WO2001006269A9 - Verfahren zur verlustmessung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur verlustmessungInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001006269A9 WO2001006269A9 PCT/AT2000/000198 AT0000198W WO0106269A9 WO 2001006269 A9 WO2001006269 A9 WO 2001006269A9 AT 0000198 W AT0000198 W AT 0000198W WO 0106269 A9 WO0106269 A9 WO 0106269A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- loss
- measuring
- sensor
- measurement
- rvm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
- G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
- G01R27/26—Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
- G01R27/2611—Measuring inductance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
- G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
- G01D5/20—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
- G01D5/2006—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils
- G01D5/2013—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils by a movable ferromagnetic element, e.g. a core
Definitions
- the invention relates to a loss measuring sensor that can be used particularly universally, in particular a method for measuring a loss using a corresponding sensor.
- this sensor is also referred to in the following simply as "zero loss sensor”.
- Measuring principle measures inductively or contactlessly via physical contact all physical quantities that can be derived from measuring parts, liquids and gases via ohmic resistance or conductance, which forms a loss to be measured for the measuring circuit, such as distances, temperature, Moisture, conductivity, scanning of oscillations and vibrations, statements about molecular structure (for gases). Or also direct signal transmission, whereby instead of signals falsified by delay time and scattering, signals coded by loss variation can be transmitted over long lines without any problems, since the loss is measured independently of absolute amplitude values.
- the present sensor can be used for any physical sensor whose measured variable is measured via a part that moves to a fixed point and has electrical conductivity that can still be detected by the sensor, for example if the measuring coil is attached to this fixed point and measures the loss of the part moved by the physical quantity. (e.g. the distance of the surface of a pressure cell to a measuring coil, etc.) Further possible applications arise from the prior art for such sensors, such as Layer thickness measurement, scanning of floats for flow measurement, etc. It is evident that the measuring part can also be fixed and the measuring coil can be moved if necessary.
- connection via contacts is also possible.
- the measurement can be carried out at the lowest power, with high permissible interference suppression.
- the interference at the measuring point is suppressed essentially by the measuring principle and not by shielding measures. This means with non-contact measurements, such as. For example, distance measurements, open construction and best integration into the respective application is possible without having to take possible interference into account.
- LM measuring frequency in the measuring coil
- the interference radiation may have any (also modulated) frequency spectrum.
- the senor can also be designed wirelessly according to the transputer principle.
- the wireless sensors can be well networked with each other via RF transmission or with one or more central controls.
- the sensors can also be continuously connected inductively via a single-wire induction cable, the supply voltage and data communication being fed inductively to the sensors via the induction cable.
- the method can also be used to eliminate losses (damping) on completely different measuring principles, which otherwise have nothing to do with a loss measurement and which disturbs the loss that occurs. Protection is also sought for such applications, in particular with regard to claim 2 and its subsequent claims.
- Preferred applications are: Precise non-contact length and distance measuring sensors for all physical sensors where a dynamic or static change in distance is to be measured, such as angular or displacement position detectors, torque sensors, dent detectors on car bodies, pressure sensors, measurement of spring travel, non-contact temperature measurement on parts and also in Gases, e.g. combustion chambers of internal combustion engines.
- Networked measurements with wireless sensors for screw locking detectors installed directly in the head or nut
- monitoring the Connection strength of connected parts monitoring of the connection strength of rotating parts, scanning of structure-borne noise and vibrations of fixed or moving or rotating parts, length or temperature measurement in the high temperature range or for large temperature differences
- resistance measurements for the medical sector wirelessly networked security applications: railway track monitoring, security coding of objects and components such as car or airplane spare parts.
- Networked position detection of transponder-secured parts such as warehouse spaces, file storage spaces.
- non-contact measurement of particularly high-resistance conductance values for layer thickness measurements such as cannot currently be carried out with sensors corresponding to the state of the art, e.g.
- the invention relates to the essential improvement for a loss measuring sensor in order to make the sensor completely insensitive to interference radiation at the measuring point.
- This is done by a method which uses a loss measurement to measure the conductance of an electrically conductive measuring part (K) inductively coupled into a measuring coil (LM) or one galvanically or capacitively connected resistance, or a connected or coupled capacitance, completely independent of the amplitude of the measuring AC voltage occurring at the measuring point over two or more steps, or measuring time intervals in relation.
- K electrically conductive measuring part
- LM measuring coil
- the measured value is derived from the associated voltage values according to a predetermined relation of loss values varied directly at the measuring point by means of the manipulated variable.
