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WO2007035694A2 - Systeme de glissiere de securite a montant coulissant - Google Patents

Systeme de glissiere de securite a montant coulissant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007035694A2
WO2007035694A2 PCT/US2006/036402 US2006036402W WO2007035694A2 WO 2007035694 A2 WO2007035694 A2 WO 2007035694A2 US 2006036402 W US2006036402 W US 2006036402W WO 2007035694 A2 WO2007035694 A2 WO 2007035694A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
support post
guardrail
safety system
flange
guardrail beam
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2006/036402
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2007035694A3 (fr
Inventor
Dean C. Alberson
D. Lance Bullard, Jr.
C. Eugene Buth
Roger P. Bligh
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Texas A&M University System
Texas A&M University
Original Assignee
Texas A&M University System
Texas A&M University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/532,795 external-priority patent/US20070063179A1/en
Priority claimed from US11/532,781 external-priority patent/US20070063178A1/en
Priority claimed from US11/532,751 external-priority patent/US20070063177A1/en
Application filed by Texas A&M University System, Texas A&M University filed Critical Texas A&M University System
Publication of WO2007035694A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007035694A2/fr
Publication of WO2007035694A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007035694A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0461—Supports, e.g. posts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0407—Metal rails
    • E01F15/0423—Details of rails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0453—Rails of materials other than metal or concrete, e.g. wood, plastics; Rails of different materials, e.g. rubber-faced metal profiles, concrete-filled steel tubes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/60—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs
    • E01F9/623—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by form or by structural features, e.g. for enabling displacement or deflection
    • E01F9/631—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by form or by structural features, e.g. for enabling displacement or deflection specially adapted for breaking, disengaging, collapsing or permanently deforming when deflected or displaced, e.g. by vehicle impact
    • E01F9/635—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by form or by structural features, e.g. for enabling displacement or deflection specially adapted for breaking, disengaging, collapsing or permanently deforming when deflected or displaced, e.g. by vehicle impact by shearing or tearing, e.g. having weakened zones

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to guardrail systems and more particularly to a yielding post guardrail safety system.
  • Guardrail systems are widely used along heavily traveled roadways to enhance the safety of the roadway and adjacent roadside. Guardrail beams and their corresponding support posts are employed to accomplish multiple tasks. Upon vehicle impact, a guardrail acts to contain and redirect the errant vehicle.
  • W-beams standard heavy gauge metal guardrails known as "W-beams" have been used on the nation's roadways to accomplish these tasks and others. Named after its characteristic shape, the "W-beam” is typically anchored to the ground using support posts made of metal, wood, or a combination of both. A terminal post is used at or near the terminal end of the guardrail system. Support posts other than the terminal posts are termed ⁇ length-of-need" (LON) posts. LON posts support the W-beam along the intermediary portion of the guardrail system between opposing terminal ends of the guardrail system. Wood support posts may be more readily available and more economical than metal posts in some geographical areas.
  • LON length-of-need
  • metal posts may be more readily available and more economical and may be preferred for their ease of installation using driving methods.
  • wood support posts used in a LON or terminal portion of a guardrail system have been made to break away upon impact, thus producing a desired behavior during a collision by a vehicle at the impact site.
  • wood posts deteriorate more rapidly and alternate - materials are sought .
  • a guardrail safety system in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, includes a guardrail beam having a length-of-need (LON) portion spanning between two terminal portions .
  • the guardrail safety system also includes a plurality of guardrail support posts in spaced apart relation to one another. At least a portion of the plurality of support posts include a lower portion for installing below grade adjacent the roadway, a mid portion that lies substantially adjacent the grade, and an upper portion releasably coupled to the LON portion of the guardrail beam.
  • the mid portion includes a weakened section operable to weaken the support post about a first axis without substantially changing the behavior of the support post about a second axis that is generally perpendicular to the first axis.
  • LON guardrail support post that has sufficient strength to redirect vehicles that collide along the length of the guardrail system at an angle to the flow of traffic.
  • the modified support post as used in a LON portion of a guardrail system mitigates the severity of the interaction (snagging) between an impacting vehicle and the post without changing the deflection characteristics of the guardrail system.
  • Still another advantage may include, in particular embodiments, the removal or reduction in size of an offset block between the guardrail beam and the LON support post. Accordingly, particular embodiments of a guardrail system of the present invention may provide benefits in terms of space and cost savings.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a side view of a guardrail safety system that incorporates certain aspects of the present invention
  • FIGURES 2A-2C illustrate a guardrail support post suitable for use with the guardrail system of FIGURE 1, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 3A-3C illustrate another guardrail support post suitable for use with the guardrail system of FIGURE 1, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 4A-4C illustrate a LON guardrail support post suitable for use with the guardrail system of FIGURE 1, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 5A-5C illustrate another LON guardrail support post suitable for use with the guardrail system of FIGURE 1, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 6A- 6C illustrate another LON guardrail support post suitable for use with the guardrail system of FIGURE 1, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates a support post that includes a modified flange for the protection of a guardrail beam, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 8A and 8B illustrate a flange protector for attachment to a support post for the protection of a guardrail beam, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURE 9 illustrates a connector for coupling a guardrail beam with a support post, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGURES 10A-1OC illustrate a connector for coupling a guardrail beam with a support post, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a guardrail safety system 10 that incorporates certain aspects of the present invention.
  • Guardrail system 10 may be installed adjacent a roadway to protect vehicles, drivers, and passengers from various obstacles and hazards and prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway during a traffic accident or other hazardous condition.
  • Guardrail systems that incorporate certain aspects of the present invention may be used in median strips or shoulders of highways, roadways, or any path that is likely to encounter vehicular traffic.
