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WO2009036674A1 - A method for recovering sulfuric acid from concentrated acid hydrolyzate of plant cellulose material - Google Patents

A method for recovering sulfuric acid from concentrated acid hydrolyzate of plant cellulose material Download PDF

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WO2009036674A1
WO2009036674A1 PCT/CN2008/071801 CN2008071801W WO2009036674A1 WO 2009036674 A1 WO2009036674 A1 WO 2009036674A1 CN 2008071801 W CN2008071801 W CN 2008071801W WO 2009036674 A1 WO2009036674 A1 WO 2009036674A1
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acid
hydrolyzate
sulfuric acid
concentrated
solution
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French (fr)
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Peihao Chen
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C13SUGAR INDUSTRY
    • C13KSACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
    • C13K1/00Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
    • C13K1/02Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B17/00Sulfur; Compounds thereof
    • C01B17/69Sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid
    • C01B17/90Separation; Purification
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B17/00Sulfur; Compounds thereof
    • C01B17/69Sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid
    • C01B17/90Separation; Purification
    • C01B17/901Recovery from spent acids containing metallic ions, e.g. hydrolysis acids, pickling acids
    • C01B17/903Recovery from spent acids containing metallic ions, e.g. hydrolysis acids, pickling acids by liquid-liquid extraction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for recovering sulfuric acid in an acid-containing solution, in particular to a method for recovering sulfuric acid in a concentrated cellulose hydrolyzate of a plant cellulose raw material.
  • the use of renewable resources cellulose to produce liquid fuels and chemical products can effectively alleviate the depletion of fossil fuels such as oil.
  • the use of plant fiber raw materials to produce liquid fuels and chemical products is the hydrolysis of cellulose into sugars, such as oligosaccharides or monosaccharides, which are then fermented by microorganisms to produce liquid fuels and chemical products.
  • the commonly used methods for hydrolyzing cellulose into sugar are dilute acid method, concentrated acid method and enzymatic method.
  • the concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis method has the advantages of low reaction temperature, high yield, and low by-products, and the disadvantage is high recovery cost of acid. .
  • the concentrated acid hydrolysis process of cellulose is mainly composed of two parts: 1.
  • the main hydrolysis process is carried out by hydrolyzing cellulose into oligosaccharides (ie, oligosaccharides) under concentrated acid conditions to obtain a main hydrolyzate;
  • the oligosaccharide is hydrolyzed to a post-hydrolysis process of glucose to obtain a post-hydrolyzate.
  • 5,562,777 mixing 70-77 wt% aqueous acid solution and plant fiber material, at 50 ⁇ 80 °C
  • the reaction is carried out by adding water to dilute the acid concentration to 20 ⁇ 30wt, and then heating to 80 ⁇ 00 °C under normal pressure for hydrolysis, the time is 40 ⁇ 480mi n, solid-liquid separation to obtain hydrolyzate, adsorption of hydrolyzate with strong acidic ion exchange resin
  • the sugar is separated and recovered, and a sugar liquid having a concentration of 15% and sulfuric acid having a concentration of 15% are obtained, and the recovered dilute acid is evaporated to a concentration of 70 to 77 wt, and recycled.
  • ion exchange resin due to the low adsorption capacity of ion exchange resin (2meq/g), it is generally only suitable for the adsorption of small to trace amounts of bulk products. Quality, or adsorption purification of small high-value products, such as amino acid, enzyme purification, but the use of ion exchange resin to separate sugar and acid in biomass hydrolysate, the sugar to be adsorbed is an extremely large product, the annual output From 10,000 tons to millions of tons, the adsorption and elution processes of ion exchange resins are extremely slow. To achieve such yields, an extremely large amount of ion exchange resin is undoubtedly required, and complex components in biomass are more likely to ion exchange. Resin poisoning and failure. Therefore, the process has no practical value.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,608,245 discloses the use of extraction to recover sulfuric acid: the cellulosic material is at 70 to 72 wt at 50 °C. / Straight acid mixture 10 m in, keep A acid / cellulose > 7. 2, add water to dilute the acid concentration to 40 ⁇ 50 wt ° /.
  • the extraction is benzene/heptanol of about 5, and the amount of benzene to be evaporated is 1 2.
  • the present invention provides a method for recovering sulfuric acid in a concentrated acid hydrolyzate of a plant cellulose raw material.
  • the present invention also provides a method for recovering stearic acid in a concentrated hydrolyzed main hydrolyzate of a plant cellulose raw material.
  • the method for recovering sulfuric acid in the concentrated hydrochloric acid main hydrolyzate of the plant cellulose raw material provided by the present invention belongs to the precipitation method.
  • the components in the hydrolyzate are sugars (oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides), sulfuric acid and water.
  • sugars oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides
  • sulfuric acid sulfuric acid
  • water water
  • organic solvents or organic solvent compositions have such properties.
  • the study also found that two factors are the main factors for the sugar to precipitate from the hydrolyzate: First, the water content in the hydrolyzate, the lower the water content, the easier it is to precipitate; the second is the degree of polymerization of sugar, the polymerization of sugar The higher the degree, the easier it is to precipitate.
  • the main hydrolyzate contains less water, the degree of polymerization of sugar is higher (oligosaccharide), and the hydrolyzate has more water, and the degree of polymerization of sugar is the lowest (monosaccharide), therefore, although the main hydrolyzate stage and the post-hydrolyzate stage
  • the precipitation operation can be carried out, but it is preferred to carry out the precipitation operation in the main hydrolyzate stage.
  • the method for recovering sulfuric acid in a concentrated acid main hydrolyzate of the plant cellulose raw material of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • the liquid organic precipitating agent is selected from one or more of an alcohol, an ether, a ketone, or a polyfunctional compound having an alcohol, hydrazine, or ketone functional group. If it is water-miscible with 1 - 3 carbon alcohol or can not be with water Miscible four or more carbon alcohols; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, etc.; polyfunctional compounds containing alcohol, ether, and ketone functional groups : Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diacetone alcohol, ethyl lactate, etc.
  • the liquid organic precipitating agent may also be an organic solvent solution containing one or more of an alcohol, an ether, a ketone, a polyfunctional compound having an alcohol, an ether, and a ketone functional group. If a solvent such as benzene which does not dissolve the sugar is added to the ethanol, the yield of the sugar can be increased. For example, ethylene glycol monoterpene ether itself can completely dissolve the hydrolyzate and cannot be used as a precipitant alone, but a certain amount of benzene or carboxylic acid can be added to form a precipitant.
  • the precipitating agent comprises a first component and a second component
  • the first component is an organic solvent capable of completely dissolving the hydrolyzate (ie, sugar, acid and water in the acid hydrolyzate) Both can be dissolved therein
  • the second component is an organic solvent capable of reducing the solubility of the sugar.
  • an amide organic solvent can completely dissolve the hydrolyzate, and as a first component, a certain amount of a nitrile or a carboxylic acid or a nitro compound organic solvent can be used as a precipitating agent, specifically, N, N-di
  • the mercaptoamide is combined with acetonitrile or nitroethane or propionic acid to form a precipitant.
  • the sugar precipitate obtained by the solid-liquid separation may optionally be washed with a liquid organic precipitating agent, and the precipitated adsorbed stone is washed with acid, and the resulting washing liquid is mixed with the acid-containing solution for acid recovery.
  • the sugar precipitate obtained by the solid-liquid separation may optionally be washed with an organic solvent which does not dissolve water and sugar to elute the adsorbed precipitant, and the obtained eluate is distilled and separated into a precipitant and The washing is repeated with an organic solvent.
  • the precipitate is washed with an organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride.
  • the sulfuric acid-containing organic solvent solution is further separated into an acid and a liquid organic precipitant, and the separation method can be carried out by ordinary distillation, vacuum distillation, reactive distillation, water extraction or organic solvent extraction, and the recovered acid and liquid organic solvent can be further recovered. Recycling.
  • the acid described in the step (1) is a mixed acid or a mixed acid mainly composed of telluric acid, preferably an acid. Dang
  • the acid is a mixed acid mainly composed of citric acid
  • the mixed acid further contains brick acid and/or hydrochloric acid and/or sulfonic acid.
  • the method for recovering sulfuric acid in the concentrated hydrochloric acid main hydrolyzate of the plant cellulose raw material of the present invention is also applicable to the recovery of sulfuric acid in a general sugar-containing sulfuric acid solution.
