WO2004001149A2 - Vacuum insulation panel, method for the heat insulation of objects and auxiliary agent therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

The vacuum insulation panel (VIP) has a gas-tight mantle and an open-pored, evacuated core disposed therein, characterized in that it is structured in such a way that it can be penetrated either partially or fully at any particular points or at individually defined points without causing vacuum loss. This can be accomplished in gas-tight auxiliary bodies whose structure is such that surfaces of said auxiliary bodies can be connected to two opposite sides of the gas tight mantle of the VIP in a gas-tight manner. Alternately, the gas-tight mantle can be formed at least partially as a double mantle with two enveloping films and a sealing material disposed therebetween, whereby a sealing surface is formed around the penetrating body when penetration occurs. Other alternatives include penetration of any particular VIPs by special penetrating bodies comprising a pair of partial bodies with shanks with which they are reciprocally penetrated in a concentric manner and which can be connected to each other in a gas-tight manner. The invention also relates to a method for minimized-cold-bridge heat-insulation of large-volume bodies by means of VIP, wherein a large-surface VIP is placed on top of or placed underneath a layer of insulation bodies disposed in the form of a strip. Penetrable or penetrated VIPs are especially suitable for use as strip-shaped insulation bodies since an outer covering can be applied in a satisfactory manner.

Description

 VACUUM-INSULATION PANEL, PROCESS FOR THE INSULATION OF OBJECTS AND AUXILIARIES

FOR THIS

The invention relates. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs).

Vacuum insulation panels (VIP) offer enormous potential for highly effective thermal insulation in a wide variety of applications, such as vehicles for the transport of goods with cooled or heated goods containers, large-scale means of transport for people to be heated and buildings of all kinds.

The advantage of VIP compared to conventional thermal insulation materials, such as mineral wool, is that, depending on the design, VIP have a heat conduction that is five to fifty times lower, which means that with the same good thermal insulation properties, a jacket that is thermally insulated with VIP can be made much thinner and saves space.

In principle, all vacuum insulation panels (VIP) available on the market today or known from the specialist or patent literature are constructed in such a way that a room surrounded by a closed, gas-tight envelope is evacuated until sufficient heat conduction is achieved sets the remaining gases. In In most cases, this principle is implemented in such a way that a pressure-resistant core made of open-pore material is surrounded by a flexible plastic-metal composite cover, which is usually made up of several layers of plastic and aluminum foil. The state of the art with regard to such VIPs is documented in detail in the brochure "High Performance Thermal Insulation" of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy from December 2000. Some examples of the numerous corresponding patents are: WO 00/19139, DE 199 15 311 AI, DE 198 03 908 AI, US 5664396, EP 0857909, US4726974, DE 197 04 323 Cl, WO9641048, WO 96/01346, WO 96/28624.

Since the introduction of VIP on the market is only beginning to be very hesitant, relatively few applications of VIP have been documented so far. A small collection of application examples can be found in the brochure "High Performance Thermal Insulation" of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy from December 2000. Further examples can be found in "High Performance Thermal Insulation Systems, Vacuum Insulated Products", International Conference, EMPA Dübendorf, Switzerland, Jan. 22-24, 2001.

All VIPs mentioned in the patent and specialist literature have the serious disadvantage that they are susceptible to damage and. If the gas-tight casing is damaged, the vacuum, and with it the heat-insulating effect, is quickly lost. An analysis of these and other examples and - taking into account the structure of VIP described above - systematically thinking through the thermal insulation tasks on the building results in the following catalog of additional disadvantages of the known VIP:

The skin advantage of the VIP, the much lower required insulation thickness, has another obvious disadvantage. Become the VIP records Layed as simply as possible, butted as closely as possible on their narrow sides, this results in a much shorter heat conduction path along the depth of this joint, and thus a much more serious thermal bridge than when using conventional thermal insulation materials. This thermal bridge at the butt firstly significantly reduces the overall efficiency of the thermal insulation and secondly, local building damage can result from the local thermal bridges.

This fact is exacerbated today by the fact that all previously known types of VIP, which have a flexible plastic composite cover, have to be welded over a relatively large area (i.e. a few mm wide) in order to produce a gas-tight weld seam. Today, this is implemented without exception in such a way that on all sides of the VIP, along the central axis of the edge surfaces, there is a "marginal flap" a few cm wide, which has to be folded over when the VIP is later laid, which is the result of the impact between the VIP Heat bridge potentiates.

In order to (minimally) defuse the thermal bridge mentioned, the VIPs are usually connected to one another at the joints using airtight adhesive tapes. This creates a completely water-impermeable shell. While this is desirable in some applications, there are at least as many cases where this is undesirable. The case of a plastered exterior facade is an example in which water vapor diffusion through the substructure is only permissible if it is completely uniform over the entire surface. If water vapor only escapes through gaps between insulating bodies, this is very quickly visible in the plaster and leads to structural damage over time. But if you consider, for example, the case of a facade that is thermally insulated with VIP and has a rear-ventilated cover layer outside this VIP location, it would be entirely desirable if the water vapor generated inside the building as far as possible through the building envelope without heat loss and would not have to be removed by expensive air conditioning units.

Another disadvantage of all known VIPs is that the VIPs are usually fixed-format bodies whose dimensions can no longer be changed subsequently, which means that VIPs laid in butt to butt joint must be made to measure so that the dimensional sum of the VIP corresponds exactly to the dimensions of the surfaces to be insulated. If this is not the case, either gaps are created or the pre-dimensioned VIPs cannot be relocated at all and have to be procured with adapted dimensions, taking into account great time delays.

Another disadvantage of all VIPs that have a shell is the fact that there is non-negligible heat conduction along this shell. The thicker the shell, the more metal it contains and the shorter the heat conduction path, i.e. the thicker it is. is the lateral dimension of the VIP. Firstly, this means that the lateral dimensions of the VIP must not be less than a certain size, which in many cases is 30 to 50 cm. Secondly, when VIPs are laid butt to butt, this always significantly increases the thermal bridge effect at the butt.

Taking into account these recognizable disadvantages of today's VIP designs and applications and taking into account the practice of construction, the following catalog of requirements results, which must be fulfilled by a system for laying VIPs:

1. Laying and fastening the VIP with minimal time and cost. 2. Easiest handling with little mechanical stress in the process of laying and fastening the VIP, so that the risk of injury to the VIP envelope is minimized.

3. Generation of a thermal bridge-free envelope, or at least an envelope with thermal bridges minimized to the extent that no structural damage occurs, both on vertical surfaces (wall) and on "horizontal" surfaces (roof, basement ceiling).

4. Enabling the compensation of lateral dimensional errors, which the building to be insulated has, within the VIP envelope without creating thermal bridges. 5. Solutions for the structural problem areas "positive edge and corner", "negative edge and corner", "roof connection", "cellar ceiling connection", "false ceiling connection", "connection to openings such as windows and doors."

6. Can be used for internal or external thermal insulation as well as for inserted thermal insulation on solid or skeleton structures. 7. Desire for the use of sleeves with a high metal content while minimizing the edge conduction effect. High metal contents in the casing increase the security against vacuum loss.

8. Storm-proof fastening of a covering layer (plaster, EPS + plaster, wooden panels,

Metal plates,) outside of the VIP envelope, so that this attachment does not exert any - or only negligible - forces on the VIP, and the cover layer is still (stormily) held securely even if the VIP should lose its strength due to vacuum loss , The positions of any mounting elements required for this must be able to be precisely determined despite the requirement 4 for compensation of lateral dimensional errors in the construction planning. 9. Enabling a local distance compensation of the cover layer relative to the load-bearing structure of the building, so that a cover surface that is as flat as possible can be created even with an uneven base. 10. Desire for an optional, at least partial water vapor permeability without generating thermal bridges.

11. Desire for the feasibility of electrical lines and possibly water lines without enlarging the thermal bridges generated by the lines.

12. Additional request for the producibility of inexpensive composite panels.

Although some of these requirements can be met very easily, such obvious solutions always lead to the sidelines.

For example, it is clearly recognizable that by gluing two-layer VIPs offset against each other on the load-bearing structure, the demand for a thermal bridge-free envelope within the surfaces to be insulated can be met. But it is just as clearly visible that this simple solution is not only very expensive, but also fails at the "edge" and "connections" problem areas, and makes wishes such as "permeability to water vapor" and "routing of pipes" completely unfulfillable. Finally - and most significantly - an additional outer shell must never be applied directly to a single-layer or double-layer layer by VIP without special measures. The worst case is that all VIPs who wear a certain cover plate lose their vacuum, which causes the envelope, which was previously pressed against the core by the air pressure, to become loose. This includes the non-negligible possibility that, when attached directly to the VIP, outer cladding panels can be torn away by storm forces and rush through the air like bullets as a deadly danger. One solution that is sufficient for the cold bridge problem and requires considerably less material could be laying VIP according to a roof tile pattern. However, this approach firstly brings with it the major disadvantage that the VIP layer does not form a flat surface, and secondly it makes the independent fastening of an additional cover layer almost impossible.

It can also be seen that the use of VIP with "classic elements" such as panels with rebate or panels with tongue and groove in the area of the - injury-sensitive - VIP are not usable, or only to a very limited extent. Such solutions integrate overlap points that are much less thick than the rest of the panel, which means either cold bridges or large areas that are much too thick, and thus too expensive, VIP. In addition, each individual VIP is in a not sufficiently precisely defined lateral position, which makes the exact positioning of elements for holding an additional cover layer extremely difficult.

A viable system for laying VIPs that fulfills all of the above requirements - and which also enables the aforementioned wishes to be satisfied - is by no means trivial. If one also takes into account the very short period of time within which the use of VIP has been thought worldwide to this day, it is not surprising that there are no corresponding solutions in the known technical and patent literature.

The object of the present invention is to provide a VIP which is less susceptible to damage and which brings about an improvement in relation to at least some of the requirements listed in the requirements catalog above. In addition, an insulation system is to be created which also meets at least some of the above requirements. This object is achieved according to the invention by a VIP according to claim 1 in that the VIP is constructed in such a way that it can - at least locally - be pierced by bodies without loss of vacuum. This creates new mounting options.

The solution is ingeniously simple and opens up an unprecedented number of new possibilities.

The term VIP, as used here, refers to any vacuum insulation body with a sealing shell and an evacuated interior. It not only designates - as the word "panel" might suggest - flat insulation bodies. "VI" in the context of this document expressly designates vacuum insulation bodies of any two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes. Usually a VIP has a core. This invention relates to VIP with any open pore or other core materials.

The invention further relates to auxiliary tools, by means of which VIPs, which would lose their vacuum when piercing a body, can be pierced at any time without loss of vacuum.

