WO2001006269A1 - Verfahren zur verlustmessung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur verlustmessung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001006269A1 WO2001006269A1 PCT/AT2000/000198 AT0000198W WO0106269A1 WO 2001006269 A1 WO2001006269 A1 WO 2001006269A1 AT 0000198 W AT0000198 W AT 0000198W WO 0106269 A1 WO0106269 A1 WO 0106269A1
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- Prior art keywords
- loss
- measuring
- sensor
- measurement
- rvm
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
- G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
- G01R27/26—Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
- G01R27/2611—Measuring inductance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
- G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
- G01D5/20—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
- G01D5/2006—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils
- G01D5/2013—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils by a movable ferromagnetic element, e.g. a core
Definitions
- the invention relates to a loss measuring sensor that can be used particularly universally, in particular a method for measuring a loss using a corresponding sensor.
- this sensor is also referred to simply as “loss sensor” before explaining this sensor or method some properties of the sensor should be anticipated-
- measuring principle measures inductively without contact or via fixed contacting all physical quantities that can be derived from measuring parts, liquids and gases via ohmic resistance or conductance, which forms a loss to be measured for the measuring circuit, such as distances, temperature, humidity, Conductivity, scanning of oscillations and vibrations, statements about molecular structure (in the case of gases) or also direct signal transmission, whereby instead of signals distorted by transit time and scattering, signals coded by loss variation can be transmitted without problems over long lines, by measuring the loss independently of absolute amplitude values
- the present sensor can be used for any physical sensor whose measurement size is measured via a part that moves to a fixed point and has electrical conductivity that can still be detected by the sensor, if, for example, the measuring coil that detects the loss is attached to this fixed point of the part moved by the physical size (e.g. the distance from the surface of a pressure transducer to a measuring coil, etc.) Further possible applications arise from the prior art for such sensors, such as layer thickness measurement, scanning of floating bodies for flow measurement, etc. It is evident that the measuring part can also be fixed and the measuring coil can be moved if necessary
- connection via contacts is also possible
- the measurement can be carried out at the lowest power, with high admissible interference radiation suppression
- the suppression of the interference radiation at the measuring point is essentially carried out by the measuring principle and not by shielding measures. This means with non-contact measurements, such as distance measurements, open construction and best integration into the respective Application is possible without having to consider possible interference radiation
- the interference radiation may have any (also modulated) frequency spectrum
- the senor can also be designed wirelessly according to the transputer principle.
- the wireless sensors can be well interconnected via RF transmission, or networked with one or more central controls.
- the sensors can also be contactless, inductive via a single core Induction cables are connected continuously, the induction cable 1 inductively supplying the supply voltage and data communication to the sensors •
- the method can also be used to eliminate losses (evaporation) on completely different measuring principles, which otherwise have nothing to do with a loss measurement and the loss that occurs. Also for such applications, protection is sought, in particular with regard to claim 2 and its subsequent claims
- Preferred applications are: Precise non-contact length and distance measuring sensors for all physical sensors in which a dynamic or static change in distance is to be measured, such as angles or displacement position detectors, torque sensors, dent detectors on bodies, pressure sensors, measurement of spring travel, non-contact temperature measurement on parts and also in gases , e.g. combustion chambers of internal combustion engines.
- Networked measurements with wireless sensors for screw locking detectors installed directly in the head or nut
- monitoring the connection strength of connected parts monitoring the connection strength of rotating parts
- scanning structure-borne noise and vibrations of fixed or moving or rotating parts scanning structure-borne noise and vibrations of fixed or moving or rotating parts
- length or temperature measurement in the high temperature range or for Large temperature differences measurements of resistances for the medical sector
- wirelessly networked security applications railway track monitoring, security coding of objects and components such as cars or aircraft spare parts.
- Networked position detection of transponder-secured parts such as goods storage locations, file storage locations.
- non-contact measurement of particularly high-resistance conductance values for layer thickness such as cannot currently be carried out with sensors corresponding to the state of the art, for example measuring the layer thickness of printer ink resins or coloring; in particular also for inductive measurement of the degree of moistening of new inks that can be switched in color by means of an electrostatic field.
- locally specific layer thickness measurement of particularly high-resistance layers via low frequency e.g. sensor head with measuring coil LM for line-by-line scanning of surfaces, furthermore e.g. measurement of very thin self-adhesive aluminum or copper foils, which are glued to temperature surfaces to be measured, e.g. skin temperature for medicine are for the purpose of temperature measurement, ditto direct measurement of skin resistance, determination of the conductivity of blood, etc statement about the influence of the skin effect in blood measurements, similar to the measurement of gases, etc
- the invention relates to the essential improvement for a loss measuring sensor in order to make the sensor completely insensitive to interference radiation at the measuring point.
- This is done by a method which uses a loss measurement to measure the conductance of an electrically conductive measuring part (K) inductively coupled into a measuring coil (LM) or one galvanically or capacitively connected resistor, or a connected or coupled capacitance, completely independent of the amplitude of the measuring AC voltage occurring at the measuring point over two or more steps or measuring time intervals in relation.
- Two alternative measuring methods are provided, which, however, can be derived from a common inventive idea:
- the measured value is derived from the associated voltage values according to a predetermined relation of loss values varied directly at the measuring point by means of the manipulated variable.
- the measured value is derived based on a predetermined relation of the voltage values, as they result from the corresponding associated setting of the loss values varied directly at the measuring point by means of the manipulated variable, from the manipulated variable of the loss values (or the relation of the loss values).
- Both variants have the inventive idea in common, over two or several measuring steps directly at the measuring point, without having to use a switching device or the like at the measuring point, to carry out a variation of the loss measured directly at the measuring point, and from the existi to determine the relationship between loss change and the associated change in amplitude to determine the measured variable at the measuring point completely independently of the absolute amplitude value (the oscillator oscillation or a scattering, etc.) It does not matter whether the measured variable existing as a resistance or conductance value is connected ohmic to the sensor (F ⁇ g.6) or contactless and contactless inductive from a measuring coil (LM, Fg ⁇ .1) is detected.
- the measuring method according to the invention is thus universal and can be carried out directly with a circuit arrangement designed according to the prior art.
- circuit measures are specified which are particularly well suited for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- Applications are: In the case of inductive coupling, the contactless measurement of distances and conductance values or, depending on their function, other physical parameters such as the temperature of the measuring part, strain measurement, layer thickness measurements of coatings etc;
- direct contact connection for example, low-resistance resistors in series with the measuring coil or, as can be seen, for example, from documents (DE3248034 or DE3825111 / EP0352507), high-resistance resistors in parallel, or corresponding physical dependency functions, such as temperature, moisture, via loss of the dielectric a resonant circuit capacitor, etc.
- the method uses a measuring coil arrangement consisting of an alternating field coil (LM), the loss of which is also determined by the electrically conductive measuring part.
- a resistor Rx, Fig. 6
- the measuring part K
- the measuring part determines the loss of the coil or the coil circuit (loss 1 / RVM) and is measured by a measuring device, in particular in a further embodiment according to claim 1. Since the measuring part K does not have to be electrically connected to the coil.
- the distance between the alternating field coil (LM) and the measuring part (K) can thus be measured without contact on the measuring part or medium, or the temperature of the measuring part (K) can also be measured without contact if the distance remains constant.
- the measurement of the measuring part (K) is a great advantage, but the invention can also be used, for example, for non-reactive radiation, especially low-resistance small resistance values (Rx, Fig. 6) that are connected in series with the alternating field coil (LM) to eat. Or in further training, to carry out a method for a signal transmission carried out by loss variation.
- the method according to the invention can in principle be carried out with any sensor corresponding to the state of the art if it has the following property: it requires a loss detection device which can be switched via an actuator and which must have the property that the loss value measured by the loss measurement sensor is directly at the measurement point, that is the point where the field lines penetrate the medium (K) or measuring part (1 / RVM) (or, in the case of an alternative galvanic connection, the area or the volume of the measured resistance value), the loss value measured by the loss measurement sensor in its measured value by means of the manipulated variable (BD Fig . 1) can be influenced as if this influence had been made at the measuring point itself (1 / RVM) by the measuring part.
- any interference signal interference that may be present is recorded, which cannot be shielded in the case of non-contact measurement in practical use.
- This property is to be referred to as measuring points identical to the sensor's self-test property, in which an additional ohmic loss is directly present at the control signal or manipulated variable BD Measuring point can be fed in as an offset measurement quantity without the use of additional contact connections or switchover devices in addition to the currently measured loss.
- this property only fulfills one sensor principle, which in the Patent specification DE 42 40 739 C2 is published and is shown in FIG. 1 as an example. However, almost all sensor variants corresponding to the prior art can be converted to this principle
- EP 0352 507 describes a loss sensor which works on the principle of the decay of a damped oscillation of the hull curve of a freely oscillating oscillator and which evaluates the hull curve over several successive measurement intervals.
- the capacitive loss of an oscillating circuit is primarily evaluated as a measurement variable, the loss itself is not varied during the measurement.
- a similar principle for measuring an inductive loss is described, for example, in DE 34 40 538 C1.
- the sensors mentioned do not see any variation in the loss at the measuring point. Ditto, no relationships between controlled loss changes and amplitude changes for determining the measurement result are made, as in the method according to the invention.
- the present invention comes closest to the sensor published in patent DE 42 40 739 C2 by the same applicant with non-contact measurement, which is the only sensor with the above-mentioned measuring points that has identical self-test properties, via which an offset measurement quantity can be fed in directly at the measuring point without a A switch, changeover switch or multiplexer would be required if the measured variable was continuously switched on (1 / RVM)
- the present invention can therefore be used as an improvement invention for the subject matter of DE
- FIG. 1 which relates to a method for measuring a loss coupled into a measuring coil arrangement (1 / RVM), consisting of an alternating field measuring coil (LM) and a resistor which can be distributed by means of a control signal (BD) (Rp) which is connected to the measuring coil as an additional loss (1 / RVL) and the total loss (1 / RVM + 1 / RVL) of the measuring coil (LM) varies accordingly.
- BD control signal
- Rp control signal
- BW results from the value of the adjustable resistance (Rp) and an amplitude measurement (us) of the measuring coil determines the loss coupled into the measuring coil as a measured value (mp).
- the measuring coil (LM) is preferably part of a parallel resonant circuit (LM, CP) via the transformation effect of which the adjustable resistor (Rp) connected in parallel is coupled into the measuring coil LM as a serial loss and occurs as a total loss (1 / RVM + 1 / RVL) where 1 / RVM is the loss coupled in via the measuring point (K), including the self-loss due to the ohmic serial resistance of the measuring coil, un ⁇ 1 / RVL is the loss of the Variable resistance Rp is.
- the variable resistor Rp is designed as a switched fixed resistor which can be switched on or off (infinitely) via an electronic switch HS.
- FIG. 1 shows the embodiment variant already proposed in DE 42 40 739 C2, in which the measuring coil (LM) is part of a resonance circuit (LM, Cp). K ... affects the electrical conductivity of a material or an environment within which the field lines of the measuring coil (LM) are located.
- the object of the present invention is to change the method from DE 42 40 739 C2 so that it is completely immune to interference radiation. If e.g. a frequency corresponding to the measuring frequency radiates directly into the resonance circuit (LM, Cp) of the alternating field coil (LM), then this should not matter, even if e.g. the recorded interference radiation would be a multiple of the measurement amplitude.
- LM resonance circuit
- Cp alternating field coil
- This object is achieved in that, in order to obtain a measured value corresponding to the loss of the sensor to be measured, not only is an individual or constant amplitude value measured, but several measurements are carried out as relative measurements to one another (relations), which are thus related to one another, that the measurement result can be derived independently of the absolute values of the measurement amphtude of the resonance circuit (for example, as their ratio), taking into account the resistance conditions used.
- the method is not limited to a resonant circuit, just as e.g. with a band filter circuit, or other filter circuit, or also with a bridge circuit, the method can be carried out. See DE 42 40 739 C2.
- the improvement in the present case, according to the characterizing part of claim 1, illustrated in FIG. 2b and FIG. 2c, relates to the inventive measure that a measured value (mp) is determined over several (at least two) measuring steps (tl, t2) , in which the adjustable resistance (Rp) is set differently and for these different resistance settings (Rpl, Rp2) the ampiitude measurements (usl, us2) are made on the measuring coil (LM), whereby in contrast to DE 42 40 739 C2, the Measured value (mp) is determined from the change in value (eg from the ratio) of the resistance settings (Rpl. Rp2) used in the individual measuring steps (tl. T2) and associated amplitude changes (usl, us2), eg using a ratio calculation and / or retrieving function values stored in tabular form. See below for the embodiment variants described for F ⁇ g.2b and F ⁇ g.2c
- the property of the method according to DE 42 40 739 is still used, which allows the assessment device (BW) to control a change in loss of the measurement result (cf. actuating variable BD, Fig. 1) as if this influence were on the Measuring point itself, which is (for example, contact-free) in the electromagnetic field of the measuring coil
- the solution to the technical problem corresponds to the above-mentioned improvement or claim 1.
- the preamble of claim 1 corresponds to the prior art according to the cited DE 42 40 739 C2 with a suitable circuit design according to FIG. 1, but taking into account that the inventive Methods can be carried out with general circuits known in the art.
- the circuit according to Fig. 1 can be used directly to switch the Rp values accordingly via a control signal (BD) in accordance with the method according to the invention in the measuring time intervals tl and t2, which according to DE 42 40 739 C2 means a corresponding variation in the measured variable at the measuring point (1 / RVM) by the measuring part itself.
- DE 42 40 739 C2 means a corresponding variation in the measured variable at the measuring point (1 / RVM) by the measuring part itself.
- the associated associated occurring different voltage values ul and u2 measured.
- two special cases for the implementation of this measuring method are described and referred to as variant 1 and variant 2.
- the circuit which is included in the test method and which is specified in DE 32 48 034 and which, by using reference resistors, connects the calibrated actual values to the measuring gear as an alternative, is generally known to the person skilled in the art as a calibration method by learning and must not be confused with the method specified in the present invention.
- the method used in the present invention does not connect calibration resistances to the measured value as an equivalent resistance to the measured value, but only increases the loss of the measured variable at the measuring point when the measured value is switched on continuously (ie continuously) over all measuring steps of the method (without a changeover being carried out at the measuring point) is).
- the loss of the measured variable at the measuring point can not only be increased, but in particular also reduced by adding an exact negative loss. This opens up a completely new field of application for such a sensor.
- the publications of the researched publications do not provide any relation definitions for loss values set differently in different measuring cycles by (additive) manipulated variable to corresponding measured value or voltage value relations for the determination of the measured value completely new territory for the possibilities of using a loss measuring sensor is entered in DE 32 48 034, which is included in the test procedure, no evaluation of the ration is carried out for the calibration measurement described, but instead the internal absolute measurement of a reference resistance around a table is carried out by learning from measured values when the measured value input is switched off
- the preferred relation definition is integrated into the method according to the invention, and in two alternatives Variants can be applied in both directions (via the measuring steps tl and t2: with 1 / RVL1 and usl in tl; or with 1 / RVL2 and us2 in t2) - a) in a first variant, the result is the loss value relation (1 / RVL1 + 1 / RVM or 1
- the measurement intervals tl and t2 are selected so that a constant measurement size (1 / RVM) can be assumed in the successive measurement intervals.
- the amplitude values associated with the switched loss values (voltage values ul in tl or us2 in t2) are measured and the measured variable is determined from the relationship between loss values (Rpl, Rp2) and voltage values (ul, u2).
- FIG. 2b This preferred variant of the method is illustrated in FIG. 2b (cf. supplementary explanation in the following chapter "Show the individual figures").
- the special case is preferred to switch on a constant parallel resistor Rp for one of the two measurements (t2) and for the other measurement (tl ) to switch off, the measurements being carried out so quickly in succession that the measured loss value (1 / RVM) does not change significantly between these measurements.
- usl / us2 Rpl / Rp2
- the sensors can also be exemplarily calibrated through a learning process, e.g. even in temperature measurement applications with a reference sensor that has a different physical principle. Or for layer thickness measurements of coatings through exemplary testing.
- RVM Rp '* usl / us2
- - stands for proportional (e.g. as
- Rp can also be a constant, which is why a resistance value for Rp is sufficient.
- This embodiment variant enables the analog / digital converter for the conversion of the measuring voltage us to be saved, as well as the arithmetic operation usl / us2.
- the adjustable resistor Rp is then designed as a digitally adjustable resistor cascade, e.g.
- OSZ oscillator
- constant control of the constant alternating current (ires) fed into the oscillating circuit can be carried out well by setting the supply voltage of the oscillator if the output internal resistance of the supply circuit coupled to the parallel oscillating circuit (LM, Cp) of the sensor coil (LM) remains constant.
- the resonance circuit current is monitored for maximum amplitude (sensor voltage) via a measuring resistor (Rmi, Fig. 5) connected in series with the output internal resistance of the oscillator (OSC), and a D / A converter is controlled via the microcontroller, which converts the oscillator supply voltage via a corresponding amplifier circuit delivers, (see also below to Fig. 5).
- one relates to the use of the preferred relational measurement to establish a correlation relationship between a possibly present envelope curve of the signal occurring at the measuring resonant circuit and the associated derivation of the signal for the Loss determination required voltage values usl, us2, or ditto for the compensation measurement uoff, uon described further below
- the required measurement period Ttot must take into account the settling times (tset) given when adjusting the loss (Rp) of the parallel resonance circuit until after an adjustment of the loss (Rpl or Rp2) the amplitudes correspond to the relations of usl and us2.
- the settling time is also in tuset for the constant control of the oscillation circuit amplitude included.
- the time grid of Ttot is also used to sample the error of the measurement signal caused by the hull curve of a interference signal overlay in order to correct this error.
- asynchronous mode In the asynchronous mode, a fixed measurement time grid Ttot is used, in synchronous mode, on the other hand, the measurement time grid is formed by periodically repeating digits of the hull curve of the fault signal (e.g. maximum-minimum values).
- the possibly existing Hullkurvenpe ⁇ odengauer (TH) is much longer than the required measurement period Ttot, for the selection of the measurement time grid for carrying out the measurement steps tl or t2, in which the loss value setting (Rpl, ditto for Rp2) for the subsequent measurement the maximum values (usl, ditto for us2) of the voltage amplitude takes place, no synchronization to the Hullkurvenpe ⁇ ode the interference radiation required Since such a measurement the amplitude values are sampled in an arbitrary phase position to the Hullkurve of the measurement signal, we refer to this mode of operation (mode) as asynchronous mode.
- mode mode of operation
- a Hull curve period duration (TH) which is too short in relation to the required measurement time period Ttot affects the required accuracy of the measurement value determination
- the times for the initiation of the measurement steps t1, t2 are synchronized according to stable phase positions of the measurement signal with respect to the podicity of the interference signal envelope curve of the measurement signal
- the type of measurement is therefore referred to as a synchronous mode.
- the stable phase positions result, for example, from a minimum or maximum value of the Hull curve in the steady state of the parallel resonant circuit.
- an automatic switchover from synchronous and asynchronous mode is provided, with the advantage that the measurement repetition rate of the sensor does not decrease inadmissibly in the event of a particularly low envelope frequency compared to the measurement frequency of any interference radiation (e.g. network interference) (which is the case in synchronous mode) would).
- a detector signal for switching over the two modes is derived by continuously measuring the times TH between the maximum minimum values of the Hull curve that may be present. If the TH / Ttot ratio falls below a certain value, the system switches to synchronous mode; if this value is exceeded, the system switches back to asynchronous mode
- the hull curve of the interference signal is detected for the purpose of deriving a correction value for the relationship between the loss value relationship Rpl / Rp2 and the voltage values measured in order to be able to carry out a correlation method. Care is taken that the for derivation the correction-sized scanning of the Hull curve over the period of a stable variable resistor Rp (corresponding to the preset value Rpl or Rp2) is carried out with this Hull curve scanning, it is assumed that within the required measuring period Ttot, which includes all processes for determining a loss value to be measured in each case (cf. .