  • the invention adopts a precipitation method to separate and recover the acid in the hydrolyzate, and can recover almost all the acid with a small amount of an organic precipitating agent, for example, it can recover more than 90% under the condition of adding a precipitant of 5 times hydrolyzate.
  • the sugar and acid make the cost of acid recovery greatly reduced.
  • the present invention provides a method for recovering sulfuric acid in a concentrated acid hydrolyzate of a plant cellulose raw material, the method comprising the steps of:
  • the water-immiscible alcohol is allowed to contain a small portion of other organic solvents such as water-miscible alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol and the like. A small amount of these other organic solvents are dissolved in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution, but are carried away by the water vapor in the dilute sulfuric acid aqueous solution by distillation and concentrated, and separated from the aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
  • other organic solvents such as water-miscible alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol and the like.
  • the acid alcohol solution is contacted with water, and a batch or continuous extraction method may be employed.
  • the aqueous solution of the direct acid is concentrated by atmospheric distillation or distillation under reduced pressure to obtain a thick acid of 'J, which can be recycled.
  • the concentrated cellulose hydrolyzate of the plant cellulose raw material is a main hydrolyzate or a post hydrolyzate obtained by hydrolyzing a plant fiber raw material by concentrated sulfuric acid, and preferably a main hydrolyzate.
  • the method of the invention uses the alcohol-immiscible alcohol to separate the sugar, and the water as the extracting agent to extract the sulfuric acid in the acid alcohol solution, the extraction rate is high, the obtained sulfuric acid concentration is also high, and the toxic and flammable and explosive organic substances are avoided.
  • the use of solvents also avoids the energy required to recover these organic solvents, thereby greatly reducing the cost of preparing biofuels and biochemical products from plant fiber raw materials.
  • a method for recovering sulfuric acid in a concentrated acid hydrolyzate of a plant cellulose raw material of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the examples.
  • the following disclosure is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any changes or modifications made in accordance with the nature of the present invention are still within the scope of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Embodiment 1
  • Cotton is the purest cellulosic material in nature, and it is also a single-cell, single-fibrous plant fiber material that does not contain hemicellulose and is the standard material for testing.
  • the initial hydrolyzate is prepared according to the total acid amount of 15.9 g 98 wt ° / ⁇ acid, about 4.8 g 98 wt ° / acid and water 1. 1 g is made to a concentration of 8 G wt ° / » The 4 acid solution is used as the initial hydrolyzate and the initial hydrolysate is cooled to room temperature. Weigh the total cotton used. 9. 4 grams, the cotton moisture content is about 10%. About 1 g of cotton was first added to the initial hydrolyzate at room temperature, and dissolved with a glass rod to obtain a light blue hydrolyzate, at which time the acid concentration became about 68 wt%.
  • the main hydrolyzate 26.4 g was slowly added to twice the amount, i.e., about 53 g of 95% ethanol, under stirring to form a large amount of fine precipitate. It was filtered through a filter paper, and the precipitate was washed with 8 g of 95% ethanol each time, and washed twice to obtain an oligosaccharide precipitate and a filtrate.
  • the precipitate was dissolved in about 15 g of water, and 30 g of a solution having an acid concentration of 10 wt% was added thereto, and the solution was incubated at 88 ° C for 120 m in a water bath to condense the oligosaccharide precipitate.
  • the obtained glucose solution was analyzed, and the yield of reducing sugar was 58% of the theoretical yield, and the acid recovery was 80%.
  • the obtained sulfuric acid-containing ethanol filtrate is placed in a flask, connected to a condenser, rapidly heated to 1 70 ° C, and the condensate and non-condensable gas are collected, and the obtained condensate is ethanol, and the obtained non-condensable gas is ethylene; , the sugar remaining in the filtrate (about 35% of the theoretical yield) is deeply hydrolyzed to form levulinic acid under heating conditions, then ethyl levulinate is formed with ethanol under acid catalysis, and finally acetyl propyl is extracted with benzene. Ethyl acetate, which is left in gram acid, can be recycled. In the present embodiment, the recovery of the acid is carried out by reactive distillation, and the ethylene and biodiesel ethyl levulinate can be produced as a by-product.
  • the main hydrolyzate obtained in this example was also used as a raw material of the examples described later to explain the recovery method of the acid.
  • a main hydrolyzate is prepared by using a pretreatment-removed hemicellulose and a part of lignin and substantially becoming a single fibrous plant.
  • the initial hydrolyzate was prepared according to the total acid amount of 6.5 g of 98 wt% A acid, which was 1. 1 g of 98 wt% of citric acid plus 1.1 g of a stone having a concentration of 72 wt%.
  • the acid-saturated solution was used as the initial hydrolyzate, and the initial hydrolyzate was cooled to room temperature. Weighed 10.6 grams of pretreated Wancao used, and the water content was about 3%.
  • pretreated Wancao grass At room temperature, about 1 gram of pretreated Wancao grass is first added to the initial hydrolyzate, stirred with a glass rod to dissolve it, to obtain a dark brown hydrolyzate, and then about 1 g of 98 wt% sulfuric acid is added and stirred, and then About 1 g of the pretreated green grass was added, and it was dissolved by stirring with a glass rod.
  • the main hydrolyzate was slowly added to twice the amount, i.e., about 56 g of 95% ethanol, under stirring to form a large amount of fine precipitate. It was filtered through a filter paper, and the precipitate was washed with 8 g of 95% ethanol each time, and washed twice to obtain an oligosaccharide precipitate and a filtrate. Dissolve the precipitate with about 15 grams of water, add sulfuric acid to make the acid 30 g of a solution with a concentration of 10 wt% was incubated at 88 ° C for 120 min in a water bath.
  • the evaporated vapor was condensed to recover the ethanol adsorbed by the oligosaccharide precipitate, and the insoluble residue such as lignin was removed by filtration to obtain a pale yellow sugar liquid. .
  • the acid in the sugar liquid is neutralized with quicklime and filtered to remove the calcium perovskite to obtain a glucose solution.
  • the glucose solution was analyzed to have a reducing sugar of 3. G g and an acid recovery of 75.6%.
  • a small amount of the ethanol filtrate was added with water and the acidity was adjusted to 10 wt, and then the temperature was maintained at 88 ° C for 120 min in a water bath, and then the reducing sugar was analyzed, and it was found that the reducing sugar in the ethanol filtrate was 3.1 g.
  • n-pentanol as a precipitant, which is substantially insoluble in water, and its solubility in water is only 1.7% at 20 °C.
  • the sulfuric acid in the sulfuric acid-n-pentanol solution is extracted with water in a countercurrent extractor to obtain n-pentanol and a dilute acid having a concentration of about 15 wt%, and the diluted acid is evaporated to obtain a concentrated acid, which can be recycled.
  • the yield of reducing sugar was 93.2% of the theoretical yield, and the acid recovery was 81.6%.
  • This example uses n-octanol as a precipitant, which is almost insoluble in water, that is, the solubility in water is only 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 05%.
  • the main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was 26.4 g, and slowly added to 150 ml (about 120 g, 4.5 times the hydrolyzate) under stirring to form a small particle precipitate, and placed 15 Make it fully precipitate in minutes. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of n-octanol. The n-octanol adsorbed by the precipitate floats on the liquid surface with the moisture layer when it is dissolved in the dilute acid, and can be directly recovered by suction.
  • the stone in the sulphuric acid-n-octanol solution is extracted with water in a countercurrent extractor to obtain n-octanol and dilute sulfuric acid having a concentration of about 15 wt%, and the dilute sulfuric acid evaporates the water to obtain concentrated sulfuric acid, which can be recycled. . 3% ⁇ The acid recovery was 93. 3 ° /. .
  • This example uses tetrahydrofuran as a precipitant, which is a water-miscible cyclic ether.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was 24.4 g, slowly added to 120 ml (about 95 g, 3.9 times of hydrolyzate) in tetrahydrofuran under stirring, forming a small particle precipitate, let stand for 15 minutes It is fully precipitated. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and the precipitate was washed once with 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran. The precipitate was washed with benzene, and the adsorbed tetrahydrofuran was extracted into benzene, and then benzene and tetrahydrofuran were separated by distillation, and the two were recycled.
