work time, and a base film forming time substantially proportional to the film forming-related work time
- the execution time can be easily determined. Further, even when the film forming conditions change, that is, when the film forming related work time and the cleaning related work time substantially proportional thereto change, the self cleaning execution timing can be easily changed.
- the self-cleaning is performed in a range in which the ratio of the film forming related work time is saturated with respect to the increase of the film forming processing amount, so that the influence of the cleaning work time on the film forming related work time is small. For this reason, since the influence of the cleaning operation time is reduced, the production efficiency of the vacuum processing apparatus can be stably improved.
- the self-cleaning is performed in a range where the film forming operation time ratio exceeds 90% of the convergence value.
- the self-cleaning timing is the amorphous silicon-based film.
- the integrated film thickness of the microcrystalline silicon film exceeds 50 ⁇ m.
- the integrated film thickness is For example, it is preferable not to exceed 500 ⁇ m.
- the amount of heat generated during the self-cleaning operation may be stored by a heat storage member having a large heat capacity installed inside the film forming chamber.
- the heat storage member having a large heat capacity can absorb the amount of heat generated during the cleaning operation.
- “large heat capacity” means at least larger than the heat capacity of the substrate.
- a member facing the plasma for example, a discharge electrode, a counter electrode, a heater cover, or the like is used as the heat storage member, heat can be stored in a portion where heat generated mainly by the cleaning operation is generated, thereby further increasing the heat storage efficiency. Can be improved.
- a heat storage member may be provided near the electrode cover.
- a base film forming operation for forming a base film with high adhesion in the film forming chamber may be performed.
- a base film having high adhesion is formed on the surface in the film forming chamber, so that the base film can alleviate the influence of the corrosion layer and components such as iron, chromium, and aluminum. Can do.
- the base film has a thick film thickness of, for example, 200 nm or more and 3000 nm or less. If it is less than 200 nm, it may be insufficient to contain a corrosive layer formed gradually by repeatedly performing self-cleaning and components such as iron and chromium adhering to the surface in the film forming chamber.
- the base film forming operation is performed at a high frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode at a film forming pressure of 1.0 to 1.5 times that of the film forming process and at least in the initial stage of film forming. Is preferably carried out at a magnification of 0.1 to 1.0 times that during the film forming treatment.
- the base film forming operation is performed at a film forming pressure of 1.0 to 1.5 times that at the time of the film forming process, and at least high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode at the initial stage of the base film forming process. Since it is carried out 0.1 to 1.0 times the time, a base film having high adhesion can be formed in the film forming chamber.
- the film-forming pressure is set higher than that during the film-forming process, more film-forming species reach the unit time than during the film-forming process, so that the denseness of the formed base film is improved.
- it is too high the film-forming speed increases, and the density decreases.
- the high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode is reduced as compared with the film-forming process, the amount decomposed by the plasma is reduced, so that the base film is slowly formed and the denseness is improved. If it is less than 0.1 times, the film forming speed is slow, and the time for the base film forming work becomes long. If the ratio is larger than 1.0 times, the initial base film on which the base film starts to grow may not be denser than the film for film formation.
- the base film forming operation is interrupted at least once and high vacuum evacuation is performed.
- iron components, chromium components, aluminum components and the like adhere to the surface of the film forming chamber as fine particles.
- these components such as iron, chromium, and aluminum easily ionize by reacting with the film forming gas, respectively, or float in the plasma. Since the base film forming operation is interrupted at least once and high vacuum evacuation is performed, the floating substance in the film forming chamber at that time can be discharged to the outside. When suspended substances are discharged to the outside, components such as ionized iron, chromium, and aluminum contained in the suspended matter will also be removed. It can suppress that these mix in.
- the number of interruptions during high vacuum evacuation is preferably higher because the suspended matter can be discharged from the film forming chamber to the outside, but considering that the base film forming operation cannot be prolonged more than necessary, The number of interruptions for evacuation is practically 5 or less.
- the timing for performing the self-cleaning is set in a range in which the film forming related work time ratio is saturated with respect to the increase in the film forming amount.
- a cleaning-related work time that is substantially proportional thereto (a cleaning time, a cleaning preparation work time, and a base film forming time that are substantially proportional to the film-forming work time).
- the self-cleaning timing can be easily changed, so it has good versatility. Yes.
- the timing for performing the self-cleaning is set in a range in which the ratio of the film forming related work time is saturated with respect to the increase of the film forming amount, so that the influence of the cleaning work time on the film forming related work time is small. . For this reason, since the influence of the cleaning operation time is reduced, the production efficiency of the vacuum processing apparatus can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the plasma CVD apparatus 100.
- the plasma CVD apparatus 100 includes a film forming chamber 1, a heater cover 2, a heater 5, a discharge electrode 3, an electrode cover 6, a source gas introduction pipe 7, a cleaning gas introduction pipe 8, a gas exhaust pipe 9, a vacuum pump 10, and a cleaning gas supply.
- Unit 11 controller 12, high-frequency supply coaxial cable 13, impedance matching unit 14, high-frequency power source 15, pressure regulating valve 16, heat storage device (heat storage member) 17, and source gas supply unit 18.
- the film forming chamber 1 is a vacuum container in which a silicon-based thin film layer (amorphous silicon film or microcrystalline silicon film) or the like is formed on the substrate 4.
- a silicon-based thin film layer amorphous silicon film or microcrystalline silicon film
- the heater cover 2 is installed so as to cover at least the substrate 4 side of the heater 5, and contributes to uniform heat generation distribution of the heater 5.
- the heater cover 2 is a conductive plate made of a non-magnetic material having holding means (not shown) that can hold the substrate 4.
- the heater cover 2 is preferably made of nickel alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy because of its resistance to fluorine radicals.
- the heater cover 2 is grounded and serves as an electrode facing the discharge electrode 3.
- the heater 5 heats the substrate 4 through the heater cover 2.
- a substrate holding unit (not shown) holds at least a part of the periphery of the substrate 4 to secure the position of the substrate 4.
- the discharge electrode 3 is configured by combining the rod-like vertical electrodes in a substantially parallel manner, and forms a surface that is substantially parallel to the heater cover 2.
- the cross-sectional shape of the vertical electrode is a circle, a polygon or the like.
- the vertical electrode may be in the form of a hollow pipe.
- the discharge electrode 3 is supplied with high-frequency power from a high-frequency power source 15 via a high-frequency coaxial cable 13, and generates a plasma of a raw material gas between the grounded heater cover 2 and forms a silicon-based film on the substrate 4.
- the electrode cover 6 is provided so as to cover the opposite side of the discharge electrode 3 with respect to the substrate 4.
- the impedance matching unit 14 matches the impedance on the output side, and transmits high frequency power from the high frequency power supply 15 to the discharge electrode 3 via the high frequency coaxial cable 13.
- the source gas introduction pipe 7 introduces source gases (for example, silane gas (SiH 4 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 )) sent from the source gas supply unit 18 into the film forming chamber 1.
- source gases for example, silane gas (SiH 4 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 )
- the source gas introduction tube 7 may be connected to the discharge electrode 3 and the source gas may be ejected from the inside of the discharge electrode 3.
- the cleaning gas introduction pipe 8 introduces a cleaning gas sent from the cleaning gas supply unit 11, for example, nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) into the film forming chamber 1.
- NF 3 nitrogen trifluoride
- the vacuum pump 10 is a vacuum pump for high vacuum exhaust that exhausts the gas in the film forming chamber 1.
- the pressure adjusting valve 16 adjusts the pressure in the film forming chamber 1 by opening and closing the path between the vacuum pump 10 and the film forming chamber 1 and adjusting the opening amount.
- the controller 12 controls the operation of the plasma CVD apparatus 100 such as control of the flow rates of the source gas (for example, silane gas, hydrogen gas) and the cleaning gas, and the start and end of generation of plasma by the high frequency power supply 15.
- the source gas for example, silane gas, hydrogen gas
- the substrate 4 is carried into the film forming chamber 1 using a substrate transfer device (not shown), set on the heater cover 2 and held by a substrate holder (not shown).
- a film forming operation is performed by the controller 12.
- the pressure regulating valve 16 is opened and evacuation is performed from the vacuum pump 10 to bring the film forming chamber 1 to a predetermined degree of vacuum, for example, 10 ⁇ 2 Pa.
- the temperature of the heater 5 is 250 ° C.
- silane gas and hydrogen gas which are raw materials for the silicon-based film, are introduced into the film forming chamber 1 from the raw material gas introduction pipe 7, and the film forming pressure is set to 85 Pa by the pressure adjusting valve 16, for example.