- the measured value is varied according to a predetermined relation of the voltage values, as they result from the corresponding associated setting of the loss values that are varied directly at the measuring point by means of the manipulated variable, from the manipulated variable of the loss values (or the relation of the loss values)
- the inventive idea is common, over two or more measuring steps directly at the measuring point, without the A switching device or the like must be used to make a variation of the loss measured directly at the measuring point, and from the existing relationship assignment of loss change and associated change in amplitude, the measured variable at the measuring point is completely independent of the absolute amplitude value (the oscillator oscillation or an interference, etc. ) to investigate.
- the measuring method according to the invention is thus universal and can be carried out directly with a circuit arrangement designed according to the prior art. In the following, however, further circuit measures are specified which are particularly well suited for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the method uses a measuring coil arrangement consisting of an alternating field coil (LM), the loss of which is also determined by the electrically conductive measuring part.
- LM alternating field coil
- a resistor (Rx, Fig. 6) can be connected as a measuring part, for example, directly to the alternating field coil (LM) via ohmic contact, or the measuring part (K) can be coupled into the measuring point without contact and contact via the electromagnetic field of the alternating field coil (LM) be (Fig.l).
- the measuring part determines the loss of the coil or the coil circuit (loss l / RVM) and is measured by a measuring device, in particular in a further embodiment according to claim 1.
- the measuring part K does not have to be galvanically connected to the coil, it can be Measure the distance between the alternating field coil (LM) and the measuring part (K) without contact on the measuring part or medium, or measure the temperature of the measuring part (K) without contact if the distance remains constant.
- the non-contact measurement of the measuring part (K) is a great advantage, but the invention can, for example, be used just as well for ohmic resistances, in particular particularly low-resistance small resistance values (Rx, Fig. 6) which are connected in series to the alternating field coil (LM), without interference radiation to eat. Or in further training, to carry out a method for signal transmission carried out by loss variation.
- the method according to the invention can be carried out with any sensor corresponding to the state of the art if it has the following property: it requires a loss-setting device which can be switched via an actuator and which must have the property that the loss value measured by the loss-measuring sensor is directly at the measuring point, that is the point where the field lines penetrate the medium (K) or measuring part (l / RVM) (or, in the case of an alternative galvanic connection, the area or the volume of the measured resistance value), the loss value measured by the loss measuring sensor in its measured value by means of the manipulated variable (BD Fig .l) can be influenced as if this influence had been made at the measuring point itself (l / RVM) by the measuring part.
- a loss-setting device which can be switched via an actuator and which must have the property that the loss value measured by the loss-measuring sensor is directly at the measuring point, that is the point where the field lines penetrate the medium (K) or measuring part (l / RVM) (or, in the case of an alternative galvan
- any interference signal interference that may be present is recorded, which cannot be shielded in the case of non-contact measurement in practical use.
- This property is to be referred to as measuring points identical to the sensor's self-test property, in which an additional ohmic loss is directly associated with the control signal or manipulated variable BD the measuring point can be fed as an offset measurement quantity without the use of additional contact connections or switching devices in addition to the currently measured loss.
- this property is only fulfilled by a sensor principle, which is published in the patent specification DE 42 40 739 C2 and is shown in FIG. 1 as an example. However, almost all state-of-the-art sensor variants can be converted to this principle.
- EP 0352 507 describes a loss sensor which works on the principle of the decay of a damped oscillation of the Hull curve of a freely oscillating oscillator and which evaluates the Hull curve over several successive measuring intervals.
- the capacitive loss of an oscillating circuit is primarily evaluated as a measured variable, the loss itself is not varied during the measurement.
- a similar principle for measuring an inductive loss is described, for example, in DE 34 40 538 C1.
- the sensors mentioned do not provide for a variation of the loss at the measuring point. Ditto no relations between controlled loss changes and amphtud changes for determining the measurement result are made, as in the method according to the invention
- the present invention comes closest to the sensor published in patent DE 42 40 739 C2 by the same applicant with non-contact measurement, which is the only sensor with the above-mentioned measuring points that has identical self-test properties, via which an offset measurement quantity can be fed in directly at the measuring point without a Switches, changeover switches or multiplexers would be required if the measured variable was continuously switched on (l / RVM)
- FIG. 1 which relates to a method for measuring a loss (l / RVM) coupled into a measuring coil arrangement, consisting of an alternating field measuring coil (LM) and a resistor (Rp ) which is connected to the measuring coil as an additional loss (1 / RVL) and the Total loss (l / RVM + 1 / RVL) of the measuring coil (LM) varies accordingly.
- an evaluation (BW) which determines the loss coupled into the measuring coil as a measured value (mp) from the value of the adjustable resistance (Rp) and an amplitude measurement (us) of the measuring coil.
- the measuring coil (LM) is preferably part of a parallel resonant circuit (LM, CP) via the transformation effect of which the adjustable resistor (Rp) connected in parallel is coupled into the measuring coil LM as a serial loss and occurs as a total loss (l / RVM + 1 / RVL) , where l / RVM is the loss coupled in via the measuring point (K) including the self-loss due to the ohmic serial resistance of the measuring coil, and 1 / RVL is the loss of the variable resistor Rp connected via the transformation of the resonant circuit.
