WO2004035692A1 - Fischsilberanaloge perlglanzpigmente, hergestellt durch enzymatische umsetzung - Google Patents
Fischsilberanaloge perlglanzpigmente, hergestellt durch enzymatische umsetzung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004035692A1 WO2004035692A1 PCT/EP2003/010399 EP0310399W WO2004035692A1 WO 2004035692 A1 WO2004035692 A1 WO 2004035692A1 EP 0310399 W EP0310399 W EP 0310399W WO 2004035692 A1 WO2004035692 A1 WO 2004035692A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- analogous
- fish
- pearlescent pigments
- fish silver
- silver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0098—Organic pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. nacrous pigments
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/60—Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K8/606—Nucleosides; Nucleotides; Nucleic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
- A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
- A61Q1/04—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for lips
- A61Q1/06—Lipsticks
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q3/00—Manicure or pedicure preparations
- A61Q3/02—Nail coatings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/42—Colour properties
- A61K2800/43—Pigments; Dyes
- A61K2800/436—Interference pigments, e.g. Iridescent, Pearlescent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, produced by enzymatic conversion of nucleosides and / or
- the first pearlescent pigment was natural fish silver, which is obtained from fish scales and consists of the two purines guanine (75-97%) and hypoxanthine (3-25%).
- the scales of herring, bleak and sardine are the most productive sources of raw materials.
- the sheet-like pigment crystals are extracted from aqueous dispersions of fish scales with organic solvents. The proteins are extracted and the crystals are separated from the scales. The guanine and hypoxanthine crystals are isolated by centrifugation. Finally, the platelet-shaped crystals are washed to remove soluble proteins and fish oils.
- Natural fish silver preferentially crystallizes in needles, elongated or hexagonal leaflets that are 1 to 10 ⁇ m wide, 20 to 50 ⁇ m long and only 25 to 75 nm thick. Furthermore, pyramid-shaped crystals appear (edge length approx. 10-30 ⁇ m).
- the optically anisotropic crystals have a refractive index of approximately 1.8 and a comparatively low density of 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- the fish scales contain less than 1% of the pigment and the extraction is also very complex, the prices for natural fish silver are comparatively high. There are also fluctuations in quality that make it impossible to use natural fish silver as a raw material in modern industry. The relative high levels of contamination lead to yellowing during storage and the development of fish odor.
- the pigment is mechanically very sensitive when dry and tends to agglomerate. It is therefore only available in the form of suspensions with a solids content of usually 10 to 12% under the name "Perlessenz" or "Essence d Orient".
- the low tendency to settle due to the low density and the silky, pearl-like sheen that occurs even when small quantities are added is the reason why fish silver can hold its own in cosmetic formulations despite the disadvantages mentioned above.
- the main area of application is nail varnishes because of the low tendency to sedimentation and because the nitrocellulose varnish used there covers the smell of fish.
- DE 1 242 778 describes a process for converting vaporizable substances such as e.g. Guanine in platelets using vacuum sublimation. This process is very complex and, because of the equipment requirements, is only suitable for the depiction of small amounts of pigment.
- nucleic bases, nucleosides or nucleotides are crystallized from solution.
- 1/5 to 3/4 of the nucleic compound present in the aqueous solution is crystallized out over a period of 30 minutes, and the crystals thus obtained become 1 to 24 Matured for hours.
- the crystallization can be controlled via several parameters such as pH, temperature or type of solvent. This method is difficult to reproduce due to the large number of parameters.
- solubility of the nucleic compounds is problematic. Because of their amphoteric character, the nucleic bases are only soluble as strong salts in strong acids or bases.
- the solubility increases strongly at extreme pH values (around pH 0 or pH 14) and is lowest in the neutral range (pH 4.5-8).
- the respective ions which are also built into the crystal lattice, become effective.
- the crystallized salts react strongly basic or acidic when dissolved.
- irregular precipitates of "shrunk structure" without surface luster are produced by removing the (alkali) cations or acid anions from the crystal lattice.