- the ratio of the hydrogen gas flow rate to the silane gas flow rate (H 2 / SiH 4 ) is reduced to, for example, 10 or less.
- the ratio of the hydrogen gas flow rate to the silane gas flow rate is increased to 30 or more, for example.
- the supply of the source gas and the high frequency power is stopped.
- the film forming chamber 1 is opened and the substrate 4 is taken out by a substrate transfer device (not shown). This completes one batch of work. By repeating the above operation, film formation on the substrate 4 is continuously performed.
- FIG. 9 shows a thin film manufacturing apparatus (vacuum processing apparatus) 90 for forming a silicon-based film on a glass substrate when a semiconductor such as a silicon solar cell is manufactured.
- the thin film manufacturing apparatus 90 includes a film forming chamber 70 capable of performing a high quality film forming process while maintaining a reduced pressure state without air mixing, and a substrate transfer apparatus (not shown) for a glass substrate in the atmosphere.
- a load chamber 71 between the film forming chamber 70 and an unload chamber 72 for unloading the glass substrate from the film forming chamber 70 are provided.
- the film forming chamber 70, the load chamber 71, and the unload chamber 72 are provided with chambers 70a, 71a, 72a, respectively.
- These chambers 70a, 71a, 72a are respectively roughing pumps 73a, 73b, 73c and turbo molecular pumps 74a, 74b. , 74c, a high vacuum state is obtained.
- Each chamber is partitioned by a gate valve 75, and the pressure in each chamber can be set. The entire apparatus is controlled by the control device 80.
- the other time required for loading and unloading the substrate 4 and the time required for evacuating the film forming chamber 1 and introducing the raw material gas and adjusting the pressure are the film forming preparation time Tj.
- the deposit containing silicon as a main component inevitably adheres undesirably (film deposition or deposition) to the inside of the film deposition chamber 1. Similar to the silicon-based film formed on the substrate 4, this deposit contains many hydrogen atoms. When the deposit thickness increases, the deposit peels off and mixes into the silicon-based film of the substrate 4 due to a temperature change during the film forming process, thereby deteriorating the product quality. For this reason, removal (cleaning) of the deposit is performed at an appropriate interval.
- a cleaning gas is introduced instead of the source gas, and self-cleaning using plasma is performed.
- the self-cleaning cleaning operation will be described with reference to FIG.
- the cleaning operation and the like are performed by the controller 12.
- the film forming chamber 1 is sealed, and a residual gas such as a raw material gas in the film forming chamber 1 or the gas exhaust pipe 9 is sealed by the vacuum pump 10.
- the cleaning gas (for example, NF 3 ) is introduced into the film forming chamber 1 from the cleaning gas introduction pipe 8 (process P1). That is, the gas in the film forming chamber 1 is switched from the source gas to the cleaning gas.
- the heater 5 is preferably deactivated by setting the input power to 0 in order to suppress the temperature rise in the film forming chamber 1 by the etching reaction heat caused by the cleaning gas.
- Some of the fluorine radicals may become fluorine (F 2 ) without being reacted (process P4).
- the generated SiF 4 is in a gas state and diffuses (process P5) or stays in the vicinity of the silicon-based film. Gases such as nitrogen, fluorine and SiF 4 existing in the film forming chamber 1 are exhausted to the outside of the film forming chamber 1 by the vacuum pump 10 (process P6). At this time, the retained SiF 4 is decomposed again by the plasma and reattached as silicon (Si) to the silicon-based film (process P7), so that the etching removal amount of the silicon-based film may be reduced.
- An etching reaction accompanied by rapid heat generation may occur between the Si-based film or powder and the cleaning gas (F radical). This reaction is represented by the following formula (1). 4F (radical) + Si ⁇ SiF 4 +1439 kcal / mol (1)
- the residual gas such as cleaning gas in the film forming chamber 1 and the gas exhaust pipe 9 is exhausted by the vacuum pump 10. Thereafter, the gas in the film forming chamber 1 is exhausted to the outside by the vacuum pump 10 while introducing the source gas from the source gas introduction pipe 7. Thereby, the atmosphere of the film forming chamber 1 is switched from the cleaning gas to the source gas.
- the temperature in the film forming chamber 1 has increased with the etching reaction at the time of cleaning and the electric power for discharge introduced for generating the plasma, and other than the substrate facing the plasma generated in the film forming chamber.
- the heater cover 2 is cooled to a predetermined temperature so that the portion returns to the temperature state during film formation. This cooling usually waits for natural cooling, but cooling means may be provided to forcibly cool.
- this cooling means may be operated during the cleaning operation to suppress the temperature rise in the film forming chamber 1 due to the cleaning.
- the temperature in the film forming chamber 1 associated with the cleaning is set to the maximum allowable temperature (for example, corrosion of the constituent materials of the film forming chamber 1 progresses quickly and shortens the life.
- Temperature: 400 ° C. or lower is recommended even if it is made of Inconel, etc.
- the allowable deposition thickness that allows the etching process of the silicon-based deposition film is increased due to the temperature limitation in the film forming chamber 1, so that the self-cleaning interval can be increased.
- the temperature rise in the film forming chamber 1 is alleviated accordingly.
- the heat accumulator 17 is not necessarily required as long as the temperature rise in the film forming chamber 1 can be adjusted.
- the controller 12 supplies high frequency power (RF power) to the discharge electrode 3.
- RF power high frequency power
- plasma is generated between the discharge electrode 3 and the heater cover 2.
- the source gas such as silane gas
- a base film of a silicon-based film that is, a predeposition film is formed on the surface in the film forming chamber 1.
- the number of film forming processes is n batches. It is assumed that self-cleaning is performed after completing n batches of the film forming process. Assuming that the film forming film thickness per batch is Fs (nm), the film forming speed is Dr (nm / min), and the film forming preparation time is a (min), the film forming related processing time Tt (min) is (2 ).
- the film-forming operation time ratio Ps is the ratio of the film-forming operation time Tt to the total operation time obtained by adding the cleaning-related operation time Tc to the film-forming operation time Tt
- the film-forming operation time ratio Ps is expressed by the following equation. Given.
- the important point is that there is a term (b / n), and the total b (minutes) of the cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film formation time reflects the influence of n batches of the film forming process. It can be evaluated.
- the timing at which self-cleaning is performed is mainly determined not by the evaluation based on the film-forming operation time ratio Ps but by the increase in the number of particles during film-forming.
- the film formation preparation time a and the total preparation time of the cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film formation time b are taken into account to reflect the influence of n batches of the film formation process in the mass production process. The timing for performing self-cleaning effective for processing can be evaluated.
- the film formation film thickness Fs per batch is 300 nm / batch
- the film formation speed Dr is 1 nm / s
- the film formation preparation time a per batch is 2 minutes / batch
- the etching speed Er in cleaning is 5 nm / s.
- the total time b of the cleaning preparation time (such as gas switching) and the predeposition film forming time is 60 minutes.
- the film forming related work time Tt is 7n minutes.
- the cleaning-related work time Tc is (n + 60) minutes according to the equation (3).
- the calculation result of the ratio of the film forming related work time Tt to the total work time obtained by adding the film forming related working time Tt and the cleaning related working time Tc, and the film forming operating time ratio (film forming related working time ratio) Ps is as follows. It is given by the formula. In this equation, when n is infinite, the film forming operation time ratio Ps is 7/8, that is, 0.875. The film forming operation time ratio Ps does not exceed 0.875, in other words, forms a saturation curve that converges to 0.875.
- FIG. 3 is a plot of changes in the film forming operation time ratio Ps against the integrated film thickness of the amorphous silicon film. Circles indicate the case where the total time b of the self-cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film forming time is 60 minutes (standard time) as described above, and the triangles indicate that the etching rate remains the same. In this example, the time other than the etching time is improved and the total time b of the self-cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film forming time is halved to 30 minutes (half time).
- FIG. 4 is a plot of changes in the film forming operation time ratio Ps when the integrated film thickness of the amorphous silicon film in FIG. 3 is changed to the number of batches.
- a circle mark indicates a case where the total time b of the self-cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film forming time is 60 minutes as described above, and a triangle mark indicates that the etching rate remains the same but other than the etching time. This shows a case where the total time b of the self-cleaning preparation time and the predeposition film forming time is halved to 30 minutes.
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps exceeds 80% (0.8)
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps sufficiently saturates as the integrated film thickness or the number of batches increases. It is in the range.
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps hardly increases. Therefore, even if the self-cleaning timing is slightly shifted, there is little influence on the film forming operation time ratio Ps and stable production processing is performed. Is called.