- the variable resistor Rp is designed as a switched fixed resistor which can be switched on or off (infinitely) via an electronic switch HS.
- Fig.l is also taken from this application. 1 shows the variant already proposed in DE 42 40 739 C2, in which the measuring coil (LM) is part of a resonant circuit (LM, Cp). K ... relates to the electrical conductivity of a material or an environment within which the field lines of the measuring coil (LM) are located.
- the object of the present invention is to change the method from DE 42 40 739 C2 so that it is completely immune to interference. If, for example, a frequency corresponding to the measuring frequency radiates directly into the resonance circuit (LM, Cp) of the alternating field coil (LM), then this should not matter, even if, for example, the received interference radiation would be a multiple of the measuring amplitude.
- LM resonance circuit
- Cp alternating field coil
- This object is achieved in that, in order to obtain a measured value corresponding to the loss of the sensor to be measured, not only is an individual or constant amplitude value measured, but several measurements are carried out as relative measurements to one another (relations), which are thus related to one another, that the measurement result can be derived independently of the absolute values of the measurement amplitude of the resonance circuit (for example as their ratio), taking into account the resistance conditions used.
- the method is not limited to an oscillating circuit, the method could also be carried out, for example, with a band filter circuit, or another filter circuit, or also with a bridge circuit. See DE 42 40 739 C2.
- the improvement in the present invention according to the characterizing part of claim 1, illustrated in F ⁇ g.2b and F ⁇ g.2c) relates to the inventive measure that a measured value (mp) is determined over several (at least two) measuring steps (tl, t2) , in which the adjustable resistance (Rp) is set differently and for these different resistance settings (Rpl, Rp2) the amplitude measurements (usl, us2) are made on the measuring coil (LM), whereby in contrast to DE 42 40 739 02, the Measured value (mp) is determined from the change in value (e.g. from the ratio) of the resistance settings (Rpl. R ⁇ 2) used in the individual measuring steps (tl. T2) and associated changes in amplitude (usl, us2), e.g. using a ratio calculation and / or retrieval Function values stored in a table. See below the embodiment variants described for FIGS. 2b and 2c
- the property of the method according to DE 42 40 739 is still used, which allows the evaluation device (BW) to control a loss change of the measurement result (cf. actuating variable BD, FIG. 1) as if this influence were on the Measuring point itself, which is located (e.g. contact-free) in the electromagnetic field of the measuring coil.
- the solution of the technical problem corresponds to the above improvement, or claim 1.
- the preamble of claim 1 corresponds to the prior art according to the cited DE 42 40 739 C2 with a suitable circuit design according to FIG. 1, but taking into account that Methods according to the invention can be carried out using general circuits known in the prior art.
- the circuit according to Fig. 1 can be used directly to switch the Rp values accordingly via a control signal (BD) in accordance with the method according to the invention in the measuring time intervals t1 and t2, which according to DE 42 40 739 C2 corresponds to a corresponding variation of the measured quantity at the measuring point (l / RVM) by the measuring part itself.
- the associated different voltage values ul and u2 are measured for each switchover value of Rp (Rpl, Rp2) or for the resulting variation value of the total loss at the measuring point.
- the circuit specified in DE 32 48 034, which is used in the test procedure and which alternatively connects calibrated actual values to the measuring input using reference resistors, is generally known to the person skilled in the art as a calibration method by learning and must not be confused with the method specified in the present invention.
- the method used in the present invention does not connect calibration resistors to the measuring input as a substitute resistor for the measured value, but merely increases the loss of the measured variable at the measuring point when the measured value is switched on continuously (i.e. continuously) over all measuring steps of the method (without a changeover being carried out at the measuring point) is).
- the loss of the measured variable at the measuring point can not only be increased, but in particular also reduced by adding an exact negative loss. This opens up a completely new field of application for such a sensor.
- the preferred relation definition is integrated into the method according to the invention and can be used in two alternative variants in both directions (via the measuring steps tl and t2: with 1 / RVL1 and usl in tl; or with 1 / RVL2 and us2 in t2):
- the result is the loss value relation (1 / RVL1 + l / RVM or 1 / RVL2 + l / RVM) set via the manipulated variable (BD) Amplitude value relation (usl, us2) infer the measured variable (mp) (loss value relation is given as a constant, resulting amplitude value relation is measured).
- a predetermined amplitude value relation (usl, us2), which is achieved via the manipulated variable (BD) by adjusting the loss value relation (1 / RVL1 + l / RVM, 1 / RVL2 + 1 / RVM), from which corresponding loss value relation to the measured variable (mp) (amplitude value relation is specified as a constant and set via the loss value relation).