  • Guardrail system 10 includes a guardrail beam 12 and support posts 14 that anchor guardrail beam 12 in place along the roadway. As illustrated, guardrail system 10 includes three sections. Two terminal sections 16 are located on opposing ends of guardrail system 10 and are separated by an intermediary length-of-need (LON) section 18.
  • LON length-of-need
  • Support posts 14 have been modified to decrease the strength of support posts 14 in a direction generally parallel to axis 20 (generally along the direction of traffic) without substantially decreasing its strength in a direction generally perpendicular to axis 20 (out of the page in FIGURE 1) . Stated differently, support posts 14 exhibit adequate strength in the lateral direction but sufficiently low strength in the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, if a vehicle impacts guardrail system 10 "head-on" adjacent an end terminal post 22, support posts 14 will tend to yield (e.g., buckle), while allowing the vehicle to decelerate as it impacts consecutive support posts 14. However, if a vehicle strikes guardrail system
  • Guardrail system 10 is intended to keep errant vehicles from leaving the roadway during a crash or other hazardous situation.
  • guardrail 10 is installed between a roadway and a significant hazard to vehicles (e.g., another roadway, a bridge, cliff, etc.). Therefore, guardrail system 10 should be designed to withstand a significant impact from a direction that forms an angle to the roadway without substantial failure. It is this lateral strength that allows guardrail system 10 to withstand the impact and still redirect the vehicle so that it is once again traveling generally in the direction of the roadway.
  • guardrail systems may actually introduce additional hazards to the roadway and surrounding areas. This is particularly true with respect to vehicles that impact the guardrail system adjacent its terminal section 16 in a direction generally parallel to the roadway. For example, if the guardrail system were rigidly fixed in place during a crash, serious injury and damage may result to the errant vehicle, its driver, and passengers. Accordingly, many attempts have been made to minimize this added risk. Such methods generally include the use of terminal portions that are tapered from the ground up to effectively reduce the impact of head on collisions and to create a ramp-like effect that causes vehicles to go airborne during a crash.
  • breakaway cable terminals BCT
  • VAT vehicle attenuating terminals
  • SENTRE end treatments BET
  • breakaway end terminals BET
  • breakaway support posts U.S. Patent No. 6,398,192
  • Many such terminals 1 , supports, end treatments and the like are commercially available from various organizations. Examples include the HBA post by Exodyne Technologies and Trinity Industries and a breakaway support post similar in configuration to that described in the ⁇ 192 Patent.
  • Improperly designed posts in the LON portion of a guardrail system may also introduce additional hazards to the roadway and surrounding areas. This is particularly true with respect to vehicles that impact the LON portion of the guardrail system at a substantial angle to the guardrail beam. In such a scenario, snagging or contact between the vehicle and posts can cause severe vehicle damage, deformation to the occupant compartment, high vehicle decelerations, and failure or rupture of the guardrail beam. Additionally, the guardrail may fail in its purposes of containing and redirecting the errant vehicle.
  • each terminal section 14 includes a terminal portion of guardrail beam 12, one terminal end post 22, and five terminal support posts 14a.
  • LON guardrail support posts 14b may be used for the balance of guardrail system 10 to support a LON portion of guardrail beam 12.
  • terminal support posts 14a and LON support posts 14b may be identical or may differ where desired.
  • terminal support posts 14a and LON support posts 14b may differ in size and configuration where the terminal sections 16 and LON section 18 are designed for different impact conditions.
  • terminal support posts 14a and LON support posts 14b may be identical or substantially identical such that any support post 14 described herein is suitable for installation at any location within guardrail system 10.
  • terminal support posts 14a and LON support posts 14b may be interchangeable within guardrail system 10.
  • Support posts 14 may be embedded in the ground, a concrete footing, or a metal socket. Support posts 14 may be made of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, or any combination of these or other suitable materials. It is also recognized that each support post 14 within guardrail system 10 need not necessarily be made of the same material or include the same structural features. Furthermore, the cross-section of support posts 14 may be any engineered shape suitable for releasably supporting guardrail beam 12. Such cross-sectional shapes may include, but are not limited to, square, rectangular, round, elliptical, trapezoidal, solid, hollow, closed, or open .
  • guardrail system 10 may be of different lengths depending on the nature of the roadside hazard being shielded.
  • Each terminal section 16 may have a length on the order of approximately 11.4 meters (37.5 feet), respectively, and LON section 18 will have a length that varies as needed.
  • support posts 14 may be placed along guardrail beam 12 at a spacing on the order of approximately 1.9 meters (6.25 feet) or other distance as required to obtain the desired deflection and impact performance .
  • guardrail beam 12 may include multiple 12 -gauge W-beam rail elements of a length on the order of approximately 3.8 meters (12.5 feet) or 7.6 meters (25 feet) .
  • guardrail beam sections may be mounted at a height of 78.74 centimeter (31 inch) with rail splices positioned mid-span between the support posts 14. While guardrail beam 12 may include W-beam rail elements, it is generally recognized that the illustrated guardrail beam 12 is merely an example of a beam that may be used in a guardrail system. Guardrail beams 12 may include conventional W-beam guardrails, thrie beam guardrails, box beams, wire ropes, or other structural members suitable for redirecting an errant vehicle upon impact. It is also recognized that the configuration and dimensions of any of the above- described elements within guardrail system 10 may vary as desired.
  • FIGURES 2A-2C illustrate a guardrail support post 34, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention.
  • Support post 34 includes an elongate continuous structural member of a standard Wide flange configuration.
  • Support post 34 includes two flanges 36 and 38 that are generally parallel with one another and in a spaced relation.