The invention further relates to a method for the thermal insulation of large-volume bodies (buildings, vehicles, etc.) which, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, uses the penetration of VIPs.

Advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the features of the dependent claims. The patent and technical literature does not describe any approaches, especially for the VIPs provided with film-like envelopes, which permit a deliberate or even unwanted, one-sided or bilateral piercing of the VIP envelope without loss of vacuum.

However, at least local and wanted penetrability of the VIP without loss of vacuum would be of great interest for many thermal insulation tasks.

The object of the present invention is to describe structures of VIP or corresponding auxiliary instruments which, at least locally and perhaps deliberately, allow penetration of the VIP without loss of the vacuum.

In principle there are two different approaches to enable the penetration of a VIP.

The first approach is relatively simple to do and allows VIPs to be built that can be penetrated at certain predetermined locations with bodies that do not exceed a certain diameter, depending on the size of the penetrable zones.

For this purpose, column-shaped or coil-shaped, full or hollow auxiliary bodies which are gas-tight in themselves are preferably installed in the VIP at the desired locations in such a way that their end faces can be connected gas-tight to two opposite sides of the VIP envelope. If the VIP is pierced along the central axis of this auxiliary body at any later time, the VIP does not lose its vacuum and thus remains fully functional. The structure of the auxiliary body mentioned must firstly ensure that it can be easily penetrated in the longitudinal direction and secondly that it is so gas-tight that no gas can penetrate into the interior of the VIP from the body penetrating the auxiliary body. Third, the auxiliary bodies must be gas-tightly connectable to the VIP envelope at least on their end faces. Fourth, the auxiliary body must not conduct too much heat in its longitudinal direction.

The first requirement can be met if the auxiliary body is hollow along its central axis or if it consists of solid material that can be subsequently opened, for example by drilling, without great effort. In the case of a hollow body, the gas-tight wall can consist, for example, of thin stainless steel or another metal, with which requirements 1, 2 and 4 are met. If the auxiliary body is constructed, for example, with a suitable, possibly metal-coated, possibly fiber-reinforced plastic material, it can either be hollow or full in order to meet requirements 1, 2 and 4. Suitable plastics are, for example, PET or one of the group of fluoroplastics such as PTFE, PFA, etc.

An improvement in the sealing behavior is possible if the auxiliary body is designed as a hollow body, and if an additional material is present inside it, which after the desired penetration with a body, for example, by the addition of heat, or by the access of oxygen, or by a chemical reaction with the surface of the penetrating body, a gas-tight - physical or chemical - connection as possible with the surface of the penetrating body. Such additional materials are conceivable, for example PE or PFA. If one assumes that the VIP cover is a suitable plastic-metal composite film, then the requirement 3 for a gas-tight connection between the VIP cover and the end faces of the auxiliary body can be met, for example, by coating the end faces of the auxiliary body with PE are, which can then be sealed gas-tight with an appropriate PE cover film of the shell. If, for example, a VIP envelope is made from its inner surface, it can be advantageous if at least the end faces of the auxiliary bodies are also made of metal, so that gas-tight soldering or welding can be carried out.

The second basic approach to solving the task, depending on the embodiment, either offers the option of deliberately penetrating the VIP at predefined local points or ensuring that the VIP can be deliberately penetrated at any point. In the most complex embodiment, it even allows the construction of a VIP, the shell of which remains tight after an unwanted penetration with a pointed object and closes again gas-tight after a later removal of the pointed object - the requirement for a smaller susceptibility to accidentally added damage is therefore fulfilled ,

For this purpose, use is made of a second gas-tight envelope, which is present locally or over a large area, a sealing layer being present between the first and the second gas-tight envelope.

The second gas-tight envelope is advantageously made of a tough, in front of the

Tear open plastically deforming plastic. One is even better

Metal-plastic composite film that contains a tough plastic that deforms plastically before being torn open. In this case it is the second one When penetrating a body, cover a kind of tight-fitting sealing sleeve around it, so that the permanently viscous sealing material only has to fulfill part of the sealing task. Suitable plastics are, for example, PET or one of the group of fluoroplastics such as PTFE, PFA, etc.

The sealing layer is a highly elastic or permanently viscous material layer such as soft synthetic rubber or silicone. This highly elastic or permanently viscous layer hugs the body so tightly that a gas-tight connection is created, at least for the first time.

It is also possible that instead of an elastic or permanently viscous sealing material, a rapidly curing, preferably highly viscous, one-component or two-component adhesive is used in the uncured state. If a two-component adhesive is used, it is possible to separate the two components from one another until penetration through a thin membrane; or it is possible to store only one of the two components within the double shell and to supply the other component with the penetrating body, which is deliberately guided through the double shell. An adhesive is advantageously used which can produce metal-metal and metal-plastic connections which are as thin as possible, so that foil parts deformed in the manner of a cuff are connected as closely as possible to the penetrating body. Conceivable adhesives of this type are, for example, the adhesives known under the brand names "A + P CYANA", "AGOMET ^® F" or "ARALDIT ^® ".

To improve the sealing behavior, the sealing material can have at least one, but advantageously several additional layers of a tough, tear-resistant film, such as, for example, PPE, PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made from one these include plastics and a metal foil, such as aluminum or steel foil, which each extend over the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone. In the course of penetrating a fastening element, these foils have to be pierced and overlapping cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body, which additionally act as seals.

In extreme cases, the sealing material can consist entirely of numerous, i.e. at least 5 to 100 layers, a tough tear-resistant film, such as PPE, PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel foil, each covering the entire inner surface of the self-sealing Zone.

The properties described allow the zones constructed in this way to be referred to as zones with a self-sealing shell.

The principle described can be improved in that a negative pressure of, for example, 0.1 bar is present between the first and the second gas-tight envelope. In this way, normal air pressure puts the highly elastic or permanently viscous layer under pressure and thus improves the sealing behavior of the same.

An additional improvement can be achieved in that the highly elastic or permanently viscous material is composed in such a way that it chemically reacts with any penetrating gases such as oxygen or nitrogen and forms a permanently gastight layer. The combination of the approaches outlined above means that a VIP can be set up that does not lose its vacuum even if a body that has, if at all, only been unilaterally penetrated is subsequently removed, ie after a few seconds or hours. After removal of the body, which is inadvertently penetrated, the "sealing sleeve" then still present is pressed together by the permanently viscous material under pressure and completely sealed.

A further improvement can be achieved in the case of bodies deliberately guided by the VIP, that these bodies are coated and / or the highly elastic or permanently viscous material is composed in such a way that a permanent, i.e. sets gas-tight chemical compound with certainty for decades.

A further improvement can be achieved in the case of bodies deliberately guided by the VIP in that, firstly, these bodies are essentially nail-shaped, ie have a flat head plate and a shaft. Second, a first nail-shaped body with a full or hollow shaft is paired with a second nail-shaped body with a hollow shaft, the outer diameter of the shaft of the first body corresponding approximately to the inner diameter of the shaft of the second body. These two nail-shaped bodies are guided through the double shell of the VIP and through the entire VIP so that the full or hollow shaft of the first body comes to lie in the hollow shaft of the second body and that the respective undersides of the two head plates on the shell of the VIP rest. The respective undersides of the head plates and the inside of the hollow shaft are coated with a material that is liquefied at temperatures in the order of 150 ° C to 350 ° C to such an extent that it coalesces with the respective "neighboring material" penetrating VIP "welded" and that there is a tight connection between full and hollow shaft. Examples of such materials are PE and PFA or solder. In the manner described, in addition to the sealing function of the double cover described in detail above, a large-area and long-term stable seal is produced between the head plates and the outside of the VIP cover and between the penetrating shafts.

So far, it has been assumed in both of the above-mentioned basic approaches that VIPs, which will later be intentionally penetrated, are prepared for this during the manufacture of the VIP.

However, this usually means that when planning the entire VIP shell of a body to be insulated, the points to be penetrated later are precisely planned, which is easy to implement in many cases, while in other cases the implementation of construction projects can be considerable difficult.

In the following, therefore, auxiliary parts or auxiliary tools are to be described which allow VIPs who were not prepared for a penetration during manufacture to be subsequently penetrated with certain predefined bodies at the place of their use or to be made penetrable for them.

A first possibility is to provide auxiliary envelope parts that have a diameter of 1 to 20 cm, for example.

These auxiliary envelope parts are constructed in such a way that there are two gas-tight envelopes welded to one another over a large area in their edge regions, and that a sealing layer is enclosed between the first and the second gastight envelope. Advantageously, at least one of the two gastight casings is made of a tough plastic that deforms plastically before being torn open. Even better is a metal-plastic composite film that contains a tough plastic that deforms plastically before being torn open. In this case, the shell forms a kind of tight-fitting sealing sleeve around the body when it penetrates a body, so that the permanently viscous sealing material only has to fulfill part of the sealing task. Suitable plastics are, for example, PPE, PET or one from the group of fluoroplastics such as PTFE, PFA, etc.

The sealing layer is a highly elastic or permanently viscous material layer such as soft synthetic rubber or silicone. This highly elastic or permanently viscous layer hugs the body so tightly that a gas-tight connection is created, at least for the first time.

It is also possible that instead of an elastic or permanently viscous sealing material, a rapidly curing, preferably highly viscous, one-component or two-component adhesive is used in the uncured state. When using a two-component adhesive, it is possible to separate the two components from one another until they have penetrated through a thin membrane; or it is possible to store only one of the two components within the double shell and to supply the other component with the penetrating body, which is deliberately guided through the double shell. An adhesive is advantageously used which can produce metal-metal and metal-plastic connections which are as thin as possible, so that foil parts deformed in the manner of a cuff are connected as closely as possible to the penetrating body. Conceivable adhesives of this type are, for example, the adhesives known under the brand names "A + P CYANA", "AGOMET ^® F" or "ARALDIT ^® ". To improve the sealing behavior, the sealing material can contain at least one, but advantageously several additional layers of a tough, tear-resistant film, such as, for example, PPE, PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel film, which extend over the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone. In the course of penetrating a fastening element, these foils have to be pierced, and overlapping cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body, which additionally act as seals.

In extreme cases, the sealing material can consist entirely of numerous, i.e. at least 5 to 100 layers, a tough tear-resistant film, such as PPE, PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel foil, each covering the entire inner surface of the self-sealing Zone.

The two casings are welded together in such a way that a wide double edge and a flat lower side of the auxiliary casing body are created.

The zone which contains the highly elastic or permanently viscous material has, for example, a diameter of a few mm to a few cm.

If two of these auxiliary cover parts are glued or welded to the cover of the VIP to be penetrated with their entire lower side at opposite points, a structure is produced which has the properties of the double cover described above. The principle described can also be improved here by having a negative pressure of, for example, 0.1 bar within the auxiliary casing. In this way, normal air pressure puts the highly elastic or permanently viscous layer under pressure and thus improves the sealing behavior of the same.