  • This example uses ethylene glycol dioxime ether as a precipitant, which is a water-soluble ether.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was taken. 0g, slowly added to 16g under stirring conditions In the ethylene glycol dioxime ether, 2 times) of the hydrolyzate, a small particle precipitate was formed, and it was allowed to stand for 15 minutes to allow it to precipitate sufficiently. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a yellowish-purified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 5 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • the precipitate was washed with chloroform, and the ethylene glycol dimethyl ether adsorbed by the precipitate was extracted into chloroform, and then chloroform and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether were separated by distillation, and the two were recycled.
  • the ethylene glycol dioxime ether in the sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol dioxane solution was extracted with chloroform in a countercurrent extractor. After the extraction is completed, a small amount of water is added to the remaining sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol dimethyl ether solution to destroy the sheep salt to release the reacted ethylene glycol dioxime ether, and the sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol is extracted again with chloroform in a countercurrent extractor.
  • This example uses acetone as a precipitant, which is a water-miscible ketone.
  • Example 2 4 g of the main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was slowly added to 52 g (2 times as hydrolyzate) in acetone under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Since acetone was condensed by the action of the acid, the precipitate was immediately filtered with a filter paper to obtain an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of acetone each. The precipitate was washed with benzene, and the acetone adsorbed by the precipitate was extracted into benzene, and then benzene and acetone were separated by distillation, and the two were recycled.
  • acetone Since acetone has a low boiling point and a high volatility (vapor pressure of 30.56 kPa at 25 ° C), the acetone solution containing sulfuric acid is separated by a vacuum distillation method, that is, distillation under reduced pressure at room temperature until all of the acetone is distilled off. Then, the high-boiling ketone derivative formed by condensation of acetone under the action of kelic acid is extracted with benzene, thereby separating the acid and the acetone, and both can be recycled. 5% ⁇ The acid recovery was 75. 4%.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate of Example 1 was taken as 26. 4 g, and slowly added to 65 g (2.5 times as a hydrolyzate) butanone under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Since butanone condensed under the action of sulfuric acid, it was filtered with a filter paper immediately after the formation of the precipitate to obtain an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of methyl ethyl ketone.
  • diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is used as a precipitating agent, which is a polyfunctional organic solvent containing an alcohol and an ether functional group, and is miscible with water.
  • the main hydrolyzate of Example 1 was taken to be 10. g g, and slowly added to 30 g (three times as the hydrolyzate) diethylene glycol monobutyl ether under stirring, and vigorously stirred to form a small particle precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of diethylene glycol monobutylate. The precipitate was washed with benzene, and the diethylene glycol monobutyl ether adsorbed by the precipitate was extracted into benzene, and then benzene and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether were separated by distillation, and the two were recycled.
  • the obtained sulfuric acid-containing diethylene glycol monobutyl ether solution was subjected to extraction of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether with benzene in a countercurrent extractor to obtain sulphuric acid.
  • the benzene solution of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is separated by distillation to obtain diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and benzene.
  • the separated recovered sulphuric acid, diethylene glycol monobutyric acid and benzene can be recycled.
  • This example used a mixture of ethanol and n-octanol as a precipitant, the mixture being 85 wt ° /. 95% ethanol and 1 5wt. / ⁇ 99. 8% n-octanol.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate of Example 1 was taken up to 26. 4 g, and slowly added to 53 g (2 times as a hydrolyzate) in an ethanol-n-octanol precipitant under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of ethanol-n-octyl alcohol. The precipitate is washed with benzene, and the precipitated adsorbent is extracted into benzene, and then the benzene and the precipitant are separated by distillation, and the two are recycled.
  • the obtained sulfuric acid-containing ethanol-n-octanol filtrate is placed in a flask, connected to a condenser, rapidly heated to 170 ° C, and the condensate and non-condensable gas are collected, and the obtained condensate is ethanol and n-octanol, and the obtained
  • the condensed gas is ethylene; at the same time, the sugar remaining in the filtrate is deeply hydrolyzed under heating to form levulinic acid, then ethyl levulinate is formed by catalysis with ethanol under sulfuric acid, and finally ethyl levulinate is extracted with benzene.
  • non-distilled n-octanol which is left as a straight acid, can be recycled.
  • the acid is recovered by a reactive distillation method, and the ethylene and biodiesel ethyl levulinate can be produced as a by-product.
  • the yield of reducing sugar was 85.3% of the theoretical yield, and the acid recovery was 83.2%.
  • the addition of water-insoluble n-octanol to ethanol can simultaneously increase the sugar yield and acid recovery.
  • This example used a mixture of ethylene glycol monoterpene ether and acetic acid as a precipitant, and the mixture was composed of 70 wt%/. 99. 5% ethylene glycol monoterpene and 30wt ° / ⁇ ⁇ 99. 8% acetic acid.
  • Example 2 4 g of the main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was slowly added to 79 g (three times as the hydrolyzate) ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-acetic acid precipitant under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-acetic acid. The precipitate is washed with benzene, and the precipitate adsorbed by the precipitate is adsorbed. It is extracted into benzene, and then the benzene and the precipitant are separated by distillation, and the two are recycled.
  • the resulting sulfuric acid-containing ethylene glycol monoterpene ether-acetic acid solution was subjected to extraction of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and acetic acid with benzene in a countercurrent extractor. After the extraction is completed, a small amount of water is added to the remaining u acid-ethylene glycol monomethyl ether solution to destroy the salt of the salt to release the reacted ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and the sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol is extracted again with benzene in a countercurrent extractor.
  • a mixture of ethylene glycol monoterpene ether and benzene was used as a precipitant, and the mixture was composed of 80 wt% of 99.5% ethylene glycol monomethyl hydrazine and 20 wt%. /. 99.8% of benzene.
  • Example 1 The first hydrolyzate in Example 1 was 0.7 g, slowly added to 5 g (7.1 times the hydrolyzate) in a glycol monoterpene ether-benzene precipitant under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. . Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid. The precipitate is washed with benzene, and the precipitant adsorbed by the precipitate is extracted into benzene, and then the benzene and the precipitant are separated by distillation, and the two are recycled.
  • the resulting sulfuric acid-containing ethylene glycol monoterpene ether-benzene solution was subjected to extraction of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether with benzene in a countercurrent extractor. After the extraction is completed, a small amount of water is added to the remaining sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol monomethyl ether solution to destroy the sheep salt to release the reacted ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and the sulfuric acid-ethylene glycol single is extracted with benzene in the countercurrent extractor.
  • the ethylene glycol monoterpene ether in the oxime ether solution is finally separated into ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and an acid-filled solution, and the sulfuric acid solution is heated and evaporated to remove a small amount of water to be reused. 5% ⁇ The acid yield was 50.5%, the acid recovery was 54.5%.
  • This example used a mixture of N,N-dimercaptocarboxamide and acetonitrile as a precipitant, and the mixture was composed of 40 wt. 99. 5% N, N-dimercaptocarboxamide and 60wt. / ⁇ 99. 8% acetonitrile.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate in Example 1 was 0. 6 grams, slowly added to 5 grams under stirring (for 8.3% of the hydrolyzate, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimercaptocarboxamide-acetonitrile precipitant, forming a small particle precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid. The precipitate was washed with chloroform, and the precipitated adsorbent was extracted into chloroform, and then the chloroform and the precipitating agent were separated by distillation, and the two were recycled.
  • a mixture of hydrazine, hydrazine-dihydrazinamide and propionic acid was used as a precipitant, and the mixture was composed of 40 wt. /. 99. 5°/. N, N-dimercaptocarboxamide and 60 ⁇ ° / ⁇ 9 9. 5% propionic acid.
  • Example 1 Take the main hydrolyzate in Example 1 1. 7 g, slowly added to 5 g (3 times as the hydrolyzate) under stirring, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimercaptocarboxamide-propionic acid precipitant, forming small The particles precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid. The precipitate is washed with benzene, and the precipitated adsorbent is extracted into benzene, and then the benzene and the precipitant are separated by distillation, and the two are recycled.
  • the obtained sulfuric acid-containing hydrazine, hydrazine-dimercaptocarboxamide-propionic acid solution is used to extract hydrazine, hydrazine-dimethylformamide and propionic acid from benzene in a countercurrent extractor to obtain hydrazine-containing, fluorenyl-difluorenyl hydrazine.