- the object was therefore to provide pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, which do not have the disadvantages of natural fish silver mentioned above, but which have a gloss and appearance comparable to natural fish silver.
- the task was to provide a simple process for producing pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver in good yields and with high purity and stability.
- the present invention therefore relates to pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, produced by enzymatic conversion of Nucleosides and / or nucleotides to form the nucleobases in the form of platelet-shaped crystals.
- the present invention furthermore relates to a process for the production of pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, characterized in that nucleosides and / or nucleotides are reacted enzymatically in one or more steps to form the nucleobases in the form of platelet-shaped crystals.
- the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver are distinguished by a natural gloss, good surface smoothness, high refractive index and high mechanical stability. Yellowing or the development of fishy odor do not occur in the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver according to the invention.
- the process according to the invention offers easy access to these pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver.
- Enzymes all run near the neutral point, so that no interfering cations or anions are built into the crystal lattice. Furthermore, the use of enzymatic reactions leads to a uniform build-up of the platelet-shaped crystals, which lead to pigments of high quality and uniformity.
- nucleosides or nucleotides used in the process according to the invention can contain all pyrimidine and / or purine bases known to the person skilled in the art as well as further heterocyclic compounds of this type, such as e.g. Guanine, hypoxanthine, adenine, cytosine, uracil and / or thymine.
- Purine base-containing nucleosides or nucleotides are preferably used, but especially guanine and / or hypoxanthine-containing nucleosides or nucleotides.
- the enzymatic conversion takes place by means of a hydrolase, a transferase (int. Enzyme classification 2.4, 3.1 and 3.2) or by means of a Fish scale extract.
- Naringinase, hesperidinase, nucleotidase, ß-amylase, nucleosidase, inosinase and NAD-ase are preferably used, furthermore pentosyl transferases, in particular pyrophosphate-phosphoribosyltransferases and purine nucleoside phosphorylase as well as other enzymes known to the person skilled in the art and acting in a similar manner alone or in the form of a mixture.
- the enzymes can be obtained in all ways known to those skilled in the art, for example by microbiological, chemical or extracting processes.
- a fish scale extract is also suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention, which extract contains the above-mentioned enzymes in addition to other constituents.
- This extract is obtained from the fish scales and the fish skin by aqueous extraction at neutral pH and then freeze-dried.
- the powder obtained contains, in addition to other protein components, the enzymes which can be used in the process according to the invention.
- the enzymes or the fish scale extract can be added in any form, preferably in aqueous solution.
- the nucleosides / nucleotides are dissolved in water with stirring.
- the pH of the solution is adjusted to a range from 3.5 to 8.0.
- the preferred pH is in the range from 4.4 to 7.0.
- the pH of the reaction mixture can be optimized in a manner which is obvious to the person skilled in the art.
- the pH of the solution is adjusted by adding buffer solutions.
- All buffers known to the person skilled in the art such as, for example, acetate, citrate or phosphate buffers, can be used as buffer solutions.
- Citrate buffers, in particular sodium citrate buffers, are preferably used.
- the temperature of the solution is set in a range of 20 to 75 ° C. Preferred temperature ranges are 30 to 60 ° C and can be adapted to the optimal working range of the enzymes used in a manner which is obvious to the person skilled in the art.
- Fish scale extract is added to the nucleoside / nucleotide solution thus produced.
- the enzymes or fish scale extract is preferably added in solution, in particular in aqueous solution.
- the enzyme-containing solution can be stabilized with customary additional concentrations of preservative. All common preservatives can be used, e.g. Sorbic acid and its derivatives, preferably with sorbic acid.
- the amount of enzyme used depends on the desired rate of formation of the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, taking into account the turnover number of the enzyme used. It can be adapted to the respective needs by simple optimization.
- the enzyme is added in several steps with a decreasing number of enzyme units in the course of the reaction.
- the reaction time is between 5 and 120 hours, preferably 12 to 72 and in particular 12 to 36 hours.