- loss values or resistances are used in the measurement intervals tl and t2 in each case according to fixed relations.
- the measuring intervals tl and t2 are chosen so that a constant measured variable (l / RVM) can be assumed in the successive measuring intervals.
- the amplitude values associated with the switched loss values are measured and the measured variable is determined from the relation of loss values (Rpl, Rp2) and voltage values (ul, u2).
- FIG. 2b This preferred variant of the method is illustrated in FIG. 2b (cf. supplementary explanation in the following chapter "Show the individual figures").
- the special case is preferred to switch on a constant parallel resistor Rp for one of the two measurements (t2) and for the other measurement (tl ) to be switched off, the measurements being carried out so quickly in succession that the measured loss value (l / RVM) does not change significantly between these measurements.
- constant resonant circuit current ires
- the sensors can also be exemplarily calibrated by a learning process, for example also in temperature measurement applications with a reference sensor which has a different physical principle. Or for layer thickness measurements of coatings through exemplary testing.
- RVM Rp '* usl / us2
- ⁇ stands for proportional (e.g. as
- Rp can also be a constant, which is why a resistance value for Rp is sufficient.
- This preferred variant of the method is illustrated in FIG. 2c (cf. also the following chapter "Show the individual figures").
- This design variant enables the analog / digital converter for the conversion of the measuring voltage us, and also the computing operation usl / us2 to be saved.
- the adjustable resistor Rp is then designed as a digitally adjustable resistor cascade, e.g.
- Rp2 constant value according to variant 1
- OSZ oscillator
- constant control of the constant alternating current (ires) fed into the oscillating circuit can be carried out well by setting the supply voltage of the oscillator if the output internal resistance of the supply circuit coupled to the parallel oscillating circuit (LM, Cp) of the sensor coil (LM) remains constant via a with the Output internal resistance of the oscillator (OSZ) series-connected measuring resistor (Rmi, Fig. 5), the resonant circuit current is monitored for maximum amplitude (sensor voltage) and a microcontroller controls a D / A converter, which supplies the oscillator supply voltage via a corresponding amplifier circuit, (cf. also below to Fig. 5).
- the parallel resonant circuit (LM, Cp) can be supplied externally, in which a constant alternating current is fed into the resonant circuit by a further oscillator circuit (for example as a square-wave voltage).
- a further oscillator circuit for example as a square-wave voltage.
- the external supply of parallel floating circuits designed as loss measurement sensors is basically state of the art, cf. e.g. the cited DE 32 48 034
- one relates to the use of the preferred relational measurement to establish a correlation relationship between a possibly present envelope curve of the signal occurring at the measuring resonant circuit and the associated derivation of the voltage values usl, us2 required for the loss determination, or ditto for those which continue to follow described compensation measurement uoff, uon.
- the required measurement period Ttot must take into account the settling times (tset) given when adjusting the loss (Rp) of the parallel resonance circuit until after an adjustment of the loss (Rpl or Rp2) the amplitudes correspond to the relations of usl and us2.
- the settling time is also in tuset for the constant control of the oscillation circuit amplitude included
- the time grid of Ttot is also used to sample the error of the measurement signal caused by the overlay of a disturbance signal superimposition in order to correct this error.
- asynchronous mode In the asynchronous mode, a fixed measurement time grid Ttot is used, in the synchronous mode, however, the measurement time grid is formed by repetitive repetitions of the hull curve of the fault signal (eg maximum-minimum values)
- the envelope period duration (TH) of which is possibly longer than the required measuring time period Ttot the choice of the measuring time grid for carrying out the measuring steps tl or t2, in which the loss value setting (Rpl, ditto for Rp2) for the subsequent measurement of the maximum values (usl, ditto for us2) of the voltage amplitude, no synchronization to the envelope period of the interference radiation required. Since the amplitude values are sampled in an arbitrary phase position with the envelope of the measurement signal during such a measurement, we refer to this mode of operation as an asynchronous mode.
- an envelope period duration (TH) that is too short in relation to the required measurement time period Ttot impairs the required accuracy of the measurement value determination then the times for the introduction of the measurement steps tl, t2 are synchronized according to stable phase positions of the measurement signal with respect to periodicity of the interference signal envelope of the measurement signal.
- This type of measurement is therefore referred to as synchronous mode.
- the stable phase positions result e.g. each from a minimum or maximum value of the envelope in the steady state of the parallel resonant circuit.
- the reversal point of the constantly increasing (or negatively decreasing) amplitude values of the envelope is determined by constant comparison with the previous value, and upon receipt of the reversal point, the previous value is defined as the maximum or minimum value becomes.