  • a solution of amide and propionic acid in benzene and acid A solution of amide and propionic acid in benzene and acid.
  • the benzene solution containing hydrazine, hydrazine-dimethylformamide and propionic acid is further separated from benzene by distillation with hydrazine, hydrazine-dimethylformamide and propionic acid.
  • the post-hydrolyzate was used as a hydrolyzate to which a precipitating agent was added, and water-miscible acetone was used as a precipitating agent.
  • Example 1 Take the main hydrolyzate in Example 1 26.4 g, add water 1 3. 8 g to make the concentration of sulphuric acid about 40 ⁇ The theoretical yield of 91.4%. The theoretical yield is 91.4%.
  • the above hydrolyzate 10 g was weighed and slowly added to 46 g (4.6 times as a hydrolyzate) in acetone under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Immediately filtered through a filter paper to obtain an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified filtrate containing sulfuric acid. The filtrate is distilled under reduced pressure at room temperature until all of the acetone is distilled off, and then the high-boiling ketone derivative formed by condensation of acetone under sulfuric acid is extracted with benzene, thereby separating the ketone from the acetone, and both can be recycled. use. After analysis, the yield of reducing sugar is 34. 0 ° / of the theoretical yield. , Acid recovery was 80.9%.
  • This example uses n-hexanol as a precipitating agent which is slightly soluble in water.
  • Example 1 The main hydrolyzate of Example 1 was taken as 26. 4 g, and three times by weight of n-hexanol was slowly added under stirring to form a small particle precipitate. Filtration with filter paper gave an oligosaccharide precipitate and a pale yellow clarified n-hexanol filtrate containing sulfuric acid, and then the precipitate was washed twice with 10 ml of n-hexanol. The n-hexanol adsorbed by the precipitate floats on the liquid surface with the moisture layer when the precipitate is dissolved in water, and is directly sucked up to be recovered.
  • the sulfuric acid-containing hexanol solution 50 00 grams, the sulfuric acid concentration of 5.68%, containing sulfuric acid 7.84 grams, at 20 ° C in a separatory funnel with four extractions with water, the water consumption is 10 g, 5 g, 5 g, 5 g, each time the mixture was shaken for 5 minutes, and then allowed to stand for stratification. The water layer was separated and analyzed for sulfuric acid content. The results are as follows:
  • the method of extracting sulfuric acid in the acid alcohol solution by using water as an extracting agent wherein the acid alcohol solution is not limited to the acid alcohol solution obtained by filtering the sugar precipitate, as long as the hydrolyzed liquid
  • the acid alcohol solution obtained by separating the sugars from the water which is immiscible with water by the main hydrolyzate and the post-hydrolysis solution can be recovered by the above method.
  • the plant cellulose material is reacted with 75% sulfuric acid at 50 ° C for 10 min to obtain a main hydrolyzate, diluted with water to about 50% sulfuric acid, and reacted at 90 ° C for 20 min to obtain a post-hydrolyzate.
  • the mass of the hydrolyzate was 53.9. / gram acid, 4.5% monosaccharide, 41.6% water.
  • n-pentanol containing a small amount of sulfuric acid (about 0.4%) and a sulfuric acid solution of different concentrations were obtained.
  • the n-pentanol is recycled, and the sulfuric acid solution is concentrated and recycled.
  • the obtained hydrolyzate obtained in Example 17 was 50. 0 g, and was subjected to multiple extractions with n-octanol at a mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain a series of n-octanol extracts containing different concentrations of sulfuric acid and monosaccharides.
  • the first extraction rate is 46. 60%.
  • the first extraction rate is 14.60%.
  • the first extraction rate is 46.60%.
  • the sulfuric acid in the first n-octanol extract obtained was back-extracted with 5.00 g of water each time.
  • the results are as follows:
  • n-octanol containing a small amount of acid (about 0.2%) and a sulfuric acid solution of different concentrations were obtained.
  • the n-octanol is recycled, and the sulfuric acid solution is concentrated and recycled.