- the respectively measured voltage values follow an interpolation prescription which permits a linear interpolation of the change in values made by the Hull curve within the measuring period Ttot.
- the query is also implemented as to whether this also applies within the required measuring accuracy of the sensor.
- the loss value Rp set by the manipulated variable BD is kept constant over two successive time periods of (each) Ttot, the resistance value Rp being adjusted at the beginning of the first time period Ttot (n).
- tl and t2 two general method steps, designated tl and t2, are provided, and each of these steps contains two successive time segments of the time grid Ttot, four successive time segments of Ttot are thus used to process method steps tl and t2 for the determination of a measured value.
- a hull curve that may be interspersed with a disturbance signal can also be completely eliminated for a very large degree of modulation or superimposition when determining the measured value.
- the rise in the Hull curve can be determined both for the manipulated variable Rpl with usl and for the manipulated variable Rp2 with us2.
- Vusl / Vus2 can also be related, ie the relationship chain can also be formed from DIFF (usl before) / DlFF (us2) or DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (usl), etc. This relationship chain is used checked whether the values involved in the measurement us / us2 follow a somewhat linear relationship for the change in slope corresponding to the Hull curve profile, if so the results are used, if not the results are not used. Depending on the effort involved, it can also be calculated instead of the linear curve whether the curve corresponds to a sine function, for example.
- this constant is corrected after the Rp with us2 (with Rp switched on) to be adjusted in each case.
- this constant corresponds to the resistance ratio of the voltage divider Rva / Rvb, one of the two resistors of the voltage divider being made digitally adjustable and this setting being made by the microcontroller in accordance with the result obtained from V (us2) as a correction variable.
- V (usl) is not taken into account here, since this amplitude value is measured without adjustment when the variable resistor Rp is switched off in the simplified method using the circuit according to FIG. 4b.
- tl and t2 respectively designate the usl and us2 associated measuring cycles or steps according to the preferred method. See also Fig. **.
- Rp cascade (eg D / A converter network) and voltage divider to determine the constant usl / us2 digitally adjustable, whereby measured value 1 / RVM 'is determined from the table from the manipulated variable BD of Rp.
- Ttot (n-4) was the adjustment step for tl
- Ttot (n-3) was control step of the rise of tl
- provides DIFF (usl) sign of the rise
- Ttot (n-2) was the matching step for 12
- Ttot (n-1) was control of the increase in t2, provides DIFF (us2), sign of the increase in Ttot (n-3) DIFF (usl) caching;
- Ttot ( ⁇ + l) Control of the increase of tl from Ttot (n-3) DIFF (usl before) is taken over, from Ttot (nl) DIFF (us2 before) is taken over, ditto sign of the increase, from Ttot (n) is taken over usl (before),
- V (usl) DIFF (usl before) / DIFF (usl)
- V (us2, l) DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (usl)
- V (us2, l) If V (us2, l) does not match, then invalid values.
- a gate pulse is generated for the continuous monitoring of TH.
- Ttot (n + 3) Control of the rise of t2 and correction step of us2 from Ttot (nl) DIFF (us2 before) is taken over, Ttot (n + l) DIFF (usl before) is taken over, ditto sign of the rise Ttot (n + 2) is taken over us2 (before),
- V (us2) DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (us2)
- V (usl, 2) DIFF (usl before) / DIFF (us2)
- W DIFF * / Ampl ⁇ tude * Relation from DIFF * to amplitude us * If W is too small, then invalid values.
- This scheme primarily concerns the dynamic value correction of us2, depending on the respective increase in the hull curve, or for variant 2 the dynamic value correction of the constant us2 / usl. Furthermore, the query whether such a value correction depending on the rise of the envelope in relation to the measurement amphtude (usl, us2) of the higher frequency is still permissible, if not, the values are rejected and the mode switches to the synchronous mode.
- An example of rejected values is outlined in Fig. ** b, e.g. if in the time period Ttot (n-l) the envelope has already passed its turning point (from increasing to decreasing), V (*) is therefore negative. Ditto if there is too much curvature of the hull curve.
- the change of the sign from V (*), in each case from plus to minus, ditto from minus to plus, indicates the turning points of the Hull curve and can therefore be used immediately for the generation of the gate signal (gate signal) for measuring the time TH for the detection of the possibly to be undertaken automatic switch to synchronous mode.
- the inflection points of the Hull curve are sampled over the duration of the loss value setting of the preferred variable resistor Rp and used as a trigger signal (measurement trigger signal) for triggering the measurement of usl or us2 within the measuring steps tl and t2
- the constant time interval TH between these sampling points of the envelope is constantly monitored. It is evident that the measurement sequence was impaired if the hull curve frequency was too low, which is why a switch back to the asynchronous mode takes place immediately when the ratio TH / Ttot again exceeds the predetermined threshold value
- the maximum (u ⁇ ) and minimum values (u A ) of the voltage amplitude us at the parallel oscillation circuit are continuously sampled until u ⁇ is detected. This point in time triggers the measuring process from u * (usl or us2 depending on whether Rpl or Rp2 is currently selected), then Rp is switched to the respective other value (Rpl or Rp2 according to the method) or set in a corresponding step, then the generation of the measurement trigger signal is blocked for the duration of Ttot.
- the generation of the measurement trigger signal is released again until the next measurement trigger of us * (usl or us2 depending on whether Rpl or Rp2 is currently selected) with subsequent adjustment of the variable resistor Rp, blocking the measurement trigger until Ttot expires, repeated measurement of us * if u ⁇ of the envelope is recognized after Ttot has expired ... etc.
- the time interval of the U ⁇ detected Meßauslosezeiten TH for the measurement is constantly measured when TH / T tot is too large, then the downshift is performed in the asynchronous mode.
- Another application for further training relates to measures for the evaporation of the total loss in order to increase the sensitivity and / or the measuring accuracy to increase relatively high resistance losses and / or to reduce the influence of the temperature response.
- This variant of a vaporized sensor will be explained in more detail below:
- Variant of damped sensor basics: The following preferred embodiment of the sensor is based on the further technical task of additionally steaming a loss sensor with a precisely defined value, so to speak for the total loss 1 / RVM + 1 / RVL (Fig. 1) a precise negative loss value (- 1 / RVM_NEG) to add.
- the principle can be traced back to a sensor according to claim 1, using further features of a sensor functioning according to the principle of the cited DE4240739C2 and the following further training measures:
- the state of the art for this further training according to the invention is supplementary to the arguments already mentioned at the beginning of the description indicated that for oscillator circuits with parallel resonant circuits, evaporation through a negative resistance characteristic, as e.g.
- the setting or determination a precisely defined value for the negative loss is intended, without the operating point for the control of the differential negative conductance - gT having to be used for an amplitude limitation in order to produce stable conditions.
- the most accurate and drift-free setting of the negative conductance - gT, or alternatively the exact measurement of its set value, is the task for the training variant for evaporation of the total loss of the sensor method according to the invention in order to convert the total loss 1 / RVM + 1 / RVL + (-1 / RVM .EG), or [1 / RVM + 1 / RVL + (- gT)] to determine the measured loss value 1 / RVM.
- the method uses two constantly repeating measuring cycles, one measuring cycle for the setting (or the exact comparison) of the negative conductance - gT, and one with which the preferred method (according to Ausfunrungsva ⁇ antel orproofsvar ⁇ ante2) is used.
- a parallel switched compensation variable GTCOMP is provided, which can also be implemented as part of the loss adjustable with variable BD (1 / RVL) or Rp.
- the total loss 1 / RVM ' + 1 / RVL + (- gT) is measured on the resonant circuit during the actual loss measurement in steps t1 and t2, or the sum loss 1 / RVM' + GTCOMP during the comparison to determine - gT + (- gT) measured.
- the proportions of - gT or GTCOMP relevant for the compensation of - gT can be set to zero in a relevant measuring step (toff), or the negative conductance - gT and the compensation conductance GTCOMP can be switched off for simple execution.
- This connection (or the zeroing of the conductance components involved in the balancing) is carried out in a first step (toff) within the balancing cycle of - gT and the voltage uoff occurring at the resonant circuit is measured.
- a subsequent step tone
- both conductance values - gT and GTCOMP are switched on and the voltage uon occurring at the resonant circuit continues to be measured.
- 1 / RVM When 1 / RVM was specified, 1 / RVM 'was specified. 1 / RVM 'contains, in addition to the loss to be measured, the intrinsic loss rs of the measuring coil LM (or the measuring circuit LM, Cp), the actual loss 1 / RVM via, when determining the measured loss in the subsequent measuring cycle according to Va ⁇ antel or Var ⁇ ante2 Table which contains (correct) the self-loss rs of the measuring coil determined from 1 / RVM '
- Adding (evaporating) a negative loss to reduce the sensor's own loss brings a number of advantages: a) it can be measured at a particularly low measuring frequency with high good and smallest measuring performance, with the advantage that due to the low measuring frequency the skin effect in the inductive coupling of the loss resistance of a measuring part (K) is avoided, thus the sensitivity at a higher measuring frequency comparable good, especially with measuring parts of higher specific resistance increases significantly b) for the coil wire of the sensor coil can instead of a material, although a particularly low-resistance specific resistance, but has a very unfavorable temperature coefficient, an alloy can be used, which has a much higher specific resistance but has a much better one Has temperature coefficients (a compensation alloy).
- the temperature dependence of the measuring coil can be significantly improved in this way.
- This application is discussed in more detail below in a numerical example for an alloy in which the alloy manganin is used as coil wire material.
- coil wire materials that withstand high temperatures but have a high specific resistance can also be used as the measuring coil (air coil LM).
- Loss measurements can be carried out on particularly high-resistance resistors or media, in particular on liquids and gases. Eg purity measurement of distilled water via conductivity.
- the senor covers a wide variety of applications: eg measurement of temperatures, pressure and conductivity. Furthermore, measurement to identify the type of gas as a gas detector (or gas molecules), depending on the skin effect. In this measurement, the loss 1 / RVM caused by the gas is measured with different frequencies and the same inherent loss of the sensor. The different losses that occur for different gases are decoded accordingly for the generation of a corresponding signal. Ditto the evaporated sensor applications for monitoring on gas lasers, etc.
- Another application would be, for example, the self-ignition timing of a direct-injection high-performance gasoline engine via the increase in conductivity of the compressed gas with the sensor coil measuring in the displacement to recognize in good time and before an unwanted self-ignition occurs to open an electrically controlled emergency valve and to reduce the boost pressure the next time it is compressed (to be regulated via the sensor).
- the high-resistance loss measurement also allows distance measurements (displacement sensors, angle sensors, variable area flow meters, etc.) as the loss-generating core material (K, Fig.l) to use relatively high-resistance materials with temperature-compensated resistivity, such as occurs with alloys, e.g.
- alloys with a particularly low temperature coefficient (TKR) of the electrical part which is made, for example, from a temperature-compensated alloy (e.g. manganin with a TKR of l * 10 (exp-5) / ° C.
- TKR temperature-compensated alloy
- Manganin is an alloy made of 86% Cu, 12% Mn, and 2% nickel).
- the material manganine is also used for the further training execution for the coil wire of the measuring coil.
- Another interesting application is with electrically only slightly conductive liquids, e.g. water trapped in closed cape to build an inclinometer.
- seismographic measurements can be carried out very well, in particular early warning systems for mountain movements above or below day, and for warning of murmurings.
- loss measurements with extremely low measuring power can be realized at the measuring point, e.g. for the detection of letter bombs, etc.
- measuring power and measuring frequency can be kept so low that the electronic circuit for the bomb drawing can no longer recognize this, e.g. if a measuring frequency in the vicinity of the network hum is used e) a large number of other applications are listed in the introductory part of the description and described from FIG. 8 on the figures.
- the temperature coefficient of the coil is to be improved accordingly by using an alloy (e.g. manganin).
- an alloy e.g. manganin
- the preferred precision setting of the negative conductance of -gT used for evaporation of the series resistance rs enables the temperature response of the measuring coil (LM) to be improved compared to a copper coil by a factor which corresponds to the ratio of better temperature coefficient to increased resistance of the selected material the consideration shown is the term alloy to understand beyond the melting of different metals, since we only need the properties of the specific resistance with its temperature dependence and a nomogenic heat transfer of the material used as coil wire.
- the coil wire from a type of "virtual alloy", preferably from two wires (which can also be bare) wound in parallel on a corresponding coil body (eg ceramic) and made of different materials, one positive and the other has a negative temperature coefficient of specific resistance, the choice of the cross-sections of the wires among one another being matched to the resistance ratio of the two materials to the winding length of the coil such that the temperature coefficient of the specific resistance formed by the pair of wires is canceled Wires wound in parallel are then connected in parallel at the coil ends.
- a type of "virtual alloy” preferably from two wires (which can also be bare) wound in parallel on a corresponding coil body (eg ceramic) and made of different materials, one positive and the other has a negative temperature coefficient of specific resistance, the choice of the cross-sections of the wires among one another being matched to the resistance ratio of the two materials to the winding length of the coil such that the temperature coefficient of the specific resistance formed by the pair of wires is canceled Wires wound in parallel
- LM small measuring coil
- a ceramic coil body which we can use on the inside (similar to a spark plug) in an engine compartment, either just to monitor the compressed gas, or in conjunction with a small load cell with which we can Being able to measure compression pressure directly in the high temperature range;
- the switching time of electronically controlled valves of an explosion engine can also be electronically adjusted, since the pressure sensor provides good feedback on the actual switching times of the valves to the valve control.
- the parallel resonance capacitance (Cp) is then connected via a corresponding contact bushing on the outside thermally insulated via cable, ie the secondary side of a transformer connected in parallel with the resonant circuit, which couples in the negative conductance -gT of the tunnel diode.
- Cp parallel resonance capacitance
- K e.g. for scales, protractors, etc.
- the temperature coefficient of the selected material for the coil wire can also be compensated for by wiring with a resistor with negative temperature coefficients (NTC), whereby a high-resistance NTC resistor can also be connected in parallel with the resonant circuit (ditto a low-resistance the coil in series).
- NTC negative temperature coefficients
- the compensation of the negative resistance also enables a further series resistor to be connected in series directly to the measuring coil, via which the zero crossing of the coil current for the purpose of determining the voltage maximum at the resonant circuit (LM, Cp ) is tapped by means of an operational amplifier or comparator, or if necessary this tap is used for the constant regulation of the alternating current amphtude.
- the table shows the dependency of the conductance on the signal modulation (us * in the required ranges of usl and us2) for a given differential conductance -gT as the operating point, the comparison or determination of -gT to voltage values other than usl or us2, then the deviation of the differential resistance can be corrected using the table: either after a measurement of usl, us2 (in steps tl, t2) or before a measurement of usl. or us2 for the respective setting of -gT. If necessary, this table can also include a temperature dependency of the tunnel diode characteristic when measuring the tunnel diode temperature, or the tunnel diode is cast in a thermostat housing.
- the setting of -gT takes place either via the voltage-current characteristic curve of the tunnel diode or via a total master value setting 1 / Rp + (-gT) directly digitally via the digitally adjustable master value network 1 / Rp (e.g. a corresponding D / A converter).
- GTCOMP can also be realized by a D / A converter master value network (with binary gradation of the switched master values).
- a binary adjustable resistor network can be used instead of the master value network.
- 1 / RS corresponds to the series resistance rs of the measuring coil transformed via the resonant circuit for parallel loss, is stably regulated as a constant.
- -gT is not taken into account in the value table, since not the absolute value but only Other values are to be measured, see also text for Fig. 8
- a separate resonant circuit is for the deviation from - gT ( LgT, CgT,) is provided, with which the value of -gT is set or determined simultaneously immediately before the actual loss at the resonant circuit (LM, Cp), since the effect of frequency for the differential resistance -gT in a tunnel diode at the same operating point is insignificant in a wide range
- the resonant circuit intended for the determination of -gT can be set with h Be operated as the resonant circuit for the measurement of the loss (LM, Cp) herer frequency.
- the tunnel diode with a changeover switch can either be connected to the resonant circuit (LgT, CgT) for the determination of -gT or to the resonant circuit (LM, Cp) for measuring the actual loss (if this resonant circuit is constant) connected loss 1 / RVM) can be connected.
- This switchable switch is also used to switch off the conductance -gT for the measurement of uoff (for the comparison).
- the adjustment conductance GTCOMP is switched on for the resonant circuit (LgT, CgT) for the determination of -gT. If the adjustment component is switched off (see text for Fig.
- the resonant circuit voltage ugT (from LgT, CgT) of the hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage us *, which occurs on the resonant circuit (LM, Cp) intended for loss measurement, is readjusted ,
- This readjustment can be carried out, for example, directly by varying the matching resistor GTCOMP.
- this readjustment on the resonant circuit (LgT.CgT) for the determination of -gT is a voltage which is increased or reduced by a proportion compared to the resonant circuit voltage (us *) of the loss measurement resonant circuit (LM, Cp) set so that the (hull curve of) the resonant circuit voltage at the resonant circuit LgT.CgT each has a value corresponding to the respective rise in the resonant circuit voltage at a lagging point in time with the rising or falling hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage at the loss measuring resonant circuit (LM, Cp) is to be expected in each case.
- the measurement procedure for the loss determination is carried out according to variant 2, then due to the precisely defined ratio of usl / us2 (as a measurement constant), the measurement of usl can be carried out in a fairly precise range using a cascade adjustment, ditto us2, so only a few Storage spaces are required for storing a table that takes into account the small signal modulation of the negative resistance
- the preferred sensor is ideally suited for transputer applications due to its extremely low need for measuring power, in which the supply voltage is supplied via a transmitted RF signal rather than via cables whose frequency and required radiation power are designed for the respective application.
- Another particularly interesting application is to be classified, in which the supply voltage is supplied via a transformer-coupled conductor loop (or winding) of the connection as a continuous wire The cable is carried out by an HF current and inductively transmits the supply voltage to the HF receiving circuit for the voltage supply of the transputer sensor.
- the HF is fed into the cable with a very high resistance, for example via a stray transformer-controlled constant alternating current, with several such feed points along the line connection, with the negative evaporation conductance values already discussed, for the exact setting of a defined loss value of the line
- the ohmic loss given along the induction cable for the RF receiving circuits of the transputer circuits is thus kept stable on the one hand, and is varied by the transmission method on the other hand, the dynamic relative measurement described below for Fig. 8 being used to stabilize the operating point
- care is taken to ensure that the change in loss resistance given by fluctuation in power consumption does not affect the induction circuit abel has a retroactive effect.
- the power for the evaporation of the induction cable (regarding the setting of the working point) is essentially not provided by the tunnel diodes connected in the transputer sensor sensors (since there is no perpetum mobile), but by the induction cable at regular intervals Ohmic or inductively connected negative resistors for line evaporation To suppress through
- the transverse control carried out on the RF reception circuit of the transputer circuit is carried out in such a way that the rectified envelope curve amplitude of the RF reception circuit remains constant, that is with a constant hull curve of the input amplitude, the load from the transverse control is kept fairly constant. Slight fluctuations lie in the low-pass range in accordance with the filter capacitance switched on in the rectification after the rectifying diode.
- a modulation method must be used for the data transmission that operates with a reasonably stable duty cycle, for example a modulo-2 method, which has a low variation ratio of the duty cycle.
- the change transitions of the data signal can be defined in a lower ratio instead of the usual pulse duration variations of 1: 1 and 2: 1, with a clock frequency accordingly included in the data signal.
- This type of modulation method is known: the exclusion of data and clock is the modulo-2 data signal is generated, or the data are decoded from the resulting different pulse lengths and the associated clock signal is decoded from the exclusive or / nor of this data signal and the modulo-2 signal.