An additional improvement can be achieved in that the highly elastic or permanently viscous material is composed in such a way that it chemically reacts with any penetrating gases such as oxygen or nitrogen and forms a permanently gastight layer.

The second option consists of a set of two auxiliary tools aligned with one another so that their centers lie where two opposite surfaces of the VIP are to be pierced, i.e. usually on a normal to the areas of the VIP to be pierced.

This type of alignment can be achieved by attaching the two auxiliary tools, for example, to a U-shaped structure, the length of which is so great that they extend to the center of the VIP. At least one of the two auxiliary tools is advantageously displaceable in the vertical direction to the legs of the U-like structure, if necessary by means of spring force or any other adjusting device, so that both auxiliary tools can be snugly pressed tightly against the surfaces of the VIP to be penetrated.

At least the first of the two auxiliary tools carries a device with which an essentially cylindrical, full or hollow, gas-tight body can be shot or pressed or rotated through the VIP. Both auxiliary tools are able to apply a layer of quickly hardenable, gastight sealing material after hardening to the respective outer surface of the VIP. The sealing material used must be viscous at the moment of application and later "forever" and it must adhere well, ie gas-tight, to the surface of the VIP envelope and to the surface of the cylindrical body to be carried out. Conceivable materials of this type are suitable, at most metal-filled, very rapidly curing two-component adhesives or one-component adhesives which, for example, cure rapidly at temperatures from 100 ° C. to a maximum of 150 ° C. or under ultraviolet radiation. Also conceivable are plastics, such as PE, etc., which become viscous at temperatures from 100 ° C to a maximum of 200 ° C and remain solid at temperatures of at least 80 ° C. It is also conceivable to use fusible fluoroplastics such as PFA. A metallic material that melts at low temperatures, such as solder, is also conceivable.

An improvement in the subsequent sealing behavior can be achieved if the auxiliary tool is designed in such a way that it can apply an additional gas-tight casing made of a tough plastic that deforms plastically before being torn open onto the rapidly curable layer mentioned. Even better is a metal-plastic composite film that contains a tough plastic that deforms plastically before being torn open.

The process of penetration now takes place as follows: First, both auxiliary tools apply a sufficiently thick layer of the sealing material and, if necessary, the additional cover to the respective surface of the VIP. Then the penetrating body is guided through the VIP in such a way that both ends protrude at least slightly from the sealing material. Then the sealing material is cured, the auxiliary energy that may be required for this being supplied by the auxiliary tools. In the process described, it is assumed that the uncured sealing material applied on both sides - if necessary in combination with an additional tough film - is able to form a gas-tight seal with the penetrating body during the penetration process. Although this is entirely possible, it may be advantageous to design the two auxiliary tools so that they create a small evacuated space between the VIP envelope and the inside of the auxiliary tool before the sealing material is applied, in the advantageous but not necessarily one Negative pressure prevails, which falls slightly below the negative pressure prevailing in the VIP, ie, depending on the design of the VIP, a negative pressure of approx. 10 ^"4 to 1 mbar. If it is ensured that the immediate surroundings of the body to be guided by the VIP are also below this Is under pressure, or that the body to be carried out is introduced through a suitable sealing "lock" into the evacuated part of the tool, and if the sealing material is additionally hardened before the vacuum in the auxiliary tools is broken, this can be ensured with absolute certainty no gases penetrate inside the VIP.

In an improved variant of the second possibility described, both auxiliary tools can carry a device with which essentially cylindrical bodies which are gas-tight in themselves can be shot into the VIP or through the VIP, or pressed or rotated.

The body introduced by the second auxiliary tool must in this case be a hollow body, the inside diameter of which corresponds to the outside diameter of the body introduced by the first auxiliary tool and the length of which is generally somewhat less than the thickness of the VIP. This hollow body can advantageously be coated on its inside with sealing material so that between the outside of the first auxiliary tool and the inside of the second The body introduced into the auxiliary tool ultimately creates a large-area seal.

Both bodies that penetrate the VIP can have end plates at their end, which is ultimately outside, which can be connected over a large area to the sealing material previously applied to the outside of the VIP envelope.

If the two bodies penetrating the VIP have end plates at their end, it is at best possible to dispense with first applying a layer of sealing material to the VIP envelope. The undersides of the head plates must then be coated with a material, such as PE or PFA, that can be welded to the outer layer of the VIP cover, for example by heating.

In all cases of auxiliary parts or auxiliary tools described, an improvement in the sealing behavior can be achieved by coating the body to be guided by the VIP and / or by assembling the sealing material in such a way that there is a gap between these two sealing partners within a few seconds to minutes permanent, ie sets gas-tight, physical and / or chemical connection with certainty for decades.

Yet another aspect of the invention is discussed below. The task is to provide a method for thermal insulation using VIPs and an overall system that meets at least some of the requirements contained in the detailed catalog of requirements. The solution to this problem can be achieved with an astonishingly simple basic concept: an overlap of two separate VIP layers with minimal VIP material expenditure, possibly coupled with a storm-proof fastening of a cover layer that is independent of the VIP. The use of this simple concept was not necessary and / or was not useful when using conventional thermal insulation materials and was therefore not described for these materials. For use with VIP, this concept, which is very unusual for the construction sector, can only be found after a systematic analysis of the requirements catalog described above. Accordingly, it has so far not been used, nor has it been described in the patent or specialist literature.

An overlap of two independent VIP layers with minimized material expenditure means that a first layer of long, narrow, strip-shaped VIPs is combined with a second layer of VIPs with the largest possible area so that the edges of the large-area VIPs on or under the strip-shaped VIPs come to lie. The width of the long, narrow, strip-shaped VIP is chosen so that, firstly, the resulting overlap width with the large-area VIPs is sufficiently large in terms of heat technology, secondly, the strip-shaped VIPs are as narrow as possible for reasons of material expenditure and thirdly, there is still enough space to to move the large-area VIP a few cm. In addition, the large-area VIPs are laid relative to the strip-shaped VIPs so that the joints between the individual strip-shaped VIPs are largely covered by the large-area VIPs.

It is obvious that it is also possible to first lay the large-area VIP and then the strip-shaped VIP. It is also conceivable that the strip-shaped VIPs can be replaced by conventional insulation materials that are applied in the form of strips and that are as good as possible, taking into account a locally poorer thermal insulation.

There is also the possibility that the VIPs referred to here as "stripes" also cover a large part of the surface to be insulated and, for example, in extreme cases even have similar shapes and dimensions to the large-area VIPs; the attribute "stripes" is not to be interpreted narrowly here and says only that at least edges of the large-area VIP must be covered. A stripe-shaped design in the narrower sense helps to minimize costs.

A storm-proof attachment of a cover layer that is independent of the VIP requires, when using the described overlap, that the elements necessary for holding the cover layer are guided around the VIP layers or are passed through them so that external forces acting on the cover layer do not occur via the holding elements transferred to the VIP.

In its simplest form, this approach fulfills a whole series of requirements and desires from the above catalog:

The requirements 1 and 2 for time-saving, cost-effective and additionally careful laying of the VIP are met in that the strip-shaped VIP can be applied very quickly to the supporting structure without any space constraint, and that the large-area VIPs also without space constraint, without any space constraints Squeeze and can be attached to the strip-shaped VIP with minimal repositioning of any "edge tabs". Of course, the assembly of the VIP can take place in the reverse order, without any complication, ie first the large-area VIP and then the strip-shaped VIP on the outside.

The requirement 3 for a VIP envelope that is free or minimized of thermal bridges is realized per se by the overlap principle.

The requirement 4 for the possibility of compensating for lateral construction errors is met in that the dimensional sums of the large-area VIPs are a few cm smaller than the dimensions of the areas to be covered, and that the gaps formed between the large-area VIPs are covered or underlaid by the strip-shaped VIPs and that the large-area or strip-shaped VIPs can therefore each be shifted by a few cm.

The requirement 5 for a solution to the structural problem areas is met in a mostly sufficient sense by the flat, strip-shaped VIP described. This is because they can be installed in the area of edges and corners so that the narrow side of one of the VIPs is covered by the end of the broadside of the other strip-shaped VIP, which means that a thermal bridge is present, but this is minimized. In the area of the connections, the strip-shaped VIP can be placed as close as possible to the connection zones, so that the thermal bridge that occurs is also minimized here. If angled, possibly isosceles "strip-shaped" elements are made available for the area of positive and / or negative edges, then these problem areas can be thermally insulated with VIP without any thermal bridges. Also in the area of connection zones, such angled "strips", which are at most unequal-legged for this purpose, can result in a significantly improved thermal insulation effect. The requirement 6 for the broadest usability is met by the very flexible basic principle per se.

The desire 7 to use VIP sleeves with a high metal content is largely fulfilled by the overlap principle. With a sufficiently large overlap width of strip-shaped and large-area VIPs, it can be achieved that the heat conduction path along the envelope is lengthened by a factor of 5 to 10 compared to a butt-to-butt installation. Since the physical relationship between the length of the thermal path and the thickness of the metal layer in the shell corresponds to a linear mathematical law, this means that, with constant heat loss through the shell, the thickness of the metal layer can be increased by this factor 5 to 10.

As a pleasing additional improvement, which brings the described overlap principle with minimal material expenditure almost free of charge, the following can be stated. Between the strip-shaped and the large-area VIPs, there is air standing, with respect to the building envelope, inside the large-area VIP, the thickness of which corresponds approximately to that of the strip-shaped VIP. Standing air is not as good an insulator as vacuum, but it is still one of the best insulators we know. This means that the "sum" (more precisely: the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal values) of the thermal insulation values of the large-area VIP and the standing air, compared to a single-layer VIP layer without standing air, brings a significant improvement in the thermal insulation overall. With VIP and air layers of the same thickness, this improvement is approx. 20 to 30%, which of course can also be used to make the large-area VIPs correspondingly thinner and thus at best less expensive. This can help to at least partially avoid the only feared disadvantage of the overlap principle with minimized material expenditure compared to a fully single-layer VIP insulation, namely a higher material and cost expenditure. If one further takes into account that one of the purposes of using the overlap principle is to minimize the heat losses via thermal bridges, this allows a further reduction in thickness of the VIP of the order of 20%, with no loss of heat, with constant overall heat conduction through the VIP envelope local thermal bridges lead to structural damage. With this further reduction in thickness, the total material costs for the two application principles mentioned are balanced. If, as described below, it is also possible to fasten an additional outer shell quickly and inexpensively by using the overlap principle, and if the VIP layer can also be used to conduct cables inexpensively, a solution based on the overlap principle with a minimal amount of material is clear overall less expensive than a single-layer VIP shift.