- the integrated film thickness is infinite, and is 90% or more with respect to the convergence value of Ps in the equation (4), and it is close to the limit to obtain more Ps in the actual production process. It can be judged as a level. Further, since the influence on the film forming operation time ratio Ps due to improvement of the self-cleaning preparation work time or the like is reduced, it is not necessary to change the various conditions and manage strict condition selection.
- the self-cleaning timing is determined in a range where the film forming operation time ratio Ps is saturated with respect to the increase in the integrated film thickness or the number of batches. For this reason, the cleaning related work time Tc with respect to the film forming related work time Tt has little influence, so even if the cleaning related work time Tc slightly varies, the influence on the film forming operation time ratio Ps is reduced. Therefore, it is possible to stably improve the production efficiency of the vacuum processing apparatus.
- the amorphous silicon film self-cleaning timing is set to 87.5 where the film forming operation time ratio Ps is a saturation value (convergence value).
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps is a saturation value (convergence value).
- a high operating state exceeding 90% of the% can be selected.
- the integrated film thickness of the amorphous silicon film exceeds 20 ⁇ m.
- the integrated film thickness of the microcrystalline silicon film exceeds 50 ⁇ m.
- the integrated film thickness when performing self-cleaning does not exceed 500 ⁇ m, for example. That is, for example, if the integrated film thickness exceeds 500 ⁇ m, the total amount of heat generated by etching increases, and additional means such as increasing the cooling means is required for processing the amount of heat.
- the silicon film is peeled off due to the temperature change of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber during the film forming process, that is, during the film forming and when the substrate is carried in and out in the high vacuum atmosphere. This is also due to an increase in defects that affect the film forming yield.
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps can be easily calculated by giving the above-described conditions. Further, since the self-cleaning timing can be easily changed even when the film forming conditions and the like change, it has good versatility.
- the square marks in FIG. 4 indicate changes in the film forming operation time ratio Ps during the standard time preparation time when the microcrystalline silicon film is formed.
- the film thickness per batch is about 10 times thicker than amorphous silicon films, but the etching rate can be about twice as fast as amorphous silicon films.
- the film forming operation time ratio Ps is saturated at a stage where the number of film forming batches is small.
- FIG. 5 shows the heat balance in the film forming chamber 1 during self-cleaning.
- the main heat input to the film forming chamber 1 is a heat input 21 of high frequency power, a heat generation 22 of the heater 5 and an etching heat generation reaction 23.
- the heat output from the film forming chamber 1 includes a heat dissipation 24 by exhaust gas, a heat dissipation 25 from the chamber wall of the film forming chamber, and a heat absorption 26 by a cooling member.
- the heat absorption 26 by the cooling member is a case where the heat accumulator 17 has a cooling function by circulating cooling water between itself and the outside.
- the heat transfer area of the heat accumulator 17 is limited by the structure of the film forming chamber 1, the heat absorption / cooling effect is not so large.
- the heat accumulator 17 is provided as a heat accumulating member, since the heat capacity is held so that the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6 that rise in temperature during the etching reaction have a large heat accumulating function, the amount of heat generated in the film forming chamber 1 If there is little, the heat accumulator 17 may be omitted.
- the etching exothermic reaction 23 becomes larger than the spout 24 due to the exhaust gas, the spout 25 from the chamber wall of the film forming chamber 1 and the heat absorption 26 due to the cooling member, the excess amount of heat is generated by the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover. 6 can store heat.
- the allowable deposited film thickness that allows etching treatment is limited by the maximum allowable temperature of each film forming unit member, but the increase in the heat storage capacity by the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6 suppresses the temperature increase in the film forming chamber 1, This contributes to increasing the allowable deposited film thickness.
- the temperature rise in the film forming chamber 1 can be suppressed by the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6, it is possible to cope with the case where the integrated processing film thickness is increased and the self-cleaning etching heat generation amount is increased. For this reason, the interval for performing self-cleaning can be further increased.
- the amount of heat stored in the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6 is reduced from the chamber wall of the film forming chamber while the predeposition film is formed and during the film forming operation on the substrate 4 after the etching reaction is completed. Therefore, it is not necessary to install a cooling mechanism having a large cooling capacity in the film forming chamber 1. Further, when the film formation on the substrate 4 is started, the temperature in the film formation chamber 1 is increased by the amount of heat stored in the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6, so that the amount of heat input by the heater 5 can be reduced, and film formation is performed. The work efficiency can be improved.
- the heat capacities of the discharge electrode 3 and the electrode cover 6 are preferably larger than the heat capacity of the substrate 4, for example.
- the mass of the discharge electrode 3 is 20 kg and the mass of the electrode cover 6 is 70 kg.
- the mass x specific heat is 1 or more times, preferably within 10 to 20 times.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of the film forming chamber 1 cut away.
- a corrosion layer (FeF 2 , CrF 2, etc.) 31 caused by the reaction of the iron component or the chromium component in the constituent material with fluorine is formed on the surface of the material using the stainless steel material.
- This corrosion layer 31 grows to several tens of ⁇ m by repeating self-cleaning. After the self-cleaning is completed, a predeposition film 32 is formed on the corroded layer 31, and the deposit 33 accompanying the film forming operation on the substrate 4 is formed and deposited thereon.
- FIG. 6 shows an accumulation until the deposit 33 and the predeposition film 32 are peeled off from the discharge electrode 3 and begin to adhere to the substrate 4 depending on the quality of the predeposition film 32 formed on the corrosion layer 31.
- the film thickness is plotted against the self-cleaning period.
- the vertical axis represents relative notation with 30 ⁇ m as 100%.
- the circles in FIG. 6 indicate that the predeposition film 32 is sufficiently thick and formed well, and the diamonds indicate that the predeposition film 32 is poorly formed.
- the film with the good predeposition film 32 maintains a substantially constant integrated film thickness level regardless of the cleaning execution time.
- the predeposition film 32 is defective due to the selection of the film formation conditions of the predeposition film 32, the accumulated film thickness until peeling increases as the number of self-cleaning after the chamber opening maintenance increases. It turns out that it is easy to peel off. That is, when the film thickness of the predeposition film 32 on the corrosion layer 31 generated on the surface of the film forming unit member such as the discharge electrode 3 in the film forming chamber 1 is thin, the thermal expansion interference with the deposit 33 is insufficient. It has been found that a peeling portion 34 is generated in the brittle corrosion layer 31 and is easily peeled off. Further, it has been found that when the denseness of the predeposition film 32 is low, the film itself is easily peeled off.
- the predeposition film 32 is formed to a thickness of 200 nm or more, and it is easy to manage that the upper limit is the film thickness per batch at the time of film formation processing. 500 nm or less, and 3000 nm or less for a microcrystalline silicon film. By doing so, the predeposition film 32 having high adhesion to the surface of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1 is formed.
- FIG. 8 shows the presence of iron and chromium components contained in the film formation on the substrate in the film thickness direction. From this, it can be seen that a film thickness of 200 nm or more is required to confine iron and chromium components adhering to the surface of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1 during self-cleaning.
- the film thickness is more than 500 nm for an amorphous silicon film (3000 nm for a microcrystalline silicon film) as a film thickness per batch during the film forming process, it takes time to form the predeposition film 32.
- the cleaning process time becomes longer and the upper limit value of the integrated film forming process capable of film forming process is reduced due to the limitation of the maximum deposited film thickness until the next self-cleaning is performed, the film forming operation time ratio Ps is reduced. This is undesirable because it decreases.
- a plasma CVD apparatus 100 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- This embodiment is different from the first embodiment only in that the film formation conditions of the predeposition film 32 are changed. Since the other configurations are the same, redundant description is omitted here.
- the predeposition film 32 is formed as shown in Table 1.
- the predeposition film 32 is formed in three steps, Step 1 to Step 3.
- the film forming pressure at each stage is set to 90 Pa which is 1.06 times the 85 Pa when the amorphous silicon film is formed on the substrate 4.
- the high frequency power (RF Power) is, Step1 is the 0.05 W / cm 2 is 0.56 times the 0.09 / cm 2 at the time of film formation of the amorphous silicon film to the substrate 4, the Step2 and Step3 0 .67 times 0.06 W / cm 2 .
- Step 1 which is an initial formation stage until a film thickness of at least about 1/10 or more of the base film is formed
- the film forming pressure is equal or higher than that during the film forming process
- the denseness of the formed predeposition film 32 is improved.
- the high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode 3 is equal to or smaller than that during the film forming process, the amount decomposed by the plasma is reduced, so that the predeposition film is slowly formed and the denseness is improved.