- this clock signal is significantly higher than the filtering frequency at the filter capacitor of the supply voltage of the HF rectifier, then the regulation of the DC voltage described for Fig.lOb has no effect on the loss modulation of the data signal.
- This is achieved by switching resistance values directly at the HF receiving resonant circuit Corresponding load variation carried out (good switching) and measured on the receiver side by an amp sampling performed on the HF oscillating circuit (cf.usl, us2) .
- the transputer circuits with their RF receiving circuits can also be directly connected (eg against chassis ground), the cable being directly contacted or via capacitive coupling the supply and the data connection ng.
- a shielded cable can also be used, in which the shielding is removed at the coupling points.
- the shielding is a metallic coating (e.g. by vapor deposition) of the plastic insulation is carried out, for example also in several layers with a separate high-voltage coating for the bite protection.
- the loss measurement can also be used to trigger a high-voltage pulse for the bite protection in the event of a spontaneous loss change in the insulation.
- shielded (closed) applications and unshielded (open) applications, furthermore for transputer sensor applications fed by induction cable and transputer sensors communicating via induction cable.
- shielded applications Use of the transputer sensor for loss measurement of rotating parts enclosed in a housing, for example for a torque sensor according to Fig. 19, the sensor on a rotating part and the transmitter for supplying the supply voltage and communication to the sensor, is housed on the inside of the stationary attached housing of the torque sensor.
- a similar application is the distance measurement of the clutch disc distance shown in relation to Fig. 20 in relation to the actuation path of the clutch pedal, etc.
- Another shielded application e.g.
- a central HF transmitter for scanning the tooth position of gearboxes in the housing and to feed them within the housing by means of a central HF transmitter.
- sensors such as pressure gauges, or level gauges for measuring the level of the brake fluid, or sensors for sensing accelerator pedal positions, clutch pedal, steering lock, etc., which are fed by a central HF transmitter.
- on the dashboard there are a large number of switches, the switch positions of which are coded as loss (rotary switches, toggle switches, slide switches, etc.), the switches being fed by a central HF transmitter (control center) housed on the dashboard.
- the body is an ideal shield against interference to maintain radio data traffic between the sensors and the control center, or other central transmission units can be networked accordingly by cabling. Examples for open applications: Monitoring the strength of rims mounted on the wheel plate in accordance with Fig. 22 also measuring tie rods, determining the position of parts on which the sensor is mounted in relation to loss-controlled limit marks.
- the sensor has a holder (opening or cylinder, etc.) in its housing, which is in the inductive area of the RF receiver coil of the transducer circuit used in the sensor, and around this holder (or through a hole, or cylinder body, etc.) a conductor loop is drawn or wound, if necessary the loop being wound once or several times around the inductive area of the RF receiving coil of the transputer circuit.
- This method means that the contacting problem for the wiring of the sensors, which is known in the automotive field due to corrosion damage, is no longer present, the conductor loop or the line which connects all sensors in series with one another is supplied with high impedance by an HF generator; the reference potential is then the chassis of the vehicle. Data communication can also take place via the conductor loop.
- the method of data transmission by means of loss variation and loss measurement (by the sensor) described for FIG. 37 (sheet 15) can also be used for interference-proof transmission.
- the transputer sensor circuit then has at least two loss measurement sensors, one for the actual loss measurement (1 / RVM) and one for the reception of the data.
- a preferred embodiment is to use a high voltage for the high-impedance HF generator feeding into the conductor loop, which via the Isolation capacity discourages biting animals (e.g. martens). Dabet can recognize the loss change occurring when trying to bite a line from a loss measurement connected directly to the line connection and trigger a spontaneous increase in the high voltage.
- Further examples of open applications relate to the railway sector for the exemplary embodiments described for monitoring railway tracks.
- the special case is provided that the supply power is supplied by direct HF radiation, but not the communication of the individual transputer sensors with the control center.
- the supply line is emitted, for example, directly via the high-voltage contact wire, on which a corresponding RF signal for supplying voltage to the loss measurement sensors arranged along the track is superimposed.
- the sensors communicate with the control center in the following way: Each sensor has a mini transmitter and a mint receiver for communication with the closest transputer sensors. The sensors are sent one after the other according to the "ping" principle (ie knocking on with an initiation word). Starting from a 2TB central unit at the beginning of the chain, the first sensor (SO, which corresponds to the central data protocol) receives one with a "Ping" signal provided with the reception address is sent until it receives the receipt (ACK) from the receiving sensor (SI).
- SO which corresponds to the central data protocol
- SI, S2, S3, S4 Sn Se one after the other, send (pass through) the data packet received from a sensor arranged one position earlier to the one arranged later, until the last sensor (Se) in the chain transmits this data packet for the direct forwarding of a control center ( ZTE at the end of the chain).
- the central units (ZTB and ZTE) provided at the beginning of the chain and at the end of the chain are networked via a corresponding external data connection (e.g. radio, fiber optic cable, etc.).
- a corresponding external data connection e.g. radio, fiber optic cable, etc.
- each sensor independently checks whether the sender address given for a received "ping" signal (from the sending sensor) corresponds to the recipient address of the receiving sensor has the minimum step size (for example of 1.) If so, then the "ping" signal has been emitted by a sensor directly adjacent to the receiving sensor within the chain, and this sensor is therefore ready for operation.
- the step size of the sender address to the addressed recipient address of the receiving sensor however higher, then a number of sensors corresponding to the step size has failed.
- the sensor emitting the "ping" signal If such a case is recognized by the sensor emitting the "ping" signal, then it logs the number of failed sensors in the passed-on data protocol, which it sends after receiving the ACK signal to the sensor previously addressed with the "ping" signal.
- the ACK acknowledgment expected for a sent "ping" signal fails, the "ping" signal is repeatedly sent out by the sensor concerned, the received address given is increased by one step to the second closest sensor that is still in the receiving range (or, depending on the current transmission, may also be decreased).
- the sensor repeatedly emitting the "ping" signal as long as it does not receive an ACK acknowledgment for the emitted "ping” signal and the receiving addresses provided for the "ping" signal are within the range of the emitted "ping” signal (corresponding to the current transmission) correspond. If this is no longer the case (the limits of the range of the sending sensor, based on its local receiving address, being stored by the receiving addresses corresponding to the limits), then the sensor which repeatedly transmits the “ping” signal changes the transmission and begins, starting from it local reception address, to repeat the attempt to respond to the other transmission value (for the reception addresses corresponding to the sensors closest to the location).
- the "ping" signal not only encodes the reception addresses, but also the transmission transmission, with the characteristic state of a relevant one bits br.
- the characteristic bit bR informs the sensor receiving a "Ping" signal in which transmission channel it has to select the new reception address which it has to pass on when it subsequently sends its "Ping" signal, with a reception address for each possible transmission night , which designates the respectively closest sensor locally, is provided. For a straight line, therefore, two (one pointing forward and one pointing back) receiving address (for transmitting a transmitted "ping" signal) are programmed in each sensor.
- a star branch for example a switch
- three such neighboring receiving addresses are provided encoded for a sensor arranged on a star, four at an intersection, etc., so that in the event of a fault, branching is possible in all local directions in which the sensors are arranged on the track section.
- each sensor has the receive addresses to be addressed corresponding to their priority in the event of a fault (instead of a linear increment / decrement)
- the interruption fault B in which so many sensors in the chain have failed that a receiving sensor can no longer be reached in the specified data transmission direction, but data transmission from the sensor detecting the fault is still possible starting in the opposite data direction.
- the data transmission takes place from the two end points of the sensor chain.
- the failed sensors can be reported immediately to the control centers provided at the line end or line sections.
- each individual sensor is gradually started at the line ends via a backward addressing of the sensor chain, starting with sensor SO and Se, a data connection from ZTB to SO and ZTE is established, then a data connection from ZTB to SI and ZTE to Se-1, etc., until each at the end of the chain of the central station there is no response from the With this protocol, the control centers each provide a reference address that is incrementally increased after each complete forward-back addressing.
- This reference address relates to the receiving addresses of those sensors that result in a received "ping" signal after they have received the associated Receive data h the transmission pending signal (i.e.
- the receiving address address of the sensor authorized to receive.
- the sender address address of the sensor that sends the "ping signal”.
- a identification bit bD which indicates to the authorized sensor that data is still being forwarded to the Pmg-Smgal after receipt of an ACK signal, possibly also the registration of the word length, or that indicates that no more data should be sent for a received ACK , therefore the sensor authorized to receive the ping signal with the receiving address of the next sensor in the chain can immediately send the ACK signal.
- a characteristic bit bR which is emitted by the sensor emitting a "ping" signal and which indicates the transmission direction (ZTB to ZTE or ZTE to ZTB) to the receiving sensor. In the present explanation, bR is only shown as a single bit.
- This data word which is very sensitive to the protocol as a redundant error, is saved in the transmission protocol, possibly with block repetition for absolutely reliable transmission of the characteristic state of BR r Redundant bits corresponding to the required Hamming distance in order to be able to carry out an error detection or, if necessary, also an error correction for the Pmg signal.
- the receiving addresses of the sensors are arranged according to consecutive sections in which they are arranged on the track, according to increasing digits.
- Example of a malfunction As long as a transmitted "ping" signal is acknowledged with ACK, the transmission night transmitted via the identification bit bR to a transmission signal is maintained and is transmitted accordingly when the next "ping" signal is transmitted. However, if a sensor no longer receives an ACK signal for a transmitted ping signal, the transmission device is changed in the manner described. In the event of an error, each sensor in the chain is able to change the transmission device and build up the data chain in the reverse direction in order to report the point of interruption. The same is the case if, for the purpose of testing, the reference address already explained is given by the central transmission device and the transfer device is reversed in a relevant sensor when it is set.
- Sensor control is understood to mean the data transfer to a relevant sensor, for example to Selbs to set ttest values (via Rp, cf. also the cited DE 42 40 739 C2) or to set query criteria (e.g. setting limit values to be monitored). Sensor reading is to be understood as querying the values or monitoring states.
- Sensor control is understood to mean the data transfer to a relevant sensor, for example to Selbs to set ttest values (via Rp, cf. also the cited DE 42 40 739 C2) or to set query criteria (e.g. setting limit values to be monitored).
- Sensor reading is to be understood as querying the values or monitoring states.
- neighboring sensors can also carry out self-tests, or the reversal of the communication direction can also be selected for reasons of urgency over the shorter distance from one sensor to a central unit, or several central units can be interposed along a linear path, both via the sensors and can communicate with each other accordingly.
- a watchdog is also provided in each sensor circuit and is controlled by the microcontroller in question. If the watchdog indicates that the microcontroller has crashed, it immediately switches off the hardware output option of an ACK signal so that the sensor in question can no longer disrupt the protocol
- the data transmission chain can also be used for direct data transmission one in The reception area of the sensors of the train currently traveling is directly involved.
- the transmission device of the train sends a correspondingly coded "ping" signal. If a sensor located near the train detects this "Pmg" signal belonging to the train, it initiates the further sensors via a to communicate appropriate data transmission via the train.
- each wagon of a train can also have a corresponding transmit / receive device in order to be able to communicate with the sensors.
- the same principle can also be used to wirelessly operate sensors mounted on the wagons or the chassis of the wagons and to allow them to communicate wirelessly, or the method can also be used to correspondingly switch the sensors via standard power lines of the wagons operate and connect to a central office.
- the "Pmg Signal” method described has the property that interference traps can be localized immediately according to the physical conditions (distances). Of course, this does not only apply to interference traps, since each response point (sensor receiver / transmitter) reports a special event regarding its physical position Therefore, this method is also particularly suitable to support the line diagnosis for power lines explained in Fig. 40, further for alarm systems in which the sensor is used. Also particularly as motion detectors in the border protection area. In this application, a large number of sensors are in one If a loss is detected, the position is passed on using the preferred method, and if a sensor is removed, this is also reported.
- transputer sensors are then fed, for example, by means of an induction Cable connection inductively manufactured supply data line, in particular via the quick contact described below (to establish a detachable connection safely, permanently and quickly).
- the induction cable buried in the ground can be patched back together at any time if necessary.Furthermore, the transputer sensors can communicate autonomously, even without a power supply, long enough to transmit a position report (as sender / recipient address) in the event of sabotage, e.g. if gold capacitors are used for energy storage ,
- the GPS coordinates to which the sensors have been buried are then stored in the control centers, e.g. only protrude with a short antenna. If the induction cable is removed from a sensor, the control center has immediately detected the position.
- safety-coded loss measurement sensors are also made to the following chapter “safety-coded loss measurement sensors”.
- Fig. 44 and Fig. 45 illustrate a further application for the described networking of loss measurement sensors.
- sensor coils embedded in the carriageway to enable the cost-free detection of driving behavior (overtaking, speed detection, traffic light stop, driving against one-way traffic, etc.) of vehicles at exposed points. It is provided that a flat coil consisting of a few turns and extending over the roadway is let into the roadway.
- a simple, very cheap to manufacture ribbon cable the ends of which (the outer conductor progressing inwards in each case) are connected in series and thus form the coil.
- a corresponding test section has a large number of such cable coils in the detection grid at corresponding distances across the carriageway placed in the lane, separate for each lane strip.
- Such a flat coil is shown in Fig. 44.
- the contact is made at the end of the ribbon cable with the usual pressure connectors, which make the connection via a narrow circuit board.
- the ribbon cable shown for Fig. 44 symbolizes, for example, a 64-pohges cable, of which only 6 lines are shown for drawing reasons.
- the printed circuit board On the side corresponding to a roadway edge, the printed circuit board has a coupling coil (LKT) connected to the ribbon cable spool, which is potted together with the plug at the end of the ribbon cable, the other end of the ribbon cable is also potted.
- the ribbon cable can be provided with a tar protective layer. To increase the compressive strength, an iron wire can be used instead of a copper strand, or solid wires can also be used.
- the preferred evaporation by means of negative resistance and measurement independent of the interference voltage make such a construction possible since the high inherent loss of the cable coil is evaporated by the preferred negative resistance component of the sensor.
- the preferred sensor becomes contactless on the coupling coil LKTk e.g. by a cheap plastic mounting part, clamped, the sensor also having a matching coupling coil LKTs. This contact-free connection means that replacing the sensor is completely unproblematic.
- the low measuring power of the cable coil of the preferred sensor makes this construction possible.
- the sensor housing which is connected to the ribbon cable coil by contactless clamping connection (via coupling coils LKTk / LKTs), has a cylindrical extension with flanges, similar to a coil body, which contains the encapsulated RF circuit coil of the transducer circuit for the inductive supply of the RF supply voltage inside the sensor.
- this is e.g.
- winding body made of plastic bobbin approach (winding body) provided with a centrally guided pulling cap held by spring force, which pushes over the winding on the winding body fixed by looping the induction cable entering and exiting on both sides of the pulling cap in corresponding slots, the pulling cap passing through the Spring force is pressed on the outer flange of the winding body.
- a snap-in device is provided which, after pulling off the cap, holds the cap against the spring force (e.g. by means of a rotation lock), so that the fitter has both hands free when winding and unwinding the induction cable. We then unlock this latching device by turning the cap slightly and the relative induction cable wound loosely around the bobbin is sufficiently fixed by the pull-off cap.
- the winding body can also be provided with appropriate thread shafts in which the induction cable is wound.
- Such a type of contacting including the preferred loss-modulated data transmission method, can also be used very well in the area of installation, in line monitoring of high-voltage networks, in aircraft construction, shipbuilding and especially in vehicle construction, in order to be absolutely reliable , Durable, but at any time without having to manipulate the cable and without the need for connectors, contact connections for supply voltage and data line supply with a simple insulated wire cable. It is evident that this contact connection is suitable for any type of electronic component (ie not only for sensors) using the preferred method for loss sampling of data encoded by loss, and therefore the request for the protection request extends accordingly in general
- the combined supply and data cable which connects all sensors in sequence, only needs to be wound once or several times in a loop around the coil body cylinder in order to contact the sensor. When the sensor is replaced, this winding is simply removed and attached to the new sensor.
- Such a simple induction cable is laid on each edge of the road, which can also be laid unshielded in the ground when using the interference signal-independent data transmission method.
- corresponding stripes which interrupt the asphalt of the sidewalk
- the ribbon cable coils are each located as a horizontal strip above the roadway at a distance from one another which is adapted to the average car length
- the loss measurement is used to detect between the same events (reaching or exiting) of a strip for the cars driving over it.
- each vehicle can be tracked in its driving behavior via such a chain.
- This also includes a detection depending on the direction of travel
- two sensor coils placed parallel to one another are provided for a measuring line, of which one is vaporized first according to the direction of travel, before both coils are simultaneously vaporized by the vehicle in question n.
- a memory organization (a computer RAM) is used which has as many memory words as it corresponds to the detection grid which is formed by the measuring line.
- the speed of the vehicle traveling over them is measured in each case and stored together with the virtual vehicle identification number and the driving data in the memory location corresponding to the relevant measuring lines.
- the driving data relate to speed and lane change detection.
- overtaking maneuvers can also be assigned to the correct vehicle when swerving, if several vehicles are between two successively arranged measuring knees, we carry out a few additional criteria and a more complex pattern recognition, assuming that a vehicle cannot accelerate as quickly as desired within the measuring grid divided by the measuring knees, we iters that at a known speed (e.g.
- the exact length of the vehicle can be deduced from the duration of the loss vaporization of a single measurement line, and furthermore that when a vehicle swings out, a time gap occurs at the sensor pulses that otherwise arrive at regular intervals and, depending on Whether an additional impulse occurs on the fast lane, the time gap is caused by the delay of the vehicle column, or by swerving, this also applies to the overtaking lane evaluated in coincidence, whether an additional impulse is caused by acceleration or by a vehicle being cut in (squeezed). Since it is also possible to infer the respective vehicle lengths in this serial tracking scan of the driving style, the distances between the vehicles can also be monitored well.
- the correct vehicle that has overtaken can be concluded.
- the monitoring memory RAM
- the virtual ID numbers of the vehicles in RAM are moved in the same way (corresponding to a shift register or FIFO first in first out) as the sensor signals of the scanning coils deliver the impulses.
- Such a virtual shift register simulation is simulated for each lane, the sequence of the lanes (or the lane number) being recorded via the index of a multidimensional array (as it were, as a multidimensional or multitrack shift register).
- the pulse train of the sensor coils
- the pulse pause increases on one track and a corresponding delay of the pulse pause occurs on the other track.
- This is decoded by a change detector, which always detects the change in the pulse frequency (as the first derivative and also as the second derivative, i.e.
- the parameter (BD, Fig. 1) for Influencing the at the Measuring point occurring loss controlled variable resistance Rp (loss 1 / RVM) is varied according to a temporal code pattern and furthermore, the overlaid with this variation, total loss occurring at the measuring point (total loss) is measured for monitoring and checked according to the temporally running code pattern corresponding comparison values ( or compared), the following consideration is assumed.
- the loss is varied with the variable resistance on a filter or resonance circuit (LM, Cp), so a listener must also use a filter or a resonant circuit (LM, Cp) .
- LM, Cp filter or resonance circuit
- the eavesdropper since he cannot orient himself on a decoupled voltage, but must measure the loss directly regardless of absolute voltage values or independently of an existing Hull curve, in any case, it takes longer to determine a loss value than the internal loss measurement of the security-coded loss measurement sensor allows, but then it is already too late, since the code pattern in progress has already changed its value.
- the internal measurement of the security-coded loss ustmeßsensors are under no circumstances waited until a value at the resonance circuit has settled, since the reference values are known.Therefore, the values can already be compared according to the respective rise or fall of the Hull curve, so that a listener is unable to adjust and therefore the loss fluctuation is not.
- the safety-coded loss measurement sensor was also immediately recognized when the offset value of the loss overlaid on the loss vanation via BD or 1 / RVM changes
- an embodiment is preferred in order to be able to electronically code parts, for example aircraft or car spare parts, etc.