  • the water-immiscible alcohol in the above examples is allowed to contain a small amount of other organic solvents such as water-miscible alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol, etc., and these other organic solvents are slightly dissolved in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution, but When the aqueous solution of dilute gram acid is distilled and concentrated, it is carried out by water vapor and separated from the aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
  • other organic solvents such as water-miscible alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol, etc.

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Description

植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种含 酸的溶液中硫酸的回收方法, 特别涉及一种植物 纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方法。 背景技术
利用可再生资源纤维素来生产液体燃料和化工产品, 可以有效地緩解 石油等化石能源日渐枯竭的问题。 利用植物纤维原料来生产液体燃料和化 工产品, 是把纤维素水解成糖类, 如寡糖或单糖, 然后再用微生物发酵来 生产液体燃料和化工产品。 常用的把纤维素水解成糖的方法主要有稀酸 法、 浓酸法、 酶法, 其中浓硫酸水解法具有反应温度低、 收率高、 副产物 少等优点, 缺点是酸的回收成本高。
纤维素的浓酸水解工艺主要由两部分组成: ①在浓酸条件下使纤维素 水解为低聚糖 (即寡糖) 的主水解工艺, 得到主水解液; ②再在稀酸条件 下使低聚糖水解为葡萄糖的后水解工艺, 得到后水解液。
目前常用的植物纤维素原料浓硫酸水解液中硫酸的回收方法是电渗析 法, 但是电渗析法回收酸投资巨大, 运行成本高。 后来人们不断地研究新 的酸回收方法,如美国专利 US5562777的酸水解纤维素和半纤维素的工艺: 把 70 ~ 77wt %的^酸水溶液和植物纤维材料混合, 5 0 ~ 8 0 °C下反应 , 加水 把酸浓度稀释到 20 ~ 30wt ,常压下加温到 8 0 ~ 1 00 °C进行水解,时间 40 ~ 480mi n, 固液分离得到水解液, 用强酸性离子交换树脂吸附水解液中的糖 并分离回收酸, 得到浓度为 15%的糖液和浓度为 15%的硫酸, 把回收的稀酸 蒸发水分浓缩至 70 ~ 77 wt , 再循环利用。 但由于离子交换树脂的吸附 容量很低 ( 2meq/ g ) , —般只适用于吸附分离大宗产品中少量至微量的杂 质, 或者小宗高值产品的吸附纯化, 如氨基酸、 酶的純化, 然而用离子交 换树脂分离生物质水解液中的糖和酸, 要吸附的糖却是极其大宗的产品, 动辄年产上万吨至百万吨, 再者, 离子交换树脂的吸附、 洗脱过程都极其 緩慢, 要达到如此产量, 无疑需要极其大量的离子交换树脂, 而且生物质 中的复杂组分更容易使离子交换树脂中毒而失效。 因此该工艺并无实用价 值。
还有美国专利 US4608245公开了利用萃取回收硫酸的方法: 在 50 °C下 将纤维素物质与 70 ~ 72 wt 。/ 直酸混合 1 0m i n, 保持 A 酸 /纤维素 > 7. 2, 加 水把酸的浓度稀释到 40 ~ 50 wt °/。, 90 °C下保温 20min, 固液分离, 把木质 素分离出来, 冷却的水解液用 C4 ~ C7链烷醇如庚醇做第一萃取剂进行第一 次萃取, 得到富含葡萄糖的萃余液和富含硫酸和第一萃取剂的第一次萃取 液, 用苯、 CCI4、 曱苯等做第二萃取剂对富含硫酸和第一萃取剂的第一次 萃取液作第二次萃取, 得到只含水和硫酸的萃余液和只含第一和第二萃取 剂的萃取液, 用减压蒸馏的方法把第一和第二萃取剂分离开来, 则回收的 酸、 第一和第二萃取剂均可循环再用, 用石灰中和糖液中的少量 ¾酸, 过滤后得到不含硫酸的糖液。 根据该专利中的优选方案, 后水解工艺所得 水解液的组成为 55%的克酸, 40. 5%的水和 4. 5%的糖, 即^ 酸 /糖 = 1 2. 2; 第 一次萃取后所得的萃取液的组成为 79. 4%的庚醇, 14. 5%的克酸, 5. 3%的水 和微量的糖, 即庚醇 /硫酸 =5. 5 ; 第二次萃取为苯 /庚醇约为 5 , 则每得到 l k g 葡萄糖, 需要蒸发的苯量为 1 2. 2 X 5. 5 X 5=335. 5 kg, 消耗的热量为 335. 5 kg X 434kJ /kg=145607 kJ, 而 l kg葡萄糖完全氧化分解产生的能量才 为 15945 kJ, 远远小于蒸发苯所投入的热量, 显然, 这是一个能量产出远 远小于投入的工艺, 也就是一个没有实用价值的工艺。 再者, 该方法由于 采用有机溶剂作为第二萃取剂来进行醇酸的分离, 使大量的第二萃取剂需 要回收, 最终导致能耗过高。 显然, 由于目前的生产工艺中硫酸回收成本高, 从而制约了浓硫酸水 解法的广泛应用。 发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷, 本发明提供一种植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫 酸的回^:方法。
为了克服上述缺陷,本发明还提供一种植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中 石克酸的回收方法。
本发明提供的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方法属于沉 淀法。 水解液中的成分为糖(寡糖和 /或单糖) 、 硫酸和水, 要想使糖以沉 淀的形式与硫酸和水分离,则需要在水解液中加入能降低糖溶解度的物质, 某些有机溶剂或有机溶剂组合物具有这样的性质。 研究还发现, 要使糖从 水解液中沉淀, 有两个因素是主要的: 一是水解液中水的含量, 水的含量 越低, 越容易沉淀; 二是糖的聚合度, 糖的聚合度越高, 越容易沉淀。 显 然, 主水解液含水较少, 糖的聚合度较高 (寡糖) , 而后水解液则含水较 多, 糖的聚合度最低 (单糖) , 因此, 虽然主水解液阶段和后水解液阶段 都可以进行沉淀操作, 但优选在主水解液阶段进行沉淀操作。
本发明的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方法, 包括如下 步骤:
( 1 )将植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液与把糖沉淀出来的液体有机沉淀剂混 合, 使糖以沉淀的形式析出;
( 2 ) 固液分离, 得到糖沉淀和含克酸的有机沉淀剂溶液;
( 3 ) 将含硫酸的有机沉淀剂溶液进一步分离成硫酸和液体有机沉淀剂。
所述液体有机沉淀剂选自醇、 醚、 酮或具有醇、 瞇、 酮官能团的多官 能团化合物中的一种或多种。 如能与水混溶的 1 - 3个碳的醇或者不能与水 混溶的 4个碳以上的醇; 醚类, 如四氢呋喃、 1 , 4-二氧六环、 乙二醇二甲 醚、 乙二醇二乙醚等; 含有醇、 醚、 酮官能团的多官能团化合物: 如二乙 二醇一丁醚、 二丙酮醇、 乳酸乙酯等。
所述液体有机沉淀剂还可以为含有醇、 醚、 酮、 具有醇、 醚、 酮官能 团的多官能团化合物中的一种或多种的有机溶剂溶液。 如在乙醇中加入苯 等不能溶解糖的溶剂, 则可以提高糖的得率。 又如乙二醇单曱醚本身能完 全溶解水解液而不能单独作为沉淀剂, 但加入一定量的苯或羧酸就能成沉 淀剂。
在本发明的另一个实施例中, 所述沉淀剂包括第一组分和第二组分, 第一组分为能完全溶解水解液的有机溶剂 (即酸水解液中的糖、 酸和水均 能溶解于其中), 第二组分为能降低糖的溶解度的有机溶剂。 如酰胺类有机 溶剂能完全溶解水解液, 以它作为第一组分, 再加入一定量的腈类或羧酸 类或硝基化合物有机溶剂, 则可以作为沉淀剂, 具体如 N, N-二曱基曱酰 胺与乙腈或硝基乙烷或丙酸组合形成沉淀剂。
所述的固液分离得到的糖沉淀, 可任选地, 用液体有机沉淀剂进行洗 涤, 把沉淀所吸附的石充酸洗涤出来, 所得洗涤液与含酸溶液混合用于酸的 回收。
所述的固液分离得到的糖沉淀, 可任选地, 用不溶解水和糖的有机溶 剂进行洗涤, 以把其吸附的沉淀剂洗脱下来, 所得洗脱液蒸馏后分离成沉 淀剂和洗涤用有机溶剂而重复使用。 如用苯、 曱苯、 氯仿、 四氯化碳等有 机溶剂洗涤沉淀。
所述的含硫酸的有机溶剂溶液进一步分离成酸和液体有机沉淀剂, 其 分离方法可用普通蒸馏、 减压蒸馏、 反应蒸馏、 水萃取或者有机溶剂萃取, 回收的疏酸和液体有机溶剂可以再循环利用。
步骤( 1 ) 中所述的酸为 ^¾酸或以石巟酸为主的混合酸, 优选^ 酸。 当所 述酸为以矽酸为主的混合酸时,该混合酸还包含磚酸和 /或盐酸和 /或磺酸。 本发明的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方法, 还适用于 一般的含糖的硫酸溶液中硫酸的回收。
本发明采用沉淀法分离回收水解液中的酸, 可以用少量的有机沉淀剂 而回收到几乎全部的酸, 如可以做到在加入氏于 5倍水解液的沉淀剂的条 件下回收 90%以上的糖和酸, 使酸回收的成本大大降低。
另一方面, 本发明还提供一种植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回 收方法, 该方法包括如下步骤:
( 1 )将与水不相混溶的醇与植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液混合, 分离出 糖, 并得到酸醇溶液;
( 2 ) 将酸醇溶液与水接触, A 酸从有机相进入水相;
( 3 ) 分离有机相和水相, 得到硫酸水溶液和醇。
所述的与水不相混溶的醇, 允许含有小部分其他有机溶剂, 如能与水 混溶的醇比如乙醇、 正丙醇等。 这些其他有机溶剂会有少量溶解在硫酸水 溶液中, 但在稀硫酸水溶液蒸馏浓缩时被水蒸气携带出去而与硫酸水溶液 分离。
所述的酸醇溶液与水接触, 可以采用分批或连续的萃取方法。
所述的直酸水溶液通过常压蒸馏或减压蒸馏浓缩后得 'J浓充酸, 可以 循环使用。