- an automatic changeover from synchronous and asynchronous mode is provided, with the advantage that the measuring repetition rate of the sensor does not decrease inadmissibly in the case of an envelope frequency which is particularly low compared to the measuring frequency of the sensor (for example, network interference), which is the case in synchronous mode would).
- a detector signal for switching the two modes is derived by continuously measuring the times TH between the maximum-minimum values of the envelope curve which may be present. If the TH / Ttot ratio falls below a certain value, the system switches to synchronous mode, and if this value is exceeded, it switches back to asynchronous mode.
- the envelope of the interference signal is detected for the purpose of deriving a correction variable for the relationship between the one carried out Loss value relation Rpl / Rp2 and voltage values measured in order to be able to carry out a correlation method. Care is taken to ensure that the envelope curve is sampled over the period of a stable variable resistor Rp (corresponding to the preset value Rpl or Rp2).
- the loss value Rp set by the manipulated variable BD is kept constant over two successive time periods of (each) Ttot, the resistance value Rp being adjusted at the beginning of the first time period Ttot (n).
- the loss value of Rp set in the previous time period Tot (n) remains unchanged.
- each of these steps contains two successive time segments of the time grid Ttot
- four successive time segments of Ttot are thus for the processing of method steps tl and t2 for the determination of a measured value.
- an envelope curve which may be interspersed by an interference signal can then also be used for a very large one
- the degree of modulation or superimposition during the determination of the measured value can be completely eliminated.
- the rise in the envelope curve can be determined both for the manipulated value Rpl with usl and for the manipulated value Rp2 with us2.
- Vusl / Vus2 ms ratio can also be set, ie the relationship chain can also be formed from DIFF (usl before) / DIFF (us2) or DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (usl), etc.
- This ratio chain is used to check whether the values involved in the us / us2 measurement follow a somewhat linear relationship for the change in slope corresponding to the Hull curve profile, if yes the results are used, if not then the results are not used
- the linear profile can also be recalculated whether the curve corresponds to a sine function, for example
- the error value obtained is x or obtained relation factor 1 + x (where x positive or negative) corrects the obtained amplitude ratio usl / us2 accordingly, since the relation definition requires a horizontal tangent (i.e. a hull curve with zero rise, ie no hull curve).
- the first embodiment variant 1 is carried out with a predefined loss value relation (Rpl / Rp2)
- a mathematical correction of a measured amplitude ratio usl / us2 this constant is corrected according to which Rp is to be compared with us2 (with Rp switched on).
- this constant corresponds to the resistance ratio of the voltage divider Rva / Rvb, one of the two resistors of the voltage divider being made digitally adjustable and this setting being made by the microcontroller in accordance with the result obtained from V (us2) as a correction variable.
- V (usl) is not taken into account here, since this amplitude value is measured without adjustment when the variable resistor Rp is switched off in the simplified method using the circuit according to FIG. 4b
- Rp adjustment cascade (eg D / A converter network) and voltage divider to define the constant usl / us2 digitally adjustable, whereby measured value l / RVM 'is determined from the table from the manipulated variable BD of Rp.
- Ttot (n-4) was the adjustment step for tl
- Ttot (n-3) was control step of the rise of tl, provides DIFF (usl), sign of the rise
- Ttot (n-2) was the alignment step for t2
- Ttot (n-l) was control step of the increase in t2, provides DIFF (us2), sign of the increase
- Ttot (n + l) control step of the increase in tl from Ttot (n-3) DIFF (usl before) is taken over, Ttot (n-l) DIFF (us2 before) is taken over, ditto sign of the increase,
- V (usl) DIFF (usl before) / DIFF (usl)
- V (us2, l) DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (usl)
- V (us2, l) does not correspond, then invalid values.
- Ttot (n + 3) control step of the rise of t2 and correction step of us2 from Ttot (n-l) DIFF (us2 before) is adopted, from Ttot (n + l) DIFF (usl before) is adopted, ditto sign of the increase,
- V (us2) DIFF (us2 before) / DIFF (us2)
- V (usl, 2) DIFF (usl before) / DIFF (us2)
- This scheme mainly concerns the dynamic value correction of us2, depending on the respective increase in the Hull curve, or for variant 2 the dynamic value correction of the constant us2 / usl. Furthermore, the query whether such a value correction depending on the increase in the Hull curve in relation to the measurement amplitude (usl, us2) of the higher frequency is still permissible, if not, the values are rejected and the mode switches to the synchronous mode.
- An example of rejected values is sketched in Fig. ** b if, for example, in the time period Ttot (n-l) the Hull curve has already exceeded its turning point (from increasing to decreasing), V (*) is therefore negative.