- the film having the predeposition film 32 formed in this way behaves in the same manner as the film having the good predeposition film 32 shown in FIG. 6 and has a substantially constant integrated film regardless of the cleaning execution time. The level of thickness was maintained.
- the film-forming pressure is too high, the film-forming speed will be increased, and the density of the predeposition film will decrease. If the high-frequency power supplied to the discharge electrode 3 is less than 0.1 times that during the film-forming operation on the substrate 4, the film-forming speed is slow and the time required for the base (predeposition film) film-forming operation becomes long. On the other hand, if the ratio is larger than 1.0 times, the initial film of the predeposition film may not be denser than the film to be formed. For this reason, it is desirable to keep it within 0.1 to 1.0 times.
- the film forming pressure is 1.0 to 1.2 times that in the film forming process, and the high frequency power is the film forming process. It is desirable to implement at 0.4 to 0.9 times the time.
- the predeposition film 32 is formed in three steps, Step 1 to Step 3, and high vacuum evacuation is performed by the vacuum pump 10 at an intermediate stage. Due to the self-cleaning etching action, fine particles containing an iron component, a chromium component, and the like detached from the constituent material by the reaction with fluorine and fluorine radicals adhere to the surface of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1. In the initial stage of the film forming operation of the predeposition film 32, the fine particles containing the iron and chromium components are ionized either independently or reacting with the film forming gas and easily float in the plasma.
- high vacuum evacuation is performed by the vacuum pump 10 between Step 1 and Step 2 and between Step 2 and Step 3. That is, during the film forming operation of the predeposition film 32, the film forming operation is interrupted and high vacuum evacuation is performed twice.
- the high vacuum pumping is not switched to the turbo molecular pump 74a as shown in FIG. 9, but the vacuum pumping can be performed in a relatively short time with the vacuum pumping system during film formation by the roughing pump 73a.
- the vacuum was drawn to 1 Pa to 5 Pa or less.
- a plasma CVD apparatus 100 according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention is described.
- the surface roughness of each film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1 such as the discharge electrode 3, the heater cover 2, and the electrode cover 6 is blasted to adjust the surface roughness to a predetermined range.
- the only difference is the first embodiment. Since the other configurations are the same, redundant description is omitted here.
- the surface in the film forming chamber 1 is blasted so that the ten-point average roughness is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum height is 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the predeposition film is formed on the surface of the corroded film, the inner surface of the film forming chamber 1 more than necessary. It has been found that surface irregularities are unnecessary. For this reason, the surface of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1 was subjected to blast processing equivalent to # 100 to 300 blast processing.
- the corrosive layer in which fluorine acts on the constituent components of the film forming unit member in the film forming chamber 1 is early on the entire microscopic convex portion of the surface of the film forming unit member. It was possible to suppress the microscopic convex-shaped portion from dropping off early and the corrosion layer from peeling off early.
- the film-forming unit member having a different surface irregular shape As a result of observing the film-forming unit member having a different surface irregular shape, if the surface roughness of the film-forming unit member is 5 ⁇ m or more, the entire microscopic convex shape grows into a corrosive layer at an early stage of corrosion. The visual convex shape portion was easy to drop off, and the corrosion rate was high in appearance. Further, it was observed that when the roughness of the surface of the film forming unit member was 0.1 ⁇ m or less, the anchor effect for forming the base film (predeposition film) was lowered and the base film was easily peeled off.