The most difficult task so far has been the requirement 8 for a storm-proof attachment of an additional cover layer outside of the two VIP layers described, which is independent of the condition of the VIP, and of course as low as possible with thermal bridges. Of course, the requirement for a storm-proof attachment of the cover layer in the strict sense is only necessary for the external insulation of buildings. However, it is also clear that, even in the case of internal thermal insulation, it is of the greatest advantage if an "overlying" cover layer is attached in such a way that the VIP is not burdened by this attachment, because this has a negative impact on the "service life" of the VIP envelope can be avoided. If it is possible to guarantee the storm-proof fastening of a covering layer "above" an external VIP insulation, then a secure fastening of covering layers "above" of VIP insulation layers inside the building is made possible, in this case under Under certain circumstances, a simplified, or not quite as stable, variant of the fastening can be used.

In principle, the demand discussed can be met in three different ways.

As a first basic possibility, the VIPs can contain zones on their edges and / or in their area, within which the two large-area sides of the VIP are connected to one another by means of additional elements that are tension-resistant and pre-tensioned with a tensile stress of at least 0.1 N / mm. If the large areas in the area of the tensile zones are reinforced by plate - like elements and the two VIP layers are connected to each other in the area of the overlaps at these reinforced points, for example by gluing, and the respective VIP layer with the supporting structure of the building or . Connected to the cover layer, this creates a connection in conjunction with the pressure-resistant core of the VIP, which transfers the forces arising from the wind load and the weight of the cover layer to the supporting structure of the building without the VIP's envelope being burdened by it. This ensures that even if the vacuum in the VIP is completely lost, the outer cover layer is kept with certainty.

As an additional bonus, this described basic structure of the VIP also offers the possibility of producing very inexpensive composite panels, as requested 12. For this purpose, only two suitable cover plates of the same size have to be connected to the tensile zones of a VIP, which is preferably a few% smaller, for example by gluing. In this way, composites of the most varied materials can be produced, the thermal insulation capacity of which, in the event of a - as a rule not occurring - vacuum loss of the VIP is largely lost, but its strength - and thus accident safety - is retained even in the worst case.

The second basic option is to design at least the strip-shaped VIP in such a way that they can be pierced during the assembly process on the building, at least locally, for example with pin-like or screw-like holding elements, without loss of vacuum. If the zones within which such puncturing is permitted are arranged, for example, at suitable intervals along the long central axis of the strip-shaped VIP, this on the one hand enables the two VIP layers to be laid with sufficient overlap; on the other hand, the outer cover layer is attached to the support elements which penetrate the strip-shaped VIP layer, without any frictional connection with the VIP, and thus completely independently of the respective state of the same. For this purpose, the mounting elements used can be purchased standard elements, for example.

It is obvious that such a type of fastening of the outer cover layer additionally fulfills the requirement 9 for enabling a distance compensation, since the holding element mentioned can, for example, be made in two parts and thus adjustable in length.

Furthermore, it is obvious that this type of fastening can also be used in the structural problem areas "positive edge and corner", "negative edge and corner" and "connection zones" without any modification. In addition, this type of VIP structure also allows the cost-effective production of composite panels, as described in the same way as for the first possible solution.

Piercing the VIP is preferably made possible by one of the aforementioned principles.

The third basic possibility is the use of specially shaped brackets, which are shaped so that they grip around the strip-shaped VIP in their transverse direction and thus the strip-shaped VIP can be attached to the base given by the shell on both sides. In addition, these holding elements above the long central axis of the strip-shaped VIP have an externally extending, for example T-shaped element, the longitudinal leg of which has at least the length corresponding to the thickness of the plate-shaped VIP, and on the transverse leg of which the outer cover layer can be fixed. Furthermore, this T-shaped element can be designed in such a way that its length is adjustable and thus the wish 12 is fulfilled. A disadvantage is obvious that such mounting elements must be designed differently for the structural problem areas already mentioned several times so that they can fulfill the task.

The last two points of the catalog of requirements, which have not yet been discussed, are the wishes 10 for an optional water vapor permeability and 11 for the implementation of power lines.

These two wishes can be met together with a simple measure, in that the two VIP layers in the overlap area are not tight be laid, but with a distance that, in the direction of the normal to the insulating surface, corresponds at least to the diameter of the power lines to be carried out. So that the resulting gap between the overlapping VIPs does not become a thermal bridge, it must of course be ensured that the sum of the gaps means that no air can circulate, but that zones of standing, and thus heat-insulating, air are created. This can be achieved, for example, by at least partially filling the gap between overlapping VIPs with a correspondingly thick layer of flexible conventional insulation material, such as light glass wool. Power lines can then be routed locally through the layer of conventional insulation around the VIP without any problems. Accordingly, a diffusion of water vapor through the conventional insulation material and around the absolutely gastight VIP is ensured.

One could fear that the gap between the VIPs to be filled with conventional insulation material, which due to the diameter of the power lines to be carried out must be of the order of 1 cm, is a serious disadvantage of this simple solution for thermal reasons. A simple consideration invalidates this fear. Assuming a very good maximum heat conduction Q corresponding to passive houses of 0.1 W / (m ² ° K) through the insulation cover, as a reasonable assumption, a maximum of 0.01 W / ° K through the 4 columns below an Im ² large VIP f Hesse. If these gaps are filled with glass wool (λ = 0.033 W / m ° K), the required overlap width x is approx. 13 cm. (Q = 0.01 = (λ * cross-section column / x) = 0.033 * (0.01 * 1 * 4) / x; => x = 0.033 * (0.01 * 1 * 4) /0.01 = 0.132 m). This means that the strip-shaped VIP - notices for fulfilling the passive house standard - must have a width of approx. 30 cm, so that there is still enough room for lateral displacements of the large-area VIP - which may be necessary to compensate for dimensional structural errors is. If one assumes the value of 0.2 W / (m ^z ° K) heat conduction through the insulation sleeve, which is still very good for today's relationship, the so-called Minergie standard, the necessary overlap width is reduced to approx. 6.5 cm. Accordingly, the necessary width of the strip-shaped VIP is reduced to approx. 15 cm, which may be important for cost reasons.

Should one come to the conclusion that the described simple fulfillment of wishes 10 and 11 is not sufficient for thermal reasons, or that lines of larger cross-section, e.g. electricity ducts or water lines with a diameter of up to 3 cm, for example, must be routed through the VIP insulation layers, there is a somewhat more complex and less flexible solution for this.

The gap between the VIPs is used in this second solution only for the purpose of diffusion of water vapor. The gap between the two VIP layers, which is to be filled at least partially with conventional insulation material, can therefore be reduced to a thickness of approx. 1 mm, which means that the amount of heat transported through the gap is reduced by a factor of 10.

Special, and unfortunately much more expensive, strip-shaped VIPs are made available for the implementation of the desired "thick" lines, which only need to be used exactly where "thick" lines are necessary. These special strip-shaped VIPs must have one or more zones, advantageously located approximately on the long central axis of the VIP, which guarantee approximately full vacuum thermal insulation until the point of penetration. At any later point in time, these zones can be penetrated with a "thick" line without the vacuum being lost in the rest of the VIP. For this purpose it is only necessary to integrate an inherently gas-tight, poorly heat-conducting, principally tubular or coil-shaped element into the VIP in such a way that the ring-shaped end faces of this element are gas-tightly connected to the gas-tight envelope of the VIP. If the inside of the tubular or coil-shaped element is initially filled with the core material of the VIP and was also evacuated during the evacuation of the VIP, the almost full thermal insulation effect is guaranteed in the area of this implementation. If, at any later time, the VIP is pierced in the area of the interior of the tube, the thermal insulation in the area of the tube is lost, but remains in the rest of the VIP.

Exemplary embodiments according to the invention and further advantages of the invention are explained below with reference to the drawings. Show it :

Fig. 1 cross section of basic versions of VIP, which have internal, penetrable auxiliary body.

Fig. 2 cross section of a basic embodiment of a VIP composite panel.

Fig. 3 cross sections of basic versions of VIP, which have a self-sealing double skin locally or over a large area.

Fig. 4 cross sections of a basic embodiment of an auxiliary body for penetration of VIP Fig. 5 cross section of a basic embodiment of a self-sealing double shell part, which can be subsequently applied to a VIP at any point.

Fig. 6 schematic diagram of an auxiliary device for the penetration of VIP

Fig. 7 schematic diagram of a further auxiliary device for penetrating VIP

Fig. 8 A perspective sketch of the principle of overlap with minimized material, with adaptability to lateral construction defects and with the possibility of independent attachment of a cover layer

Fig. 9 Table of principle sketches for the application of the overlap principle to buildings

Fig. 10 The principle of an execution of VIP with foil-like covers and with tensile zones

Fig. 11 Basic design options of the strip-shaped VIP holders for fastening a cover layer independently of the VIP

Fig. 12 Sketch to illustrate a VIP overlap principle which allows the passage of lines and which is permeable to water vapor Fig. 13 cross section of the basic structure of a simple VIP composite panel

Fig. La shows a basic structure, which allows the implementation of relatively small-sized objects, such as fasteners, so nails, screws, etc.

For this purpose, elements (13a), for example, which are constructed in a coil-like manner and are gas-tight in themselves, are integrated into the VIP (10a) at the desired locations. The coil-like element can be hollow on the inside, as shown, but it can also be full if easily pierceable materials are used. In the course of the manufacturing process of a corresponding VIP (10a), the coil-like, gas-tight elements (13a) are first introduced into the core (12a) of the VIP (10a) at the desired locations. Then the core (12a) with the filled coil-like elements (13c) is surrounded in a vacuum with the, for example, film-like sheath (11a), the sheath is welded on all sides and additionally with all existing head plates and base plates of the coil-like elements over their entire surface, for example by an adhesive bond (14a) is connected gastight.

Fig. Lb shows a slightly modified variant of la. In this case, the coil-like element is always hollow and its inner surface is thickly coated with a viscous sealing material (15b), which forms a large-area seal with an object which is carried out later and at most when air molecules penetrate, i.e. under the influence of oxygen or nitrogen.

Fig. Lc shows a variant that allows the implementation of relatively large-sized objects, such as water pipes with a large outside diameter or like "spies" in doors. For this purpose, elements (13c) with an inner diameter of 1 mm to 10 cm are integrated into the VIP (10c) at the desired locations, for example in principle in a coil-like manner and are gas-tight in themselves. So that the film-like sheath (11c) over the large interior (15c) of the coil-like element (13c) does not tear after the evacuation of the VIP, the latter must be filled if it has a diameter of approx. 1 cm and larger, which preferably happens with the same material that is used in the rest of the VIP as core material (12c).