- the inflection points of the Hull curve are sampled over the duration of the loss value setting of the preferred variable resistor Rp and used as a trigger signal (measurement trigger signal) for triggering the measurement of usl or us2 within the measuring steps tl and t2 ,
- the constant time interval TH between these sampling points of the Hull curve is continuously monitored. It is evident that the measurement sequence was impaired if the hull curve frequency was too low, which is why a switch back to the asynchronous mode takes place immediately when the ratio TH / Ttot again exceeds the predetermined threshold value
- the constant sampling of the maximum (u irri ) and minimum values (u ⁇ ) of the voltage amplitude us on the parallel floating circuit is carried out until u ⁇ is detected.
- This point in time triggers the measuring process from u * (usl or us2 depending on whether Rpl or Rp2 is currently selected), then Rp is switched to the respective other value (Rpl or Rp2 according to the method), or set in a corresponding step, then the generation of the measurement trigger signal is blocked for the duration of Ttot.
- Another application for further training relates to measures for damping the total loss in order to increase the sensitivity and / or to increase the measuring accuracy in the case of relatively high-resistance losses, and / or to reduce the influence of the temperature response.
- This variant of an undamped sensor will be explained in more detail below:
- Variant of damped sensor basics: The following preferred version of the sensor is based on the further technical task of damping a loss sensor with an exactly precisely defined value, so to speak, for the total loss l / RVM + 1 / RVL (Fig. L), an exact negative loss value (- 1 / RVM_NEG) to add.
- the principle can be traced back to a sensor according to claim 1, using further features of a sensor functioning according to the principle of the cited DE4240739C2 and the following further training measures:
- the state of the art for this further training according to the invention is supplementary to the arguments already mentioned at the beginning of the description indicated that for oscillator circuits with parallel resonant circuits an attenuation by a negative resistance characteristic, such as.
- the setting or determination of a precisely defined value for the negative loss is intended without the operating point for the control of the differential negative conductance - gT having to be used for an amplitude limitation in order to establish stable conditions.
- the most accurate and drift-free setting of the negative conductance - gT, or alternatively the exact measurement of its set value, is the task for the training variant for damping the total loss of the sensor method according to the invention, in order to avoid Total loss l / RVM + 1 / RVL + (-1 / RVM_NEG) or [l / RVM + 1 / RVL + (- gT)] to determine the measured loss value l / RVM.
- the method uses two continuously repeating measuring cycles, one measuring cycle for the setting (or the exact adjustment) of the negative conductance - gT, and one with the one according to the preferred one Method (according to the version of the version or version 2 of the version) is measured.
- a parallel parallel compensation value GTCOMP is provided, which can also be implemented as part of the loss (1 / RVL) or Rp that can be adjusted with the quantity BD.
- the total loss l / RVM ' + 1 / RVL + (- gT) is measured on the resonant circuit during the actual loss measurement in steps tl and t2, or the sum loss l / RVM ' + GTCOMP during the comparison to determine - gT + (- gT) measured
- the portions of - gT or GTCOMP relevant for the adjustment of - gT or GTCOMP in a relevant measuring step (toff) can be set to zero, or for a simple execution the negative guide value - gT and the compensation guide value GTCOMP made switchable This shutdown
- l / RVM ' When l / RVM was given, l / RVM 'was given.
- l / RVM ' also contains the intrinsic loss rs of the measuring coil LM (or the measuring circuit LM, Cp), the actual loss l / RVM being determined by means of the determination of the measured loss in the subsequent measuring cycle according to irril or Var ⁇ ante2 Table which contains (correct) the self-loss rs of the measuring coil determined from l / RVM '.
- an alloy can be used instead of a material which has a particularly low resistance but has a very unfavorable temperature coefficient, but which has a much higher specific resistance but a much better temperature coefficient (a compensation alloy). Since the negative loss added by the method according to the invention is particularly precise and the stability of the preferred measuring method is coupled to a standardized calibration resistor (or conductance GTCOMP), the temperature dependence of the measuring coil can be significantly improved in this way. This application is discussed in more detail below in a numerical example for an alloy in which the alloy manganin is used as the coil wire material. Furthermore, with such a compensation of the coil series resistance, coil wire materials that can withstand high temperatures but have a high specific resistance can also be used as the measuring coil (air coil LM).
- Loss measurements can be carried out on particularly high-impedance resistors or media, in particular on liquids and gases. Eg purity measurement of distilled water via conductivity. Or also layer thickness measurement of particularly thin vapor deposition layers, or also in paper production, or also in the production of electrical radiation shielding substances, etc. Furthermore, it is preferred that the sensor covers a wide variety of applications: eg measurement of temperatures, pressure and conductivity , Furthermore, measurement to identify the type of gas as a gas detector (or gas molecules), depending on the skin effect. In this measurement, the loss l / RVM caused by the gas is measured with different frequencies and the same inherent loss of the sensor. The different losses that occur for different gases are decoded accordingly for the generation of a corresponding signal.