- the surface of the film forming unit member is processed so that the ten-point average roughness (Rz) is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less and the maximum height is 10 ⁇ m or less, and the corrosion layer is removed and the base film is removed. It is further preferable from the prevention of peeling.
- Rz ten-point average roughness
- the corrosion layer grown on the surface is less likely to drop off, and growth / peeling of the corrosion layer itself can be suppressed.
- the self-cleaning timing was further extended to improve the throughput of the film forming apparatus and increase the production volume.
- this invention is not limited to the said embodiment, In the range which does not deviate from the summary of this invention, it can change suitably. For example, it is more effective to implement the embodiments in combination with each other.
- the cleaning gas is not limited to NF 3 gas, and the same effect can be obtained by using F or Cl-based gases such as CF 4 gas, SF 6 gas, CCl 4 gas and the like.
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Abstract
Description
このような真空処理装置としては、製膜装置、プラズマCVD(Chemical
Vapor Deposition)装置、ドライエッチング装置、スパッタリング装置等がある。
たとえば、プラズマCVD装置で基板にアモルファスシリコンや微結晶シリコン等の製膜を行なう場合、製膜室内に発生させたプラズマに対向している基板以外の部分(たとえば、放電電極、対向電極、基板保持具、電極カバー等:以下製膜ユニット部材という)にもこれらの膜が製膜され堆積する。
これらの膜厚が厚くなると、たとえば、基板毎の製膜処理の間で製膜室内の温度変化による熱膨張差により剥離して、基板に製膜される膜中に混入して製膜品質を劣化させる恐れや、あるいは、製膜を阻害する粒子が生成される恐れが生じる。このような事態が生じると、製品不良が多くなるので、製膜装置の処理能力が低下することになる。
このクリーニングは通常は製膜装置を大気に開放して、膜が堆積した製膜室内製膜ユニット部材を、別の場所で膜を洗浄除去済とした交換部品と手動で交換を行うものであるが、必要部品の交換作業以外に、大気開放する為には、基板加熱ヒータの降温と真空ブレイクや、再昇温、再真空引きなどに時間と手間とがかかるという問題がある。
これを解消するものとして、たとえば、製膜室にフッ素を含むクリーニングガスを導入して、プラズマによってフッ素ラジカル(F)を生成し、このフッ素ラジカル(F)によって膜をエッチングして除去するというセルフクリーニングが提案されている。(特許文献1、特許文献2参照)
特許文献1に示されるものは、種々の膜厚でセルフクリーニングをし、基板に対向する放電電極(製膜用ガスの供給手段を兼ねている。)の温度が200~400℃に納まる範囲で、連続処理可能な積算膜厚を求め、その積算膜厚を基板製膜膜厚の上限値によって割り算してクリーニングサイクルを決めている。具体的には、不純物汚染が生じないよう11枚(積算膜厚11μm)毎にセルフクリーニングを行っている。
CVD装置から残留物をクリーニングするための具体例では「n」は約1~50の範囲にあり、好ましくは2以上であり、更に好ましくは10以上である。
この「n」は、製膜作業前にパーティクルカウンタを備えた製膜室内に基板を搬入し、予備運転を行った後、基板上のパーティクルの数を計測し、その結果所定の粒子数以内に納まる範囲で設定されている。
あるいは、製膜厚さの変動が所定範囲(所定の均一性)に納まる範囲で設定されている。
また、製膜用原料ガスがクリーニング用ガスの直接接触することによる爆発反応を抑制するため、ガス供給系ラインと排気ラインをパージして切り替える必要がある。この操作に時間を要するので、セルフクリーニング作業時間が延長してしまう。このことから、製膜室内の清浄度とセルフクリーニング頻度とを適正化させるために、セルフクリーニングの試行を繰り返し実施して経験的に得られる運用状況からみた判断が必要になる。
特に、たとえば、薄膜太陽電池のように、液晶用TFTの製造に比べて製膜される膜厚が厚いものでは、複数回の製膜処理を実施した後に製膜室内に堆積した厚い膜に対してセルフクリーニングを行う必要があるので、真空処理装置の稼動時間を上げるためには、クリーニング処理時間を短縮化する必要が生じる。このため、単位時間当りのクリーニングガスと堆積膜のエッチング反応量が多くなるので、セルフクリーニング中の発熱量が多くなり製膜室内製膜ユニット部材の温度が急上昇する。特に、数nm/s以上のエッチング速度でクリーニングする場合は、発熱量を低減させることができず、一般的に薄膜太陽電池の製造においては、セルフクリーニングの運用は難題であり、適切なセルフクリーニングのタイミングとすることが極めて重要なこととなっている。
すなわち、本発明の第一態様は、基板に製膜処理を行う製膜室内に、クリーニングガスを導入してセルフクリーニングを行う真空処理装置であって、該セルフクリーニングを行うタイミングは、製膜時間および製膜準備時間を含む製膜関連作業時間と、クリーニング時間、クリーニング準備時間および下地膜形成時間を含むクリーニング関連作業時間との和に占める製膜関連作業時間の割合で示される製膜稼働時間割合が、製膜処理量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で設定される真空処理装置を提供する。
製膜処理量が増加すると、製膜室の基板以外の場所(たとえば、放電電極、対向電極、基板保持具、電極カバー等:以下製膜ユニット部材ということもある)に製膜される堆積膜の厚さも製膜関連作業時間に略比例して増加する。このため、除去する堆積膜厚が製膜関連作業時間に略比例して増加するので、堆積膜のエッチング反応を伴うクリーニング時間も製膜関連作業時間に略比例して増加することになる。
製膜稼働時間割合を評価することで、クリーニング関連時間は堆積膜のエッチング反応を伴うクリーニング時間以外にも必要な時間があることが適切に評価され、セルフクリーニングを行うタイミングの決定に非常に有効な意義があることが判明した。製膜稼働時間割合は、製膜処理量が無限大と想定することによって製膜関連作業時間が無限大になると、ある値に収斂することになるいわゆる飽和曲線を形成する。
なお、ここで、「飽和している」とは、製膜処理量に対する製膜関連作業時間の割合の増加率が、製膜処理量が少ないときに対して1/2以下へ減少した後の状態を示している。
また、製膜処理量が無限大になったときの製膜稼働時間割合の収斂値の90%以上、さらに好ましくは製膜稼働時間割合の値が80%以上に達した後の状態を示している。
さらに、セルフクリーニングを行うタイミングは、製膜稼働時間割合が、製膜量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で設定されるので、製膜関連作業時間に対するクリーニング関連作業時間の影響が少ない。このため、クリーニング関連作業時間の影響が小さくなるので、真空処理装置の生産効率を安定して向上させることができる。
このように、製膜処理量を多く設定できるので、真空処理装置の生産効率を向上させることができる。
なお、基板への積算膜厚は、1枚の基板に製膜処理するシリコン系膜の膜厚に製膜処理基板数量を掛け合わせたもので、放電電極をはじめとする製膜室内の製膜ユニット部材へのシリコン系堆積膜厚は、該製膜ユニット部材により膜厚が異なるとともに直接計測できないことから、基板への積算膜厚で判断する。
さらに、シリコン系とは、アモルファスシリコン系、結晶質シリコン系を含むものを表し、また、シリコン(Si)やシリコンカーバイト(SiC)やシリコンゲルマニウム(SiGe)を含む総称である。結晶質シリコン系とは、アモルファスシリコン系すなわち非晶質シリコン系以外のシリコン系を意味するものであり、微結晶シリコン系や多結晶シリコン系も含まれる。
なお、ここで「大きな熱容量」とは、少なくとも基板の熱容量よりも大きなものを示す。
蓄熱部材がクリーニング作業中の発熱量を吸収すると、クリーニング作業に伴う発熱作用による製膜室内の製膜ユニット部材の温度上昇を緩和することができる。また製膜室内の各製膜ユニット部材の許容最高温度以下で該製膜ユニット部材へのシリコン系の堆積膜のエッチング処理が可能な許容堆積膜厚が増加するので、セルフクリーニングのタイミングを一層長くすることができる。
このようにすると、クリーニング作業に伴う発熱が主として発生する部分で、蓄熱を行うことができるので、蓄熱効率を一層向上させることができる。
本構成によれば、セルフクリーニングの終了後に、製膜室内の表面に密着性の高い下地膜が形成されるので、下地膜が腐食層および鉄、クロム、アルミニウムなどの成分の影響を緩和することができる。
この場合、下地膜は、たとえば、200nm以上、3000nm以下の厚い膜厚とするのが好適である。
200nm未満では、製膜室内の表面に付着した鉄、クロムなどの成分およびセルフクリーニングを繰り返し実施することで徐々に形成される腐食層を封じ込めるのに不十分となる恐れがある。一方、アモルファスシリコン膜では500nm、微結晶シリコン膜では3000nmを超えると、下地製膜にかかる時間が長くなるとともに、次回セルフクリーニングを実施するまでの最大堆積膜厚の制限から製膜処理が可能な積算膜厚量が制限され、製膜関連作業時間が短くなる。