In all three variants shown, the material and the wall thickness of the coil-like elements (13a, b, c) are selected so that only an overall negligible heat conduction occurs along the element and that the element is inherently gas-tight. This can be ensured, for example, by means of a thin-walled steel element or by means of a, if necessary metal-coated, if necessary fiber-reinforced, correspondingly thick-walled plastic element. Suitable plastics are, for example, PET or one from the group of fluoroplastics such as PTFE, PFA, etc.

The basic structure described results in VIP (10a, b, c), which can initially be installed as a completely "normal" VIP and have no disadvantages in terms of heat technology. At any later point in time, the VIP envelope (lla, b, c) above the coil-like element (13a, b, c) can be opened and the inside of the coil-like element (13a, b, c) can be pierced with the desired object. The resulting thermal weak point is of course limited to the inner diameter of the coil-like element (13a, b, c). With VIP, which are constructed according to the above explanations, a VIP composite panel can be easily produced as an additional bonus. Fig. 2 illustrates the basic structure of such a composite panel, in which a VIP (20) with coil-like hollow elements (23) is used, which is integrated into the core material (22) of the VIP (20) and on its head or base surface with the sheath (21) are connected in a gas-tight manner.

Fixed plates (24) are located on the two large areas of the VIP. The plates (24) can be made of steel, aluminum, glass or wood, for example, although of course they do not both have to be made of the same material.

The fixed plates are connected, for example by gluing or welding or soldering, to tensile bodies (25) which penetrate the coil-like bodies (23) in the longitudinal direction. The tensile bodies (25) have a diameter that is at least a few mm smaller than the inner diameter of the coil-like bodies (23). This game ensures that if the thermal expansion of the two fixed plates differs, no, or at least negligible, stresses are not transferred to the VIP.

So that the entire structure has sufficient strength despite this desired play, the remaining cavity of the coil-like elements (23) can be filled with a permanently elastic material (26), such as silicone.

The lateral dimensions of the fixed plates (24) can be somewhat larger than that of the VIP (20), which means that the cover (21) of the VIP (20), which is relatively easily vulnerable, is protected in the simplest way from damage. Additional protection can optionally be achieved by introducing a, preferably permanently elastic, protective material (27), for example silicone adhesive, between the protruding surface portions of the solid plates (24).

FIG. 3a shows the basic structure of a panel-like VIP (30a) with a pressure-resistant core material (32a) and a film-like cover (31a) and with local zones with self-sealing double cover (33a) arranged in pairs on opposite surfaces of the VIP. These self-sealing zones (33a) are attached in the course of the production of the VIP at the locations where the VIP (30a) is to be penetrated during use, for example with fastening elements such as nails, screws, etc. So that this can be done without great effort and without errors, the diameters of the self-sealing zones (33a) must preferably be a multiple of the diameter of the elements penetrating the VIP, for example 1 cm to 20 cm and preferably 2 cm to 5 cm.

Figure 3b shows the basic structure of a panel-VIP (30b) having a pressure-resistant core material (32b) and a foil-like sheath (31b) and having an at least over both major surfaces of the VIP (30b) ^"extending sebstdichtenden double casing (33b). The double sheath (33b) can only reach around the edge of the VIP (30b) with its wrapping film (35b) as shown in Fig. 3b on the left (36), or it can with its wrapping film (as shown in Fig. 3b on the right (37) 35b) and the additional sealing material (34b) completely envelop the VIP (30b).

In the area of the local or large-area self-sealing zones (33a, b) there is a second wrapping film (35a, b), which either with the first VIP wrapper (31a, b) is as large as possible (36a, b), ie in a width from approx. 1 cm to 5 cm, or with itself (37) in a gastight manner, for example by welding. The first (31a, b) and the second (35a, b) shell is, for example, a commercially available composite film made of several thin layers of aluminum and PET with two cover layers PE, which ensure weldability, or it is a composite of a relatively thick, ie 0.01 to 0.1 mm thick, aluminum foil with two cover layers PE. In cases where this does not matter in terms of price, the use of plastics from the group of fluoroplastics, such as PTFE, PFA, PCTFE etc., is also possible. All the types of composite film mentioned, and many other films suitable for the present case, can be obtained, for example, from Covexx, Walsrode, Germany.

A permanently viscous sealing material (34a, b) with a high viscosity, such as a suitable silicone, is present between the first (31a, b) and the second (35a, b) wrapping film _. , which in the case of penetration clings closely to the penetrating body. It is also possible that instead of an elastic or permanently viscous sealing material (34a, b), a rapidly curing, preferably highly viscous, one- or two-component adhesive, preferably in the uncured state, is used. When using a two-component adhesive, there is the possibility of separating the two components from one another up to the point of penetration by a thin membrane (not shown in FIG. 3); or it is possible to store only one of the two components within the double shell and to supply the other component with the penetrating body, which is deliberately guided through the double shell. An adhesive is advantageously used which can produce metal-metal and metal-plastic connections which are as thin as possible, so that cuff-like deformed film parts are connected as closely as possible to the penetrating body. Conceivable adhesives of this type are, for example, the adhesives known under the brand names "A + P CYANA", "AGOMET ^® F" or "ARALDIT ^® ". The gas tightness of the critical shortest diffusion path that arises in this way directly along the penetrating body is a linear function of the pressure difference, the sealing material and the length of the diffusion path. It is therefore advantageous to make the diffusion path, ie the thickness of the sealing material, as large as possible. For reasons of the applicability of the VIP, the thickness of the sealing material (34a, b) of 1 mm to 10 mm will be limited in practice.

To improve the sealing behavior, the sealing material (34a, b) can have at least one, but advantageously several additional layers of a tough tear-resistant film, such as PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made from one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel foil, include, each extending over the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone (33a, b). These additional foils are not shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b for reasons of clarity. In the course of penetrating a fastening element, these foils have to be pierced and overlapping cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body, which additionally act as seals.

In extreme cases, the sealing material (34a, b) can consist entirely of numerous, i.e. at least 5 to 100 layers, a tough tear-resistant film, such as PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel film, each covering the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone ( 33a, b) extend.

There is advantageously between the first (31a, b) and the second (35a, b)

Envelope film a negative pressure, the sealing material (34a, b) and any existing cuff-like over the relative overpressure then generated by the air pressure deformable sealing foils are pressed very quickly and very closely onto a penetrating body. This vacuum can be in the so-called rough vacuum range, i.e. between 1 and 100 mbar, in order to fully fulfill this task. It is ensured in a simple manner, for example, in such a way that the welding of the first (31a, b) and the second (35a, b) wrapping film takes place in a vacuum chamber in which the required negative pressure prevails.

As mentioned, particularly good sealing properties result if both the principle of the sealing materials embedded between two enveloping films and the principle of the multilayer enveloping film are implemented. The shell or a region of the shell can also be self-sealing if only one of these two principles is implemented.

In the illustration in FIG. 3, it was assumed that the self-sealing zones with a double envelope (33a, b) were subsequently applied to the first envelope film (31a, b). Of course, an industrial process is also possible in which a correspondingly constructed self-sealing envelope film is produced over a large area, subsequently assembled and then used as a VIP envelope.

FIG. 4 shows the principle of a penetration body with which a VIP constructed according to FIG. 3 can be penetrated at the locations where a self-sealing double shell is present in such a way that the desired negative pressure inside the VIP can be guaranteed for decades.

As illustrated in FIG. 3a, such a penetration body consists of two partial bodies (40) or (44), which essentially consist of a cylindrical shaft (42) or (46) and a head plate (41) or (45) are. The partial bodies are For example, made from a relatively poorly heat-conducting metal, such as stainless steel, or from a fiber-reinforced, possibly metal-coated, plastic.

The first of the two partial bodies (40) can, as shown, be completely full or, as shown in FIG. 4c, can be hollow. As shown, the second part body (44) must have a hollow area, the inside diameter having to be so large that the shaft of the first part body (42) can be accommodated therein.

In the case of a hollow first partial body (FIG. 4c), the length of the shafts (42, 46) is correspondingly fig. 4b, advantageously in each case somewhat shorter than the thickness of the VIP (49) to be pierced, that is to say generally 0.5 cm to 5 cm. In this way, after penetration of the VIP (49) with the two partial bodies (40, 44), a gas-tight opening is created by the VIP, through which bodies such as nails, screws, electrical cables, etc. can be carried out at any later time.

In the case of a full first partial body (FIG. 4a, FIG. 4d), the length of the shafts (42, 46) according to FIG. 4b can in each case be somewhat shorter than the thickness of the VIP (49) to be pierced, that is to say generally 0.5 cm up to 5cm. In this way, after the penetration of the VIP (49) with the two partial bodies (40, 44), a tensile connection of the two head plates (41, 45) is formed, on which, at any later point in time, for example, bar or plate-shaped elements, for example can be attached by gluing, soldering or welding. However, it is also possible to make the shaft (42), as shown in FIG. 4d) significantly longer than the thickness of the VIP (49). in this case it is advantageous if the shaft, at least in its end region, carries a fastening element, such as a threaded piece. In addition, an additional fastening element, such as a threaded piece, can be present on the head plate of such an element.

The two head plates (41, 45) are coated on their side facing the shaft with a weldable layer (43, 48) which, for example under the influence of heat, can be connected gas-tight to the outer layer of the shell of the VIP to be penetrated. Since the (composite) film-like VIP sleeves that are currently commercially available generally have PE as the outermost layer, it is generally advantageous if the weldable layer also consists of PE.

In addition, the inner wall surface of the second partial body (44) is also coated with a weldable layer 47, advantageously also generally made of PE. The thickness of this layer is dimensioned such that the shaft (42) of the first part body (40) is pressed hard against the weldable layer (47) when it is passed through the inner cavity of the second part body (44).

The desired additional sealing effect is achieved, as shown in Fig. 4b, by the two partial bodies (40, 44) being guided through the VIP (49) in such a way that they penetrate each other concentrically and that their head plates (41, 45) with the The respective weldable layers (43, 48) lie snugly on the cover of the VIP (49). Subsequent heating of the two partial bodies (40, 44) to a temperature just above the softening point of the weldable material (43, 48, 47) ensures that a connection between the VIP cover and the two Head plates and between the concentrically penetrating partial bodies (40, 44), which can be considered gas-tight for decades.

The term "penetrate concentrically" in this context does not necessarily mean that the bodies must be point-symmetrical or even round in cross-section around a common center. Rather, they can have any shape, one of the second bodies at least in regions over an outer surface of the first Partial body must be slipable, so that there is a sealing contact surface, ("sealing" means that the surface should include at least one closed curve running the outer surface of the partial body.) In the example described here, the layers of the two partial bodies that lie against one another have weldable layers on; but they can equally well be connected in a gas-tight manner in another way, for example by gluing, soldering, a form fit, etc.