- Ditto the damped sensor enables applications for monitoring on gas lasers, etc.
- Another application would be e.g. the auto-ignition timing of a direct-injection high-performance petrol engine via the Detect the rise in conductivity of the compressed gas in good time with the sensor coil measuring in the displacement and open an electrically controlled emergency valve before unwanted self-ignition occurs, and reduce the boost pressure accordingly during the next compression (to be regulated via the sensor).
- the high-resistance loss measurement also allows distance measurements (displacement sensors, angle sensors, variable area flow meters, etc.) as the loss-generating core material (K, Fig.l) to use relatively high-resistance materials with temperature-compensated specific resistance, as occurs with alloys, e.g. .E.g. for alloys with a particularly low temperature coefficient (TKR) of the electrical part, e.g. is made of a temperature compensated alloy (e.g. manganin with a TKR of l * 10 (exp-5) / ° C. Manganin is an alloy of 86% Cu, 12% Mn, and 2% nickel). The material manganine is also used for the further development of the coil wire of the measuring coil.
- TKR temperature compensated alloy
- measuring power and measuring frequency can be kept so low that the electronic circuit for the bomb drawing can no longer recognize this, e.g. if a measuring frequency close to the mains hum is used.
- the third free precise setting or determination of the negative conductance -gT connected to the parallel resonant circuit (LM, Cp) not only opens up completely new areas of application for the loss measuring sensor, it can also immediate temperature dependency of the ohmic resistance rs of the measuring coil (LM) can be significantly reduced.
- the temperature coefficient of the coil is to be improved accordingly by using an alloy (e.g. manganin)
- the preferred precision setting of the negative conductance of -gT used for damping the series resistance rs enables the temperature response of the measuring coil (LM) compared to a copper coil by a factor that corresponds to the ratio of better temperature coefficient to increased resistance of the selected material.
- LM measuring coil
- the coil wire from a type of "virtual alloy", consisting of two wires (which can also be bare) made of different materials, one of which is positive and the other of which is wound in parallel on a corresponding coil body (for example ceramic) has a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity, the choice of the cross-sections of the wires being matched to the respective resistance ratio of the two materials to the winding length of the coil so that the temperature coefficient of the resistivity formed by the pair of wires is canceled Wires wound in parallel are then connected in parallel at the coil ends.For dimensioning, it should be noted that in this case we connect the conductance values of the specific resistances in parallel (see also the text for Fig. 33 for an example of one printed with) conductor tracks).
- LM small measuring coil
- a ceramic coil body which we can use on the inside (similar to a spark plug) in an engine compartment, either just to monitor the compressed gas, or in conjunction with a small load cell, with which we can Being able to measure compression pressure directly in the high temperature range;
- the switching time of electronically controlled valves of an explosion engine can also be electronically compared, since the pressure sensor provides good feedback on the actual switching times of the valves to the valve control.
- the parallel resonance capacitance (Cp) is then connected via a corresponding contact bushing on the outside, thermally insulated via cable, ie the secondary side of a transformer connected in parallel with the resonant circuit, which couples in the negative conductance -gT of the tunnel diode.
- a corresponding contact bushing on the outside, thermally insulated via cable, ie the secondary side of a transformer connected in parallel with the resonant circuit, which couples in the negative conductance -gT of the tunnel diode.
- K eg for scales, protractors, etc.
- the temperature coefficient of the selected material for the coil wire can also be compensated for by wiring with a resistor with negative temperature coefficients (NTC), whereby a high-resistance NTC resistor can also be connected in parallel with the resonant circuit (ditto a low-resistance the coil in series).
- NTC negative temperature coefficients
- the compensation of the negative resistance also makes it possible to connect a further series resistor directly in series with the measuring coil, via which the zero crossing of the coil current for the purpose of determining the voltage maximum at the resonant circuit (LM, Cp ) is tapped by means of an operational amplifier or comparator, or if necessary this tap is used for the constant regulation of the AC amplitude.
- the table shows the dependence of the conductance on the signal modulation (us * in the required ranges of usl and us2) as the operating point in a table for a given differential conductance , If the adjustment or determination of -gT to voltage values other than usl or us2 has taken place, the deviation of the differential resistance can be corrected using the table: either after a measurement of usl, us2 (in steps tl, t2) or before a measurement of usl or us2 with the respective setting of -gT. If necessary, this table can also include a temperature dependency of the tunnel diode characteristic curve when measuring the tunnel diode temperature, or the tunnel diode is cast in a thermostat housing.
- the setting of -gT takes place either via the voltage-current characteristic curve of the tunnel diode or via a total master value setting 1 / Rp + (-gT) directly digitally via the digitally adjustable master value network 1 / Rp (e.g. a corresponding D / A converter).