- the sensor is provided with an encryption, by means of which it can be read out which part it protects or resp still associated specific data, such as date of manufacture, etc., and whether an attempt to attack to remove the sensor from the part has taken place.
- An attempt to attack, to remove the sensor from a part to be protected is determined by changing the offset value of the measured loss, on which the loss vanation is superimposed via BD or 1 / RVM.
- two fundamentally different design variants are provided - one in which the sensor module is mounted directly on the part to be protected and measures the loss via its conductivity, e.g.
- the sensor module is used as a closure detector of a package, within of the parts to be protected
- the sensor is provided with an adhesive layer, for example, and simply glued to the part in question, the part in question optionally also having a snap-in for additional fixing of the part can
- a further possibility is to fix the part concerned together with the vacuum-packed sensor, etc.
- a simple embodiment variant is preferred, which can be used both as a closure detector of a packaging and for immediate assembly suitable part: A band is pulled through the sensor housing, which is designed as a potted module unit, on which the sensor can be moved.
- This plastic tape corresponds to the usual packaging tapes that can be welded with a suitable welding gun.
- This tape has the property that it can be welded again after it has been cut through, but the new joint cannot be hidden.
- the packaging chosen for the parts to be secured is, for example, a simple tin box, the lid edge (a hinged or peel lid, etc.) however, has lead-through slots for pulling the tape through.
- the tape placed around the box closed with the lid, on which the sensor is slid over the appropriate tape guide slots in the sensor housing, is welded under tension as standard (e.g. in the middle of the box). The sensor is then pushed and fixed exactly over the welding point.
- the fixing is carried out, for example, by pulling surfaces which protrude from the sensor on the side of the tape on the underside of the sensor for exposing a self-adhesive layer of the sensor with which it is glued directly onto the packaging box.
- a metal wedge running obliquely in the direction of the tape is provided on the inside of the box, so that even a simple shifting of the sensor (with a loosened adhesive causes a change in loss).
- a plastic box can also be used. The place where the sensor is to be placed or the tape is to be welded is then marked by printing.
- the sensor is switched according to the preferred transputer sensor variant, and contains a non-volatile read-write memory (e.g. FLASH memory, EEPROM, or battery-buffered RAM), a button cell battery or battery , where appropriate a gold electrolytic capacitor can also be used as the battery for the intermediate storage of the energy of the HF receiving circuit, furthermore a monitoring circuit for the supply voltage (for example the battery) which, when falling to a minimum value, at which the processor circuit still works, in the writes a code to the non-volatile memory to indicate this.
- a non-volatile read-write memory e.g. FLASH memory, EEPROM, or battery-buffered RAM
- a button cell battery or battery where appropriate a gold electrolytic capacitor can also be used as the battery for the intermediate storage of the energy of the HF receiving circuit, furthermore a monitoring circuit for the supply voltage (for example the battery) which, when falling to a minimum value, at which the processor circuit still works, in the writes a code to the non-vol
- the transputer sensor chip can be reinitialized at any time by transmitting an HF via its HF circuit in order to read the non-volatile memory using the encryption protocol (similar to a chip card) . If this memory indicates an interruption in the supply voltage, then it is generally assumed that the part in question to which the sensor is attached is not genuine. If, on the other hand, the chip has been constantly under supply voltage since its initialization during packaging, the further data read from the memory decide whether the part in question is genuine. The part is genuine if there is no registered attempt to remove the part, ie no loss change has occurred outside of the changes specified by the temporal loss code pattern. To save performance, the sensor in question can also take a short break after each generation of a loss code pattern (duty cycle).
- the sensors are charged, for example, using the supply described by means of induction cables.
- a central HF transmitter in the cargo hold can continue to supply the transputer sensors, or the sensors are powered by the built-in rechargeable battery (or battery).
- Communication with the Em output device takes place via its own RF transmit / receive frequency or also via the RF circuit of the transputer sensor provided for the voltage supply.
- the temperature response can be compensated for in different ways, depending on which of the two methods of dynamic or static relative measurement described below for Fig. 8 is used. In the case of dynamic relative measurement, any loss change that occurs outside of the very slow adjustment process in the automatic adjustment of the working inconvenience is displayed as a response point.
- the measurement or loss assessment takes place taking into account the loss change BD to be expected according to a predetermined code (for encoding the loss) both for the variation of the total loss by manipulated variable BD (according to a predetermined code_BD) and for the respective setting of one (also after a changed Code_Tz) set time value to compensate for the temperature drift via a corresponding change in the offset value (see text for Fig. 8), both code values (Code_BD and Code_Tz) can also be generated by a random generator.
- the offset loss value changed at a time value of Code_Tz (with corresponding number pulses (za, zb, zc, zd, ze etc.) is then taken into account for the reference evaluation of the loss measured in each case by the proportion in the variable resistor corresponding to the offset loss value Loss 1 / RVM is retained accordingly (remains stored as offset value for measurement of usl).
- the measurement method can also be carried out without a negative resistance component.
- a reference measurement coil LT (with CT) is provided in addition to the loss measurement coil LM (with Cp) , which is also fixed to the tin box with a suitable tape and glued to the tin box, or can optionally also be attached to the inside of the tin box.
- the loss measurement sensor for signal transmission that is completely insensitive to interference.
- the request for protection extends not only to an application as a loss-measuring sensor for recording corresponding physical measurement quantities, but since the inventor has apparently broken new ground with his invention, the possibility of using the sensor in particular for signal transmission that is completely insensitive to interference is to be used for signal decoupling.
- the delimitation from the prior art new solution paths, and applications for such a transmission are described for the most varied of applications: standard data line connections in mechanical engineering, transmission of data on existing power networks (external, land lines, City lines) and internally (in rooms, e.g. for computer networking or machine networking, etc.), and furthermore the use of such a signal transmission to network the sensors designed as transputer sensors using a simple induction cable (cable or current loop wound around a winding mandrel) ,
- FIG. 1 The circuit from FIG. 1 is taken directly from DE 42 40 739 C2 and is directly suitable for carrying out the method of the present application without substantial changes if the software of the microcontroller (MP) used is modified accordingly.
- FIGS. 2b and 2c Examples of the process sequence of the method according to the invention are described in FIGS. 2b and 2c. F ⁇ g.2b and Fig.2c represent two different variants, which use the same inventive principle according to claim 1.
- Fig. 2a illustrates a method as has already been proposed according to the prior art in DE 42 40 739 C2.
- 3 to 6 relate to further developments of the invention with regard to circuit configurations.
- 7 relates to an application on a brake disc in which the method is also described for a temperature measurement, as already proposed in the cited DE 42 40 739 C2.
- FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit with a detailed explanation of the preferred evaporation of the loss measurement with a negative resistance or conductance.
- the other figures relate to further developments of the invention, which show the possibilities of the new method for the most varied of applications.
- FIG. 36 the application of the method for a signal transmission method that is insensitive to a disturbance signal is described, with the various application possibilities described for further figures
- Fig.l is taken from DE 42 40 739 C2 and shows the corresponding principle.
- the other value of Rp is a constant.
- the ratio Rp '* usl / us2 becomes RVM (measured loss).
- Rp infinite (ie switched off).
- the other value of Rp is varied (adjusted) until the constant usl / us2 is satisfied.
- Rp is a variable and us / us2 is a constant, which can thus be detected by a comparator circuit and therefore usl / us2 does not have to be calculated, which has advantages for the smallest microcontrollers.
- Rp can also be, for example, a linear binary graded master value network that is switched directly by the CMOS microcontroller outputs (high-resistance or against GND ... ground).
- a binary master value network Go .... Gn
- Go ... Gn corresponds to the resistances Rn ... Ro
- the function master value function (temperature) can be assumed with sufficient accuracy in the microcontroller using the table. The same also applies to distance measurements.
- the zero crossings (SYNC) of the coil current are detected by LM via Ro and amplifier V.
- a transformer coupling can also be carried out via a corresponding winding to LM via the summation point S of the master value network
- S&H sample and hold
- S&H sample and hold
- the S&H (sample and hold) memory circuit is required so that the voltage values can be compared at different times from the different measuring cycles (tl, t2).
- One of the two inputs has a voltage divider (Rva, Rvb) that is dimensioned such that the inputs have the same voltage at the comparator output for the fixed constant value of the ratio usl / us2
- the detection of the coil current zero crossing (cf. Cu in Fig. 5) to determine the voltage maximum at the resonant circuit can be carried out in addition to the use of a small series resistance (Rmi), for example also by means of a coupling coil or Hall generator
- Fig. 5 shows an example for constant control of the resonant circuit current, which is coupled out to a comparator (Ci) via a measuring resistor (Rmi) connected in series with the internal resistance of the supply circuit as a differential voltage (DIFF) and supplied with a comparator (Ci) corresponding to the desired maximum value of the resonant circuit current amphtude
- the comparator output When the resonance current (ires) is exceeded, the comparator output generates a clock edge (CKminus) for the gradual readjustment to gradually reduce the resonance circuit current amphtude.
- Both clock edges are, for example, fed directly to a microcontroller (MP), which forms a corresponding forward-back counter (Zint) with the clock edges, the output (x) of which via a corresponding resistance network (D / A) compensates for the resonant circuit current (ires) by means of compensating variation the signal voltage (external supply to coupling capacitor Ck of the resonant circuit) via the supply voltage control (VCCosz) of the supplying oscillator is kept constant.
- MP microcontroller
- Zint forward-back counter
- VCCosz supply voltage control
- a particularly preferred simplification version is to connect the resistors of the D / A converter directly to a CMOS microcontroller, and its Supply current output to a summing amplifier, the mede Rohmiger output directly feeds the supply voltage of the oscillator
- the oscillator supply voltage (VCCosz) is adjusted for the purpose the constant control of the resonant circuit current (ires) only for every third period group of the resonant current, the preferred measuring steps (tl, t2) for determining the measured value being carried out in the period groups in between (two in succession) and when using the variant for the adjustment of a constant predetermined usl / us2 behavior (cf. variant 2), this comparison (Rp) can also be divided over several such pentode sequences.
- a period group is to be understood as the number of periods that the resonant circuit (LM, Cp) needs to settle the settling time after a step of voltage change (VCCosz) caused to keep the resonant circuit current constant (ires) or a step of adjusting the adjustable resistance (Rp) Resonance circuit to be considered.
- the detection of whether a process has settled when VCCosz is changed can, for example. by evaluating the tactile ratio with which Ckplus and Ckminus alternate.
- Option phi relates to a control signal emitted by the microcontroller (processor) MP to the supply oscillator OSZ of the resonant circuit (LM, Cp), which causes the oscillator via its output (coupling capacitor Ck) to the resonant circuit LM, Cp, if necessary, to phase the (with Cu) dedicated resonance circuit current (ires) feed in phase opposition oscillation in order to keep the resonance circuit current amphtude (ires) at a constant value.
- the disturbance signal is so large that the resonance current ires would otherwise no longer be reduced by reducing VCCosz
- LM, Cp resonant circuit
- OSZ external supply
- an adjustable phase shifter is provided in the feedback path of the oscillator circuit to the resonant circuit, the phase delay of which can be controlled by a control signal from the microcontroller.
- the microcontroller can use the phase shifter to shift the oscillation circuit amphtude into the desired measuring range, in which the control range for the constant current control described is located.
- the alternating current amplitude of the resonant circuit feed current can thus be constantly controlled in the manner described.
- amp regulation could also be carried out by connecting corresponding further losses (offset value) in parallel, but this would influence the overall measurement characteristic (sensitivity, resolution) of the sensor.
- FIG. 6 shows an example in which the measuring principle is used to measure a low-resistance Rx, for example a wire or strain gauge.
- Rx low-resistance
- the measured ohmic resistance is connected directly in series to the measuring coil (LM) via ohmic contacting (KTK).
- FIG. 7 illustrates the example of an application on a brake.
- a sensor coil (LMla.b or LM2a, b.)
- LM3a, b On one or both sides of the brake lining edge (3) ) and another sensor coil (LM3a, b) is used on the outside of the brake shoes.
- the inside of the sensor coils (LM1, LM2) measure on the one hand the distance (4) to the brake disc (6) to determine the thickness (5) of the brake pad (2) and also the symmetrical wear (or asymmetrical) in the case of defective brakes.
- the sensor coil (LM3) used on the outside measures the temperature of the brake disc (6) at a constant distance, the
- M [M * (n-1) + an] / n, where M ... on the right side of the equation is the current (most recently determined) mean, n .. .d ⁇ e sequential number of a current measured value is, and M ... on the left side of the equation is the newly formed mean value, taking the current measurement into account.
- the temperature measurement of the brake disc (6) also provides a correction value for the sensor coils (LM1, LM2 ) for measuring the brake pad thickness.
- a standard temperature sensor ⁇ standard can also be provided, which measures the cooling effect of the air flow acting on the brake discs, this sensor also being able to be heated directly, if necessary, e.g.
- the temperature sensor is heated to the temperature of the brake disc (regulated) and is mounted on a surface (standard) which has approximately the same heat dissipation to the environment as the brake disc.
- the braking power thus obtained is still related to the braking force exerted by the braking system (e.g.
- an ABS braking system can also be calibrated well via the controlling microprocessor from the measurement described, or influenced before a tire still locks, to reduce the braking force-free slip distances.
- the variant described corresponds to a further training option, although it is also a great advantage if the brakes overheat, or loss of grip when braking, is signaled to the driver acoustically or optically, or if the risk of overheating activates an engine brake (e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide) or an automatic transmission.
- an engine brake e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide
- an automatic transmission e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide
- Another application for temperature measurement is e.g. measuring the temperature on turbine blades, which can be done at a large distance, since the sensor is insensitive to interference.
- FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit diagram to illustrate the method for the exact setting of the negative resistance (or negative conductance -gT) used in a preferred development for the additional evaporation of the measuring circuit.
- the serial loss resistance rs of the measuring coil LM can be understood as a parallel conductance transformed by the parallel resonant circuit (LM, Cp), which is compensated by a negative conductance -gT (e.g. a tunnel diode) parallel to the resonant circuit (e.g. a tunnel diode), with the measurement variable switched on of the loss to be measured 1 / RVM.
- LM, Cp parallel resonant circuit
- a negative conductance -gT e.g. a tunnel diode
- the resonant circuit e.g. a tunnel diode
- the loss resistance rs of the measuring coil LM is already included in the value of 1 / RVM ' , a table for the actual assignment of the measured value 1 / RVM from the measured 1 / RVM ' is used.
- the value of the negative conductance of the tunnel diode -gT can also be changed, the conductance zero can be provided as the setting value and, if necessary, the switching of two values is sufficient.
- the relevant guide values -gT and GTCOMP are made adjustable within a value scale by means of manipulated variables, or can only be switched between two values (e.g. zero and GTCOMP, or zero and -gT) depends on the relationship condition set up for a desired application according to the losses present at the resonant circuit in addition to the preferred measurement method for the interference signal independent measurement of a loss 1 / RVM (cf. measurement steps t1 and t2 with ul, u2) for the determination of -gT.
- a loss 1 / RVM cf. measurement steps t1 and t2 with ul, u2
- the voltage value uoff (after which uon is compared) should be selected so that it corresponds to the voltage values usl (in step tl) and us2 (in step t2) that occur during the actual loss measurement. equivalent.
- the operating point of the tunnel diode is placed in a linear range where possible, in which the differential conductance of the tunnel diode -gT is greater than that of the actual one Loss measurement occurring control range ul and u2 remains constant.
- the tunnel diode can be operated with the lowest voltages in order to keep -gT stable in the required modulation range.
- the actual loss (via usl, us2) can be measured in asynchronous mode, but the comparison, or the determination of -gT, is synchronized in synchronous mode after stable phase positions, with respect to the penodicity of the interference signal envelope curve of the measurement signal after each measurement of usl (in tl) or us2 (in t2), the resonance circuit amphtude is sampled until the value usl or ditto for us2 occurs again on the hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage, or at least an approximate value.
- Such an amplitude sampling is prepared for each of the two measuring steps tl (with usl) and t2 (with us2), even if tl and t2 are measured successively in accordance with the asynchronous mode (in order to obtain as many measurement results as possible).
- Rp can also take over the function of GTCOMP at the same time without the need for a further cascade.
- GTCOMP is made adjustable by manipulated variable
- GTCOMP a corresponding value variation of GTCOMP can also take place when the HS (GTCOMP) is closed (or not available):
- HS (GTCOMP) is in toff a value 1 / RVLo switched, which corresponds to a permanently switched on loss value 1 / RVLo during the adjustment of HS (GTCOMP) in steps toff and ton, which corresponds to the good and thus the settling time of the measuring oscillating circuit to accelerate the adjustment of the negative conductance -gT accordingly reduced.
- the setting of GTCOMP to the value 1 / RVLo therefore corresponds to the state of the shutdown of GTCOMP in toff, the value of uoff being set to a (predefined) amplitude of uoff (or also ul) corresponding to the desired good with 1 / RVLo can be
- the desired formation of the measuring method can be maintained in the subsequent measuring step tl, the loss value 1 / RVLo which is permanently switched on as offset value for the measurement of usl, with appropriate consideration for the determination of the loss value in measuring step t2 (when measuring us2).
- GTCOMP can also be used as a variable resistor Rp in measuring step t2.
- a calibration for -gT GTCOMP can also be used separate resonant circuit Lneg, Cneg.
- the direct comparison of -gT to a specified value of GTCOMP is useful if -gT is specified as a constant value (or measurement constant) for setting a desired good to reduce the loss of the measuring circuit (LM, Cp), and the loss to be measured 1 / RVM is measured as a total loss together with the negative conductance -gT according to one of the two methods, variant or variant 2.
- the loss actually measured can then be read from a table that takes the set measuring constant into account, e.g. is directly calibrated in the size to be measured.
- the direct comparison of GTCOMP to a set value of -gT makes sense if the negative master value -gT is to be read.
- a respectively set value of the negative master value -gT can also be read, makes it possible for the measurement of the loss 1 / RVM to be measured in addition to the two preferred variants, execution variant or execution variant 2, to have a third variant, execution variant 3, for determining a loss measured with the measuring circuit can be used.
- the -gT is first compared to the total loss 1 / RVM ' + (- gT), with the negative conductance beginning approximately at zero, as long as it is gradually increased in the negative direction until a self-oscillation (without to use a feedback amplifier or a third-party supply) Then the negative conductance -gT (of the point of oscillation) is measured in the described manner by means of adjustment by GTCOMP.
- GTCOMP therefore corresponds to -gT or 1 / RVM including the inherent loss of the coil (rs) transformed as parallel conductance, which is corrected via the table.
- Relative measurement That a set value of -gT can be read directly via the comparison of GTCOMP is particularly interesting for applications where the total loss (K or 1 / RVM) in which the measuring coil LM is located is not measured but only the measurement of minor additive changes (dK or 1 / dRVM) as a relative measurement to the existing total loss.
- the total loss corresponds to the offset value l / RVM_Offset, which is reduced with a negative resistance or negative conductance -gT by a corresponding negative loss (-1 / RVM_NEG) to the remaining measuring constant 1 / RVM_Q.
- the setting of the sensor to the value of the operating point 1 / RVM_Q for the measurement of 1 / dRVM takes place either automatically over the entire defined measuring range, e.g. if the starting point 1 / RVM_Q is based on a low-frequency total loss or RV / offset as a DC component via readjustment of (-1 / RVM__NEG) so that the loss l / d ⁇ RVM can be optimally measured as a pulse or high frequent signal in a dynamic relative measurement, without any drift of l / RVM_Offset or 1 / RVM_Q special measures had to be taken.
- the setting of the sensor to the value of the operating point 1 / RVM_Q for the measurement of 1 / dRVM is for a readjustment of (-1 / RVM_NEG) by a comparison sensor (cf. LT, CT) which also measures the temperature influence as a loss, or provides a minute end or subtrahend of a difference measurement.