In order that the described sealing effect between the head plate (41, 45) and VIP cover (49) is good enough, the longest possible diffusion through the weldable material (43, 48) should be available. This is achieved by a sufficiently large diameter of the head plates (41, 45), which is therefore at least 1 cm larger than the outer diameter of the shafts (42, 46).

The remaining dimensions of the two parts are application-dependent.

As an alternative to welding, soldering or gluing inner and outer surfaces of the partial bodies lying against one another, the inner partial body can also be somewhat longer and have a rivet-like deformable end that can be gas-tightly connected to the head plate of the second partial body, that is to say, for example, addressable. In In this case, the shaft of the second part of the body can even be dispensed with if the gas tightness of the fit is very good; This can then be designed, for example, as a disk with an opening for the rivet-like end of the first part of the body.

FIG. 5 shows a basic cross section of an independent self-sealing envelope element (50) which can be subsequently applied to any VIP at any point. As a rule, it will make sense to apply two such self-sealing enveloping elements (50) at opposite points of the VIP to be penetrated.

The independent self-sealing envelope element (50) consists of an upper and a lower envelope film (51 and 53) between which a sealing material (52) is enclosed and which are connected to one another over a large area and thus in a gas-tight manner, for example by welding (54).

When connecting the two foils, it is ensured that the lower foil (53) remains as flat as possible. This is necessary so that the independent self-sealing envelope element (50) can be subsequently applied to a VIP, for example by gluing or welding. The flatness of the lower film (53) can be ensured in a simple manner, for example, by first placing the lower film (53) on a flat plate, then applying the sealing material (52) and finally placing the upper film (51) , is pressed onto the lower film (53) with an appropriate hold-down device and is welded there. The upper (51) and the lower (53) film is, for example, a commercially available composite film made of several thin layers of aluminum and PET or PTFE with two cover layers PE or PFA that ensure weldability, but it can also be a composite of a relatively thick, ie 0.01 to 0.1 mm thick, aluminum foil with two cover layers PE or PFA. The types of composite film mentioned, and many other films suitable for the present case, can be obtained, for example, from Covexx, Walsrode, Germany.

The sealing material (52) is, for example, a permanently viscous material with a high viscosity, such as a suitable silicone, which, in the event of penetration, clings closely to the penetrating body. The gas tightness of the critical shortest diffusion path that arises in this way directly along the penetrating body is a linear function of the pressure difference, the sealing material and the length of the diffusion path. It is therefore advantageous to use the diffusion path, i.e. to make the thickness of the sealing material as large as possible. For reasons of the applicability of the independent self-sealing envelope element (50), the thickness of the sealing material (52) of 1 mm to 10 mm will be limited in practice.

It is also possible that instead of an elastic or permanently viscous sealing material, a rapidly curing, preferably highly viscous, one-component or two-component adhesive is used in the uncured state. If a two-component adhesive is used, it is possible to separate the two components from one another until penetration through a thin membrane; or it is possible to store only one of the two components within the double shell and to supply the other component with the penetrating body, which is deliberately guided through the double shell. Advantageously, an adhesive is used which is as thin as possible metal-metal and metal Plastic can produce connections so that pre-cuffed film parts are connected as closely as possible to the penetrating body. Conceivable adhesives of this type are, for example, the adhesives known under the brand names "A + P CYANA", "AGOMET ^® F" or "ARALDIT ^® ".

To improve the sealing behavior, the sealing material (52) can contain at least one, but advantageously several additional layers of a tough, tear-resistant film, such as PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel film, which each extend over the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone (52). These additional foils are not shown in FIG. 5 for reasons of clarity. In the course of penetrating a fastening element, these foils have to be pierced and overlapping cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body, which additionally act as seals.

In the extreme case, the sealing material (52) can consist entirely of numerous, i.e. at least 5 to 100 layers, a tough tear-resistant film, such as PET, PTFE, PFA or better a composite film made of one of these plastics and a metal film, such as aluminum or steel film, each covering the entire inner surface of the self-sealing zone ( 52) extend.

Advantageously, there is a negative pressure between the upper (51) and the lower (53) film, the sealing material (52) and / or any existing cuff-like deformable sealing films very quickly and very closely to a penetrating body via the relative excess pressure then generated by the air pressure presses. This vacuum can be in the so-called rough vacuum range, i.e. between 1 and 100 mbar, in order to fully fulfill this task. He's going to simple way, for example, ensures that the welding of the upper (51) and lower (53) foils takes place in a vacuum chamber in which the required negative pressure prevails.

FIG. 6 shows the principle of an auxiliary tool with which any VIP (60) that is not necessarily prepared to be pierced from the start can be pierced at any point with a special body (62) in such a way that no vacuum loss in the VIP ( 60) occurs.

The special penetrating body (62) can, for example, be a nail-like structure, at most with a threaded rear end.

The auxiliary tool essentially consists of two chambers (63a, 64a) open on one side, each with a more or less long columnar hollow element (63b, 64b). At least one of the two units (63 or 64) can be moved in the vertical direction to the VIP (60), which ensures that the two chambers (63a, 64a) that are open on one side are pressed tightly against the envelope of the VIP (60).

So that the two chambers (63a, 64a) on two opposite sides of the VIP (60) are exactly aligned with each other, they are advantageously attached to a U-shaped element (65). The leg length of this U-like element (65) is advantageously somewhat more than at least half the width of the VIP (60).

For example, from a pressurized storage container (66a), or a similar device, can via a valve (66b) and the like Pressure lines (66c) sealing material (61) are pressed into the two chambers (63a, 64a).

Then the penetrating special body (62) is pushed through the sealing material (61) and the VIP (60), for example by means of a piston-shaped hammer element (63c). The drive required for this is shown in FIG. 6 as a tensioned spring (63d). Of course, an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic drive can also be used.

After the penetration of the penetrating special body (62), the sealing material is hardened and the chambers (63a, 64a) are moved apart and removed.

Obviously, the sealing material (61) used must be at least viscous at the time of pressing. Later it must be cured so that it forms a gas-tight seal around the penetrating body (62). Suitable materials with these properties can be detachable plastics such as PET or PMMA, which are subsequently solidified by heating the solvent. When using such plastics, however, a thick layer of the order of magnitude of at least a few mm to a few cm must be applied so that a sufficiently long diffusion path through the sealing material is achieved.

However, it is also possible to use much better sealing plastics from the family of fluoroplastics, for example PTFE, PFA or PCTFE, which also have excellent temperature, ultraviolet and chemical stability. These plastics are used for the present case advantageously liquefied by heating and then quickly cooled and hardened, for example by flooding the remaining chamber volume with a cold liquid such as water or cold air. Thicknesses of 1 mm to 5 mm are sufficient for these plastics.

Finally, it is also possible to use an inorganic, gas-tight sealing material, even in layers of less than a mm thick, such as water glass or a glass solder that is liquid at temperatures as low as possible. Of course, metals with a low melting temperature, for example lead or tin, can also be used.

Since it must be assumed in individual cases that the sealing material does not yet have sufficient gas tightness in the liquid state, it is advantageous to provide a means for evacuating the chambers (63a, 64a) and the columnar elements (63b, 64b) , This can be done in a simple manner by connecting the two hollow bodies (63, 64) to a vacuum pump (67a) via valves (67b) and corresponding gas-tight lines (67c). In addition, it is advantageous to provide the two chambers (63a, 64a) on their edges touching the VIP (60) with sealing lips (not shown in FIG. 6). If the two hollow bodies (63, 64) are evacuated before the penetration of the penetrating body (62), the sealing material (61) can harden completely before it has to perform its sealing function.

In the event of an evacuation of the two hollow bodies (63, 64) this can at best

The penetrating body (62) is carried out by the VIP (60) before the chambers (63a, 64a) are filled with sealing material (61). This changed process has the advantage that multilayer sealing systems are built where each layer can be cured first before the next one is applied. If there are several independent filling systems (66), it is possible, for example, to apply extremely gas-tight plastic-metal sealing systems. For this purpose, for example, a layer of a relatively heat-resistant plastic, such as PTFE or PFA, is first applied and cured. This is followed by a layer of a metal that melts at low temperatures, such as lead or tin, which is then, if necessary, coated again with a protective layer of a suitable plastic such as PE, PET, PFA, etc.

FIG. 7 shows the principle of another auxiliary tool, with which any VIP (70) not necessarily prepared for piercing from the outset at any point, with two, according to FIG. 5, principally nail-shaped bodies (72, 73), with full or hollow ones Shafts (72a, 73a) and with head plates (72b, 73b) can be pierced that no loss of vacuum occurs in the VIP (70). The head plates (72b, 73b) are coated on their side facing the shafts (72a, 73a) with a thin layer of meltable plastic, for example with PE or PFA.

The auxiliary tool essentially consists of two chambers (74a, 75a) that are open on one side. At least one of the two chambers (74a or 75a) can be moved in the vertical direction to the VIP (70), with which a tight pressing of the two chambers (74a, 75a), which are open on one side, against the envelope of the VIP (70) can be ensured.

So that the two chambers (74a, 75a) on two opposite sides of the VIP (70) are exactly aligned with each other, they are advantageously on a U- shaped element (76) attached. The leg length of this U-like element (76) is advantageously slightly more than at least half the width of the VIP (70).

It is necessary to evacuate the chambers (74a, 75a). This can be done in a simple manner by connecting the two chambers (74a, 75a) to a vacuum pump (77a) via valves (77b) and corresponding gas-tight lines (77c). In addition, it is advantageous to provide the two chambers (63a, 64a) on their edges touching the VIP (60) with sealing lips (not shown in FIG. 7).

First, the two chambers (63a, 64a) are evacuated. Then the penetrating bodies (72, 73), for example by means of piston-shaped hammer elements (74b, 75b), which are designed so that they exactly guide the head plates (72b, 73b) of the penetrating bodies (72, 73), by the VIP ( 70) encountered. The drives required for this are shown in FIG. 7 as tensioned springs (74c, 75c). Electric, pneumatic or hydraulic drives can of course also be used.

The two penetrating bodies (72, 73) are pushed through the VIP (70) so that their shafts (72a, 73a) penetrate concentrically and that their head plates (72b, 73b) or the two weldable layers (71) fill up the envelope of the VIP (70) can be pressed on. The weldable layers (71) are then welded to the cover of the VIP (70). If it is ensured that the resulting connecting layer is thin, for example in the order of magnitude of 0.1 mm, and if it is further ensured that an all-round welding that is as large as possible occurs, there is a sufficiently gas-tight connection for decades. Fig. 8 illustrates the principle of an overlap of VIP with minimized material expenditure. On a base surface (110) given by the body to be insulated, strip-shaped VIPs (111) which cross in two directions are fastened, for example by gluing. The distance between these strip-shaped VIPs (111) is chosen so that it corresponds in both directions to the dimension of the large-area VIPs (112) to be installed later, minus twice the minimum overlap width (Umin) plus twice the desired displacement path (v). The minimum width of the strip-shaped VIP corresponds to twice the minimum overlap width (Ümin) plus twice the desired displacement path (v). As explained above, this results in a width of approx. 15 cm for compliance with the so-called Minergie standard, and approx. 30 cm for compliance with the Passive House standard.