  • a web 40 forms the coupling between flanges 36 and 38.
  • Flanges 36 and 38 include a generally identical configuration of boltholes 48 and cutouts 50, therein.
  • the cross section is typically shaped like the letter "H".
  • the cross section has two major axes for bending.
  • the "weak” axis generally refers to a central axis that extends through the web and is perpendicular to the flanges.
  • the “strong” axis generally refers to a central axis that is perpendicular to the web and parallel to the planes of the flanges.
  • the weak axis for a conventional installation of guardrail extends generally transversely to the road.
  • the strong axis extends generally along the roadway. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGURES 2A-2C, the
  • Wide flange is a standard W6x8.5, which is commonly used in fabricating support posts for guardrail installations.
  • the W6X8.5 such as that illustrated in FIGURES 2A-2C may be particularly well suited for installation as a support post 14a in terminal section 16 of guardrail system 10.
  • One advantage of some embodiments is the ability to re-use existing standard equipment to fabricate, modify, and install support post 34 without substantial modification to the equipment.
  • wide flange beams may be available in many different sizes.
  • a standard W6x8.5 Wide flange may have a nominal six- inch depth and weigh nine pounds per foot.
  • a Wide flange having a six-inch depth and weighing eight and one-half pounds per foot may also be referred to as a W6x8.5 Wide flange and is considered equivalent in the trade.
  • the term ⁇ x W ⁇ x8.5 Wide flange" is intended to refer to all sizes and configurations of guardrail posts that may be referred to as "W6x8.5” by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • persons skilled in the art recognize other names used for wide flanges include but are not limited to "I-beam,” “H- beam,” “W-beam, “ “S-beam, " “M-beam, " or the term “shape" may be substituted for "beam.”
  • Support post 34 includes a relatively "weak” axis W and a relatively “strong” axis S.
  • support post 34 is normally installed along a roadway such that weak axis W is generally perpendicular to the direction of traffic, and strong axis S is generally parallel to the direction of traffic. Accordingly, support post 34 is typically able to withstand a significant impact (e.g., with a car traveling at a high rate of speed) about the strong axis S without substantial failure.
  • support post 34 is intentionally designed such that yielding will more readily occur in response to an impact about the weak axis W.
  • support post 34 has a length on the order of approximately 1,830 mm (6 feet), and it includes an upper portion 42, a lower portion 44, and a mid portion 46 that couples upper portion 42 with lower portion 44.
  • Upper portion 42 includes two boltholes 48 in each of flanges 36 and 38 that are adapted to receive connectors for the installation of a guardrail beam (e.g., guardrail beam 12) upon support post 34.
  • Lower portion 44 is suitable for installation below grade as part of a guardrail support system.
  • Mid portion 46 includes two cutouts 50 in both flanges 36 and 38, which are configured to further weaken support post 34 about the weak axis W, to more readily allow for yielding due to impact from a vehicle along that direction.
  • the overall length of support post 34 and its upper, lower, and mid portions may vary significantly within the teachings of the present invention.
  • Bolt holes 48 include a standard configuration that allow for the installation of widely used guardrail beams upon support posts 34.
  • bolt holes 48 align with the center of the guardrail beam and maintain the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is between 550 and 750 millimeters (1.8 - 2.5 feet) above grade.
  • bolt holes 48 maintain the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is on the order of 550 (1.8 feet) above grade.
  • Bolt holes 48 have a diameter on the order of approximately 21 millimeters.
  • the illustrated dimensions are for example purposes only; the number, size, location and configuration of boltholes 48 may be significantly modified within the teachings of the present invention.
  • Cutouts 50 are positioned within mid portion 46 to weaken support post 34 about weak axis W adjacent grade
  • cutouts 50 are approximately thirteen millimeters in diameter. It is generally recognized, however, that the provided dimensions of cutouts 72 are provided for example purposes only; cutouts 72 may be of any appropriate size and may vary between approximately 13 and 21 millimeters, in various embodiments.
  • bolt holes 48 occur between 550 and 750 millimeters (1.8 - 2.5 feet) above cutouts 50. In the illustrated embodiment, bolt holes 48 occur at approximately 550 millimeters (1.8 feet) above cutouts 50. It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that the size, configuration, location and number of bolt holes, cutouts, and their relationship with each other may be varied significantly within the teachings of the present invention.
  • cutouts 50 may vary in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • the configuration of FIGURES 2A-2C envisions that cutouts 50 will occur approximately at grade level. In other embodiments, cutouts 50 may occur below grade or above grade.
  • the depth of cutouts 50 below grade should not exceed an amount that will prevent support post 34 from yielding at or near the location of cutouts 50. At some depth below grade, the surrounding earthen (or other) material will reinforce lower portion 44 of support post 34 to an extent that will no longer accommodate such yielding to occur.
  • the height of cutouts 50 above grade should not exceed a point at which support post 34 will yield at cutouts 50 and leave a "stub" above grade that can snag vehicles and otherwise cause excessive injury and/or excessive damage. Such a stub could be detrimental to the redirective effect of the guardrail system in which support post 34 is operating.
  • Support post 34 is a single, continuous structural member that does not require any labor in field assembly, welding, or special handling. With the exception of boltholes 48 and cutouts 50, support post 34 has a continuous, generally uniform cross-section from top edge 52 to bottom edge 54. Therefore, fabrication of support post 34 is simplified with respect to other multiple component products. Furthermore, support post 34 can be shipped as one piece and installed as one piece. Many prior attempts that included multiple components that were hinged or otherwise connected could not be shipped and/or installed as a single unit without damaging the support post .