所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液为浓硫酸水解植物纤维原料得到的 主水解液或者后水解液, 优选主水解液。
本发明釆用与水不相混溶的醇分离糖, 用水作为萃取剂萃取酸醇溶液 中的硫酸的方法, 萃取率高, 得到的硫酸浓度也高, 同时避免了有毒和易 燃易爆有机溶剂的使用, 也避免了回收这些有机溶剂所需要的能耗, 从而 大大降低植物纤维原料制备生物燃料和生物化工产品的成本。 下面将结合实施例详细介绍本发明的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫 酸的回收方法。 以下公开的仅仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已, 不应以此来 限制本发明的保护范围, 根据本发明的本质所做的任何变化或改进仍属本 发明的保护范围。 具体实施方式 实施例 1
棉花是自然界中最纯净的纤维素原料, 而且还是单细胞状即单根纤维 状的植物纤维原料, 不含半纤维素, 是测试用的标准用料。
按照总用酸量 15. 9克 98 wt °/ 克酸的约 30%配制初始水解液, 即用 4. 8 克 98 wt °/ 充酸加水 1. 1克配制成浓度为 8 G wt °/»的4 酸溶液作为初始水解 液, 并把初始水解液冷却至室温。 称量好所用的总棉花 9. 4克, 棉花含水 量约 1 0%。 在室温下, 把约 1 克棉花首先加入初始水解液中, 用玻棒搅拌 使之溶解, 得到浅蓝色的水解液, 此时充酸浓度变为约 68 wt %。 再加入 约 1克 98 wt %硫酸并搅拌均匀 , 则硫酸浓度上升到约 72 wt , 接着再加 入约 1克棉花, 用玻棒搅拌使之溶解。 重复这种加酸和加棉花的过程, 直 到所有的计量的 15. 9克 98 wt %充酸和 9. 4克棉花全部加完, 然后置于 48 ~ 50 °C水浴中保温 8m in , 得到酸浓度约 60 wt %、 水溶性寡糖浓度约 32 wt °/。的浅褐色的主水解液 26. 4克。
把主水解液 26. 4克在搅拌的条件下慢慢加入到两倍量即约 53克 95% 乙醇中, 形成大量细小的沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 每次用 8克 95%乙醇洗涤沉 淀, 共洗涤 2次, 得到寡糖沉淀和滤液。 用约 1 5克水溶解沉淀, 加入 ^1酸 配制成酸浓度为 1 0 wt %的溶液 30克, 在 88 °C下水浴保温 120m in, 期间 蒸发出来的蒸汽经过冷凝以回收寡糖沉淀所吸附的乙醇, 用生石灰中和硫 酸并过滤去硫酸钙沉淀, 得到葡萄糖液。 对所得的葡萄糖液进行分析, 还 原糖收率为理论收率的 58% , 酸回收率为 8 0%。
所得含硫酸的乙醇滤液置于烧瓶中, 接上冷凝管, 快速加热到 1 70 °C , 收集冷凝液和不凝性气体, 所得的冷凝液为乙醇, 所得的不凝性气体为乙 烯; 同时, 残留于滤液中的糖 (约为理论收率的 35% ) 在加热的条件下深 度水解生成乙酰丙酸, 然后与乙醇在 酸的催化下生成乙酰丙酸乙酯, 最 后用苯萃取乙酰丙酸乙酯, 留下来的为克酸, 可以循环使用。 本实施例中 酸的回收釆用反应蒸馏法, 可以副产生物乙烯和生物柴油乙酰丙酸乙酯。
本实施例所得的主水解液还用作后述实施例的原料以详述酸的回收方 法。
实施例 2
本实施例用经过预处理脱除了半纤维素和部分木质素且基本成为单根 纤维状的莞草作为植物纤维原料制备主水解液。
按照总用酸量 1 6. 5克 98 wt %A 酸的 1 9%配制初始水解液, 即用 3. 1 克 98 w t %」琉酸加水 1. 1克配制成浓度为 72 wt %的石充酸溶液作为初始水解 液, 并把初始水解液冷却至室温。 称量好所用的预处理莞草 1 0. 6克, 含水 量约 1 3%。 在室温下, 把约 1 克预处理莞草首先加入初始水解液中, 用玻 棒搅拌使之溶解, 得到深褐色的水解液, 再加入约 1 克 98 wt %硫酸并搅 拌均勾, 接着再加入约 1克预处理莞草, 用玻棒搅拌使之溶解。 重复这种 加酸和加预处理莞草的过程, 直到所有的计量的 1 6. 5克 98 wt %ϋ酸和 1 0. 6 克预处理莞草全部加完, 用玻棒搅拌溶解, 接着置于 48 ~ 50 °C水浴中保温 8m i n , 得到含水溶性寡糖的深褐色主水解液。
把主水解液在搅拌的条件下慢慢加入到两倍量即约 56克 95%乙醇中, 形成大量细小的沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 每次用 8克 95%乙醇洗涤沉淀, 共洗 涤 2次, 得到寡糖沉淀和滤液。 用约 1 5克水溶解沉淀, 加入硫酸配制成酸 浓度为 10 wt %的溶液 30克, 在 88°C下水浴保温 120min, 期间蒸发出来 的蒸汽经过冷凝以回收寡糖沉淀所吸附的乙醇, 过滤除去木质素等不溶性 残渣, 得到浅黄色的糖液。 用生石灰中和糖液中的^ £酸并过滤去石直酸钙沉 淀, 得到葡萄糖液。 对所得的葡萄糖液进行分析, 还原糖为 3. G克, 酸回 收率为 75.6%。 乙醇滤液取少量样品加水并调整酸度为 10 wt , 然后在 88°C下水浴保温 120min, 再分析还原糖, 得知乙醇滤液中还原糖为 3.1克。 即共得到还原糖 6.1克, 其中 49.2%存在于糖液中, 50.8%存在于乙醇滤液 中。 木质素残渣洗涤并干燥后称重, 为 3.2克。 实施例 3
本实施例用正戊醇作为沉淀剂, 它基本不溶于水, 20°C时它在水中的 溶解度仅为 1.7% 。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26.4 克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 110 毫升 (约 89克,为水解液的 3.4倍) 正戊醇中, 形成小颗粒沉淀, 放置 15 分钟让其充分沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的 滤液, 然后用 10毫升正戊醇洗涤沉淀。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的 正戊醇萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和正戊醇分离, 两者再循环使用。 在逆流萃取器中用水萃取硫酸-正戊醇溶液中的硫酸, 得到正戊醇和浓度约 为 15 wt %的稀克酸, 稀 酸蒸发掉水分后得到浓克酸, 两者可循环使用。 经过分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 93.2%, 酸回收率为 81.6%。
由此可见, 非水溶性的醇由于不溶解糖而使糖的收率接近理论收率, 而且只洗涤一次其酸回收率也超过 80%。 实施例 4
本实施例用正辛醇作为沉淀剂, 它几乎不溶于水, 即水中溶解度只有 0. 01 ~ 0. 05%。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4 克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 150 毫升 (约 120克,为水解液的 4. 5 倍) 正辛醇中, 形成小颗粒沉淀, 放置 15分钟让其充分沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清 的滤液, 然后各用 10毫升正辛醇洗涤沉淀两次。 沉淀所吸附的正辛醇在沉 淀溶解于稀酸时会与水分层而漂浮于液面上, 直接吸出即可回收。 在逆流 萃取器中用水萃取石克酸-正辛醇溶液中的石充酸, 得到正辛醇和浓度约为 15 wt %的稀硫酸, 稀硫酸蒸发掉水分后得到浓硫酸, 两者可循环使用。 经过 分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 93. 8%, 酸回收率为 93. 3°/。。
实施例 5
本实施例用四氢呋喃作为沉淀剂, 它是一种与水混溶的环醚。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 24. 4 克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 120 毫升 (约 95克,为水解液的 3. 9倍) 四氢呋喃中, 形成小颗粒沉淀, 放置 15分钟让其充分沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清 的滤液, 然后用 10毫升四氢呋喃洗涤沉淀一次。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀 所吸附的四氢呋喃萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和四氢呋喃分离, 两者 再循环使用。 由于四氢呋喃沸点低且挥发度大, 故采用减压蒸馏法分离含 酸的四氢呋喃溶液, 当接近完成时再加入少量水破坏,羊盐以释放出反应的 四氢呋喃, 继续减压蒸媳直到 4巴四氢呋喃完全蒸出, 留下的酸液加热 4巴所 加的水蒸发掉即可循环使用。 经过分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 92. 3%, 酸回收率为 67. 4%。 实施例 6
本实施例用乙二醇二曱醚作为沉淀剂, 它是一种溶于水的醚。
取实施例 1中的主水解液 8. 0克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 16克(为 水解液的 2倍) 乙二醇二曱醚中, 形成小颗粒沉淀, 放置 1 5分钟让其充分 沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色潑清的滤液, 然后各 用 5毫升乙二醇二甲醚洗涤沉淀两次。 再用氯仿洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附 的乙二醇二甲醚萃取到氯仿中, 然后通过蒸馏把氯仿和乙二醇二甲醚分 离, 两者再循环使用。 在逆流萃取器中用氯仿萃取硫酸 -乙二醇二曱醚溶液 中的乙二醇二曱醚。 萃取完成后, 在余下的硫酸 -乙二醇二甲醚溶液中加入 少量水破坏,羊盐以释放出反应的乙二醇二曱醚, 重新在逆流萃取器中用氯 仿萃取硫酸-乙二醇二曱醚溶液中的乙二醇二甲酸, 最后分离得到乙二醇二 曱醚和 酸溶液, 石 υ酸溶液再加热蒸去所加的少量水即可重复使用。 经过 分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 91. 3% , 酸回收率为 79. 4°/。。 实施例 7