- surface-active substances can be added to the reaction mixture.
- All non-ionic agents known to those skilled in the art can be used for this purpose and / or ionic surfactants are used, such as those found in K. Lindner, surfactants, textile auxiliaries, washing raw materials, Vol. I,ticianl. Verlags GmbH, Stuttgart 1964 and are available from ICI, among others.
- Polyalkylene glycols and polysorbates such as, for example, nonylphenol polyglycol ether, sorbitan monolaurates (ethoxylated) or else higher-chain alkylates, such as, for example, myristates, palmitates or stearates, are preferably used.
- gel-forming polymeric substances can be used to support the sheet-like crystal formation and to generate high ones
- gel formers known to the person skilled in the art can be used for this, e.g. Alginates, gelatin and gelatin derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, polyoses or starch and starch derivatives. Alginates, gum arabic, gelatin and gelatin derivatives and in particular xanthan gum are preferably used.
- colorants can be added to the reaction mixture, which leads to a coloring of the fish silver-analogous pearlescent pigments.
- Suitable colorants are all organic colorants known to those skilled in the art, e.g. natural or synthetic dyes or pigments. Water-soluble, natural dyes are preferably used, e.g. Carmine or chlorophylline.
- the crystals can be isolated by all methods known to the person skilled in the art.
- the crystals are preferably isolated by simple or multiple centrifugation of the reaction mixture and subsequent washing of the crystals, preferably with water.
- the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver can be dried for further use.
- the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver obtained by the process according to the invention show one with natural fish silver comparable gloss with improved accessibility.
- the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver, produced according to the invention can be used and applied in dry form, which opens up other areas of application, such as technical applications, in addition to the use in cosmetics established for fish silver.
- the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver according to the invention similar to natural fish silver, have proven to be mechanically more stable than other inorganic, platelet-shaped effect pigments, for example on an oxidic basis.
- the amount of pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver which are necessary to achieve a pearlescent effect is less than in the case of pigments based on oxides or metals.
- Paper in security materials, in agricultural films, for seed coloring, for food coloring or in drug coatings, in dry preparations or in pigment preparations is the subject of the present invention.
- the pigments according to the invention are particularly suitable for products in decorative cosmetics, such as, for example, nail polishes, coloring powders, lipsticks or eyeshadows.
- decorative cosmetics such as, for example, nail polishes, coloring powders, lipsticks or eyeshadows.
- analogous examples of the use of inorganic effect pigments in cosmetic formulations and materials suitable for this are described in Resarch Disclosure, RE 471001. These The effect pigments described can advantageously be replaced by the pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver.
- the pigments according to the invention can be used to pigment films and plastics, e.g. for agricultural films, gift films, plastic containers and moldings for all applications known to the person skilled in the art.
- the pigments according to the invention are also suitable for use in security printing and in security-relevant features for e.g. Counterfeit-proof cards and ID cards, such as admission tickets, ID cards, banknotes, checks and check cards, as well as for other counterfeit-proof documents.
- the pigments according to the invention are suitable for the production of pharmaceutical products such as Tablet coatings or as a powder additive and in the food sector for coloring food.
- the effect pigments according to the invention are suitable for the production of pigment preparations such as, for example, pearlets, pastes and pastes, and of dry preparations, such as e.g. Pellets, granules, chips etc., which are preferably used in printing inks and varnishes.
- the pigments according to the invention can be used in a large number of the known binders used in color systems and can be used both in aqueous and in solvent-based systems.
- the pigments can be incorporated into the respective application media by all methods known to the person skilled in the art.
- effect pigments according to the invention can also advantageously be mixed with all known organic and / or inorganic colorants, such as, for example, organic ones Dyes, organic pigments, inorganic single or multi-layer pigments, inorganic dyes or pigments.