  • support post 34 can be installed using traditional guardrail post installation equipment (e.g., guardrail post drivers) .
  • Patent Application PCT/US98/09029 ( ⁇ 029 Application) illustrates a support post having slotted openings disposed therein. These slots are substantially longer (vertically) than they are wide (horizontal) .
  • Cutouts 50 of support posts 34 are configured to reduce the strength of support post 34 about weak axis W, without substantially changing the behavior of the support post 34 about strong axis S.
  • cutouts 50 comprise generally circular openings that have been punched or drilled through support post 34. Cutouts 50 provide an enhanced ability to control the point of yielding of support post 34 during a collision with a vehicle.
  • the support post of the ⁇ 029 Application may fail at any point along the slots, and failure may be based upon imperfections in the material adjacent the slots. By limiting the vertical dimension of cutout 50, it is easier to dictate the precise point of failure of support post 34 along its vertical length.
  • the slots of the ⁇ 029 Application require the removal of a substantial amount of material from the flange. This weakens the flange along directions other than perpendicular to the web. Furthermore, during a dynamic crash situation in which the impact may come from any angle, twisting or bending of the flange may result in the flange changing its orientation in response to the initial impact. Accordingly, the support post having vertical slots similar to the ⁇ 029 Application may fail prematurely along the strong axis and lose its ability to redirect the vehicle.
  • the vertical dimension of cutout 50 is limited based upon the horizontal dimension of cutout 50. For example, a ratio of the vertical dimension of any particular cutout may be equal to or less than three times the horizontal dimension.
  • the ratio may be limited to two times the horizontal dimension.
  • the ratio is 1:1 since cutout 50 is generally a circular opening in the support post.
  • cutouts 50 are available to a designer of support post 34, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • cutouts 50 may comprise square, rectangular, triangular, oval, semi-circular, diamond shaped, or practically any other geometric configuration and still obtain some or all of the benefits described herein. Cutouts 50 are positioned, shaped, and sized such that support post 34 retains sufficiently high strength in the lateral direction (the direction perpendicular to the guardrail beam 12) to capture and redirect an impacting vehicle with reasonable dynamic deflection.
  • cutouts 50 are located approximately twenty millimeters (0.79 inches) from outer edges of flanges 36 and 38. However, in alternative embodiments, cutouts 50 may be located closer to such edges or further from such edges. In one embodiment, cutouts 50 may be configured such that they extend all the way to the edge of the flange such that there is a break in material beginning at the edge. In this manner, a traditional punch could be employed at the edge to form a semi-circular opening that extends to the edge of the flange .
  • FIGURES 3A-3C illustrate a support post 70, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Support post 70 is a W8xlO Wide flange and is therefore slightly larger and heavier than the W6x8.5 Wide flange of FIGURES 2A-2C.
  • the W8X10 such as that illustrated in FIGURES 3A-3C, may be particularly well suited for installation as a support post 34 in terminal portion 16 of guardrail system 10.
  • support post 70 may be used when additional strong axis strength is desired to, for example, reduce deflection of guardrail system 10 while sufficiently reducing the strength of the post about the weak axis to maintain vehicle contact forces and damage at acceptable levels.
  • Cutouts 72 of support post 70 are slightly larger than cutouts 50 of FIGURES 2A-2C. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGURES 3A-3C, cutouts 72 are approximately twenty-one millimeters in diameter. It is generally recognized, however, that the provided dimensions of cutouts 72 and bolt holes 74 are provided for example purposes only; cutouts 72 and bolt holes 74 may be of any appropriate size. It is anticipated that the diameter of cutouts 72 may vary between approximately 13 and 21 millimeters, in various embodiments.
  • cutouts 72 are the same size as bolt holes 74
  • fabrication of support post 70 is simplified since the same tools that are used to punch bolt holes 74 may be used to punch cutouts 72. Tooling costs are thereby reduced since the tools need only be re-indexed to provide additional holes for cutouts 72.
  • FIGURES 4A-4C illustrate a support post 100, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • support post 100 is a W6x8.5 Wide Flange configured such that support post 100 may be particularly well suited for installation as a LON support post 14b in LON portion 18 of guardrail system 10. Accordingly, support post 100 may also be described herein as "LON support post 100."
  • LON support post 100 is very similar in configuration to support post 34, although many of the dimensions of relative aspects and components are slightly different.
  • the illustrated embodiment may provide optional weakening about the weak axis without appreciably affecting the strong axis strength of the post. It is also one of the most economical embodiments for achieving satisfactory impact performance of guardrail system 10.
  • LON support post 100 which supports a guardrail beam, such as guardrail beam 12, has a length of approximately 1.8m (6 ft).
  • multiple LON support posts 100 may be spaced approximately 1.9 m (6 ft-3 inches) on center, in a particular embodiment.
  • bolt holes 110 are depicted as maintaining the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is on the order of 635 millimeters (25 inches) above grade, it is generally recognized that the illustrated dimensions are for example purposes only; the number, size, location, and configuration of boltholes 48 may be significantly modified within the teachings of the present invention. In various embodiments, it is anticipated that bolt holes 110 may maintain the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is between 550 and 750 millimeters (1.8 - 2.5 feet) above grade.
  • LON support post 100 has adequate strength in the lateral direction and sufficiently low strength in the longitudinal direction.
  • LON support post 100 may be embedded in the ground, a concrete footing, or a metal socket.
  • LON support post 100 may be made of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, or any combination of these or other suitable materials.
  • the cross- section of LON support post 100 may be any engineered shape suitable for releasably supporting a guardrail beam, such as guardrail beam 12.