- a comparison sensor cf. LT, CT
- the relative measurement is best comparable to a small signal coupling of a DC-coupled summing amplifier, the small signal having a much higher equal component than zero point and the zero point position being set by a negative signal corresponding to this direct component and fed to the summing amplifier.
- the difference between dynamic and static relative measurement is that the control variable used to set the zero position of the small signal in dynamic relative measurement is decoded directly from the Kletnsignal (l / d ⁇ RVM), especially from the envelope curve corresponding to the degree of amplification of the small signal, comparable to dynamic compressors and automatic gain control.
- the zero position is set by an immediate difference signal, in the present case in particular by a further sensor (1 / dRVM), which stabilizes the zero position of the clamp signal sensed by the first sensor against third flows.
- the difference signal of two sensors can also be sampled directly.
- the clamp signal is a loss (l / d ⁇ RVM or 1 / dRVM), and the negative summand used to set the zero position of the clamp signal is a corresponding loss (-1 / RVM_NEG)
- Dynamic relative measurement The offset value l / RVM_Offset given by the physical measurement setup of the sensor is reduced by the steepening of the negative loss component (-1 / RVM_NEG) to such an extent that an operating point 1 / RVM_Q is set for which the dynamic loss change size l / d ⁇ RVM can be measured in the desired amplitude range (us *) of the resonant circuit with a desired degree of amplification.
- This operating point can also be set, for example, in an automatic calibration step if necessary.
- the self-test characteristic of the sensor can also be used to do this (see also cited DE 42 40 739 C2) in order to increase the dynamic loss cycle size l / d ⁇ RVM by varying the value of a controllable (BD) loss Rp connected to the resonant circuit simulate as if it occurred at the measuring point (K) (see also Fig.l).
- BD controllable
- This procedure is expedient if the expected loss measurement l / d ⁇ RVM is to be pre-calibrated to a certain input sensitivity without a dynamically changing loss l / d ⁇ RVM in question having to be present as a measurement variable coupled in via the measuring coil LM, which is the case, for example, with Switching on or resetting the sensor, or when an external synchronization signal arrives, can take place during the measurements of the loss of l / d ⁇ RVM coupled in via the measuring coil LM in the manner described (tl, t2 with usl, us2; or ton, toff with uon , uoff) the constant Monitoring the Hull curve usH of the resonant circuit voltage for exceeding a maximum value (REFHJWAX) and a minimum value (REFH_MIN).
- a maximum value REFHJWAX
- REFH_MIN minimum value
- REFHJVIAX defines the permissible maximum good of the resonant circuit via the permissible maximum amplitude. If this good was exceeded, the bandwidth was reduced to such an extent that the dynamically measured loss l / d ⁇ RVM can no longer be transmitted, so if REFH_MAX is detected, the negative portion of the loss (-1 / RVM_NEG) must be reduced accordingly until the Hull curve falls below the value of REFH_MAX If the minimum value of the hull curve falls below the value of REFHJVIIN, the sensitivity of the sensor set by operating point 1 / RVM_Q is too low and is increased accordingly by increasing (-1 / RVM_NEG), thus reducing the Hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage again in the measuring range of l / d ⁇ RVM.
- the negative part of (-1 / RVM_NEG) can be regarded as a drift due to the adjustment of -gT for each loss measurement and are thus directly fed to a table as an input variable in order to determine an output variable corresponding to the temperature influence Maintain it is assumed that the zero point of the dynamically measured loss l / d ⁇ RVM corresponds to the working point set with (-1 / RVM_NEG).
- This detection can be carried out using simple comparators, or also via Operational amplifier, whereby the deviation (us * from REFH_MIN or REFHJWAX) then also controls the clock frequency of the forward-back payer, which uses (-1 / RVM_NEG) to control the resonant circuit voltage amphtude (us *) to counteract the deviation (according to the direction of payment) (eg via a VCO circuit, voltage-controlled oscillator circuit) The clock frequency and Sc
- the step size (from -1 / RVM_NEG) with which the forward / back payer is clocked depends on the application.
- the working point of the dynamic relative measurement can be used for periodic signals (e.g.
- vibration sensing as well as for event measurements (measurement of individual pulses or needle pulse trains with a large duty cycle) , etc.) can also be stabilized.
- mean value summing or determined via low-pass filter
- oscillation curve sampling of the resonant circuit amphtude us * can also be included, depending on how the application requires it.
- Another option is for the automatic adjustment of the operating point to use enable signal (eg to switch on / off the payment clocks) Relevant examples are described for Fig. 15 and Fig. 30
- the static relative measurement 1 / dRVM differs from the dynamic (l / d ⁇ RVM) in that the controlled variable for the adjustment of (-1 / RVM_NEG) to compensate for the drift deviation is not from the signal curve of the one measuring the loss 1 / dRVM Sensor resonant circuit is decoded (see REFH_MAX and REFHJVIIN), but a reference loss is measured with another loss measuring resonant circuit, after which the drift of the operating point for the measurement of 1 / dRVM of the first resonant circuit is adjusted by adjusting (-1 / RVM_NEG) Applications is temperature compensation by means of separately provided Sensor coil LT, or sensor resonant circuit LT, CT possible, cf.
- the temperature-dependent conductance of the part (K) measured via the sensor oscillating circuit LM, Cp is measured with a second oscillating circuit LT, CT provided for measuring the temperature dependency, the temperature measuring coil LT being arranged such that over the measuring range , or the range of motion of the approach measurement of the measured part (K) at the temperature measuring coil LT, no distance-related loss change occurs.
- DE 42 40 739 C2 does not make use of evaporation of an offset loss, which is why the temperature compensation described there is sufficient.
- both resonant circuits can have identical coils, the different resonance frequencies being set via the parallel resonant circuit capacitors (Cp, CT). For a certain nominal temperature (e.g.
- CT provided for the measurement of the temperature response
- the same loss value is set as a negative loss value component in accordance with the setting made on the resonance circuit LM, Cp.
- both resonance circuits therefore have absolute synchronism.
- the input value is the measured value 1 / dRVM, or if not previously normalized by calculation, the value l / dRVM + [1 / RVMJ3] is stored as the read address for reading out the measured physical measured value.
- a value table and a temperature correction table it is ensured that corresponding correction values for which the correction value is not equal to zero are stored only for those total loss values 1 / dRVM + [1 / RVMJQ] for different temperature ranges.
- the correction method can be freely defined, for example, the correction value can be saved as a factor (percentage value, etc.) or as an immediate summation.
- Value table and temperature correction table are organized as follows:
- the actual loss measurement sensor (LM, Cp) directly addresses the received measured values 1 / dRVM + [1 / RVM_Q] with the value table which corresponds to the physical measured value corresponding to a nominal temperature (e.g. 25 ° C) reads from the value table.
- correction data words are listed in the temperature correction table, in which correction values ERROR VALUE associated with the respective output values [OUTPUT] of the value table, certain temperature ranges are stored if they have a correction value not equal to zero, and further , the correction value has not yet been saved within the temperature range (see Table 3).
- These correction data words are then flanked in each case with the temperature ranges (e.g. Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, .... etc.) or included between the temperature data words representing the temperature ranges, e.g. Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, ... etc., whereby within the temperature correction table passed through a pre-backward counter, the temperature values are arranged according to increasing values.
- correction data words included between the temperature values are also arranged according to increasing values of the output values [OUTPUT] of the value table. If necessary, to distinguish between correction data words and temperature data words, a corresponding identifier bit (flag, log.O or log.l) provided in the data word.
- the values (-1 / RVMJMEG) can be saved or rounded to match the required accuracy with a correspondingly reduced number of bits (MSB LSB + n).
- the change indicates that the currently measured change in relation to the old (previous) table value (e.g. Ta) is less than the difference from the old table value (e.g. Ta) to the newly obtained table value (e.g. Tb), then the pointer for the Reading the temperature correction table reset to the old temperature value (eg Ta). If, on the other hand, the change currently measured in relation to the old (previous) table value (e.g. Ta) is greater (or equal) than the difference between the old table value (e.g. Ta) and the newly obtained table value (e.g. Tb), then the new table value becomes the current one Pointer for reading the temperature correction table.
- this method can be used in both directions to select the current temperature field in the table.
- Tb minus Ta, Tc minus Tb; or vice versa if
- the change in the negative direction is decreasing).
- the correction data words are stored, consisting of a word for the value from the value table for a measurement of the value [OUTPUT] obtained for the actual loss measurement (with resonant circuit LM.Cp) and the correction value ERROR VALUE associated with this value.
- the address counter of the temperature correction table follows the relevant OUTPUT parameters within the temperature parameters. The same principle applies here as for the follow-up of the basic temperature values.
- the OUTPUT value stored in the table is read out depending on the direction, and it is determined whether the change relating to the old (previous table value) is greater or smaller than that difference in the table resulting from the old and newly addressed value of OUTPUT, if no, then the pointer for receiving a correction value (ERROR VALUE) is reset to the old (previous table value), if so then the pointer remains for Receipt of a correction value (ERROR VALUE) set to the new value.
- the tables are created in a learning process according to the state of the art, which is adapted accordingly to the given requirements:
- the physical sensor detected in the learning process is detected by an appropriate arrangement or device (e.g. spindle or pressure generator, or valves, etc.) Measured variable (e.g. distance measurement, pressure measurement, etc.) correspondingly continuously changed (tuned in the value scale) and with a reference calibration sensor (e.g. pressure sensor when generating pressure, etc.) or directly via the precise display of a calibration adjuster (e.g.
- the temperature grid creation table is described as follows: If the measurement scale for a temperature value offset by one temperature unit (this corresponds to an increment of MSB LSB + n of the value -1 / RVMJMEG, or the manipulated variable BD) is recorded, then the value table is used read whether for this temperature change the output value of the table deviates from an measured reference value beyond an increment, if so then the loss relating to the temperature value measurement (- 1 / RVMJ EG) is saved together with the associated temperature value, if not then there is no saving.
- the loss relating to the temperature value measurement (-1 / RVMJJEG) is also not saved if the correction value has not changed compared to a previous saving, because corresponding [OUTPUT] / correction value data words only occur within the temperature values if there is a change in the correction value in the course of the calibration curve is necessary in order to save the correction values as redundantly as possible
- the regulation of -1 / RVMJMEG can also be carried out with a permanently set negative conductance -gT and additionally parallel conductance Rp + (-gT) in the negative range of this conductance sum.
- the described compensation method can also be controlled only in the positive control range of BD of the parallel resonant circuit LT, CT used for the temperature compensation measurement.
- FIG. 9 illustrates the characteristic curve for an example of a tunnel diode used as negative conductance -gT with the two tangential points PA and PB, in which the differential negative resistance becomes infinite, or conductance becomes zero.
- the area around PA or PB or the area in between can be selected as the operating point.
- the tunnel diode is adapted to the parallel resonant circuit via a transformer winding.
- Umax are the corner stress values of the intended working area
- an HF choke HF-Dr.
- Fig.lOb (on sheet 25) illustrates a circuit that is very well suited for the preferred training implementation as a transputer circuit, in which the preferred tunnel diode circuit is supplied via a received RF frequency.
- the supply voltage VDT of the tunnel diode is tapped via a loosely coupled winding of the HF supply receiver circuit (HFP) (and correspondingly rectified, DGL).
- the required high-impedance output resistance is via the leakage inductance of the loose coupling produced lossless by VDT.
- the exact setting of the current takes place via a load regulation of the supply voltage by a digitally adjustable conductance network, the conductance values of which are graduated in binary, controlled by processor MP, which also controls the corner voltage values of the tunnel diode within the intended working range (umax ... um ⁇ n, see also Fig. 9 and Fig.lOa) measures.
- the internal resistance of the supply voltage VDT is dimensioned such that with a minimal power radiation into the supply / reception circuit HFP at which the entire circuit is still supposed to work (minimum radiation) and a high-impedance setting of the conductor network, the required negative conductance of the tunnel diode (in the working range of the Point PB) can still be set safely via the manipulated variable of the conductor network. If the power radiation in the HFP supply receiving circuit rises above the rated minimum radiation, then its RF input voltage is blanked out by means of a corresponding transverse regulation (load) by means of a switching transistor until the voltage range of VDT is again within the control range of the conductance network.
- a reference voltage is required for the various voltage and current monitors (see umax, umm, VDT, received HF at the HFP supply receiving circuit, constant current supply IK for the excitation supply of the measuring resonant circuit).
- the reference voltage diode To generate this reference voltage with the lowest possible power loss, the reference voltage diode must be operated in pulses provided with sampling of the reference voltage after each sample &. Hold principle
- the loose coupling of the second coil for the voltage decoupling from VDT is realized by arranging this coil on the other side in mirror image to the reception coil of the supply reception circuit HFP.
- the coupling factor is determined by the thickness of the film and a slight misalignment of the conductor track within the distance of the spiral, ditto also by the frequency.
- Germanium diodes with a low threshold voltage are provided as rectifiers for the HFP supply circuit as well as for the loosely coupled coil for the generation of VDT.
- a vaporization resistor that can be switched on by a switching transistor is also provided on the supply / receive circuit HFP in order to keep the supply voltage of the entire circuit reasonably stable.
- a power management switchover PUS is connected immediately after the supply reception circuit. This switchover alternately switches the supply voltage between two basic circuit units: a supply unit, which relates to the loss measuring device (LM, Cp), Rp, BW, with the tunnel diode circuit and the microcontroller MP, including any reception circuit (RS) which may be present for receiving a via HF-transmitted data signal
- the second supply unit only relates to the transmission circuit (SE) for sending the measured sensor data, or possibly further protocol data such as sensor addresses, acknowledgment of readiness, etc.
- This transmission circuit also contains a serial interface receive register capacitively coupled to the microcontroller, in which the Microcontroller MP stores the transmission data before it is switched to standby mode or switched off by the power management switchover (PUS). Whereby this receive register assigned to the transmission circuit can also temporarily store and read back internal data and has a permanently connected supply voltage.
- the flip-flop controlled power management switchover has two control inputs (set or reset): one that is controlled by the microcontroller (set) for switching on the supply voltage of the transmission circuit, while simultaneously switching off the first supply unit for loss measurement (including microcontroller), and a further input (reset) which causes the supply voltage of the microcontroller and the loss measurement to be switched on again while the transmission circuit is switched off at the same time.
- a reset control signal is sent from the transmission circuit to the Power management switchover given when the transmission of a data block is finished, with a pause timer optionally being provided in order to insert a standby time in order to save power.
- the switching on of the supply voltage to the microcontroller caused by the reset control signal brings about an switching reset function, whereby when using a small microcontroller without an interrupt, the microcontroller stores its program address to be jumped after a reset in an external register, for example the serial register of the transmission circuit which is constantly supplied with voltage, back, which he had written into the register before switching off his supply voltage or switching to stand-by mode via the power management switchover.
- Another special feature is how the tunnel diode is driven into the work area (PB) every time the supply voltage VDT is switched on, controlled by the microcontroller (MP). It is assumed that the leakage inductance of the supply coil from VDT of the supply reception circuit HFP is dimensioned such that the tunnel diode can hold the operating point with minimal power radiation in the supply reception circuit HFP. For this, the source VDT must be able to supply a current of 0.7mA (0.33mW) at around 0.47V. When switched on, however, 0.33mW also corresponded to 4.1mA * 0.08V, ie this would result in an operating point (PP) in the positive resistance range of the tunnel diode.
- the tunnel diode must be protected in general, for example by dimensioning the circuit (possibly with an additional series resistor) so that at VDT of 0.6V generally no more than 1 to 2mA can flow.
- the preferred supply circuit of the tunnel diode also has a series inductance (L1), which increases the parallel loss resistance, which is given by the internal resistance of the leakage inductance for the supply VDT and the load control of the digital conductance network. This inductance is also preferably used to generate the power or current required to approach the operating point each time the supply voltage VDT is switched on again.
- a cut-off transistor HSLI is provided for VDT and a free-wheeling diode D is also provided for the current path: tunnel diode and series inductance (Ll), which is used to switch VDT off for a short time (e.g. if the operating point PP is in the linear positive part) the induction voltage of the Seneninduktivitat (or also the coupling coil LS for the Schwmgnikekoppelung to LM, Cp) resulting current increase results in the operating point setting in PB.
- tunnel diode and series inductance (Ll) which is used to switch VDT off for a short time (e.g. if the operating point PP is in the linear positive part) the induction voltage of the Seneninduktivitat (or also the coupling coil LS for the Schwmgnikekoppelung to LM, Cp) resulting current increase results in the operating point setting in PB.
- the rising edge for the short-term shutdown of the supply voltage VDT is dimensioned so that in the 0.6V range of the tunnel diode the current is generally not up to Destruction limit of the diode can rise, 2.
- Control areas are provided by voltage comparator monitoring (of umin, umax) of the characteristic curve in order to be able to limit the current through the conductance network controlled by the microcontroller. Doing so. For example, with umin via a time query of how long it takes to reach umin, a first limitation step is initiated with a corresponding master value setting, umax corresponds to the final limitation at which regulation via the master value network starts hard.
- the two corner points umax and umin are used during the setting procedure to set a defined negative conductance -gT to prevent the negative range between umax and umin from being left out.
- the tunnel diode can be connected to a plurality of taps of the coupling coil LS by means of switching transistors for a selection of the measuring range.
- the adjustment method can be started in accordance with the described compensation measurement for the setting of the exact negative conductance -gT of the tunnel diode.
- the negative conductance -gT In order to subsequently initiate the actual measuring procedure for determining the loss value with this value, the negative conductance -gT must be kept stable.
- a sample and hold was used to get by with the lowest possible power
- an A / D converter for the signal conversion with subsequent feeding of the value into the microcontroller can also be used, wherein several sample & hold functions can also be combined using a corresponding input multiplexer of the A / D converter
- the step size of the digital tail network which is in each case decisive for a linear step for adjusting the negative loss -gT of the tunnel diode, is stored in a table in the microcontroller after carrying out the measurement method for determining the loss via the fundamental Measuring steps tl and t2, for example after execution variant or version 2 with the supply voltage VDT of the tunnel diode held, the process for re-adjusting -gT is resumed in order to obtain a new value for VDT, and measuring steps tl and t2 then follow again for this new VDT value , etc., constantly alternating between readjusting -gT and performing the measuring steps tl and t2 for the respective determination of the loss 1 / RVM to be measured
- a current decoupling resistor connected in series with the measuring coil (which is equally vaporized via -gT).
- a parallel resonant circuit LM, Cp (or an equivalent filter, band filter, etc.) can also be used for the evaporation of losses caused by the capacitance
- capacitance cascades switched e.g. binary graded
- switching transistors e.g. FET
- the external supply takes place by means of a corresponding polarity reversal signal which alternately connects a negative or positive constant current source to the parallel resonant circuit in accordance with the polarity reversal polarity.
- the example described illustrates how optimally the sensor according to the invention can be implemented in the most diverse application areas with extremely low power consumption.
- a single chip which alternatively provides a further oscillator with which the HF supply receiving circuit (HFP) can be fed by an external connection, ie serial data inputs and outputs are present via external connections, both a multiplicity of Transputer sensor applications are covered as well as sensor applications networked via cable connection.
- the circuit is well suited to simultaneously carry out data communication via the HF supply receiving circuit (HFP). Details for this are further described in the chapter "Additions to the Transputer Application Variant"
- Fig.ll illustrates an application example for a highly accurate measurement of a dynamically changing loss quantity l / d ⁇ RVM (cf. dynamic relative measurement according to Fig. 8) of a wheel or tire monitoring for a rail wheel, for example for a train.
- the described process automatically adjusts the offset value of the loss via the negative loss component - 1 / RVMJMEG (coupled in via -gT) until it is conditioned by the surface roughness or Manufacturing tolerances these tolerances occur as dynamically changing loss size l / d ⁇ RVM.