The large-area VIPs (112) are fastened to this "network" of strip-like VIPs (111), for example by gluing, in such a way that the minimum overlap width (Umin), which is at most marked on the strip-like VIPs (111), is never exceeded. An adaptation to dimensional inaccuracies of the structural base (110) is easily possible by moving the large-area VIP (112) within the maximum displacement path (v).

In order to enable conduits and / or water vapor to pass through, a layer of a preferably soft, for example 0.5 mm to 50 mm, preferably 1 mm to 10 mm thick layer can be placed between the strip-shaped VIP (111) and the large-area VIP (112). conventional thermal insulation means (113), such as glass wool, for example.

The closed space (14) created "below" the large-area VIP (112) is generally not filled, so that it only contains standing air and so as additional thermal insulation works. If necessary, it can also be filled with any material.

Without going into detail about the design, the principle of mounting elements (116), which pierce the strip-shaped VIP (111) at regular intervals, is outlined in FIG. 1. These mounting elements are fastened to the supporting base plate (110), for example, by shooting in or by screws. The top surface is shaped in such a way that cover elements (115) can be attached, for example by screwing or snapping. As outlined, the cover elements (115) can be directly plate-shaped elements, but they can also be designed in the form of strip-shaped auxiliary elements which then have to hold the actual cover. The spacing of the mounting elements (116) is selected such that a sufficient number of mounting points are created for the secure fastening of the cover elements (115). If necessary, there are additional mounting elements which penetrate the large-area VIP and which are not shown in FIG. 1 for reasons of clarity. The distance between the head surface of the mounting elements (116) and the supporting base plate (110) can be adjusted by screwing the mounting elements (116) in by screwing them in more or less. If the mounting elements (116) are fastened to the base plate (110) by shooting in or by gluing, they are advantageously designed in two parts.

Fig. 9 shows tabular overviews of the basic structures of building envelopes, the thermal insulation of which is realized by means of VIP, which are laid according to the overlap principle with minimal material expenditure. In addition, the attachment of a cover layer, which is independent of the VIP, is shown in all cases, the principle of mounting elements which penetrate the strip-shaped VIP being used in the illustrations. Without any However, the generality of the statement could also be restricted to the principle of tensile zones within the VIP or to mounting elements which encompass the strip-shaped VIP.

9a shows for the wall types "solid construction with external or with internal thermal insulation" and "skeleton construction with external or with thermal insulation lying between the uprights", horizontal cuts somewhere in the wall surface, at a positive corner and at a negative corner. For the same wall types, vertical sections are available at the "wall-floor ceiling" and "wall-cellar ceiling" transitions.

Fig. 9b shows for the roof types "cold or warm pitched roof" and "flat roof with visible or with hidden roof edge" the transitions from wall to roof and the thermal insulation of the roof.

The sum of the structural details shown makes it clear that the overlapping principle with minimal material expenditure allows the problem-free implementation of thermal insulation without any significant thermal bridges in any of the cases, which means that entire building envelopes can be implemented without thermal bridges.

Fig. 10 illustrates the principle of VIP with internal tensile zones.

10a shows the cross section of a basic construction possibility of a strip-shaped VIP (130a) with tensile elements (133) on both sides of the long one

Central axis of the VIP (130a). The tensile elements (133) have an approximately circular or square head plate (133b) of approximately 1 cm to 5 cm in diameter and a corresponding base plate (133c) which are connected to one another by a tensile web (133a). The material of the tensile elements (133) is, for example, steel or fiber-reinforced plastic or a thermoset. The web (133a) only has to have the necessary tensile strength of approx. 0.2 N / mm2 and does not have to be resistant to bending. The necessary flexural strength of the entire structure is given by the pressure-resistant core (132) of the VIP. In the course of the manufacturing process of a corresponding VIP (130a), the tensile elements (133) are first introduced into the core (132) of the VIP (130a) at the desired locations. The core (132) with the tensile elements (133) is then vacuum-encased with the, for example, film-like sheath, the sheath is welded on all sides and connected to all the existing top plates (133b) and base plates (133c) over their entire area, for example by adhesive bonding ,

10b shows the cross section of another basic construction option of a strip-shaped VIP (130b) with tensile elements (134) along the long central axis of the VIP (130a). The tensile elements (134) have an approximately circular or square head plate (134b) of approximately 1 cm to 10 cm in diameter and a corresponding base plate (134c), which are connected to one another by four pure tensile elements (134a) running in the spatial diagonals. The material of the head and base plate (134b and c) is, for example, steel or fiber-reinforced plastic or a thermoset. The tensile elements (134a) are designed, for example, as a steel rope or as a rope made of textile fibers. The manufacturing process of the VIP (130b) is the same as that of the VIP (130a).

10c shows the cross section of a basic structure of a large-area VIP (130c) with tensile elements (133) in its edge zones. The tensile elements (133) in Fig. 10c are constructed according to Fig. 10a, but they could be without any restriction can also be constructed according to FIG. 10b. The manufacturing process of the VIP (130c) is the same as that of the VIP (130a).

Fig. 10d illustrates the principle of the interaction of the VIP structures (130a and 130c) discussed above with a structural base (139) and a cover (138). The strip-shaped VIPs (130a or 130b) are connected to the structural base (139) in a tensile manner, for example by means of an adhesive (135) in the region of the base plates (133c or 134c) of the tensile elements (133 or 134). Correspondingly, the area of the head plates (133b or 134b) of the tensile elements (133 or 134) of the strip-shaped VIP (130a) is bonded (136) to the area of the bass panels of the tensile elements (133 or 134) of the large-area VIP (130c ) connected. Finally, the area of the head plates of the tensile elements (133 or 134) of the large-area VIP (130c) is connected to the desired cover elements (138), for example by a further adhesive bond (137). In this way, the interplay of the chain of interconnected tensile elements (133 or 134) and the pressure-resistant cores (132) of the VIP creates a tensile, compressive and shear-resistant structure which, with appropriate design of the tensile elements (133 or 134) , can withstand all storm forces and does not lose its strength even if the VIP should lose their vacuum. Since the top or base plates (133b or 134b or 133c or 134c) of the tensile elements (133 or 134) are relatively large, the large-area VIPs (130c) can each have a few cm relative to the strip-shaped VIPs without losing the strength of the resulting connections (130a or 130b) are shifted, which ensures compensation for lateral structural errors.

11 illustrates the basic design of the overlap principle with minimized material expenditure while at the same time being independent of the VIP, storm-proof fastening of cover elements using special, strip-shaped VIP holding elements.

11a shows the perspective cross section of a corresponding basic structure somewhere within the wall surface. Specific mounting elements (140) are connected to the structural base plate (141), for example by gluing, screwing or shooting. The mounting elements have a basically U-shaped base (140a) with a vertical web (140b) located centrally on the base, which carries a head element (140c). The web (140b) can be designed in such a way that it contains a separation point which allows the head element (140c) to be applied subsequently and additionally allows the distance between the head element (140c) and the U-shaped base (140a) to be adjusted.

The dimensions of the mounting elements (140) are selected so that firstly the strip-shaped VIP (142) can be inserted between the U-shaped base (140a) and the structural base plate (141) and secondly that the large-area VIP (143) above the U -shaped base element (140a) can be pushed under the head element (140c). The head element (140c) is designed in such a way that the cover elements (144) can be fastened thereon, for example by screwing and gluing.

Between the strip-shaped VIP (142) and the large-area VIP, a gap of the thickness of the U-shaped base (140a) of the mounting element is imperative. So that this gap does not become a cold bridge, it must be ensured that it is essentially filled with standing air. This can be achieved in a simple manner, for example, by placing a strip of flexible conventional thermal insulation material (135) between the large-area VIPs For example, light glass wool is inserted in such a way that this strip (135) is more or less pressed together by the large-area VIPs.

It is obvious that with the mounting elements (140) discussed so far, the overlapping VIPs (142 and 143) cannot be led around edges and also cannot be hit against non-heat-insulating side walls. Special mounting elements must be made available for each of these tasks. FIG. 4b shows a mounting element with which the overlapping VIPs (142 and 143) can be guided around a positive edge, FIG. 11c shows a mounting element for a negative edge. Fig. Lld and Fig. Lle show corresponding support elements for pushing against a positive edge or a negative edge.

It must be emphasized that the shapes of the holding elements (140) shown in FIGS. 11a to 11le would indeed be functional in this way, but that of course numerous other embodiments are conceivable which have the same functionality.

Fig. 12 illustrates a basic design of the overlap principle with a minimal amount of material, which allows inexpensive implementation of electrical and other lines with similar diameters and which also has a permeability to water vapor.

For this purpose, between the strip-shaped VIP (151) and the large-area VIP (153) there is, for example, a 0.5 mm to 50 mm, preferably 1 mm to 10 mm, thick layer of a, preferably soft, conventional thermal insulation agent (152), such as glass wool, for example. arranged which in primarily ensures that, despite the distance between the two VIP layers (151 and 153), standing air is available as additional insulation material in the space between the large-area VIP (153) and the structural base (150).

The additional layer of conventional insulation material (152) can easily be penetrated with the desired lines (155) and, if an open-cell insulation material, such as glass wool, is chosen, it is also permeable to water vapor (156). If permeability to water vapor is to be avoided - which can be useful if the cover layer (154) is essentially plaster - a closed-cell insulation material, such as XPS, must be used as an additional intermediate layer (152).

The holding of the outer cover layer (154) by means of holding elements which pierce the strip-shaped VIP (151) is indicated in FIG. 12. Corresponding intermediate layers can of course also be implemented in the two other embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, with holders (140) which comprise the strip-shaped VIP (142), the necessary distance between the strip-shaped and the large-area VIP (142 and 143) is given per se.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 3, with tensile elements integrated into the VIP, an additional tensile and bending-resistant element with a corresponding thickness as the additional one must be created to generate a corresponding distance between the strip-shaped (130a or 130b) and large-area (130c) VIP conventional insulation layer (152) and with a diameter that that of the head or base plate (133b or 133c) of the tensile elements (133) corresponds to be introduced at the location of the adhesive bond (137), for example by adhesive bonding.