  • Such cross-sectional shapes may include, but are not limited to, square, rectangular, round, elliptical, trapezoidal, solid, hollow, closed, or open.
  • LON support post 100 includes a weakened section, such as cutouts 108, that provide reduced strength in the longitudinal direction but maintained strength in the lateral direction.
  • the weakened section may include one or more openings in the form of round or elliptical holes, notches, vertical slots, horizontal slots, saw cuts, or any combination of these or other openings.
  • a sawcut, diamond shaped notch, or other notch or cut could be employed from the outer edge of the flange and extended inward to form cutouts 50.
  • the weakened section is generally at ground level such that LON support post 100 will yield at ground level but may vary above or below grade.
  • the opening or other weakened section may be located on the interior of the post or may intersect an exterior edge .
  • the geometry and size of the opening is as is required for a given post cross section such that the force required to fail, fracture, or yield the post about its strong axis is reduced such that the magnitude and severity of vehicle contact or snagging forces are reduced to safe levels that mitigate the potential for occupant injury and vehicle instability.
  • the weakened section includes one or more sawcuts, diamond shaped notches, or other notches or cuts
  • the weakened section may be cut into the side of the post in one embodiment.
  • the weakened section includes a slot
  • the slot may include a sharp or rounded edge bottom.
  • the weakened section includes cutouts 108 of support post 100, which are approximately 21 millimeters (13/16 of an inch) in the illustrated embodiment.
  • cutouts 108 are the same size as boltholes 110 in this configuration. Accordingly, fabrication of LON support post 100 is simplified since the same tools that are used to punch bolt holes 110 may be used to punch cutouts 108. Tooling costs are thereby reduced since the tools need only be re-indexed to provide additional holes for cutouts 108. It is generally recognized, however, that the provided dimensions of cutouts 72 and bolt holes 74 are provided for example purposes only; cutouts 72 and bolt holes 74 may be of any appropriate size. It is anticipated that the diameter of cutouts 72 may vary between approximately 13 and 21 millimeters, in various embodiments.
  • FIGURES 5A-5C illustrates a LON support post 180, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • LON support post 180 is a W8X10 Wide flange and is, therefore, larger and heavier than the W6x8.5 Wide flange of FIGURES 4A-4C.
  • LON support post 180 is very similar in configuration to previously described support posts, although many of the dimensions of relative aspects and components may be slightly different.
  • cutouts 182 of LON support post 180 are approximately 13 millimeters (1/2 inch) in diameter. In this configuration, cutouts 182 are slightly smaller than bolt holes 184, which are approximately 21 millimeters (0.82 inches) in diameter.
  • cutouts 182 and bolt holes 184 are provided for example purposes only; cutouts 182 and bolt holes 184 may be of any appropriate size. Like the embodiments described above, it is anticipated that the diameter of cutouts 182 may vary between approximately 13 and 21 millimeters, in various embodiments.
  • FIGURES 6A- 6C illustrate a LON support post 186, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • LON support post 186 is a 6x8 wood post.
  • LON support post 186 has a nominal width of approximately 6 inches and a nominal depth of approximately 8 inches. Although formed of wood, it is anticipated that support post 186 may be particularly well suited for installation as a LON support post 14b in
  • the illustrated embodiment may provide optional weakening about the weak axis without appreciably affecting the strong axis strength of the post .
  • LON support post 186 which supports a guardrail beam, such as guardrail beam 12, has a length of approximately 1830 mm (6 ft) .
  • Bolt holes 188 have a diameter on the order of approximately 13/16 of an inch. Although bolt holes 188 are depicted as maintaining the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is on the order of 550 millimeters (21 inches) above grade, it is generally recognized that the illustrated dimensions are for example purposes only; the number, size, location, and configuration of bolt holes 188 may be significantly modified within the teachings of the present invention. In various embodiments, it is anticipated that bolt holes 188 may maintain the center of the guardrail beam at a distance that is between 550 and 750 millimeters (1.8 - 2.5 feet) above grade.
  • LON support post 186 is formed of wood, plastic, or a composite material and may be embedded in the ground, a concrete footing, a metal socket, or a foundation tube.
  • the cross-section of LON support post 186 may be any engineered shape suitable for releasably supporting a guardrail beam, such as guardrail beam 12.
  • Such cross- sectional shapes may include, but are not limited to, square, rectangular, round, elliptical, trapezoidal, solid, hollow, closed, or open.
  • LON support post 186 has adequate strength in the lateral direction and sufficiently low strength in the longitudinal direction.
  • LON support post 186 includes a weakened section, such as a cutout 190, that provide reduced strength in the longitudinal direction but maintained strength in the lateral direction.
  • cutout 190 of support post 186 is of a circular shape and has a diameter on the order of approximately 89 millimeters (3.5 inches). It is generally recognized, however, that the provided dimensions of cutout 190 is provided for example purposes only.
  • the weakened section may include one or more openings in the form of round or elliptical holes, semi-circular openings, diamond notches, notches, vertical slots, horizontal slots, saw cuts, or any combination of these or other openings.
  • the weakened section is generally at ground level such that LON support post 186 will yield at ground level, but may vary above or below grade.
  • the opening or other weakened section may be located on the interior of .the post or may intersect an exterior edge.
  • the geometry and size of the opening is as is required for a given post cross section such that the force required to fail, fracture, or yield the post about its strong axis is reduced such that the magnitude and severity of vehicle contact or snagging forces are reduced to safe levels that mitigate the potential for occupant injury and vehicle instability.
  • the weakened section includes one or more notches, the notches may be cut into the side of the post in one embodiment.
  • the weakened section includes a slot
  • the slot may include a sharp or rounded edge bottom.