- the loss 1 / RVM_Q for the operating point setting must not be regulated below a value that the good of the parallel resonant circuit becomes so large, or even becomes infinite or negative, that the resonant circuit oscillates independently or its bandwidth for the transmission of the dynamically changing loss magnitude to be sampled l / d ⁇ RVM is no longer sufficient.
- a mode is preferred in which the readjustment process of the operating point setting 1 / RVM_Q is synchronized with the angular rotation of the wheel (from 0 ° to 360 °), in such a way that the maximum modulation amplitude of the envelope curve of the resonant circuit voltage us * is fixed at a certain angle.
- This angle starts at 0 ° after each wheel rotation offset by a segment unit (eg in raster units by 10 °), but the adjustment is not to the maximum Duty control amphtude, but only to a fraction, e.g.
- the fraction for the determination of the maximum modulation amphtude when comparing l / RVMJJ in the standard mode can be determined by determining the ratio of maximum to minimum amplitude of the envelope of the resonance voltage us * for a full wheel revolution, with a corresponding stepwise shift of the working point 1 / RVMJ5
- This example illustrates that for the described method for sampling a dynamically changing loss size l / d ⁇ RVM, the loss size does not necessarily have to be a periodically changing size, but that these are also spontaneous individual pulses of loss fluctuations l / d ⁇ RVM can act.
- the described method for scanning the concentricity of each cylinder wall of a wheel cylinder, ditto also an end-side scanning of the wheel can be carried out in order to determine irregularities. Furthermore, this monitoring also includes the timely determination of whether a wheel bearing is defective this sensor too (at Corresponding setting of operating point 1 / RVMJ3) the scanning of vibrations or coping noise, etc. can be carried out.
- the sensor is absolutely temperature stable due to the constant readjustment and the resolution is fully usable up to the noise limit. In this way, even the load-dependent deformation of the rail wheel can be recognized.
- a sensor which is arranged in the vertical plumb line (vert) below the axis and which scans the wheel tire, scans the minimum inner radius of the tire, or a sensor which scans the axis or in the vertical plumb line, which passes through the axis (Horiz) is arranged and the wheel tire scans the maximum inner radius of the tire.
- a steel tire on a rail wheel is deformed in the same way as a rubber tire (of course to a much lesser extent). The deformation corresponds to the ratio of the maximum to the minimum inside diameter of the tire during a respective rotation of the rail wheel. The extent of the deformation depends on the modulus of elasticity of the material and the load.
- the steel tire of a rail wheel can only be loaded up to a certain speed, depending on how quickly the material shifts that occur in the steel tire can follow its deformation during wheel rotation.
- a pair of sensors arranged in a vertical vertical axis (vert) and horizontal vertical axis (horiz) the extent of the deformation as well as its temporal course can be measured in each case during a wheel revolution. If there are any special deviations, the deformation is inhomogeneous and the wheel or bearing is at risk.
- the squeaking noise that is usually present on older wheels or rails can also be sampled as a vibration corresponding to the structure-borne noise of the wheel.
- the evaporation of the sensor through the negative loss component with the automatic drift readjustment of the operating point makes this possible.
- Fig.12a shows a screw
- Fig.12b shows a nut, both have the property that they allow measurement in the preferred transponder embodiment of the sensor, which shows how tight the screw connection is, any amount of such screw connections can be
- Monitoring center can be networked wirelessly via the transponder connection, or also via the inductive coupling described for Fig. 43 by means of an induction cable.
- the loss l / RVMJ3ffset given by the construction of the sensor is correspondingly high, since the metal screw or nut goes directly through the center of the sensor coil LM.
- the elastic deflection of the washer which is dependent on the tightening strength of the screw connection, is very low via a very massive washer (each for screw head and nut), which is measured as a loss quantity 1 / dRVM that changes only to a small extent.
- the resilient washer is set a little lower on the outer edge, the outer edge of the washer on the fastening part, which is held by the screw connection, firmly pressed flat on the fastening point, and does not rest resiliently and only the center of the washer has a slight spring travel, around which the The distance between the screw head or nut and the fastening part changes depending on the tightening strength of the screw connection.
- a static measurement which uses a direct assignment of the tightening strength of the screw connection to the deflection of the washer, the temperature profile caused by the material of the screw connection including the washer must also be used become. What can be done by a second sensor coil (LT), which scans the screw head or the nut at the non-hanging end at a fixed distance, cf.
- LT second sensor coil
- the large loss 1 / RVMJDffset caused by the screw is evaporated in the manner described in Fig. 8 with (-1 / RVMJ EG) (set with -gT, whereby -gT variable or (-gT + Rp), where Rp variable
- 1 / RVM Dffset is reduced to the value 1 / RVM_Q
- Fig. 13 shows an application for measuring the respective load on a shock absorber spring (FSP).
- FSP shock absorber spring
- the loss given by the construction of the sensor is correspondingly high.
- the sensor according to the invention can be excellently integrated into existing shock absorber designs.
- the outer steel spring (FSP) of the shock absorber forms the loss 1 / dRVM to be measured for a measuring coil (LM) placed on the core Kover of the shock absorber (telescopic rod) at an appropriate air gap distance.
- LM measuring coil
- LM, Cp or LT, CT oscillating circuit
- the measuring coil used for the temperature measurement is attached underneath the (lower) support plate (TELL), where the steel spring (FSP) is supported or mounted.As with the measuring coil LM, 1 / dRVM is used for measuring the loss galvanization caused by the spring compression , the temperature measuring coil LT for measuring a loss-related temperature response (see VRJT, text for F ⁇ g.8, F ⁇ g.8_T) is pushed onto the shock absorber core (telescopic rod) in a corresponding air gap distance (dx).
- the described sensor can on the one hand measure the load absolutely, on the other hand this sensor arrangement is ideally suited to perform differential sensor measurements in which the different shock absorber loads between the shock absorbers on the right and left side are measured during cornering , so a good statement about the centrifugal force can be made, for example hydraulically controlled suspension travel harder to control with higher centrifugal force Or to provide such a differential measurement on railway wagons or trailer undercarriages in order to register excessive cornering speeds and overloaded containers while driving.
- Another application is the path detection on telescopic headers controlled by linear motors.
- Fig. 14 shows the scanning of a leaf spring as an example.
- Fig. 15 relates to a further application of the sensor for the railway area, in which the sensor is used at a very short distance from the rail for scanning railway tracks.
- the sensor perfectly meets the high requirements against interference radiation, since the rail compensation currents form huge electromagnetic fields that are scattered into the sensor coil that is open on the scanning side.
- the purpose of this application is to scan the rail profile for lateral displacement (x) as well as for changing the altitude (y).
- sensor holders are inserted into the ground of the rail body on the outside of the rail professional in corresponding route sections, this holder forming the reference point for a two-dimensionally oriented distance measurement of the sensor head from the rail profile.
- the sensor head measures with two sensor coils LMx, Lmy (of the measuring resonance circuits LMx, Cpx and Lmy, Cpy) decoupled from each other by different resonance frequencies (fx, fy) in the horizontal and vertical coordinate direction.
- the LMx scanning end face is aligned parallel to the vertical rail profile part, engaging laterally in the profile at a short distance from the rail wall, the LMy scanning end face is parallel to the lower rail lying horizontally on the track body (or the sleepers Holzern) Profile part (rail support surface) aligned at a short distance from the inside of the rail support surface.
- Both sensor coils LMx, Lmy are housed in a common holding head, which is held by a horizontal holder tube which engages in the projecting rail profile from the outside.
- the holding tube In its horizontal orientation, the holding tube is rotatably attached to a bolt that is anchored vertically in the ground, where it can be plugged onto the bolt from above via the swivel joint.
- the pivot bearing serves the purpose that first the bolts can be fixed vertically in the ground, then the horizontal holding tube of the sensor head can be attached to the pivot joint for each bolt and swiveled into the lateral cavity of the rail profile on the outside of the rail, and then the pivot joint can be fixed against rotation can be.
- the sensors are designed in the transputer version, whereby the voltage supply via an HF feed into the contact wire and the Data communication via radio or, for example, via the inductive coupling described in FIG. 43 can be carried out by means of an induction cable
- the sensors arranged in corresponding sections over the rail section serve the following purpose:
- modern spring steel wires (brackets) can be well monitored in their mode of operation, in particular whether the rails are held with equally distributed fastening forces.
- All sensors are networked to a central evaluation device, which means that the following statements can be made while the train is traveling a route:
- the load resistance of the track body is constantly monitored, whereby an exact statement can be made as to which trains can travel a route at which speed without the Track bodies or safety at risk - damage to the railroad body caused by unstable displacements in the ground can be recognized in good time, acts of sabotage are indicated in good time and newly built railroad bodies are immediately localized, especially sensitive high-speed lines, and can be diagnosed immediately over the entire route;
- the influence of poorly maintained trains, especially freight trains (due to defective wheel bearings, etc.), which is harmful to the track body can also be recognized and logged by the sensor system.
- the distance measurement (via loss measurement l / d ⁇ RVM) can detect rail movements down to the nm (nanometer) range.
- the system is suitable Not only for classic rail operations, but above all for sensory "feed back" support for modern tilting technology.
- Temperature compensation Both variants, dynamic relative measurement or static relative measurement, can be used for the use of equal path scanning.
- a static temperature measurement requires a corresponding temperature measurement sensor with its sensor coil (LT) simply mounted at a fixed distance from the rail wall, e.g. welded or mounted to the rail on the upper side of the lower contact surface of the rail.
- LT sensor coil
- the measured values corresponding to the temperature compensation can also be transmitted to the sensor via the data interface sor (LM, Cp), which measures the actual loss (1 / RVM) are transmitted
- LM, Cp data interface sor
- a control signal is provided for constant readjustment of the operating point (enabie signal), which automatically sets the operating point while a train is passing switches off, otherwise permanently activated So the temperature adjustment is only switched off for the short duration of the track scanning during the train journey.
- the detection of when a train is passing by, for example, is carried out by additional sensors which sense the wheels of the train with a relatively high loss fluctuation (e.g. also in a dynamic relative measurement), which is much larger than the sensitive absolute relative measurement of the track movement
- Fig. 16 shows in addition to Fig. L5 Expansion with networking of sensors that sense the wheels of the train on the rail.
- the addition of such sensors not only helps to avoid train accidents, but also enables the location of a train where possibly derailed, which is caused by the interruption of the otherwise at regular intervals incoming impulses (for each loss measurement of a wheel), the communication can take place via the neighboring sensors directly to the control center, or directly by train, or via an induction cable directly to the control center (in party ne mode)
- Fig. 17 shows the expansion with networking of sensors that monitor the function of a switch.
- the loss measurement sensor is mounted on the inside of the rail below the rolling area of the wheels on the track body or the rail
- Fig. 18 shows an example of a pressure cell, consisting of a tube provided with resilient beads.
- the diameters of the beads are parallel to the tube cross-section and geoen the tube thus has a resilient property in the axial direction for an elongation of the tube.
- the tube is closed at one end of the tube, the axial movement of this tube end being sensed by the loss measuring coil LM of the preferred sensor.
- This front end of the corrugated tube is made of the same material as the tube in order to enable the preferred temperature compensation.
- This measuring coil is inserted on the inside into another holding tube and held by it.
- the holding tube (as the housing of the pressure sensor) is loosely pushed over the beaded tube and held in front of the beading by a widening made on the beading tube, so that the beads are freely movable, and in the event of a crack in the beads, the retaining tube Protects pressure sensor against exploding
- the other, smooth end of the bead tube (without beads) has the pressure inlet. For example, a thread for fastening.
- the pressure causing the longitudinal expansion of the corrugated tube is the differential pressure to the pressure prevailing on the outside of the corrugated tube. If this outside is open to the air pressure hm, the differential pressure is measured to the air pressure, if it is closed, the differential pressure to the inside pressure of the housing.
- the temperature measuring coil LT is pushed over the beading tube in front of the beading attachment, so that the sock tube with its smooth cylinder wall part passes through the center of the temperature measuring coil.
- the synchronous adjustment of the temperature measuring coil LT and loss measuring coil LM takes place in such a way that the loss values of the beading tube that are coupled in (for LM on the end face of the corrugated tube, or for LT on the cylinder outer wall) for both coils LM, LT are the same. See the explanations given for Fig. 8, in the chapter "static relative measurement" for temperature compensation.
- Operated coils is done by adjusting the coupling to the corrugated tube (front for LM, or distance of the inner diameter from LT to the tube wall.)
- the temperature measuring coil LT is on one leaves nong smooth end of the corrugated tube (without corrugations) directly in the vicinity of the end face on the corrugated tube, firmly arranged (cf. Fig.l ⁇ b).
- a conical bolt is pushed through a sensor coil.
- This length measuring system was then also calibrated with a precision spindle. Since the measuring principle also allows a very high measuring frequency due to its evaporation due to a negative resistance or conductance, very rapid pressure fluctuations can also be simulated by pneumatically actuating the bolt.
- a pressure sensor can, for example, be screwed into the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine similarly to a spark plug, in order to monitor the play of the valves in relation to the crankshaft rotation by means of rapid pressure recording, or to read further engine parameters resulting from the pressure distribution of the various clock phases, such as efficiency, Burning time of the fuel, etc
- the tube is clamped in a rotation device (for example a clamping device of a lathe), a mandrel engaging on the front of the tube, cf. Fig.l ⁇ c.
- a rotation device for example a clamping device of a lathe
- This mandrel consists (seen in cross section) of three identical segments (a 120 ° division), with a gap (ZWI) being provided with respect to the segments (sym_120 °) of the segments, which means that the mandrel has a corresponding diameter when the gap is pressed together can be reduced.
- the mandrel is held at its maximum diameter, with appropriate gaps (ZWI), by a central bore into which a centering bolt (ZB) is inserted, which, for example, still presses the central bore apart at its ends according to the principle of a collet, whereby the cylinder outer wall of the dome divided into three segments is firmly pressed apart on the inner wall of the tube to be provided with beads.
- the outer wall of the dome of the dome has grooves of the shape (waviness) of the beads, which fit into the outer wall of the sock tube to be processed with a corresponding device with a corresponding Device to be printed.
- This device attacks from the outside with three (in relation to the cross section) staggered by 120 ° rows of rollers (ADRL), which impress the tube wall from the outside during the rotation of the tube.
- the rollers are arranged exactly congruent to the grooves of the outer wall of the Zyhnder of the dome inserted into the tube, so that the beads can be rolled in precisely. It can be cold rolled, or hot rolled in a microwave oven, for example.
- the tube provided with beads is correspondingly further processed (thread attachment, etc.) and hard-sealed and sealed. It is provided that the closure side is closed by pressing in or via a threaded cap provided with a seal.
- Fig. 19 shows the exemplary embodiment of a torque sensor, consisting of a shaft and a sleeve pushed over the shaft, rotatably mounted against the shaft with inserted ball bearings, the shaft being the first connection shaft end and the sleeve the second connection shaft end of the torque sensor forms.
- the torque is transmitted between the shaft and sleeve by means of a plate spring inserted into the shaft, which engages in a guide slot in the sleeve and is held in the slot by ball bearings centered by spring force.
- a hard steel pin can engage in a rubber-covered guide slot. The rotation of the shaft against the spring force is measured, based on the sleeve that also rotates with the shaft.
- the sleeve itself is e.g. Ball is stabilized in a corresponding housing, the housing must be fastened accordingly when installing the torque sensor (e.g. flange-mounting on a motor or a gearbox).
- the housing then has the HF transmitter, which feeds the HF signal as the feed signal of the transputer sensor accommodated in the sleeve, the HF reception winding of which is placed on the sleeve (at a corresponding distance from the sleeve wall).
- the reception winding runs within the HF transmission winding, which is housed inside the front cover of the housing.
- the data exchange between the transputer sensor and the HF transmitter of the housing can also take place via the HF reception winding on the shaft.
- the shaft has a protruding narrow segment (pin ZPF), which within the play provided between the shaft and sleeve, corresponds to the Shaft rotation is moved concentrically and its surface projected to the end face of a sensor coil (LM) accommodated in the wall of the sleeve generates a loss in the sensor coil (LM).
- the magnitude of the loss depends in each case on the correspondence between the end face area of the coil LM and the projection cross section of the gripping area of the narrow journal (ZPF) given in accordance with the rotation of the shaft.
- the temperature dependency is measured in the same way, but the shaft (ZPFT) provided for this purpose is designed to be wider, and so wide that when the sleeve is rotated (relative to the shaft), the projected area of the temperature measuring coil (LT ) constantly couples the same loss via the pin (ZPFT).
- the pin is designed as a correspondingly projecting circular segment of the shaft with a concentric course of motion directed toward the measuring coil LT.
- the synchronism of the coils (LM, LT) operated with different resonance frequencies is carried out by selecting the appropriate distance between the end face of the measuring coils (LM, LT) which are respectively embedded on the inside of the sleeve so that the coupled loss values are the same for both coils (LM, LT).
- the LM and LT can be wired in such a way that both coils are connected to the same transputer sensor chip.
- the housing for Fig. 43 , F ⁇ g.36d and F ⁇ g.37 described variant can be attached for networking the sensors by means of an induction cable, the HF transmitter housed in the housing of the torque sensor then being provided with such an interface.
- FIG. 20 shows the example of a clutch play sensor, which is designed electrically according to the principle of FIG. 19.
- we not only want to measure the clutch play we also want to monitor whether the clutch actuators are actually exactly flat we use three sensors (LMl, LM2, LM3), which are arranged at an angle of 120 ° to the shaft.
- the mounting plate of the clutch plate cover has a small hole for each sensor, which is covered by the electrically non-conductive coupling surfaces and through which the sensor can measure to the other mounting plate of the clutch, so we get a distance measurement in which the sensors located behind the mounting plate on one side can measure the distance to the other mounting plate (through the clutch disc lining) by measuring their loss
- a sensor coil or sensor for temperature measurement (LT2) is attached behind the mounting plate, the loss of which is measured, and behind the mounting plate, on which the loss measurement sensors (LM1, LM2, LM3) each measure through corresponding holes, is also a sensor coil , or sensor for temperature measurement ng (LT1) attached.
- the loss value corresponding to the temperature dependence of the other mounting plate is used as the correction value for the table correction of the measured value ( See also text for Fig. 8.
- Another application based on this principle is the testing of the connection strength of two units screwed sheets, or a part mounted on a sheet, etc. A hole is provided in one of the sheets in question, through which the sensor measures the loss (to the part located behind the hole).
- Fig. 21 shows an example of an angular scan, e.g. on a railway wheel.
- a ring gear is inserted into a standard wheel, which has a slightly wider tooth gap at one point, via which the time gap of the measurement of all adjacent tooth gaps when a value threshold is exceeded, the wider tooth gap is recognized as a reset signal for paying off the tooth gaps.
- the number of pays for the gaps paid off corresponds to the angle of rotation. It is also provided to interpolate the temporal course of the loss measurement result corresponding to the geometrical shape of a tooth in order to obtain corresponding further values between the teeth. These values are then calibrated by learning.
- this sensor has the advantage of simple retrofitting.
- the braking properties of a wagon can be improved in such a way that during blocking (or even slight blocking), or especially when partially blocking (sliding the wheels on the rails) via the uneven speed (or .
- Angle of rotation can be shot at brakes that act differently, and thus the symmetry can be better regulated.
- this angle scan is also suitable for the most general use, e.g. as a replacement for the optical disc in ABS systems, etc.
- the fault signal safe loss measurement is not only absolutely insensitive to dirt, but also much cheaper than the use of optical discs and especially in light accidents, the sensor is absolutely safe to test and for a few $ inexpensive to change quickly, while the optical discs are often not replaced and so often result in an uncontrolled failure of the ABS system.