- the invention accordingly also relates to paints, lacquers, printing inks, plastics, cosmetic formulations,
- Inosine monophosphate sodium salt (E 631) are deminized in 150 ml. Dissolved water and mixed with 250 mg magnesium sulfate and 2.5 g tetra sodium diphosphate and 20 mg nonylphenol polyglycol ether. One inoculates with a little fish silver, for example 10 to 20 mg, in order to accelerate the crystal formation. The slightly basic solution is adjusted to a pH of 7.2 with 10% citric acid and the volume of the solution is made up to 200 ml. Then about 20 U of purine pyrophosphate phosphoribotransferase (2.4.2.8.), Dissolved in a little water, are added. The solution is heated to 40 ° C. and slowly stirred in a closed apparatus.
- guanosine monophosphate sodium salt and 2.5 g inosine / guanosine monophosphate sodium salt are demin.
- 750 ml. Water dissolved. 250 ml of a Na citrate buffer solution with a pH of 4.4 are added (concentration of citrate approx. 6%).
- naringinase (amount / activity approx. 100 U)
- hesperidinase (amount / activity approx. 200 U) dissolved in a little water.
- approx. 200 mg riboside are added.
- the solution is slowly stirred in a closed reaction vessel at 44 ° C. for about 24 hours.
- Sorbitan monolaurate (ethoxylated) and 0.1% xanthan gum calculated on the approx. 400 ml of the mixture.
- 150 U of ß-amylase (3.2.1.2.) are used as starting activity. In the following 48-72 hours, hourly, initially 15, later 10, or 5 U of enzyme activity are metered in. The enzyme solution is preserved with 0.05% sorbic acid. The suspension is inoculated with approx. 40 mg of fine fish silver leaves.
- Rectangular, high-gloss and highly refractive pearlescent pigment flakes are formed with a wide area, e.g. from 3-20 ⁇ m wide to 5-50 ⁇ m long.
- the very thin, laminate-like platelets whose mass yield is over 50%, are centrifuged, washed and gently dried.
- These formulations can be used directly for applications e.g. can be used in nail polishes or lip cosmetics.
- Example 4 g of the washed riboside compounds from Example 4 are deminized in 400 ml. Dispersed water and adjusted to a pH of 5.4 with 100 ml citrate buffer solution (containing approx. 6% citric acid). To do this, initially add about 100 U of nucleosidase (3.2.2.1.). Then the further metering in of the enzyme activities takes place very slowly from a preserved, dilute enzyme solution, as in Example 4. Inside from about 72 hours the dosing rate is reduced from about 10 U to 2 U / hour. The suspension is inoculated with approx. 40 mg fish silver. The result is high-gloss, highly refractive pigment flakes that are very similar to fish silver obtained from herring or trout. Most of them are elongated, rounded laminates with a width of 1-5 ⁇ m and a length of 3 to 12 ⁇ m. They can be isolated and processed in analogy to example 4.
- thixotropic nail polish base 1348 from International Laquers SA, containing toluene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, nitrocelluolose, tosylamide / formaldehyde resin, dibutyl phthalate, isopropanol, stearalkonium hectorite, camphor, acrylate copolymer, benzophenone
- a dispersion according to Example 4 (11% by weight of pearlescent pigments analogous to fish silver in castor oil) are weighed together, mixed with a spatula by hand and then stirred for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm. You get a nail polish with a uniform pearlescent.
- Phase B dispersion according to Example 4 containing 11% by weight of fish silver analogs
- Phase A is heated to 80 ° C and mixed well, phase B is heated to 60 ° C. 80% by weight of phase A and 20% by weight of phase B are then mixed in a casting apparatus and the temperature is raised to about 60 ° C.
- the homogeneous melt is poured into molds preheated to 60 ° C and allowed to cool. The castings are taken cold from the molds and after they have been warmed to room temperature they are flamed briefly. The pencils create an even pearlescent effect on the skin.