13 illustrates the basic structure of an easy-to-manufacture composite panel using a VIP (160) with tensile elements (163), which are integrated into the core material (162) of the VIP (160) and with the shell ( 161) are connected in a tensile manner.

On the two large areas of the VIP are, for example by means of a, preferably permanently elastic, adhesive (165), the area of which is that of the head or. Base plate corresponds to the tensile elements (163), fixed plates (164) applied. The plates (164) can be made of steel, aluminum, glass or wood, for example, although of course they do not both have to be made of the same material.

Different thermal expansions on external and internal panels (164) can easily be absorbed by the VIP (160) and the preferably permanently elastic adhesive (165).

The lateral sides of the fixed plates (164) can be somewhat larger than the VIP (160), which means that the cover (161) of the VIP (160), which is relatively easily vulnerable, is protected in the simplest way from damage.

Additional protection can optionally be achieved by introducing a, preferably permanently elastic, protective material (166), for example silicone adhesive, between the protruding surface portions of the solid plates (164). In summary, important properties of the exemplary embodiments discussed are the following: The vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with a gas-tight envelope and an open-pore, evacuated core located within the envelope is distinguished by the fact that it is constructed in such a way that it can be located at any point or can be partially or completely penetrated at individual defined points without loss of vacuum. This can be accomplished by gas-tight auxiliary bodies which are installed in such a way that surfaces of the auxiliary bodies can be connected in a gas-tight manner to two opposite sides of the gas-tight envelope of the VIP. As an alternative to this, the gas-tight envelope can be formed at least in regions as a double envelope with two enveloping foils and a sealing material lying between them, so that a sealing surface surrounding the penetrating body is formed during the penetration. Other alternatives include the penetration of any VIPs through special penetration bodies consisting of a pair of partial bodies which have shafts with which they penetrate each other concentrically and can be connected to one another in a gastight manner.

The invention also includes a method for thermal bridge-minimized thermal insulation of large-volume bodies by means of VIP, in that a layer of insulation bodies laid in strips is superimposed or underlaid with a layer of large-area VIPs. Penetrable or penetrated VIPs are particularly suitable as strip-shaped insulation bodies or as large-area VIPs, since the attachment of an outer cover is made possible in a satisfactory manner.

It goes without saying, however, that from the abundance of the principles and exemplary embodiments discussed above, other embodiments than those discussed above are also part of the invention within the scope of the usual course of action. In particular, some of the ideas discussed here can also be interesting in themselves and can also be used in embodiments in which they not be combined with other ideas. In particular, the methods described with reference to FIGS. 8 to 13 can use any VIP penetration system presented with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS 1. Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with a gas-tight envelope, characterized in that this VIP is constructed in such a way that it can be partially or completely penetrated at any point or at individual defined points without loss of the vacuum. 2. Vacuum insulation panel according to claim 1, characterized by gas-tight auxiliary bodies, which are installed in such a way that surfaces of the auxiliary bodies are gas-tightly connected to two opposite sides of the gas-tight envelope of the VIP. 3. Vacuum insulation panel according to claim 2, characterized in that the auxiliary body is designed as a hollow body and that inside the same there is an additional material which, after penetration with a body, enters into a connection with the surface of the penetrating body. 4. Vacuum insulation panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the gas-tight envelope is at least partially formed as a double envelope with two enveloping films and an intermediate sealing material. 5. Vacuum insulation panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is at least one consisting, for example, of several layers Has envelope film, the toughness and tear strength of this envelope film is such that cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body when the envelope film is pierced by a pointed object. 6. Auxiliary body for creating a penetrable zone within a vacuum insulation body (VIP), characterized in that the auxiliary body is essentially columnar or coil-shaped, that it is gas-tight in itself, that it is designed and dimensioned so that it can be attached inside a VIP, and that it can be connected gas-tight with its two end faces to the corresponding inner sides of the gas-tight VIP envelope. 7. penetration body consisting of a pair of partial bodies Penetration of a vacuum insulation body (VIP) or to create a penetrable zone within a VIP, characterized in that the partial bodies have shafts with which they penetrate each other concentrically and can be connected to one another in a gas-tight manner. 8. Durchdringungsköφer according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one of the Teilköφer has a head plate, which on its The side facing the shaft can be connected gas-tight to the outer layer of a VIP, for example by having a surface with a material that can be welded to the outer layer of the VIP. 9. penetration body according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the shafts of the partial bodies have surfaces which abut one another after the mutual penetration and which can be connected to one another in a gastight manner are, for example, by being made of gas-tightly connectable, for example, weldable material, or by the inner of the shafts penetrating each other having a rivet-shaped deformable end that it can be connected to an outer surface of the other partial body in a gas-tight manner. 10. A heat-insulated object, comprising a vacuum insulation panel according to one of claims 1 to 5 or a vacuum insulation panel permeated with a penetration body according to one of claims 7 to 9. 11. Method for penetrating a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with a gas-tight envelope without loss of vacuum, areas being created on the envelope regions to be penetrated which connect the envelope and the body penetrating it in a gas-tight manner or, if necessary, using a Durchdringungsköφers according to one of claims 7 to 9, gas-tight, the entire VIP penetrating areas that are gas-tightly connected to the envelope of the VIP. 12. A method for penetrating a vacuum insulation panel according to claim 11, wherein in a first step sealing material or a sealing material containing a sealing material and / or an at least one cladding film, the toughness and tear strength of which is so on two opposite surfaces of the body, that cuff-like deformations form around the penetrating body when the wrapping film is pierced by a pointed object, the element comprising is applied, and in a next step the vacuum insulation panel is pierced through the sealing material with the most pointed object possible, which is preferably followed by a consolidation process of the sealing material which may be present. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that during the puncturing around the sealing material chambers are formed which are at least partially evacuated. 14. Flat envelope element, which can be subsequently applied to any VIP in a gas-tight manner and is constructed in such a way that it and the envelope of the VIP can be penetrated at this point without loss of vacuum in the VIP, for example thereby that it is at least partially designed as a double envelope with two enveloping foils and a sealing material lying between them and / or that it has at least one enveloping foil that is made up of several layers, for example, the toughness and tear resistance of this enveloping foil being such that the Pierce the wrapping film through a pointed object and form cuff-like deformations around the penetrating body. 15. Large-area manufactured, retrofittable and gastight weldable gas-tight envelope around a suitable VIP core for a vacuum insulation panel (VIP), characterized in that it is self-sealing in the sense that a VIP built with it at any point It can be partially or completely penetrated without loss of vacuum, for example by being at least partially designed as a double envelope with two enveloping films and a sealing material in between and / or by having at least one enveloping film which is composed of several layers, the toughness and The tensile strength of these layers is such that when Puncture the wrapping film through a pointed object to form cuff-like deformations around the penetrating body. 16. Auxiliary tool for penetrating a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with a gas-tight envelope without loss of vacuum, characterized in that the auxiliary tool is to be penetrated Envelope areas creates areas that gas-tightly connects the shell and the body penetrating the same, or that the auxiliary tool, if necessary using a penetration body according to one of claims 7 to 9, creates gas-tight areas that penetrate the entire VIP and are gas-tightly connected to the VIP's shell , 17. A method for thermal bridge-minimized thermal insulation of large-volume bodies by means of VIP, in particular those which are designed as VIPs according to one of claims 1 to 5 and / or which are provided with auxiliary bodies or penetrating bodies according to one of claims 6 to 9, by laying a strip Layer of insulation bodies is superimposed or underlaid with a layer of large-area VIPs in such a way that at least some edges of the large-area VIPs come to lie on or below the strip-shaped insulation bodies. 18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that the strip-shaped Isolationsköφer are VIP. 19. The method according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the strip-shaped Isolationsköφer and the large area overlap so that the large-area VIP is displaceable in the order of a few cm guaranteed and after installation of the VIP there is at least an overlap width just sufficient to meet the thermal requirements. 20. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, characterized in that an additional cover layer is attached in a storm-proof manner, without a considerable mechanical load on the VIP envelope being associated therewith, for example by integrating additional elements in at least some VIPs or by external ones Bracket elements are available. 21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that in at least some VIPs are penetrated by a tensile element, for example a penetrating body according to one of claims 17 to 19, to which element the cover layer is attached. 22. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the VIP include zones that are connected to corresponding zones on the opposite surface of the VIP tensile. 23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that the tensile zones are formed by means of inherently tensile elements which are flat Have cover plates that are connected to each other with a tensile web or that are connected to one another with four approximately diagonal, pure tension elements, such as steel cables or textile cables. 24. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 22, characterized in that an additional layer between the strip-shaped and the large-area VIP of any material, preferably a suitable conventional thermal insulation material such as glass wool, is available, which enables the passage of electrical or other lines and also ensures that no air can circulate between the structural base and the VIP layers, but with standing air, or if necessary, closed chambers filled with any suitable material. 25. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 24, characterized in that Bracket elements are used, which can be attached on the one hand to a structural base plate and on the other hand to a cover plate, and between which the large-area VIP and the strip-shaped insulating body can be attached. 26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that at least some of the mounting elements include an element which is essentially U-shaped in cross section and locally encompasses the strip-shaped VIP and at a suitable location Have head element for fastening the cover layer, the essentially U-shaped element and the head plate-like element being connected to one another by means of a web-like element in such a way that large-area VIPs can be inserted between the U-shaped and the head plate-like element from at least one side. 27. The method according to claim 26, characterized in that the Bracket elements are designed so that there is a separation point in the area of the connecting web, which a subsequent application of the Head element and an adjustment of the distance from the U-shaped element to the head element allowed. 28. The method according to any one of claims 25 to 27, characterized in that different support elements are present, which the different structural areas such as "wall or Ceiling area "," positive edge "," negative edge "," connection to positive edge "," connection to negative edge ", etc. 29. Vacuum insulation panel, comprising a gas-tight envelope, characterized by at least one tensile element which penetrates the envelope on opposite sides and is designed, for example, as a penetration body according to one of claims 7 to 9 and / or an attached within the gas-tight envelope, with opposite ones Surfaces connected tensile element so that tensile zones are formed. 30. VIP composite panel comprising a vacuum insulation panel according to the claim 29 and two fixed cover plates connected on both sides with the tensile elements and / or the tensile zones of the VIP penetrating the VIP, the two fixed cover plates being somewhat larger in their lateral dimensions than the VIP used, for example. 31. VIP composite panel, comprising a flat vacuum insulation panel and two fixed cover panels, which lie on both sides of the VIP and are attached to one another and to the VIP at the outer edges using, for example, clip-like connecting means 32. VIP composite panel according to claim 30 or 31, characterized in that between the surface portions of the fixed panels projecting beyond the VIP additional protective material, such as a silicone adhesive, is introduced. 33. Object, insulated with a method according to one of claims 17 to 29.