- the tooth profile can e.g. be arranged directly on the inside of the brake rim of a brake disc, this addition then being possible for the embodiment described at the beginning of FIG. 21 (cf. also DE 42 40 739 C2).
- the interference signal-insensitive measurement is a great advantage
- Fig. 22 shows another component that is already urgently needed in automotive engineering.
- the absolutely interference-proof measurement of the sensor makes it possible.
- Fig. 22 relates to the use of the sensor as a wheel attachment detector.
- the sensor is embedded in the wheel divider, or as an alternative on the holding arm that carries the wheel bearing with the wheel bearing.
- the direct attachment to the wheel plate has the advantage that the fields on the wheel plate are always at the same points (e.g. 120 ° offset)
- the inside of the fig is constantly rotated past the sensor in the case of unprecise manufacture, a distinction must therefore be made between hitting the rim and inadequate fastening with the wheel bolts.
- a statement about the wheel bearing can be made via the sensor on the holding arm (if the wheel hits, for example).
- the sensor can also immediately trigger an alarm if an illegitimate rim or wheel change takes place, which cannot be detected, for example, by the vehicle's position detectors (when the tire air is removed and deflated).
- the RF transmitter for the transponder supply is then housed above the shock absorber, for example, which supplies the following sensors or exchanges the data, shock absorber spring motion sensing, temperature compensation of the shock absorber spring measurement, the sensors for the wheel attachment detector, and if necessary, is networked with other monitoring sensors
- Fig. 23 illustrates a further interesting field of application of the sensor, which was of particular interest to the large group of customers in the automotive industry, the car rental company.
- the dent sensor built up with the help of the sensor, which is located directly on the inside of the body and from the inside scans the outer wall of the body with a distance measurement or loss measurement) and makes absolute remedies Disturbance signal measures safely (an important argument, so that there are no excuses in court)
- Disturbance signal measures safely (an important argument, so that there are no excuses in court)
- a dent sensor With such a dent sensor, accident damage that was no longer visible after being installed can also be logged, but a potential buyer can do so via the vehicle's on-board computer Viewing outside of an accident damage, for example, a dent damage that has occurred in the side impact protection, which is not visible to the buyer inside the body.
- a dent damage that has occurred in the side impact protection which is not visible to the buyer inside the body.
- the proposed measure is therefore also very interesting for leasing companies if a fixed surrender value has been agreed.
- the proposed measure is able to completely record the course of an accident in order to save, in which time intervals, which body parts were deformed accordingly.
- the precondition is again absolutely safe to measure, regardless of the possibility of interference (so that there are no excuses in court).
- the data stored in the event of an accident (for this purpose the sensor according to the invention can also be used to query the steering wheel movement, for example, or the spin behavior by means of a seismographic sensor) are then stored in a tachograph controlled by a welded-in microprocessor inside the bodywork Manipulation can be secured in such a way that the measures proposed in the previous chapter "safety-coded loss measurement sensors" can be applied.
- the tachograph memory center welded into the body contains a corresponding safety-coded loss measurement sensor which scans the body wall (for example at a relatively safe location on the underbody in the middle). If it is removed from the body wall, this state is also written into the stored data, the data within the tachograph memory are stored in encrypted form, the On Coupling takes place via an RF circuit based on the transputer principle, the RF receiving circuit being protected against overvoltage by diodes connected in parallel on the anti-parallel side.
- a preferred method should also be used for programming the reception / Send address of the sensors are briefly described by a learning process.
- all sensors to be coded with a local address are first installed and then switched to the address assignment mode via the protocol.This checks whether all sensors are within their measuring range, which is the preferred one Measuring method dynamic relative measurement and static relative measurement is anyway the case because of the automatic setting of the working point. Thereafter, a direct approach with a corresponding electrically conductive object (for example inserting a sheet into the measuring shoe or measuring distance of the coil LM) causes a loss in the overdrive or saturation area, which is detected in the status of the address assignment mode as a detection signal (strobe signal).
- a detection signal strobe signal
- This detection signal takes over In the protocol of the address assignment mode, an address received by all sensors at the same time, e.g. through the direct RF source of the sensors to be provided with an address.After the corresponding sensors are provided with a receive address, data communication switches back to one of the operating protocols.
- the address assignment mode is for each sensor repeatable, if necessary secured by encryption for the protocol opening. Furthermore, the address assignment can be equipped with a mode for an auto decrementation / incrementation, or the acceptance of a complete one constantly entered address
- the structure of Verbeulungssensors is very simple: in each Karosse ⁇ eteil, ditto behind the bumper.
- a sensor housed in a corresponding sheet metal housing is welded on the inside of the inner wall, or plugged on (or alternatively fastened) and scans the inside wall side of the outside wall of the body with its sensor coil.
- a dynamic relative measurement (see text for Fig. 8) is carried out, which for this application is also possible without a negative resistance component, then the frequency response defined by the adjustment behavior of the operating point, a dynamic event, namely the spontaneous denting of the body or bumper, etc. is simply detected and recorded accordingly in the accident recorder
- a pendulum is used, e.g. a ball suspended from a thread that floats in an oil fluid. The movement of the ball is sensed by a polygon (triangle, or square, or hexagon, etc.) enclosing the ball (as the center), the sides of which sensor coil (LM1, LM2, LM3) provided for each side boundary is formed.
- the sensor coils form a measurement of all losses that occur in the sensor coils at different resonance frequencies
- Fig. 25 illustrates a highly sensitive seismograph using a known experiment. It is known to levitate a ball between two electromagnetic poles, one above the ball and one below the ball. In this case, measuring coils can be arranged around the poles, which are evaporated according to the invention in order to improve the control so that the distances of the ball from the poles remain stable in fractions of a ⁇ m (fractions of a micrometer).
- the vibrations of the soil are transferred to the device. Since the ball is also centered by the magnetic field, the vibration is also transferred to the control of the ball, namely as a change (differentiation) of the control size, provided that the ball is protected from air flow by a sight glass, for example Furthermore, the control can be resolved down to the nm range by the particularly precise sensor, and in addition to the deviation of the controlled variable, we can measure the deviation from the center by measuring the measuring coils from the side, a slow pulse of a very slight earth movement can also be a one-off Signal pulse recognized and quantized precisely in the measurement amplitude. If a large number of such inexpensive devices are now set up and networked in a mine, then the source (the source of the unrest) of the earth's movement can be located by measuring the transit time between the measuring points.
- FIG. 26 shows the example of a liquid level meter using a measuring coil (LM with Cp) which is evaporated with the preferably used negative loss Reference coil (LT) not only measures the temperature response, but above all a reference value for the conductance of the liquid (windshield wiper water, brake fluid, etc.)
- the reference coil (LZ) is located in the lower area of the container and thus its field center is constantly in the Liquid, on the other hand, the measuring coil placed in the upper area of the container and thus measures the liquid level. Both coils can be wound directly onto the container's cylinder body
- Fig. 27 Another example is to wind a temperature measuring coil directly on the exhaust pipe (on the engine block) on the exhaust pipe, possibly by a ceramic cylinder at a short distance from the outer wall of the pipe flange.
- the coil measures the temperature of the exhaust gases via the loss resistance of the pipe flange heated by the exhaust gases, e.g. for efficiency determination and control engineering measures.
- Fig. 28 relates to the scanning of sheet metal, such as landing flaps on airplanes, determination of the position of the reversing slide valve, etc., whereby one coil always measures the influence of temperature and the other coil measures the angular position by measuring the distance, ie the determination of the landing gear readiness, etc.
- Fig. 29 relates to the relative measurement of a rotary armature (angle measurement with difference measurement of the coils Lma, LMb) which consists of laminated sheets of two or more materials slightly compressed in a vacuum and glued together at the edge (MAT1 MAT2) .
- the two materials have opposite temperature coefficients of their specific conductivities and are in their cross-section is adjusted so that the temperature influence of the conductance values is compensated for the loss measurement (distance measurement).
- This variant is an alternative to the use of manganin as the core material, since the alloy manganine loses its property of a compensated temperature coefficient of the specific conductance during mechanical processing (e.g. stamping) and furthermore, when using laminated sheets, even the smallest thin sheets together with one thin but hardened steel sheet can be used to avoid deformation due to acceleration.
- Fig. 30 relates to the application for temperature measurement on a standard hotplate which has been modified only slightly for the expanded purpose.
- the temperature of the cooking vessel is measured directly.
- the evaporation, preferably according to the invention, by means of a negative conductance value makes it possible, firstly, to sink the sensor in the center, into a hole in the hotplate, and to measure the loss through the hole.
- the hole is. eg closed with ceramics or glass.
- the large leakage loss of the hotplate is compensated for.
- the measuring range of the sensor coil can be set automatically over a wide range (cf. automatic setting of the operating point in text for Fig. 8, in particular the use of an enable signal), the dynamic relative measurement described for the triggering of this automatic Kahb ⁇ ervvores is used.
- a differential detection is provided for the spontaneous change of the measured loss as an event measurement.
- Such an event occurs when the cooking vessel is placed on the hob or removed again.
- Special cooking vessels are used, the bottom plate of which is directly in the temperature unit (e.g. ° C or Fahrenheit) is calibrated, which is displayed on the stove at a above each Reguher rotary knob of a relevant hob. If such an event is detected, the adjustment process for setting the working point is triggered to set the loss measurement at a working point in which the temperature of the The material to be scanned can be measured accordingly.
- the example described can also be used for Adapt ceramic plate cookers if, instead of the hotplate, the heating coil is scanned directly with the coil LT or measured with the coil LM in the center through the hole in the heating coil.
- a further variant is provided for the design of the cooking vessels
- ceramics or glass vessels are provided which have a metal insert (for example a perforated sheet support) on which the cookware can be placed, for example the thinnest of vegetables.
- the sensor coil (LM) measures the loss of the metal batch in order to infer the temperature of the food to be cooked and thus regulates the temperature of the food to be cooked.
- FIG. 31 shows another example that is also suitable as an extension for the application described for FIG. 30.
- the transputer sensor (chip) is located in the handle of a longer metal needle (similar to a knitting needle, but with a handle). These needles can be inserted into fried or baked goods, (meat, cake) or cooked goods (eggs, etc.), the sensor measuring the electrical loss of the needles. It is unproblematic to use non-conductive cookware (glass, ceramic). The offset loss given by the environment (e.g. sheet metal of the oven) is compensated for by the evaporation possibility according to the invention until a desired material to be measured is reached.
- a relevant enable signal can be used to trigger the automatic calibration process (i.e.
- the initial value for the temperature measurement is reset to an initial value corresponding to the ambient temperature of the oven, for example when the oven is switched on by an additional function key, the status of which is indicated by a lamp (temperature measurement switched on via Nadein).
- the ambient temperature of the oven is then measured by a temperature sensor embedded in the oven (e.g. which, for example, also measures the tin temperature of the oven as a loss sensor).
- a standard solid cardboard box can be used, which can be closed via a divided lid.
- the dividing line of the lid is on both sides
- a sheet of metal is inserted into the cardboard of the lid or glued on the inside.
- a flat piece of plastic or metal is covered with a safety piece that is permanently attached to one side of the lid or riveted and protrudes beyond the other side of the lid, this protruding part being a release liner to expose
- the security closure piece can lie on the seam like a seal.
- chip seal for example, also for closing documents, booklet or ring binders (via a fold at the open end) etc.
- the self-adhesive layer by means of a re-opening closure, for example a snap fastener.
- Velcro fastener, etc. can be replaced (Fig.32b).
- Two measuring coils (LM, LT) are then arranged in the chip seal or safety closure piece as part of a transputer sensor, which scan the metal sheet inserted on the underside of the box.
- the relative change in loss in each coil is measured in accordance with a dynamic relative measurement and the difference in loss between the sensor coil (LT) attached to the riveted side and the sensor coil (LM) attached to the side to be sealed during packaging is measured in accordance with a static relative measurement (see text on Fig. 8).
- the battery-packed HF transmitter which supplies the chip seal, which is designed as a transputer sensor, with its HF receiving circuit, is also packed in the box. This transmitter can also be operated in a duty cycle to save electricity, but the breaks must be short enough for The transputer sensor of the chip seal does not respond to the exposure detection (the watch dog function) (see chapter “Safety-coded loss measurement sensors").
- the HF transmitter transmits its HF carrier frequency for the voltage supply of the chip seal for a certain period, in which, for example, a small gold capacitor accommodated in the chip seal charges up and the sensor coil circuits (LM and Cp, LT and CT) carry out the loss measurement
- the Chip Siegel sends a short termination signal to the RF transmitter, which then generates a pause internally and after this pause transmits the RF carrier signal again until it is interrupted by the Chip Siegel, etc.
- the power supply then takes place via RF transmitters, which are installed in the office space accordingly for example via a chip card of a reader networked accordingly with the communication transmitter.
- Fig. 32c and Fig. 32e relate to the modification of a chip seal for a document folder, wherein Fig. 32c is an example of a ring closure; F ⁇ g.32d an example of a folder lock; and Example F ⁇ g.32e shows an example of a quick-release (clip) closure.
- the chip seal detects whether a document has been removed from the document folder and saves this information, or sends a corresponding message to the monitoring station, which also provides the HF supply to the transputer sensor, depending on whether there is an additional one If the temperature measuring coil (LT) is provided for metal scanning or not, a static or dynamic relative measurement is carried out
- Fig. 33 relate to the use of the transputer sensor principle for a file monitoring system, it being equally possible to equip every type of file, folder, book, magazine, document, etc. with a chip seal.
- the transputer sensor housed in the chip seal can measure larger distances even at a relatively low frequency by using the preferred evaporation.
- the use of a lower frequency has the advantage that the design is not affected by hand movements.
- This loss consists of conductor loops, for example conductor loops wrapped around the positioning board of a shelf at appropriate intervals, which can also be arranged in a star shape, for example with tower rotating shelves.
- the conductor loops then have a corresponding cladding within the shelf.
- these conductor loops are printed directly onto the shelf coating or a film used as a shelf coating, etc. as a carbon track, which has its possibility of contacting on the rear narrow side of the respective shelf board.
- the measurement itself is carried out by measuring the distance between the transputer sensor or chip seal stuck in the file and the subsequent conductor track loop or coal track, which each mark a spacing, whereby the following conductor track loop is found in each case by scanning in the following manner.
- Each chip seal provided in a file has an address coding (cf.
- this address using, for example, the method described in FIG. 23 using a password
- This address can be used by the central control to communicate via the RF transmitters installed in the rooms, or to address each individual chip seal, for example by continuously querying the files, books, or any other object , etc., attached chip seal, in such a way that the transputer sensor contained in a chip seal is activated in its measurement, all files, books, etc., being queried in order for their position via the chip seal, by so-called scanning, a scanning process of this kind takes place with the participation of those on the rear narrow side ite of the respective shelf interconnected interconnect loops, so that the otherwise high-resistance open interconnect loops (Lextl Lextn), via a corresponding Decoder control controlled, each one individually closed in turn independently of the other conductor track loops.
- Lextl Lextn otherwise high-resistance open interconnect loops
- the loss is continuously measured for the chip seal (or the transputer sensor) initialized by the control center, and for one of the two maximum maximum values obtained within the run of all conductor track loops, this is reported to the control center, which the addresses of the relevant conductor loop loops as the Conductor loop loops store the appropriate technical designation.
- the spaces between the conductor loop loops or carbon tracks on the control board e.g. on the front narrow side
- the positioning of the objects, files, or books, etc. provided with the chip seal can be viewed exactly.
- the scanning of all shelf positions is called an inventory cycle, which can be interrupted at any time by a search cycle of a direct request.
- the head office directly addresses the receiving address of the relevant chip seal Transputer Seal and starts the search of all specialist positions marked by conductor loops.
- This conductor loop can not only be provided on shelves, but also in a desk top, also in drawers, etc.
- a subject position does not necessarily have to be a physical subject, but simply denotes the search area given as the space between two adjacent conductor track loops.
- the coil can also be as large as possible directly on the format of the file or the book appropriate sheet or printed directly on the files in carbon tracks in order to obtain the highest possible inductance even without iron (so that the measurement performance remains small due to the lack of iron losses).
- the losses at the tunnel diode then amount to about 0.35 mW, with a keyed measurement of 1:10, 35 nW (nano watts), with any adjustable good for the coil made from the thinnest carbon paste track.
- the principle described in the chapter "Variant of evaporated sensor, basics" can also be used for the compensation of the temperature response of the coil resistance (rs) if, for example, next to each carbon paste sheet (which has a negative temperature coefficient) a silver paste sheet (which has a positive temperature coefficient) is printed on, with appropriate cross-section selection (conductor track width, printing thickness) to compensate for the temperature response of the conductor track coil.At the ends, the track pair is connected in parallel by appropriate printing (e.g. with silver paste).
- the transputer sensor module (or chip seal) can also be contacted using conductive adhesive or conductive plastic in order to connect the coil printed on paper (LM). Furthermore, the chip seal can be used both as a security lock for a box and as a location sensor for the position detection can be used.
- the RF coil for feeding the tramsputer sensor can be printed with silver paste, for example, or can be designed as a flexible printed circuit (on film).
- the example described is also very suitable for improving general warehousing, for example if we stick an appropriate chip seal on each box for identification, e.g. in a supermarket.
- the system is then able to determine the exact location even when the position is changed to locate the goods, to feed them into the Internet via a central computer, so that the customer can put together a shopping list beforehand, using which the shelf numbers can be used to quickly search for the items.
- the RF transmitters for power supply and communication are located at appropriate points in the store and communicate with the central computer.
- the number plates can be supported, for example, by guide numbers (street numbers) or letters printed on the floor.
- Other variant for the position detection would be to make use of the coding of a loss made by filters or resonance circuits.
- the scanning or measurement then takes place from the conductor track loops forming the shelving (as successively activated measuring spools LM connected in a series resonant circuit), the loss only in the transputer sensor (chip seal) of the coded Object is activated, the position of which is currently to be determined.
- the measurement frequency required for the loss measurement can be fed in from the sensor or from the conductor track loops
- Fig. 34 shows an example of an application of a switch.
- the evaporation of the measuring coil enables the smallest design for the scanning coil (LM), which scans the tips of the tips of a metallized plastic star. (A sheet metal star could of course also be used) and so the switch setting was deducted.
- the points are not the same length. Each point has a somewhat different distance from the measuring coil LM.
- the likewise very small temperature measuring coil LT is attached with its holder directly to the star, or the winding body for the temperature measuring coil LT can also be flanged into the star.
- Another variant is to provide the plastic star in multiple layers with corresponding sheets for temperature compensation, cf. also Fig. 29
- Fig. 35 relates to an example that also benefits from the reduction of the self-loss of the measuring coil by adding a negative loss portion.
- the winding of the measuring coil (LM) carries a conical steel core (K), which does not have to be made of highly permeable, loss-free material, but can also be a temperature-resistant steel core.
- the loss of the coil, which is essentially given by the steel core (K) is correspondingly compensated for setting a desired good.
- the steel tip can then spot a corresponding loss (e.g. of a grooved profile or toothing) even for high temperatures
- Fig. 36 to Fig. 39 relates to a further application in which the loss sensor, which is insensitive to the interference signal, for a signal transmission which is completely insensitive to interference
- Signal extraction is used; Consists of a large number of participants connected to a cable harness with the corresponding signal or decoupling points.
- the signal is coupled in via a controlled change in loss of a resistance value modulated by the signal to be transmitted and the signal decoupling or signal sampling by measuring the loss value corresponding to an amplitude value of the signal to be transmitted.
- a similar principle has been known since the telephone came into existence, the loss change takes place on the transmission side through coal grains, which generate a change in resistance in the rhythm of the sound waves, which is tapped at the other end of the line via a constant current supply.
- the loss modulated on the transmitting side on the receiving side is not measured independently of the signal amplitude prevailing on the line, as the loss sensor according to the invention makes possible, but the interference signal given by interference and line reflection is also included in the received signal.