本实施例用丙酮作为沉淀剂, 它是一种与水混溶的酮。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 5 2克 (为水解液的 2倍) 丙酮中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 由于丙酮在^ ¾酸的作用下 会发生缩合, 故形成沉淀后立即用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡 黄色澄清的滤液, 然后各用 1 0毫升丙酮洗涤沉淀两次。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的丙酮萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和丙酮分离, 两者再 循环使用。 由于丙酮沸点低且挥发度大 ( 25 °C时蒸汽压达 30. 56 kPa ) , 故 采用减压蒸镏法分离含硫酸的丙酮溶液, 即在室温下进行减压蒸馏直到把 丙酮全部蒸出, 然后再用苯萃取丙酮在克酸作用下缩合生成的高沸点的酮 衍生物, 从而把 酸和丙酮分离开来, 两者均可循环使用。 经过分析, 还 原糖收率为理论收率的 92. 5% , 酸回收率为 75. 4 %。 实施例 8 本实施例用丁酮作为沉淀剂, 20 °C时水中溶解度为 22. 6%。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 65克 (为水解液的 2. 5倍) 丁酮中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 由于丁酮在硫酸的作用 下会发生缩合, 故形成沉淀后立即用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的 淡黄色澄清的滤液, 然后各用 1 0 毫升丁酮洗涤沉淀两次。 再用苯洗涤沉 淀, 把沉淀所吸附的丁酮萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和丁酮分离, 两 者再循环使用。 由于丁酮沸点低且挥发度大( 25 °C时蒸汽压达 1 2. 08kPa ), 故釆用减压蒸馏法分离含硫酸的丁酮溶液, 即在室温下进行减压蒸馏直到 把丁酮全部蒸出, 然后再用苯萃取丁酮在硫酸作用下缩合生成的高沸点的 酮衍生物, 从而把磅 υ酸和丁酮分离开来, 两者均可循环使用。 经过分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 92. 5% , 酸回收率为 72. 0%。 实施例 9
本实施例用二乙二醇一丁醚作为沉淀剂, 它是一种含醇和醚官能团的 多官能团有机溶剂, 能与水混溶。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 1 0. G克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 30克 (为水解液的 3倍) 二乙二醇一丁醚中, 强力搅拌后形成小颗粒沉淀。 用 滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液, 然后各用 1 0毫升 二乙二醇一丁瞇洗涤沉淀两次。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的二乙二 醇一丁醚萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和二乙二醇一丁醚分离, 两者再 循环使用。 所得含硫酸的二乙二醇一丁醚溶液在逆流萃取器中用苯萃取其 中的二乙二醇一丁醚, 得到石克酸。 二乙二醇一丁醚的苯溶液通过蒸馏而分 离, 得到二乙二醇一丁醚和苯。 分离回收的石克酸、 二乙二醇一丁酸、 苯均 可循环使用。 经过分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 68. 3% , 酸回收率为 75. 9% 0 实施例 1 0
本实施例用乙醇和正辛醇的混合物作为沉淀剂, 混合物由 85wt°/。的 95% 乙醇和 1 5wt。/^ 99. 8%正辛醇构成。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 5 3克 (为水解液的 2倍)乙醇-正辛醇沉淀剂中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液, 然后各用 1 0毫升乙醇-正辛 醇洗涤沉淀两次。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的沉淀剂萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和沉淀剂分离, 两者再循环使用。 所得含硫酸的乙醇- 正辛醇滤液置于烧瓶中, 接上冷凝管, 快速加热到 170 °C, 收集冷凝液和 不凝性气体, 所得的冷凝液为乙醇及正辛醇, 所得的不凝性气体为乙烯; 同时, 残留于滤液中的糖在加热的条件下深度水解生成乙酰丙酸, 然后与 乙醇在硫酸的催化下生成乙酰丙酸乙酯, 最后用苯萃取乙酰丙酸乙酯和未 蒸出的正辛醇, 留下来的为石直酸, 可以循环使用。 本实施例中酸的回收采 用反应蒸馏法, 可以副产生物乙烯和生物柴油乙酰丙酸乙酯。 经过分析, 还原糖收率为理论收率的 85. 3%, 酸回收率为 8 3. 2%。 显然, 在乙醇中加入 与水不溶的正辛醇能同时提高糖的收率和酸的回收率。 实施例 1 1
本实施例用 乙二醇单曱醚和乙酸的混合物作为沉淀剂, 混合物由 70wt°/。的 99. 5%乙二醇单曱瞇和 30wt°/^々 99. 8%乙酸构成。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 79克 (为水解液的 3倍) 乙二醇单甲醚-乙酸沉淀剂中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用滤 纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液, 然后各用 1 0毫升乙 二醇单甲醚-乙酸洗涤沉淀两次。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的沉淀剂 萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和沉淀剂分离, 两者再循环使用。 所得含 硫酸的乙二醇单曱醚-乙酸溶液在逆流萃取器中用苯萃取其中的乙二醇单 甲醚和乙酸。 萃取完成后, 在余下的 u酸 -乙二醇单甲醚溶液中加入少量水 破坏赛盐以释放出反应的乙二醇单甲醚, 重新在逆流萃取器中用苯萃取硫 酸-乙二醇单甲醚溶液中的乙二醇单曱醚, 最后分离得到乙二醇单曱醚和硫 酸溶液, 石直酸溶液再加热蒸去所加的少量水即可重复使用。 实施例 1 2
本实施例用乙二醇单曱醚和苯的混合物作为沉淀剂, 混合物由 80wt% 的 99. 5%乙二醇单甲瞇和 20wt。/。的 99. 8%苯构成。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 0. 7克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 5克(为 水解液的 7. 1倍) 乙二醇单曱醚-苯沉淀剂中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用滤纸过 滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉 淀所吸附的沉淀剂萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和沉淀剂分离, 两者再 循环使用。 所得含硫酸的乙二醇单曱醚-苯溶液在逆流萃取器中用苯萃取其 中的乙二醇单甲醚。 萃取完成后, 在余下的硫酸 -乙二醇单甲醚溶液中加入 少量水破坏羊盐以释放出反应的乙二醇单甲醚, 重新在逆流萃取器中用苯 萃取硫酸-乙二醇单曱醚溶液中的乙二醇单曱醚, 最后分离得到乙二醇单甲 醚和充酸溶液, 硫酸溶液再加热蒸去所加的少量水即可重复使用。 经分析, 糖收率为理论收率的 55. 0% , 酸回收率为 54. 5%。 实施例 1 3
本实施例用 N, N-二曱基甲酰胺和乙腈的混合物作为沉淀剂, 混合物由 40wt°/。的 99. 5%N, N-二曱基甲酰胺和 60wt。/^々 99. 8%乙腈构成。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 0. 6克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 5克(为 水解液的 8. 3倍) Ν, Ν-二曱基甲酰胺-乙腈沉淀剂中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用 滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液。 再用氯仿洗涤沉 淀, 把沉淀所吸附的沉淀剂萃取到氯仿中, 然后通过蒸馏把氯仿和沉淀剂 分离, 两者再循环使用。 所得含硫酸的 Ν, Ν-二甲基甲酰胺-乙腈溶液在逆 流萃取器中用氯仿萃取其中的 Ν, Ν-二曱基甲酰胺和乙腈, 得到含 Ν, Ν-二甲 基甲酰胺和乙腈的氯仿溶液以及硫酸。 含 Ν, Ν-二曱基甲酰胺和乙腈的氯仿 溶液再通过蒸馏而把 Ν, Ν-二甲基曱酰胺和乙腈与氯仿分离。 经分析, 糖的 收率为理论收率的 67. 1 °/。, 酸回收率为 74. 9%。 实施例 1 4