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003270222A AU2003270222A1 (en) | 2002-10-09 | 2003-09-18 | Pearl essence analogous nacreous pigments produced by enzymatic reaction |
| DE10393044T DE10393044D2 (de) | 2002-10-09 | 2003-09-18 | Fischsilberanaloge Perlglanzpigmente, hergestellt durch enzymatische Umsetzung |
| US10/530,874 US20060005742A1 (en) | 2002-10-09 | 2003-09-18 | Pearl essence-analogous pearlescent pigments prepared by enzymatic reaction |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10246965.2 | 2002-10-09 | ||
| DE10246965A DE10246965A1 (de) | 2002-10-09 | 2002-10-09 | Fischsilberanaloge Perlglanzpigmente, hergestellt durch enzymatische Umsetzung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004035692A1 true WO2004035692A1 (de) | 2004-04-29 |
Family
ID=32038350
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2003/010399 Ceased WO2004035692A1 (de) | 2002-10-09 | 2003-09-18 | Fischsilberanaloge perlglanzpigmente, hergestellt durch enzymatische umsetzung |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20060005742A1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003270222A1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE10246965A1 (de) |
| TW (1) | TW200424270A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004035692A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11149038B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2021-10-19 | Dvir GUR | Synthetic co-crystals of anhydrous guanine and process for preparing the same |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100029788A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2010-02-04 | John Pelesko | Wet edible pearlescent film coatings |
| EP2099312B1 (de) * | 2006-12-14 | 2016-05-04 | Sensient Colors LLC | Perlmuttpigmentzusammensetzungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und verwendung |
| US8557761B2 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2013-10-15 | Kathryn L. Keyt | Infused sealant system |
| US9168393B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-10-27 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. | Pigmented skin-care compositions |
| US9168209B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-10-27 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. | Pigmented skin-care compositions |
| US9320687B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2016-04-26 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. | Pigmented skin-care compositions |
| US9168394B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-10-27 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. | Pigmented skin-care compositions |
| CN115287059A (zh) * | 2022-08-24 | 2022-11-04 | 北京理工大学 | 一种荧光鸟嘌呤纳米片晶体及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN118126539B (zh) * | 2024-03-07 | 2025-11-18 | 北京理工大学 | 一种宽波段高反射率的无水黄嘌呤薄膜及其制备方法和应用 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1930265A1 (de) * | 1968-06-15 | 1969-12-18 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Synthetische perlmuttglaenzende Pigmente |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4840445B1 (de) * | 1969-01-17 | 1973-11-30 | ||
| US3836531A (en) * | 1969-12-11 | 1974-09-17 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Synthetic nacreous pigments and method for production thereof |
| US3740244A (en) * | 1970-05-16 | 1973-06-19 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Process for producing colored pearl essences |
| US3788871A (en) * | 1971-03-22 | 1974-01-29 | Whittaker Corp | Pearlescent pigment |
| AR011260A1 (es) * | 1996-10-18 | 2000-08-16 | Huls America Inc | Una composicion de dipersion de pigmento perlado universal suministrable mediante maquinas dispersadores, para ser usada en un recubrimiento de superficies y un metodo para prepararla |
-
2002
- 2002-10-09 DE DE10246965A patent/DE10246965A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-09-18 DE DE10393044T patent/DE10393044D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-09-18 WO PCT/EP2003/010399 patent/WO2004035692A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2003-09-18 AU AU2003270222A patent/AU2003270222A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-09-18 US US10/530,874 patent/US20060005742A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-06 TW TW092127695A patent/TW200424270A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1930265A1 (de) * | 1968-06-15 | 1969-12-18 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Synthetische perlmuttglaenzende Pigmente |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11149038B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2021-10-19 | Dvir GUR | Synthetic co-crystals of anhydrous guanine and process for preparing the same |
| US11858936B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2024-01-02 | Dvir GUR | Synthetic co-crystals of anhydrous guanine and process for preparing the same |
| US12473287B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2025-11-18 | Ecocrystal Ltd. | Synthetic co-crystals of anhydrous guanine and process for preparing the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10393044D2 (de) | 2005-07-07 |
| TW200424270A (en) | 2004-11-16 |
| AU2003270222A1 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
| US20060005742A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
| DE10246965A1 (de) | 2004-04-22 |
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