  • the LON support posts described above in FIGURES 4A-4C, 5A-5C, and 6A-6C are connected to the guardrail beam such that upon impact, the connection between the LON support posts and guardrail beam will yield in preferred embodiments .
  • the LON support posts include weakening cutouts at approximately the ground elevation, the LON support posts may bend at the weakened section upon vehicular impact .
  • the guardrail beam may remain at the originally designed elevation. As a result, the guardrail beam may substantially prevent an errant vehicle from running over the guardrail beam and/or becoming unstable.
  • modified, engineered LON support posts of FIGURES 4A-4C, 5A-5C, and 6A-6B Many advantages may be realized by the use of modified, engineered LON support posts of FIGURES 4A-4C, 5A-5C, and 6A-6B.
  • offset blocks spacers placed between the flanges of the LON support post and the guardrail beam) may be reduced in size or removed altogether, which can provide benefits in terms of space and cost savings.
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates a support post 200 that includes a modified flange for the further protection of the guardrail beam.
  • support post 200 may include a terminal support post 14a or a LON support post 14b.
  • support post 200 includes an elongate, continuous structural member of a modified Wide flange configuration. Similar to the support posts described above, support post 200 includes two flanges 202 and 204 that are coupled at their respective midpoints by a web 206. Flanges 202 and 204 at their respective midpoints are generally parallel with one another and in a spaced relation.
  • the cross section of support post 200 is shaped like a modified letter "H” or a modified letter "I".
  • a first flange 202 is substantially straight and, thus, forms a standard leg of an N 'H" or ⁇ I".
  • a second flange 204 includes a substantially rounded surface such that a first edge 210 and a second end 212 of second flange 204 is curved inward toward web 206 and first flange 202.
  • Second flange 204 forms the face of the support post 200 that couples to and lies adjacent to a guardrail beam 208.
  • second flange 204 may slightly longer than first flange 202.
  • support post 200 is formed from a modified W6x8.5.
  • a standard W6x8.5 member may include two flanges that are each approximately four inches long
  • second flange 204 is slightly longer than the standard flange and, thus, slightly longer than first flange 202.
  • second flange 204 may have a length that is approximately six inches long.
  • guardrail beam 208 is not susceptible to rupture by the sharp edges of support post 200 when an errant vehicle comes into contact with the support post- guardrail beam combination.
  • flanges 202 and 204 of support post 200 may include, in particular embodiments, a weakened
  • modified support post 200 includes a relatively
  • modified support post 200 is normally installed along a roadway such that weak axis W is generally perpendicular to the direction of traffic, and strong axis S is generally parallel to the direction of traffic. Accordingly, modified support post 200 is typically able to withstand a significant impact (e.g., with a car traveling at a high rate of speed) about the strong axis S without substantial failure. However, modified support post 200 is intentionally designed such that yielding will more readily occur in response to an impact about the weak axis W.
  • the modification of the support post to include a curved flange as shown in FIGURE 7 is merely one method of protecting a guardrail beam from potential tearing by the support post.
  • Previous methods for preventing the rupturing of the guardrail beam by the sharp edges of the support post flanges include the positioning an offset block between the flange of support post 14 and guardrail beam 12.
  • Recent trends in guardrail systems include increasing the depth of offset blocks to prevent post snagging.
  • a frangible or yielding post such as support post 14 is used to support the guardrail beam, however, the offset block need only prevent contact between the guardrail beam and post flanges.
  • a flange protector may be positioned at the interface of the guardrail beam and support post .
  • the flange protector may extend beyond the edges of both the post and the rail element to shield the rail element from the edges of the support post and, thus, prevent initiation of cuts or tears in the guardrail beam in the vicinity of the support post as the guardrail system deforms during an impact .
  • the flange protector may take the form of a plate fabricated from metal, wood, plastic, rubber elastomer, or composite materials. When used in conjunction with a corrugated rail element, such as a W- beam or thrie beam, the plate may be fabricated to conform to the shape of the rail element such that it can nest inside the rail element. The dimensions of the plate are such that the edges of the plate extend to or beyond the edges of the support post .
  • FIGURES 8A and 8B illustrate a flange protector 250 for attachment to a support post 252.
  • Flange protector 250 is a modification of standard offset blocks and serves to prevent tearing of the guardrail beam during impact. Because flange protector 250 is a much smaller spacer than standard offset blocks, flange protector 250 may be incorporated into a guardrail system at a lower cost than a standard offset block.
  • flange protector 250 may be comprised of plastic, in preferred embodiments, it is generally recognized that flange protector 250 may be alternatively made of wood, metal, rubber elastomer, composite materials, or any combination of these or other suitable materials.
  • Flange protector 250 includes a body portion that is substantially rectangular.
  • flange protector 250 may comprise a substantially flat plate.
  • flange protector 250 includes an indentation 254 in the a first surface 256 that is proximate to support post 252 when the flange protector 250 and support post 252 are assembled together.
  • a flange 258 of support post 252 that is proximate flange protector 250 fits into indentation 254.
  • the dimensions of flange protector 250 and the size of indentation 254 may vary as is appropriate for the particular size and shape of support post 252. It is generally recognized, however, that indentation 254 is optional, and flange protector 250 may or may not include such an indentation.
  • the depth of flange protector 250 may be selected based on the depth of support post 252. For example, in a particular embodiment, the depth of flange protector 250 may be selected to be less than the predetermined depth of the support post and may be selected to be less than half of the predetermined depth of the support post. As another example, the depth of flange protector 252 may be selected to be less than three inches .
  • flange protector 250 has a length on the order of approximately 360 millimeters (14.17 inches) and a width on the order of approximately 131 millimeters (5.16 inches).