さらに密着性を向上させるために、好ましくは、下地製膜作業時おける製膜圧力は製膜処理時の1.0倍~1.2倍で、該初期の高周波電力は製膜処理時の0.4倍~0.9倍で実施することが望ましい。
また、放電電極に供給する高周波電力を製膜処理時に比べて小さくすると、プラズマで分解される量が小さくなるので、下地膜の製膜がゆっくりと行われ緻密性が向上する。0.1倍未満では、製膜速度が遅く、下地製膜作業の時間が長くなる。1.0倍よりも大きいと、下地膜が成長し始める初期の膜が、製膜処理時の膜と比べて緻密にならない恐れがある。
下地製膜作業は、少なくとも1回は下地製膜を中断し、高真空排気を行うので、その時点における製膜室内の浮遊物質を外部に排出することができる。浮遊物質が外部に排出されると、その中に含まれているイオン化した鉄、クロム、アルミニウム等の成分のものも除去されることになるので、下地製膜作業中断後に製膜される下地膜中にこれらが混入することを抑制することができる。また、イオン化した鉄、クロム、アルミニウム等成分がプラズマ中の電子を集めてプラズマ密度を低下させることがなくなるので、良好な下地膜を製膜することができる。
これにより、セルフクリーニングのタイミングを一層長くすることができる。
なお、高真空排気を行う中断の回数は、より多い方が前記浮遊物質をより製膜室より外部へ排出できるので好ましいが、下地製膜作業を必要以上に長引かせないことを考慮すると、高真空排気を行う中断回数は5回以下が実用的である。
製膜ユニット部材の表面の粗さが5μm以上では、腐食が進む早い段階で微視的な凸形状全体が腐食層へ成長して微視的な凸形状部分が脱落しやすくなるために、製膜ユニット部材の見た目の腐食速度が大きく、製膜ユニット部材の寿命が短くなる。また製膜ユニット部材表面の粗さが0.1μm以下では、下地膜が形成されるための下地膜と製膜ユニット部材とのアンカー効果が低下して、下地膜が剥離しやすくなる。また、製膜ユニット部材の表面は、十点平均粗さ(Rz)が1μm以上5μm以下で、かつ、最大高さが10μm以下になるように加工されていることが腐食層の脱落と下地膜の剥離防止から、さらに好ましい。
したがって、製膜時間および製膜準備時間を含む製膜関連作業時間と、クリーニング時間、クリーニング準備時間および下地膜形成時間を含むクリーニング関連作業時間との和に占める製膜関連作業時間の割合で示される製膜稼働時間割合は、製膜処理量を無限大と想定して製膜関連作業時間が無限大になると、ある値に収斂することになるいわゆる飽和曲線を形成する。
また、製膜条件が変化、すなわち、製膜関連作業時間とそれに略比例するクリーニング関連作業時間が変化した場合でも容易にセルフクリーニングの実施タイミングを変更することができる。
さらに、セルフクリーニングは、製膜関連作業時間の割合が、製膜処理量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で実施されるので、製膜関連作業時間に対するクリーニング作業時間の影響が少ない。このため、クリーニング作業時間の影響が小さくなるので、真空処理装置の生産効率を安定して向上させることができる。
なお、クリーニング作業は発熱作用であることや、さらに厚くしたシリコン系膜は製膜処理工程間の温度変化で剥離しやすくなることなどの、作業中の発熱の影響を考慮すると、積算膜厚が、たとえば、500μmを超えないようにするのが好適である。
なお、ここで「大きな熱容量」とは、少なくとも基板の熱容量より大きなものを示す。
蓄熱部材がクリーニング作業中の発熱量を吸収すると、クリーニング作業に伴う発熱作用による製膜室内の製膜ユニット部材の温度上昇を緩和することができるので、製膜室内の各製膜ユニット部材の許容最高温度以下で該製膜ユニット部材のシリコン系の堆積膜のエッチング処理が可能な許容堆積膜厚が増加することにより、セルフクリーニングを行う間隔を一層長くすることができる。
なお、プラズマに面する部材、たとえば、放電電極、対向電極、ヒータカバー等を蓄熱部材として用いれば、クリーニング作業に伴う発熱が主として発生する部分で、蓄熱を行うことができるので、蓄熱効率を一層向上させることができる。もしくは、電極カバー付近に蓄熱部材を設けても良い。
本構成によれば、セルフクリーニングの終了後に、製膜室内の表面に密着性の高い下地膜が形成されるので、下地膜が腐食層および鉄、クロム、アルミニウム等の成分の影響を緩和することができる。
この場合、下地膜は、たとえば、200nm以上、3000nm以下の厚い膜厚とするのが好適である。
200nm未満では、製膜室内の表面に付着した鉄、クロムなどの成分およびセルフクリーニングを繰り返し実施することで徐々に形成される腐食層を封じ込めるのに不十分となる恐れがある。一方、アモルファスシリコン膜では500nm、微結晶シリコン膜では3000nmを超えると、下地製膜にかかる時間が長くなるし、堆積膜厚の制限から製膜処理の積算膜厚量が制限され、製膜関連作業時間が短くなるとともに、積算膜厚量が制限され、製膜関連作業時間が短くなる。
製膜圧力を製膜処理時よりも高くすると、製膜処理時に比べて製膜種が単位時間により多く到達するので、製膜された下地膜の緻密性が向上する。一方、あまり高くすると、製膜速度が大きくなりかえって緻密度が減少する。
また、放電電極に供給する高周波電力を製膜処理時に比べて小さくすると、プラズマで分解される量が小さくなるので、下地膜の製膜がゆっくりと行われ緻密性が向上する。0.1倍未満では、製膜速度が遅く、下地製膜作業の時間が長くなる。1.0倍よりも大きいと、下地膜が成長し始める初期の下地膜が製膜処理の膜に比べて緻密にならない恐れがある。
下地製膜作業は、少なくとも1回は中断し、高真空排気を行うので、その時点における製膜室内の浮遊物質を外部に排出することができる。浮遊物質が外部に排出されると、その中に含まれているイオン化した鉄、クロム、アルミニウム等の成分も除去されることになるので、これらが下地製膜作業中断後に製膜される下地膜中にこれらが混入することを抑制することができる。また、イオン化した鉄、クロムやアルミニウム等の成分がプラズマ中の電子を集めてプラズマ密度を低下させることがなくなるので、良好な下地膜を製膜することができる。
これにより、セルフクリーニングの実施間隔を一層長くすることができる。
なお、高真空排気を行う中断の回数は、より多い方が該浮遊物質をより製膜室より外部へ排出できるので好ましいが、下地製膜作業を必要以上に長引かせないことを考慮すると、高真空排気を行う中断回数は5回以下が実用的である。
また、製膜条件が変化、すなわち、製膜関連作業時間とそれに略比例するクリーニング関連作業時間が変化した場合でも容易にセルフクリーニングのタイミングを変更することができるので、良好な汎用性を備えている。
さらに、セルフクリーニングを行うタイミングは、製膜関連作業時間の割合が、製膜量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で設定されるので、製膜関連作業時間に対するクリーニング作業時間の影響が少ない。このため、クリーニング作業時間の影響が小さくなるので、真空処理装置の生産効率を向上させることができる。
2 対向電極
3 放電電極
4 基板
6 電極カバー
17 蓄熱器
32 プレデポジション膜
71 ロード室
71a チャンバ
100 プラズマCVD装置
Ps 製膜稼動時間割合
Tc クリーニング関連作業時間
Tt 製膜関連作業時間
〔第一実施形態〕
本発明の第一実施形態にかかるプラズマCVD装置(真空処理装置)100について図1~図4に基づいて説明する。
図1は、プラズマCVD装置100の概略構成を示す断面図である。
プラズマCVD装置100は、製膜室1、ヒータカバー2、ヒータ5、放電電極3、電極カバー6、原料ガス導入管7、クリーニングガス導入管8、ガス排気管9、真空ポンプ10、クリーニングガス供給部11、制御器12、高周波給同軸ケーブル13、インピーダンス整合器14、高周波電源15、圧力調整弁16、蓄熱器(蓄熱部材)17、原料ガス供給部18を具備する。
ヒータカバー2は、ヒータ5の少なくとも基板4側を覆うように設置されていて、ヒータ5の発熱分布の均一化に寄与する。ヒータカバー2は、基板4を保持可能な保持手段(図示省略)を有する非磁性材料の導電性の板である。ヒータカバー2は、耐フッ素ラジカル性からニッケル合金やアルミやアルミ合金の使用が望ましい。
ヒータカバー2は、接地されており、放電電極3に対向する電極となる。
ヒータ5は、ヒータカバー2を介して基板4を加熱するものである。
基板4はヒータカバー2に設置されると、図示しない基板保持手段が基板4の周囲の少なくとも一部を保持して、基板4の位置を確保する。
放電電極3は高周波同軸ケーブル13によって高周波電源15から高周波電力を供給され、接地されているヒータカバー2との間に原料ガスのプラズマを発生させ基板4にシリコン系膜を製膜する。
電極カバー6は、放電電極3の基板4に対して反対側を覆うように備えられている。
クリーニングガス導入管8は、クリーニングガス供給部11から送られるクリーニングガス、たとえば、三フッ化窒素(NF3)を製膜室1の中に導入する。
制御器12は、原料ガス(たとえば、シランガス、水素ガス)、およびクリーニングガスなどの流量の制御、ならびに高周波電源15によるプラズマの発生開始および発生終了等、プラズマCVD装置100の動作を制御する。
基板4を製膜室1内に図示しない基板搬送装置を用いて搬入し、ヒータカバー2にセットし図示しない基板保持具で保持する。
ついで、制御器12によって製膜動作が行なわれる。
まず、圧力調整弁16を開いて真空ポンプ10から真空排気を行い、製膜室1を所定の真空度、たとえば、10-2Paにする。また、ヒータ5の温度は250℃とされている。
ついで、シリコン系膜の原料となるシランガスおよび水素ガスが原料ガス導入管7から製膜室1に導入され、圧力調整弁16により製膜圧力を、たとえば85Paに設定する。
シランガスと水素ガスとが製膜室1に導入された状態で、制御器12の制御の下、高周波電源15は、高周波電力(RF電力)を放電電極3に供給する。高周波電力が放電電極3に供給されることにより、放電電極3とヒータカバー2との間にプラズマが発生する。
このプラズマの発生によってシランガスが分解され、基板4の表面には、シリコン系膜が製膜される。