本实施例用 Ν, Ν-二曱基曱酰胺和丙酸的混合物作为沉淀剂, 混合物由 40wt。/。的 99. 5°/。N, N-二曱基甲酰胺和 6 0wt °/ 々 9 9. 5%丙酸构成。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 1. 7克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 5克(为 水解液的 3倍) Ν, Ν-二曱基甲酰胺-丙酸沉淀剂中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用滤 纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液。 再用苯洗涤沉淀, 把沉淀所吸附的沉淀剂萃取到苯中, 然后通过蒸馏把苯和沉淀剂分离, 两 者再循环使用。 所得含硫酸的 Ν, Ν-二曱基甲酰胺-丙酸溶液在逆流萃取器 中用苯萃取其中的 Ν, Ν-二甲基曱酰胺和丙酸, 得到含 Ν, Ν-二曱基曱酰胺和 丙酸的苯溶液以及^ ^酸。 含 Ν, Ν-二甲基甲酰胺和丙酸的苯溶液再通过蒸馏 而把 Ν, Ν-二甲基曱酰胺和丙酸与苯分离。 实施例 1 5
本实施例用后水解液作为加入沉淀剂的水解液, 用与水混溶的丙酮作 为沉淀剂。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 加水 1 3. 8克使石克酸的浓度为约 4 0 wt %, 在 75 °C水浴中保温 75min, 得到深褐色的后水解液 40. 2克, 经测定, 后水解液含还原糖为 8. 2克, 为理论收率的 9 1. 4%。
称取上述后水解液 1 0克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入到 46克 (为水解 液的 4. 6倍) 丙酮中, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 立即用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀 和含硫酸的淡黄色澄清的滤液。 滤液在室温下进行减压蒸馏直到把丙酮全 部蒸出, 然后再用苯萃取丙酮在硫酸作用下缩合生成的高沸点的酮衍生 物, 从而把克酸和丙酮分离开来, 两者均可循环使用。 经过分析, 还原糖 收率为理论收率的 34. 0°/。, 酸回收率为 80. 9%。
与实施例 7 中丙酮沉淀主水解液中的糖的结果相比 (即还原糖收率为 理论收率的 92. 5% , 酸回收率为 75. 4% ), 可以看出来, 酸的回收率相差不 大, 但糖的收率却相差巨大——沉淀主水解液几乎能把所有的糖变成沉淀 而成为产品, 但沉淀后水解液却只能使约 1 / 3的糖变成沉淀, 也就是说, 寡糖比单糖更易于沉淀, 且含水少比含水多更易于沉淀完全。 实施例 1 6
本实施例用正己醇作为沉淀剂, 它微溶于水。
取实施例 1 中的主水解液 26. 4克, 在搅拌的条件下緩慢加入三倍重量 的正己醇, 形成小颗粒沉淀。 用滤纸过滤, 得到寡糖沉淀和含硫酸的淡黄 色澄清的正己醇滤液, 然后各用 1 0毫升正己醇洗涤沉淀两次。 沉淀所吸附 的正己醇在沉淀溶解于水时会与水分层而漂浮于液面上, 直接吸出即可回 收。
取上述含硫酸的正己醇溶液 50. 00克, 其硫酸浓度为 1 5. 68%即含硫酸 7. 84克, 在 20 °C下在分液漏斗中用水进行四次萃取, 用水量分别为 1 0克、 5克、 5克、 5克, 每次萃取时震荡 5分钟后静置分层, 把水层分出来, 分 析其中的含硫酸量, 结果如下表:
Figure imgf000018_0001
•ί巴 40%的稀琉酸水溶液在常压下通过三效蒸发器浓縮到 95°/ 产生的水 蒸气过热到 130°C左右, 作为酒精发酵的杀菌、 蒸馏的热源, 从而使稀硫 酸的提浓成为一个在能源上基本免费的过程。 分析上述实施例 3、 4及 16, 可以发现这些实施例中把主水解液中的 糖沉淀出来的醇都是与水不相混溶的, 所以沉淀后所得的滤液即酸醇溶液 可用水作为萃取剂萃取其中的硫酸。
另外, 上述实施例 3、 4及 16 中用水作为萃取剂萃取酸醇溶液中的硫 酸的方法, 其中的酸醇溶液并不局限于将糖沉淀过滤后而得的酸醇溶液, 只要水解液 (包括主水解液和后水解液) 是通过与水不相混溶的醇而将其 中的糖分离后所得的酸醇溶液均可用上述方法回收硫酸。 下面举例说明。 实施例 17
植物纤维素原料与 75%硫酸在 50°C下反应 lOmin, 得到主水解液, 加 水稀释至约 50%硫酸, 在 90°C下反应 20min, 得到后水解液。 经过分析, 后水解液的质量组成为 53.9。/ 克酸, 4.5%单糖, 41.6%水。
在室温下, 取 50.0克上述后水解液, 按质量比 1: 1用正戊醇进行多 次萃取, 得到一系列含不同浓度硫酸的正戊醇萃取液和含单糖的萃余液, 其中第一次的正戊醇萃取液含^ i酸最多, 达到 23.458 克, 硫酸浓度为 25. 55%, 第一次萃取率达到 87. 04%。 再每次用 5. 00克水对所得的第一次 的正戊醇萃取液中的硫酸进行反萃取, 结果如下表:
Figure imgf000019_0001
经过水对硫酸正戊醇溶液的反萃取, 得到含少量硫酸(约 0. 4% ) 的正 戊醇和不同浓度的硫酸溶液。 正戊醇循环使用, 硫酸溶液提浓后循环使用。 实施例 18
在室温下, 取实施例 17所得的后水解液 50. 0克, 按质量比 1: 1用正 辛醇进行多次萃取, 得到一系列含不同浓度硫酸的正辛醇萃取液和含单糖 的萃余液, 其中第一次的正辛醇萃取液含硫酸最多, 达到 12. 562克, 硫酸 浓度为 17. 92%, 第一次萃取率为 46. 60%。 再每次用 5. 00克水对所得的第 一次的正辛醇萃取液中的硫酸进行反萃取, 结果如下表:
Figure imgf000019_0002
Figure imgf000020_0001
经过水对硫酸正辛醇溶液的反萃取, 得到含少量^ 酸 (约 0. 2% ) 的正 辛醇和不同浓度的硫酸溶液。 正辛醇循环使用, 硫酸溶液提浓后循环使用。 oo
以上实施例中与水不相混溶的醇允许含有小部分其他有机溶剂, 如能 与水混溶的醇比如乙醇、 正丙醇等, 这些其他有机溶剂会有少量溶解在硫 酸水溶液中, 但在稀石克酸水溶液蒸馏浓缩时被水蒸气携带出去而与硫酸水 溶液分离。
综合上述述实施例 3、 4、 16-18 , 可以发现用水作为萃取剂萃取酸醇 溶液中的硫酸的方法, 萃取率高, 得到的硫酸浓度也高, 同时避免了有毒 和易燃易爆有机溶剂的使用, 特别是稀硫酸的提浓可以在常压下完成, 并
为一个在能源上基本免费的过程, 从而大大降低植物纤维原料制备生物燃 料和生物化工产品的成本。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方法, 其特征在于 包括如下步骤:
( 1 )将植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液与把糖沉淀出来的液体有机沉淀剂混 合, 使糖以沉淀的形式析出;
( 2 ) 固液分离, 得到糖沉淀和含克酸的有机沉淀剂溶液;
( 3 ) 将含硫酸的有机沉淀剂溶液进一步分离成硫酸和液体有机沉淀剂。
2、如权利要求 1所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 所述液体有机沉淀剂选自醇、 醚、 酮或具有醇、 醚、 酮 官能团的多官能团化合物中的一种或多种。
3、如权利要求 1所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 所述液体有机沉淀剂为含有醇、 醚、 酮或具有醇、 醚、 酮官能团的多官能团化合物中的一种或多种的有机溶剂溶液。
4、如权利要求 1所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 所述液体有机沉淀剂包括第一组分和第二组分, 所述第 一组分为能完全溶解主水解液的有机溶剂, 所述第二组分为能降低糖的溶 解度的有机溶剂。
5、如权利要求 4所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 所述第一组分为酰胺类有机溶剂, 第二组分为腈类或羧 酸类或硝基化合物有机溶剂。
6、如权利要求 1所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 步骤( 3 ) 中所述的含硫酸的有机沉淀剂溶液进一步分离 成硫酸和液体有机沉淀剂的方法为普通蒸傭、 减压蒸馏、 反应蒸馏、 水萃 取或者有机溶剂萃取。
7、如权利要求 1所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸主水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 步骤 ( 1 ) 中所述的酸为 ^^酸或以^ ¾酸为主的混合酸。
8、 一种植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方法, 其特征在于包 括如下步骤:
( 1 )将与水不相混溶的醇与植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液混合, 分离出 糖, 并得到酸醇溶液;
( 2 ) 将酸醇溶液与水接触, A 酸从有机相进入水相; ( 3 ) 分离有机相和水相, 得到硫酸水溶液和醇。
9、 如权利要求 8 所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 步骤( 1 ) 中所述与水不相混溶的醇中可以含有小部分其 他的有机溶剂。
1 0、 如权利要求 8所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 步骤( 2 )中酸醇溶液与水接触为分批或连续的萃取方法。
1 1、 如权利要求 8所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 还包括步骤: 将硫酸水溶液通过常压蒸馏或减压蒸馏浓 缩而得到浓克酸。
12、 如权利要求 8所述的植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液中硫酸的回收方 法, 其特征在于, 所述植物纤维素原料浓酸水解液为浓 酸水解植物纤维 素原料得到的主水解液或者后水解液。
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