  • the depth of flange protector 250 may vary within a range on the order of approximately 13 to 62 millimeters (0.5 to 2.4 inches).
  • Indentation 254 in first surface 256 may have a depth of approximately 10 millimeters (0.39 inches), in a particular embodiment.
  • lips on either side of flange protector 250 may be raised approximately 10 millimeters (0.39 inches) to protect the guardrail beam from the edges of the abutted flange 258 of support post 252 and to keep flange protector 250 from rotating once connected to support post 252.
  • the width of the lips on either side of indentation 254 may be on the order of approximately 13 mm (0.5 inches) .
  • flange protector 250 includes one or more boltholes 260 that are approximately 21 millimeters (0.82 inches) in diameter, in the illustrated embodiment.
  • flange protector 250 may also be varied.
  • the combination of flange protector 250 with the frangibility of support post 252 in a LON section of guardrail system 10 may provide enhanced impact performance and reduced installation cost.
  • a flange protector 250 as an alternative to the standard offset block, may cost much less than the cost of a deep offset block and may be attractive to a number of highways and roads agencies where it is anticipated that the omission of both may result in a system with an increased potential for incidence of rupture of the guardrail beam when contacted with flange 258 of support post 252.
  • flange protector 250 shields the guardrail beam from the sharp edges of support post 252 to prevent rupturing of the guardrail beam.
  • a structure such as flange protector 250 may be used as a retrofit spacer block when steel-yielding support post 252 is placed in a foundation tube as an alternative to a wood post.
  • a flange protector 250 may be used.
  • support post may in particular embodiments include a structural member that of a different cross-sectional shape than that described.
  • support post may comprise a rectangular, a tubular member, or any other appropriate shape.
  • guardrail beam protector may be selected to accommodate the selected cross-sectional shape of the support post and may be termed "a guardrail beam protector.”
  • guardrail beam 12 is attached to support posts 14 with connectors (not shown) .
  • the connectors may be threaded or inserted through bolt holes formed through support posts 14 and corresponding bolt holes formed through guardrail beam 12.
  • Oversized guardrail nuts may be used on the back side of the support post 14 flange.
  • Bolt holes formed through support posts 14 were illustrated and described above with respect to FIGURES 2A-2C, 3A-3C, 4A-4C, 5A-5C, 6A- 6B, and 7 and were identified by reference numerals 48, 74, 110, 184, and 188, respectively.
  • FIGURE 9 illustrates an example of a connector 300 for coupling a guardrail beam 12 with a yielding support post 14, such as a terminal support post 14a or a LON support post 14b.
  • the configuration of connector 300 is such as to provide sufficiently weak connection between guardrail beam 12 and support post 14 so that support post 14 detaches from guardrail beam 12 when struck by an errant vehicle.
  • guardrail beam 12 remains substantially at its original height after impact and the errant vehicle may be prevented from driving over the guardrail beam 12 and further leaving the roadway or becoming unstable.
  • connector 300 includes a bolt with a tapered or wedge-shaped head 302, such as a countersunk bolt.
  • Connector 300 provides sufficiently low force against guardrail beam 12 to release support post 14 from guardrail beam 12 when an errant vehicle contacts and displaces support post 14. Stated differently, the connection formed between guardrail beam 12 and support post 14 by connector 300 is strong in shear and weak in tension.
  • the shape of countersunk head 302 allows connector 300 to pull through the mounting slot on the guardrail beam 12. Connector 300 may then be displaced with support post 14 upon impact .
  • Connector 300 is improved over oval shoulder button head bolts that provide adequate support for the guardrail beam but do not provide sufficiently low release strength.
  • Connector 300 is also improved over small diameter bolts, which are typically used with several washers. Small diameter bolt-washer combinations provide only a limited ability to support the guardrail beam (not strong in shear) and have variable release strengths .
  • connector 300 may include slotted countersunk bolts such as, for example, 16 mm (5/8-inch) diameter by 38 mm (l-l/2-inch) long slotted flat countersunk head machine screws.
  • the countersunk head 302 of connector 300 in such an embodiment, may ' have a diameter on the order of approximately 25 millimeters (1 inch) and have a length on the order of 13 millimeters (1/2 inch) .
  • Other embodiments may include a countersunk head 302 having a diameter on the order of 25 millimeters (1 inch) and a length on the order of 6.5 millimeters (1/4 inch) .
  • connectors 300 that may be used to releasably engage guardrail beam 12 with support post 14.
  • Other connectors that may be used in place of connector 300 include those specified by ANSI/ASME B18.5.
  • connectors may include appropriately sized standard bolts that will tear through the guardrail beam without rupturing the guardrail beam.
  • the standard bolts may be selected such that a head portion of the bolt is of a size that overlaps an edge of the aperture by a distance that generates a desired pullout resistance.
  • the size of the head portion selected as a function of a thickness of the guardrail ' beam.
  • Such bolts may include 5/8-inch bolts, l/4-inch bolts, or 3/16-inch bolts with or without washers.
  • a plow bolt may also be used where the resulting connection is weak in tension such as to release when a lateral load is applied.
  • connector 300 may release through fracture, shear, or tensile failure.
  • FIGURES 10A-1OC illustrate another example of a connector 400 for coupling a guardrail beam 12 with a yielding support post 14, such as a terminal support post 14a or a LON support post 14b.
  • connector 400 includes a bolt with a countersunk head 402 to provide adequate support of guardrail beam 12.
  • Connector 400 provides sufficiently low force against guardrail beam 12, to release support post 14 from guardrail beam 12 when an errant vehicle contacts and displaces support post 14. Stated differently, connector 400 forms a connection between guardrail beam 12 and support post 14 that is strong in shear and weak in tension.