基板4への製膜が終了すると、原料ガスと高周波電力の供給等を停止する。製膜室1内を高真空まで排気した後、製膜室1を開放して基板4を図示しない基板搬送装置で取り出す。これで、1バッチの作業が終了する。
以上の動作を繰り返して、基板4への製膜を連続的に行う。
この付着物は、基板4に製膜されたシリコン系膜と同様に、多くの水素原子を含む。この付着物の堆積厚さが厚くなると、製膜処理工程間の温度変化などにより、付着物は剥離して基板4のシリコン系膜に混入し、製品品質を劣化させる。
このため、適度な間隔をおいて、付着物の除去(クリーニング)を行う。
このセルフクリーニングのクリーニング動作について図2を用いて説明する。クリーニング動作等は制御器12によって行なわれる。
このとき、クリーニングガスによるエッチング反応熱で、製膜室1内が温度上昇することを少しでも抑制するために、ヒータ5は入力電力を0として非作動とされることが好ましい。
このプラズマの発生によって、供給されたNF3は、フッ素ラジカル(F)と窒素(N2)に分解される(プロセスP2)。
フッ素ラジカルは、真空容器1内部に付着したシリコン系膜や粉と反応し、四フッ化シリコン(SiF4)がガスとして発生する(プロセスP3)。すなわち、エッチングを行うことになる。
また、発生したSiF4は、気体状態であり、拡散する(プロセスP5)、あるいはシリコン系膜近傍に滞留する。
製膜室1内に存在する窒素やフッ素、SiF4等のガス類は、真空ポンプ10により製膜室1の外部に排出される(プロセスP6)。
このとき、滞留したSiF4がプラズマにより再度分解し、シリコン系膜にシリコン(Si)として再付着する(プロセスP7)ことでシリコン系膜のエッチング除去量が減少することもある。
Si系膜や粉とクリーニングガス(Fラジカル)との間で、急激な発熱を伴ったエッチング反応が発生することがある。この反応は、次の(1)式で示される。
4F(ラジカル)+Si→SiF4+1439kcal/mol (1)
このとき、クリーニング時のエッチング反応とプラズマ発生のために導入した放電用電力に伴い製膜室1内の温度は上昇しており、製膜室内に発生させたプラズマに対向している基板以外の部分が製膜時の温度状態に戻るようヒータカバー2を所定の温度まで冷却する。この冷却は自然冷却を待つのが通常であるが、冷却手段を設けて強制的に冷却するようにしてもよい。
高周波電力が放電電極3に供給されることにより、放電電極3とヒータカバー2との間にプラズマが発生する。
このプラズマの発生によって原料ガス(シランガスなど)が分解され、製膜室1内の表面には、シリコン系膜の下地膜、すなわち、プレデポジション膜が形成される。
製膜処理数をnバッチとする。nバッチの製膜処理を終了した後に、セルフクリーニングを行うとする。1バッチ当りの製膜膜厚をFs(nm)、製膜速度をDr(nm/分)、製膜準備時間をa(分)とすると、製膜関連処理時間Tt(分)は、(2)式で与えられる。
たとえば、従来の評価概念は、製膜準備時間aおよびクリーニング準備時間とプレデポジション膜の形成時間との合計bを十分に考慮しない状況にあった。すなわち、上記(4)式において、a=0、b=0とすると、次式になる。
第一実施形態においては、製膜準備時間aおよびクリーニング準備時間とプレデポジション膜の形成時間との合計bを考慮することにより、量産処理における製膜処理数nバッチの影響を反映して、生産処理に効果的なセルフクリーニングを行うタイミングを評価できるところにある。
バッチ当りの製膜膜厚Fsは、300nm/バッチ、製膜速度Drは、1nm/s、バッチ当りの製膜準備時間aは、2分/バッチ、クリーニングにおけるエッチング速度Erは、5nm/s、クリーニングの準備時間(ガスの切換など)と、プレデポジション膜の製膜時間の合計時間bは60分とする。
これを(2)式に代入すると、製膜関連作業時間Ttは、7n分となる。
一方、クリーニング関連作業時間Tcは、処理する膜厚が基板4の膜厚と略等しいと仮定してn×300nmとすると、(3)式により、(n+60)分となる。
この式で、nを無限大とすると、製膜稼動時間割合Psは7/8、すなわち、0.875となる。製膜稼動時間割合Psは、0.875以上にはならない、言い換えると、0.875に収斂する飽和曲線を形成する。
丸印は、セルフクリーニングの準備時間とプレデポジション膜の製膜時間の合計時間bが、上記前提どおりの60分(標準時間)とした場合を示し、三角印は、エッチング速度はそのままであるが、エッチング時間以外が改善されてセルフクリーニングの準備時間とプレデポジション膜の製膜時間の合計時間bが、30分(時間半減)と半減された場合を示している。
図4は、図3のアモルファスシリコン膜の積算膜厚をバッチ数に変更した場合の製膜稼動時間割合Psの変化をプロットしたものである。
丸印は、セルフクリーニングの準備時間とプレデポジション膜の製膜時間の合計時間bが、上記前提どおりの60分とした場合を示し、三角印は、エッチング速度はそのままであるが、エッチング時間以外が改善されてセルフクリーニングの準備時間とプレデポジション膜の製膜時間の合計時間bが、30分と半減された場合を示している。
この条件のもとでは、積算膜厚を無限とし、(4)式のPsの収斂値に対して90%以上であり、実際の生産工程においてはこれ以上のPsを得るには、限界に近いレベルと判断することができる。またセルフクリーニングの準備作業時間の改善などによる製膜稼働時間割合Psへの影響が少なくなるので、諸条件を変更して厳密な条件選定の管理が必要でなくなる。
このため、製膜関連作業時間Ttに対するクリーニング関連作業時間Tcがほとんど影響を及ぼさないので、クリーニング関連作業時間Tcが多少変動しても、製膜稼働時間割合Psへの影響が小さくなる。したがって、真空処理装置の生産効率を安定して向上させることができる。
すなわち、たとえば、積算膜厚が500μmを超えるとエッチング発熱量の総和が増加するので、その熱量の処理のために冷却手段を増加させるなどの追加手段が必要となるためである。
また、製膜処理工程間、すなわち、製膜時と高真空雰囲気での基板搬出入を行うときの高真空雰囲気時とにおける製膜室内部の製膜ユニット部材の温度変化によってシリコン膜の剥離が発生すると、製膜歩留まりへ影響する不具合が増加するためでもある。
また、製膜条件等が変化した場合でも容易にセルフクリーニングのタイミングを変更することができるので、良好な汎用性を備えている。
微結晶シリコン膜では、バッチあたりの製膜膜厚はアモルファスシリコン膜に比べて約10倍と厚いが、一方、エッチングレートはアモルファスシリコン膜の約2倍の高速化が可能となるためこれらを考慮すると図4に示されるように、製膜稼動時間割合Psは製膜処理バッチ数が少ない段階で飽和している。
次に、本発明の第二実施形態に係るプラズマCVD装置100について、図5を用いて説明する。
本実施形態では、放電電極3および電極カバー6の熱容量(質量×比熱)を大きくした点で第一実施形態と異なるだけである。その他の構成については同じであるので、ここでは重複した説明を省略する。
一方、製膜室1からの出熱は、排ガスによる散出24、製膜室のチャンバ壁からの散出25および冷却部材による吸熱26がある。冷却部材による吸熱26は、蓄熱器17が、外部との間で冷却水を循環させ、冷却機能を備えている場合である。しかし、蓄熱器17の伝熱面積は製膜室1の構造によって制限されるので、その吸熱・冷却効果は余り大きなものではない。
本実施形態では、放電電極3および電極カバー6の熱容量を大きくしているので、その蓄熱量が大きくなっている。
蓄熱部材として蓄熱器17を備えているが、エッチング反応時に温度上昇する放電電極3と、電極カバー6が大きな蓄熱機能をもつように熱容量を保有させているので、製膜室1内の発熱量が少ない場合は蓄熱器17を省いても良い。
このように、放電電極3および電極カバー6によって製膜室1内の温度上昇を抑制できるので、積算処理膜厚を厚くし、セルフクリーニングのエッチング発熱量が増加しても対応できる。このため、セルフクリーニングを行う間隔を一層長くすることができる。
具体的には、取り扱う基板4のサイズが1.4m×1.1m×4mm(基板質量15kg)である装置において、放電電極3の質量は20kg、電極カバー6の質量は70kgである。
このとき、基板4の熱容量は、基板質量×比熱=15×0.837=12.56kJ/K、放電電極3および電極カバー6の熱容量は、(放電電極3+電極カバー6)質量×比熱=90×0.444=39.96kJ/K、であるので、放電電極3および電極カバー6は必要な蓄熱量を確保している。
この蓄熱量は大きい方が望ましいが、装置の起動停止時の温度上昇、降下を考慮すると、製膜室1に設けた加熱/冷却機構能力との兼ね合いであるが、基板4の熱容量である基板質量×比熱の1倍以上であり、好ましくは10~20倍程度以内が目安となる。
次に、本発明の第三実施形態にかかるプラズマCVD装置100について、図6~図8を用いて説明する。
本実施形態は、下地膜であるプレデポジション膜の製膜厚さを比較的厚く製膜するようにした点で第一実施形態と異なるだけである。その他の構成については同じであるので、ここでは重複した説明を省略する。
図7は製膜室1内の一部を切断して示す断面図を示している。製膜室1の構成材のうち、たとえばステンレス系材料を使用したものの表面には、構成材中の鉄成分やクロム成分がフッ素と反応したことによる腐食層(FeF2、CrF2等)31が発生し、この腐食層31はセルフクリーニングを繰り返すことで数10μmに成長してゆく。
セルフクリーニング終了後にこの腐食層31の上に、プレデポジション膜32が製膜され、その上に、基板4への製膜作業に伴う付着物33が製膜・堆積される。
図6における丸印はプレデポジション膜32が十分厚く、良好に形成されているものを示し、菱印はプレデポジション膜32の形成が不良のものを示している。
図6を見ると、プレデポジション膜32が良好なものは、クリーニング実施時期によらず略一定の積算膜厚の水準を維持している。
図8は、基板における製膜中に含まれる鉄およびクロム成分の存在を膜厚方向に示したものである。これをみると、セルフクリーニング時に製膜室1内の製膜ユニット部材表面に付着した鉄、クロム成分を閉じ込める為に、200nm以上の膜厚が必要であることがわかる。