- the preferred application for signal transmission is inventive and new.
- the method also uses the proposed correlation of a given Hull curve influence, so that there is a good utilization of the bandwidth used.
- the configuration which is already preferred in a further development for the loss sensor can be adopted with a parallel resonant circuit (or also band filter, comparable filter, etc.).
- the parallel resonant circuit is not absolutely necessary; all circuits can be used with which the preferred measuring method of the sensor can be carried out.
- a series or (via series resistor) coupled parallel floating circuit LM. Cp can be used.
- the interesting thing about this new type of carrier frequency technology is that the modulation of the loss for each resonance frequency or carrier frequency corresponding to a resonant circuit can be carried out independently of the respective loss values of the other resonance or carrier frequencies. Physically, we can simply make this plausible : Each resonant circuit only transforms the loss RpJVlOD connected to it via its resonance frequency in series connection of its coupling resistor Rk, Ck into the line, since only at this frequency does the voltage required for current flow occur in the loss connected to the resonant circuit. On the transmission side (where the loss is modulated) and the reception side (where the loss frequency is measured specifically, i.e.
- oscillation circuits LM, Cp which are completely identical on the reception side and on the transmission side
- every freely available open telephone wire line, every power line, or even every piece of garden fence can be used for interference-proof, and also radiation-proof signal transmission up to the Giga Herz area. It is sufficient to work with the smallest signals on the line, eg with the smallest signal voltages (e.g.
- phase positions of the oscillators provided at the feed points can also be synchronized, for example, by a clock radio signal or by the line signal itself, in order to avoid feeding in phase opposition.
- the parallel resonant circuits are connected both for the transmitter circuits and for the receive circuits via a decoupling resistor Rk and / or, if necessary, via a decoupling capacitance Ck.
- a decoupling resistor Rk is connected both for the transmitter circuits and for the receive circuits via a decoupling resistor Rk and / or, if necessary, via a decoupling capacitance Ck.
- This consists of the parallel connection of all resonant circuits coupled via a resistor Rk, part of which is in resonance with a respective resonant circuit and the other part is not in resonance (i.e. has an inductive or capacitive impedance component).
- the loss resistance of the line RVJine represents a very low-resistance or very high loss (1 / RVJine) for all resonant circuits coupled to the line via a decoupling resistor Rk, so that the change in one via a relevant parallel resonant circuit LM, Cp is a transmitting one Participant (SVS) of varying loss (each via RpJVlOD) would have a minimal impact on the (or the) parallel oscillation circuit (s) of one or the receiving participant (EVS).
- the line loss RVJine is evaporated by a corresponding parallel connection of a negative conductance (NIC, negative impedance controller, or negative impedance controller), which is set so that there is a reduction in the offset value of the loss, as already described for FIG.
- NIC negative conductance controller
- 1 / RVM_Q 1 / RVMJDffset + (-l / RVMJJEG), where 1 / RVMJ3 corresponds to the remaining line loss for a desired evaporation and 1 / RVMJDffset corresponds to the loss 1 / RVJine to be evaporation.
- 1 / RVMJ2 thus sets the operating point by which the loss magnitude l / d ⁇ RVM (see FIG. 11) changes.
- L / d ⁇ RVM is the loss varied at a particular resonance circuit or for a particular resonance frequency of a transmitter
- the message to be transmitted contains, if necessary, the individual goods of the individual resonant circuits through direct ones Connection of an additional negative resistance or conductivity can be improved in each case.
- the evaporation units (NICs), which are connected to different line sections, also feed in the unmodulated carrier frequencies.
- the loss value division 1 / RVMJ5 of the operating point is carried out in such a way that the desired operating bandwidth is set for the carrier frequency in question.
- the automatic readjustment of 1 / RVMJ3 is carried out in such a way that the evaporation devices (NICs) also carry out a loss measurement on the line via a correspondingly coupled parallel resonant circuit, using the method according to the invention, furthermore also using this method to determine the negative conductance to be coupled in for a given loss resistance (arithmetically or using a table) and according to the preferred method, create the negative conductance accordingly; here, as with positive conductance values, the negative conductance value can also be composed by connecting several such negative conductance values in parallel on different line sections (each at a carrier frequency supply point), whereby, since each individual conductance can be switched off using a switching element (cf. in FIG.), each individual negative conductance can be set precisely.
- NICs evaporation element
- the modulation of the loss change l / d ⁇ RVM used for the transmission of the message is small compared to the loss of the operating point 1 / RVMJ2 (small signal modulation of the loss), so that the variations of the add individual losses l / (l + x) + l / (ly) as well as with the known superimposition of signals (1-x) + (1 + y).
- Losses even without using multiple carrier frequencies, can be used for a carrier frequency-like band division (with direct filtering by processor, or via signal conversion, etc.) Furthermore, if necessary, a linearization function is provided in a table, via which the relationship between loss value and linear signal sampling is recorded is
- the described method can also be implemented in a wide variety of simplification variants.
- using only one carrier frequency i.e. All parallel resonant circuits of all participants (transmitters and receivers) are constantly in resonance, depending on the carrier frequency used (feed-in frequency) .
- feed-in frequency For example, for use for computer networking via the existing electrical installation.
- the use of multiple carrier frequencies, with a corresponding number of parallel resonant circuits intended for transmitting and receiving participants however, enables the simultaneous transmission of several parallel bits of a data stream, with a different carrier frequency being fed in for each track (or each weight of a data word).
- certain threshold values of the respectively varied or measured losses are the digital levels (log. l , log.O) assigned
- Multi-frequency technology also has advantages in partyline mode (this means any protocol, which can optionally switch a data block to be sent from one participant alternately to the other participants, while the other participants are all listening or listening), for example If the line connection is poor, work with a large Hamming distance, in order to repeat blocks with error-correcting codes if necessary, while newly built connection blocks are sent by other stations with a different carrier frequency.
- partyline mode any protocol, which can optionally switch a data block to be sent from one participant alternately to the other participants, while the other participants are all listening or listening
- the line connection is poor, work with a large Hamming distance, in order to repeat blocks with error-correcting codes if necessary, while newly built connection blocks are sent by other stations with a different carrier frequency.
- very fast and data-safe Internet connections can be implemented old telephone lines can be used to transmit the calls with the new method and additionally to transmit a broadband internet channel and several digital television channels.
- This versatility offers enormous cost savings of bandwidth, in some cases not always fully used fiber optic cables, or
- Fig. 36a to Fig. 36d and Fig. 37 show an example:
- El En are each via a decoupling resistor Rk and / or
- Decoupling capacity Ck fed The execution of the variable by means of the actuating variable BDJ5 Loss resistance RpJVlOD depends on the application. Switching RpJVlOD between two resistance values is sufficient for the transmission of a digital level; for analog quantization, for example, the master value network of a D / A converter controlled by the microcontroller or signal processor can be used, or a field plate, field effect transistor, etc., i.e. all of the state Alternatives known in the art for realizing a controllable value change
- a preferred main area of application is the use of power lines as a data line for internal networking of computer systems in buildings (via the existing electrical installation) or also the transmission of data, television or telephone signals via existing power line overhead lines or power lines of everyone Kind including underground cable
- SVS sending station
- EVS receiving station
- TFE carrier signal coupling station
- +/- G for the possibility of producing the cable
- f-measurement for measuring the influence of a slight change in the frequency fed in as a constant alternating current ( ⁇ ⁇ const.) in order to use a capacitance cascade (or also capacitance diode) to compensate for a detuning caused by the resonance circuits not in each case at the resonance frequency, so that the relevant resonance circuits are still in resonance SNCR.
- Fig. 36b illustrates the loss connection of all sensors on the line, seen from the (active) transmission side SVS.
- the line evaporation -G (or comparable +/- g in Fig.36a) compensates for the loss of the series resistors Rk, which exist almost as a parallel connection.
- Z ' is the impedance which results from the resonance circuits which do not correspond to the carrier frequency (of a specific frequency-coded loss):
- the resulting detuning of the resonance circuits is compensated for by the capacitance cascade in Fig. 36a, which may also be inductive via corresponding circuits if necessary, the line can be stressed (leveling out), based in each case on an average share of TFE, around which is regulated F ⁇ g.36c ...
- F ⁇ g.36d relates to the application of this principle to a serial feed via the preferred variant of an induction cable when the sensors are designed as transputer sensors. Therefore, the evaporation (-G) takes place via units supplied by the NT power supply unit.
- the equivalent circuit diagram for this shows Fig.
- -rL mean the negative conductance (-G) transformed via the oscillation circuit coupling (-G), which evaporates the line as series resistance -rL.
- RMOD correspond to the modulation conductance values transformed into the line as series resistors.
- the example corresponds to the example described for Fig. 44, Fig. 45 for a grid road wiring using ribbon cable.
- Fig. 38 illustrates an example of using an electrical installation as a data line.
- Each consumer is HF-decoupled from the supply line by a serial RF blocking choke (HFS).
- the HF blocking choke (HFS) is integrated in the sockets for internal use in buildings. If the method is used for data transmission on overhead contact lines, a corresponding HF blocking choke (HFS) is provided on each pantograph of the railcars.
- the inductance of the electricity meter is usually sufficient around the To adequately block losses of the electrical consumers in front of the electricity meter, if not, then a corresponding blocking choke must be switched on.
- the variant is also provided to subdivide an existing power distribution network for the HF transmission into several subnetworks.
- HF wiring harness is separated into several pieces.
- a serial HF blocking choke (HFS) is connected to the switch sockets, where the installation of the line provides a suitable interruption terminal anyway, which has practically no appreciable impedance for the high-voltage current, i.e. which connects the networks , on the other hand, HF separates the networks.
- the separated networks are then connected by a coupling device accommodated in the relevant switching socket, which can be referred to as an active directional coupler which can be switched over in its transmission.
- this new directional coupler is not designed for distortion-free signal transmission, but for the distortion-free transmission of losses with permissible signal distortion (regarding interference, interference signal scattering in the lines, u sw).
- the ones on both sides that are separated via the RF blocking choke (HFS) synchronize Networks provided for each transmission device (via loss modulator RpJVlOD or the loss vanation l / d ⁇ RVM generated thereby) transmit the protocol in such a way that one side transmits to each of the network sides connected by the directional coupler and the other side receives it at the same time, with alternating switching of transmission and reception on each side, with a synchronous switching of the directional coupler transmission.
- HSS RF blocking choke
- the directional coupler then has, in addition to the existing transmission devices (each RpJVlOD) with which it transmits the loss modulation of a relevant (straight) transmitting side to the other (respectively straight) receiving side, the loss measuring sensors for reception on each side
- Fig. 38 to Fig. 39 relate to further training for the configuration of the sockets with an additional data connection function.
- the sockets protrude slightly from the wall and have a data connection (e.g. BNC connector) on the protruding narrow edge 0.
- the preferred loss modulation demodulation device can be accommodated completely integrated in the socket so that any standard PC network card can be connected directly to the BNC socket, or the relevant additional functions are integrated in the network card or an additional device.
- the following special feature is still in training provided: Often it is desirable to extend the mains voltage cable as well as the data cable from the socket (e.g.
- the plug of the extension cable or the distribution strip has an additional contact pin 0, which is inserted when the plug is inserted is inserted into the corresponding wall socket in a corresponding hole 0 in addition to the connection contacts 0 for the mains voltage and closes a contact bridge within the socket.
- the pin bridges the HF blocking choke (HFS) interposed in the phase line of the mains voltage, so that the loss modulation of the HF carrier signal used as a data signal can be decoded in the connected distribution strip, which then includes the corresponding electronic components of the necessary RF blocking choke (HFS) for blocking the consumers connected to the distribution strip and the data connection, if necessary, two such bridging contact pins can also be provided if both phase and neutral have an interposed HF blocking choke (HFS)
- the connector of the distribution strip also prevents the wrong insertion of the connector, so that the base point of the parallel floating circuits used can always be switched to the neutral conductor
- Fig. 40 relates to a variant in which the property of the sensor that even very small losses connected in series with the measuring coil can be measured precisely for line diagnosis, for example on power lines.
- the preferred loss measuring sensors with their measuring coil are in corresponding line sections (LMs) each connected in series in the line, whereby the measuring coil inductivity for the heavy current hardly represents any appreciable resistance.
- a corresponding resonant circuit capacitor (Cps) is connected in parallel with the measuring coil (LMs).
- the resonance frequency set for this sensor is far below that for data signal transmission, if applicable used carrier frequencies set, so that possibly used for a data signal transmission Carrier frequencies are not hindered by the series-connected parallel circuit inductances.
- these resonant circuits are made bridgeable by means of a protective contact (which is correspondingly higher-resistance than the measuring coil inductivity in order to avoid a current-related overload) in order not to impede an RF signal transmitted via the power line for data transmission.
- a protective contact which is correspondingly higher-resistance than the measuring coil inductivity in order to avoid a current-related overload
- cross-capacitors can be provided in order to be able to optionally short-circuit the measuring frequency and in this way to be able to measure a line interruption via the serial resonant circuits between the plug sections
- Fig. 41 shows the example described for a packet band chip seal
- Fig. 43 shows the example described for the coupling of the induction cable.
- the pull-off cap is kept closed by a compression spring (prints on the pulling bolt of the telescopic guide); if necessary, a securing thread, bayonet lock, is also provided.
- Fig. 44 and Fig. 45 illustrate the contacting and connection of the preferred vehicle detector sensor coil (LM) designed as asphalt cable
- Fig. 46 relates to a variant in which the loss of a particularly thin measuring needle is sensed by the sensor coil LM.
- the needle measures the temperature, the other structure being the same as the pressure gauge described for Fig.l ⁇ a, and the sensor is also designed as a combination sensor and can be screwed into the cylinder head of an engine like a spark plug
- Fig. 47 illustrates how a network line (with e.g. different carrier frequencies) separated by RF blocking chokes in several RF data lines can be networked in the bidirectional data direction by means of corresponding loss transmission and loss reception stages.
- Fig. 48 relates to the variant in which the measuring coil (LM) is connected outside the filter or resonant circuit by means of a series circuit in the resonant circuit coil (LM ' ).
- Fig. 49 concerns the illustration of the described envelope correlation.
- the method is an improvement invention of DE 42 40 739 C2 for measuring a loss (1 / RVM) coupled into a measuring circuit (LM.Cp), the loss being coupled ohmic or inductively into a measuring coil (LM) or also via a capacitance and the circuit has the property of influencing the measurement with a loss (1 / RVL) controlled by the control signal (BD) by means of a resistance value (Rp) which can be controlled via the control signal (BD) when the measured value (1 / RVM) is constantly switched on , as if this influence had been made at the measuring point, the total loss (1 / RVM + 1 / RVL) being measured, and the evaluation (BW) from the value of the adjustable resistance (Rp) or its manipulated variable (BD), and an amphtudy measurement (us) is carried out on the measuring circuit, or possibly on the measuring coil (LM, or LM, Cp), with an improvement in the prior art specified by DE 42 40 739 C2 in that a measured value ( mp) of several
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU61385/00A AU6138500A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Method for measuring loss |
| DE10082058.1T DE10082058B4 (de) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Verfahren und Schaltung zur Verlustmessung |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT123099 | 1999-07-15 | ||
| ATA1230/99 | 1999-07-15 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001006269A1 true WO2001006269A1 (de) | 2001-01-25 |
| WO2001006269A9 WO2001006269A9 (de) | 2002-08-29 |
Family
ID=3509428
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT2000/000198 Ceased WO2001006269A1 (de) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Verfahren zur verlustmessung |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU6138500A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10082058B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2001006269A1 (de) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016008483A1 (de) * | 2014-07-15 | 2016-01-21 | Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Schaltung und verfahren zum ansteuern eines wegmesssensors |
| CN107036564A (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-08-11 | 四川汇智众创科技有限公司 | 一种盾构机滚刀磨损量检测装置 |
| CN109490733A (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-03-19 | 北京华天机电研究所有限公司 | 一种高压低通滤波器及其设计方法 |
| US10760634B2 (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2020-09-01 | Robert Bosch Llc | Brake pad monitor with conductivity measurement |
| CN111781428A (zh) * | 2020-08-10 | 2020-10-16 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种无线传感容性设备介质损耗带电测试装置 |
| CN111896799A (zh) * | 2020-08-05 | 2020-11-06 | 阳光电源股份有限公司 | 一种功率器件平均损耗的计算方法及装置 |
| CN113158336A (zh) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-23 | 北京控制工程研究所 | 一种空间指向测量仪器多物理场耦合建模及精度计算方法 |
| CN115542226A (zh) * | 2022-10-12 | 2022-12-30 | 成都开谱电子科技有限公司 | 一种宽电容量标准损耗箱 |
| CN119001305A (zh) * | 2024-10-18 | 2024-11-22 | 国网甘肃省电力公司酒泉供电公司 | 一种储能电力转换系统性能测试系统 |
| CN120869416A (zh) * | 2025-09-29 | 2025-10-31 | 启东新微智造科技有限公司 | 一种用于弯管机加工的扭矩监测方法及系统 |
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| DE3131490A1 (de) * | 1981-08-08 | 1983-07-21 | Gebhard Balluff Fabrik feinmechanischer Erzeugnisse GmbH & Co, 7303 Neuhausen | Naeherungsschalter |
| DE3213602A1 (de) * | 1982-04-13 | 1983-10-20 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Elektronisches geraet |
| DE3248034C2 (de) * | 1982-12-24 | 1985-10-03 | Hewlett-Packard GmbH, 7030 Böblingen | Schaltungsanordnung zur Temperaturmessung |
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- 2000-07-17 WO PCT/AT2000/000198 patent/WO2001006269A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2000-07-17 DE DE10082058.1T patent/DE10082058B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US4560923A (en) * | 1983-11-15 | 1985-12-24 | Hanson Colin J | Moisture analyzer |
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016008483A1 (de) * | 2014-07-15 | 2016-01-21 | Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Schaltung und verfahren zum ansteuern eines wegmesssensors |
| US10001388B2 (en) | 2014-07-15 | 2018-06-19 | Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Circuit arrangement and method for controlling a displacement measurement sensor |
| CN107036564A (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-08-11 | 四川汇智众创科技有限公司 | 一种盾构机滚刀磨损量检测装置 |
| US10760634B2 (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2020-09-01 | Robert Bosch Llc | Brake pad monitor with conductivity measurement |
| CN109490733A (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-03-19 | 北京华天机电研究所有限公司 | 一种高压低通滤波器及其设计方法 |
| CN111896799A (zh) * | 2020-08-05 | 2020-11-06 | 阳光电源股份有限公司 | 一种功率器件平均损耗的计算方法及装置 |
| CN111896799B (zh) * | 2020-08-05 | 2023-08-08 | 合肥零碳技术有限公司 | 一种功率器件平均损耗的计算方法及装置 |
| CN111781428A (zh) * | 2020-08-10 | 2020-10-16 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种无线传感容性设备介质损耗带电测试装置 |
| CN113158336A (zh) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-23 | 北京控制工程研究所 | 一种空间指向测量仪器多物理场耦合建模及精度计算方法 |
| CN115542226A (zh) * | 2022-10-12 | 2022-12-30 | 成都开谱电子科技有限公司 | 一种宽电容量标准损耗箱 |
| CN119001305A (zh) * | 2024-10-18 | 2024-11-22 | 国网甘肃省电力公司酒泉供电公司 | 一种储能电力转换系统性能测试系统 |
| CN120869416A (zh) * | 2025-09-29 | 2025-10-31 | 启东新微智造科技有限公司 | 一种用于弯管机加工的扭矩监测方法及系统 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6138500A (en) | 2001-02-05 |
| WO2001006269A9 (de) | 2002-08-29 |
| DE10082058D2 (de) | 2003-06-18 |
| DE10082058B4 (de) | 2018-10-31 |
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