  • the shape of countersunk head 402 allows connector 400 to pull through the mounting slot on the guardrail beam 12. Connector 400 may then be displaced with support post 14 upon impact.
  • head 402 of connector 400 includes a first surface 404 and a second surface 406. Whereas first surface 404 comprises the outer surface of connector 400, second surface 406 is proximate threaded shaft 408.
  • first surface 404 of head 402 is of a substantially round configuration.
  • second surface 404 is of a substantially oval configuration.
  • a portion of head 402 includes a shoulder 410.
  • guardrail beam 12 includes a slotted hole through which connector 400 is placed, the oval shape of shoulder 404 prevents connector 400 from rotating in the slotted hole.
  • the shoulder 410 of connector 400 also limits the horizontal movement of connector 400 within the slotted hole of guardrail beam 12. This, in turn, limits the amount of overlap of head 402 of connector 400 with the edge of the slotted hole of guardrail beam 12. The result is that the pullout force required to disengage connector 400 from guardrail beam
  • connector 400 may include slotted countersunk bolts such as, for example, 16 mm (5/8 -inch) diameter by 38 mm (l-l/2-inch) slotted flat countersunk head machine screws.
  • the countersunk head 402 of connector 400 in such an embodiment, may have a diameter on the order of approximately 25 millimeters (1 inch) and have a length on the order of 13 millimeters (1/2 inch) .
  • the diameter of the longer dimension of oval shoulder 406 may correspond generally with the diameter of head 402 or approximately 1 inch, and the diameter of the shorter dimension of oval shoulder 406 may correspond generally with the diameter of the bolt shaft or approximately 5/8 inch. It is generally recognized, however, that this merely one example of a connectors 400 that may be used to releasably engage guardrail beam 12 with support post 14. Other connectors may be used in place of connector 400.
  • LON guardrail support post that has sufficient strong axis strength to redirect vehicles that collide along the length of the guardrail system at an angle to the flow of traffic and substantially reduced weak axis strength to mitigate the severity of the interaction (snagging) between an impacting vehicle and the post without changing the deflection characteristics of the guardrail system.
  • LON support posts configured to include a weakened section may release from the guardrail beam upon impact.
  • the flanges of the LON support posts may be prevented from tearing the guardrail beam and the weakened section can readily yield to an impacting vehicle at low force levels.
  • Still another advantage may include, in particular embodiments, the removal or reduction in size of an offset block between the guardrail beam and the LON support post . Accordingly, certain embodiments of a guardrail system of the present invention may provide benefits in terms of space and cost savings .
  • guardrail support members At least four types are described and illustrated within this specification: (I) W6x9 Wide flanges; (II) W ⁇ xlO Wide flanges; (III) W6x8.5 Wide flanges; and (IV) weakened wood posts. It should be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that practically any size guardrail support post may be enhanced by incorporating the teachings of the present invention. The size, weight and configuration of the support post are just a few factors to be considered to determine the appropriate location of cutouts, to allow yielding along the weak axis while maintaining sufficient strength along the strong axis to redirect impacting vehicles .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit, dans un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, un système de glissière de sécurité comprenant une poutre de glissière de sécurité dont une partie de la longueur utile (LON) s'étend entre deux parties d'extrémité. Le système de glissière de sécurité comprend également une pluralité de montants de support espacés les uns des autres. Au moins une partie des montants de support comprend une partie inférieure servant à installer, au-dessous du niveau du sol et à proximité de la plate-forme, une partie médiane sensiblement adjacente au niveau du sol; et une partie supérieure couplée de façon libérable à la partie LON de la poutre de glissière de sécurité. La partie médiane présente une section déconsolidée pouvant être manipulée pour déconsolider le montant de support autour d'un premier axe sans modifier sensiblement la tenue du montant de support autour d'un second axe généralement perpendiculaire au premier axe.
PCT/US2006/036402 2005-09-19 2006-09-19 Systeme de glissiere de securite a montant coulissant Ceased WO2007035694A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US71867805P 2005-09-19 2005-09-19
US71867905P 2005-09-19 2005-09-19
US71864405P 2005-09-19 2005-09-19
US60/718,644 2005-09-19
US60/718,678 2005-09-19
US60/718,679 2005-09-19
US11/532,751 2006-09-18
US11/532,795 US20070063179A1 (en) 2005-09-19 2006-09-18 A weakened guardrail mounting connection
US11/532,795 2006-09-18
US11/532,781 US20070063178A1 (en) 2005-09-19 2006-09-18 Guardrail flange protector
US11/532,781 2006-09-18
US11/532,751 US20070063177A1 (en) 2005-09-19 2006-09-18 Yielding post guardrail safety system

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WO2007035694A2 true WO2007035694A2 (fr) 2007-03-29
WO2007035694A3 WO2007035694A3 (fr) 2007-09-20

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2012186382A (ja) * 2011-03-07 2012-09-27 Fujifilm Corp 太陽電池用保護シートとその製造方法、太陽電池用バックシート部材、太陽電池用バックシート及び太陽電池モジュール

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5988598A (en) * 1998-11-04 1999-11-23 Safety By Design, Inc. Breakaway steel guardrail post
EP1458935B1 (fr) * 2001-11-30 2013-10-16 The Texas A & M University System Poteau de support flexible en acier pour glissiere de securite

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2012186382A (ja) * 2011-03-07 2012-09-27 Fujifilm Corp 太陽電池用保護シートとその製造方法、太陽電池用バックシート部材、太陽電池用バックシート及び太陽電池モジュール

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