逆に、膜厚が製膜処理時のバッチあたりの膜厚として、アモルファスシリコン膜では500nm(微結晶シリコン膜では3000nm)を超えて厚いと、プレデポジション膜32の製膜作業に時間を要し、クリーニング処理時間が長くなるとともに、次回セルフクリーニングを実施するまでの最大堆積膜厚の制限から製膜処理が可能な積算製膜処理の上限値が低下するために、製膜稼働時間割合Psが低下するので望ましくない。
次に、本発明の第四実施形態にかかるプラズマCVD装置100について、図6、表1を用いて説明する。
本実施形態は、プレデポジション膜32の製膜条件を変更して製膜するようにした点で第一実施形態と異なるだけである。その他の構成については同じであるので、ここでは重複した説明を省略する。
本実施形態では、製膜条件を表1のようにしてプレデポジション膜32の製膜を行なっている。
各段階の製膜圧力は、基板4へアモルファスシリコン膜を製膜する時の85Paに対して1.06倍の90Paとしている。
また、高周波電力(RF Power)は、Step1が基板4へアモルファスシリコン膜を製膜する時の0.09W/cm2の0.56倍である0.05W/cm2と、Step2およびStep3では0.67倍の0.06W/cm2とされている。
また、放電電極3に供給する高周波電力を製膜処理時に比べて同等もしくは小さくすると、プラズマで分解される量が小さくなるので、プレデポジション膜の製膜がゆっくりと行われ緻密性が向上する。
このようにして製膜されたプレデポジション膜32を持つものは、図6に示されるプレデポジション膜32の製膜が良好なものと同様に挙動し、クリーニング実施時期によらず略一定の積算膜厚の水準を維持した。
また、放電電極3に供給する高周波電力は、基板4への製膜作業時の0.1倍未満では、製膜速度が遅く、下地(プレデポジション膜)製膜作業の時間が長くなる。一方、1.0倍よりも大きいと、プレデポジション膜の初期の膜が製膜処理を行う膜よりも緻密にならない恐れがある。このため、0.1倍~1.0倍に収めるのが望ましい。
さらに好ましくは、プレデポジション膜32の少なくともStep1において、緻密な膜を確実に形成するために、製膜圧力は製膜処理時の1.0倍~1.2倍で、高周波電力は製膜処理時の0.4倍~0.9倍で実施することが望ましい。
セルフクリーニングのエッチング作用によって製膜室1内の製膜ユニット部材表面には、フッ素やフッ素ラジカルとの反応で構成材から離脱した鉄成分やクロム成分等を含む微粒子が付着している。プレデポジション膜32の製膜作業の初期段階には、これらの鉄、クロム成分を含む微粒子がそれぞれ単独に、あるいは製膜ガスと反応してイオン化し、プラズマ中に浮遊し易くなる。
この高真空排気によって、その時点における製膜室1内に浮遊している浮遊物質を外部に排出することができる。
浮遊物質が外部に排出されると、その中に含まれているイオン化した鉄、クロム成分等も除去されることになるので、これらが製膜されるプレデポジション膜32中に混入することを抑制することができる。
これにより、セルフクリーニングのタイミングを一層長くすることができる。
なお、プレデポジション膜32の製膜作業を必要以上に長引かせないことを考慮すると、高真空排気を行う中断回数は5回以下が実用的である。
次に、本発明の第五実施形態にかかるプラズマCVD装置100について説明する。
本実施形態は、放電電極3、ヒータカバー2、電極カバー6等の製膜室1内の各製膜ユニット部材の表面をブラスト加工して、その表面粗さを所定の範囲に調整している点で第一実施形態と異なるだけである。その他の構成については同じであるので、ここでは重複した説明を省略する。
本実施形態では、製膜室1内の表面は、十点平均粗さが0.1μm以上で5μm以下、かつ、最大高さが10μm以下である表面粗さとなるようにブラスト処理されている。
一方、これらの製膜ユニット部材で、たとえばステンレス系材料によるものの表面にはセルフクリーニングによって鉄成分やクロム成分などによる腐食層(FeF2やCrF2)が発生し、セルフクリーニングを繰り返すことでこの腐食層が数10μmに成長する。
元々の製膜室1内の表面における凹凸は、付着膜の脱落防止のアンカー効果に重要であるが、プレデポジション膜は腐食膜の表面に形成されるので、必要以上の製膜室1内の表面の凹凸は不要であることが判明した。
このため、製膜室1内の製膜ユニット部材表面は、♯100~300ブラスト処理相当のブラスト加工をした。このときの表面粗さは、十点平均粗さRz=0.1μm~5μm、最大高さRy=10μm以下となっていた。
この製膜ユニット部材の表面形状においては、製膜室1内の製膜ユニット部材の構成材成分にフッ素が作用した腐食層が製膜ユニット部材表面の微視的な凸形状部分の全体に早くに成長して微視的な凸形状部分が早期に脱落したり、腐食層が早期に剥離したりすることを抑制できた。
このような、表面粗さを有する表面とすると、表面に成長した腐食層が脱落しにくく、この腐食層自体の成長・剥離を抑制することができ、製膜室1内の製膜ユニット部材の寿命を長くしてメンテナンス費用が低減できたとともに、セルフクリーニングのタイミングを一層延長して、製膜装置の処理能力を向上し、生産量の増加ができた。
たとえば、各実施形態を相互に組合せて実施するようにすると一層効果的である。またクリーニングガスはNF3ガスに限定されることなく、CF4ガス、SF6ガス、CCl4ガスなどのFやCl系の各種ガスを用いても同様な効果が得られる。
Claims (14)
- 基板に製膜処理を行う製膜室内に、クリーニングガスを導入してセルフクリーニングを行う真空処理装置であって、
該セルフクリーニングを行うタイミングは、製膜時間および製膜準備時間を含む製膜関連作業時間と、クリーニング時間、クリーニング準備時間および下地膜形成時間を含むクリーニング関連作業時間との和に占める前記製膜関連作業時間の割合で示される製膜稼働時間割合が、製膜処理量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で設定される真空処理装置。 - 前記製膜稼働時間割合はその収斂値の90%を超える範囲で設定される請求項1に記載された真空処理装置。
- 前記製膜室の内部に、熱容量の大きな蓄熱部材を設置している請求項1または請求項2に記載された真空処理装置。
- 蓄熱部材として、基板と対向して設置された放電電極と、該放電電極を覆う電極カバーとを用いる請求項3に記載された真空処理装置。
- 前記セルフクリーニングの終了後に、前記製膜室内に下地膜を形成する下地製膜作業を行う請求項1から請求項4のいずれかに記載された真空処理装置。
- 前記下地製膜作業は、製膜圧力が前記製膜処理時の1.0倍以上1.5倍以下で、かつ、少なくとも製膜初期に前記放電電極に供給する高周波電力が前記製膜処理時の0.1倍以上1.0倍以下で実施される請求項5に記載された真空処理装置。
- 前記下地製膜作業は、少なくとも1回は中断し、高真空排気を行う請求項5または請求項6に記載された真空処理装置。
- 前記製膜室内で、前記下地膜が形成される部分の表面は、十点平均粗さが0.1μm以上5μm以下で、かつ、最大高さが20μm以下になるように加工されている請求項5から請求項7のいずれかに記載された真空処理装置。
- 基板に製膜処理を行う製膜室内に、クリーニングガスを導入してセルフクリーニングを行う真空処理装置の運転方法であって、
該セルフクリーニングは、製膜時間および製膜準備時間を含む製膜関連作業時間とクリーニング時間、クリーニング準備時間および下地膜形成時間を含むクリーニング関連作業時間との和に占める製膜関連作業時間の割合で示される製膜稼働時間割合が、製膜処理量の増加に対して飽和している範囲で実施される真空処理装置の運転方法。 - 前記セルフクリーニングは、前記製膜稼働時間割合がその収斂値の90%超える範囲で実施される請求項9に記載された真空処理装置の運転方法。
- 前記製膜室の内部に設置された熱容量の大きな蓄熱部材によってセルフクリーニング作業中に発生する熱量を蓄熱する請求項9または請求項10に記載された真空処理装置の運転方法。
- 前記セルフクリーニングの終了後に、前記製膜室内に下地膜を形成する下地製膜作業を行う請求項9から請求項11のいずれかに記載された真空処理装置の運転方法。
- 前記下地製膜作業は、製膜圧力が前記製膜処理時の1.0倍以上1.5倍以下で、かつ、少なくとも製膜初期に前記放電電極に供給する高周波電力が前記製膜処理時の0.1倍以上1.0倍以下で実施される請求項12に記載された真空処理装置の運転方法。
- 前記下地製膜作業は、少なくとも1回は中断し、高真空排気を行う請求項12または請求項13に記載された真空処理装置の運転方法。
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| CN200880125848.XA CN101932750B (zh) | 2008-06-27 | 2008-06-27 | 真空处理装置及真空处理装置的运转方法 |
| PCT/JP2008/061728 WO2009157084A1 (ja) | 2008-06-27 | 2008-06-27 | 真空処理装置および真空処理装置の運転方法 |
| US12/864,624 US8529704B2 (en) | 2008-06-27 | 2008-06-27 | Vacuum processing apparatus and operating method for vacuum processing apparatus |
| EP08790693A EP2290124A1 (en) | 2008-06-27 | 2008-06-27 | Vacuum processing apparatus and method for operating vacuum processing apparatus |
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| EP2290124A1 (en) | 2011-03-02 |
| US20100310785A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
| CN101932750A (zh) | 2010-12-29 |
| US8529704B2 (en) | 2013-09-10 |
| CN101932750B (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
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