- GTCOMP can also be implemented using a D / A converter master value network (with binary gradation of the switched master values).
- a binary adjustable resistance network can be used instead of the master value network.
- a separate resonant circuit (LgT, CgT,) is provided for the adjustment of - gT, with which simultaneous immediately before the measurement of the actual one Loss of the measuring resonant circuit (LM, Cp) the value of -gT is set or determined.
- the resonant circuit provided for the determination of -gT can (LgT, CgT) can be operated at a higher frequency than the resonant circuit for measuring the loss (LM, Cp).
- the tunnel diode with a changeover switch can either be connected to the resonant circuit (LgT, CgT) for the determination of -gT or to the resonant circuit (LM, Cp) for measuring the actual loss (if this resonant circuit is constant) connected loss to be measured l / RVM) switchable
- This switch is also used to switch off the conductance -gT for the measurement of uoff (for the adjustment) to the resonant circuit (LgT, CgT)
- the adjustment conductance GTCOMP is switched on. With the adjustment component switched off (see text for Fig.
- the resonant circuit voltage ugT (from LgT, CgT) is the hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage us *, which is provided for the loss measurement Oscillating circuit (LM, Cp) occurs, readjusted
- This readjustment can be carried out, for example, directly by corresponding variation of the balancing resistor GTCOMP.
- this readjustment on the oscillating circuit is one for the determination of -gT compared to the resonant circuit voltage (us *) of the loss measuring resonant circuit (LM, Cp) adjusted by a proportion increased or reduced voltage, so that the (hull curve) of the resonant circuit voltage at the resonant circuit LgT, CgT has a value as it was at a lagging point in time with the rising or falling Hull curve of the resonant circuit voltage at the loss measuring circuit (LM, Cp), the respective The increase in the resonant circuit voltage is to be expected accordingly.
- the preferred sensor is suitable due to its extremely low requirement Measuring performance excellent for transputer applications in which the supply voltage is not supplied via lines, but via a transmitted RF signal, the frequency and required radiation power of which are designed in accordance with the respective application.
- a particularly interesting application is also to be classified, in which the supply voltage is supplied via a transformer-coupled conductor loop (or winding) of a cable carrying out the connection as a continuous wire.
- the HF is fed into the cable with a very high resistance, for example via a stray transformer-controlled constant alternating current, with several such feed points along the line connection, with the negative attenuation conductance values already discussed, for the precise setting of a loss value of the line defined as a defined value
- the ohmic loss given along the induction cable for the RF receiving circuits of the transputer circuits is kept stable on the one hand, and is varied by the transmission method on the other hand, with the dynamic relative measurement of the door described below used to stabilize the operating point
- care is taken to ensure that the change in loss resistance due to fluctuations in power consumption does not affect the induction affects retroactively.
- the power for undamping the induction cable is essentially not provided by the tunnel diodes connected in the transputer sensor sensors (since there is no perpetum mobile), but by the induction cable at regular intervals Ohmic or inductive negative resistors for line loss.
- the following circuit measures are preferred in order to suppress a change in the loss of resistance of the transputer sensors fed inductively via the induction cable caused by current consumption fluctuations: As explained below in relation to FIG.
- the transverse control carried out on the HF reception circuit of the transputer circuit is carried out in such a way that the rectified Envelope amplitude of the RF receiving circuit remains constant, thus with a constant envelope of the input amplitude, the load due to the transverse control is kept fairly constant. Slight fluctuations lie in the low-pass range in accordance with the filter capacitance connected after the rectifying diode during rectification. If the data loss modulation carried out on the primary side is not to have a particular effect on the control, i.e. if the data transmission is to be prevented from being compensated for, then a modulation method must be used for the data transmission that operates with a reasonably stable pulse duty factor, e.g.
- a modulo-2 method which has a low variation ratio of the duty cycle.
- the changeover transitions of the data signal can be defined in a lower ratio, with a clock frequency correspondingly included in the data signal.
- This type of modulation method is known: the modulo-2 data signal is generated from the exclusive or / of data and clock, or the data are decoded from the resulting different pulse lengths and from the exclusive or / nor of this data signal and the modulo -2 signal, the associated clock signal is decoded. If this clock signal is significantly higher than the filter ripple on the filter capacitor of the supply voltage of the HF rectifier, then the regulation of the DC voltage described for FIG.
- the transputer circuits can also be directly connected to their RF receiving circuits (for example against chassis ground), the cable carrying out the supply and the data connection either directly contacted or via capacitive coupling.
- a shielded cable can also be used, in which case the shielding is removed at the coupling points. It is sufficient for the preferred method because of the good interference signal suppression and the high-resistance cable routing if a metallic coating (for example by vapor deposition) of the plastic insulation is carried out, for example also in several layers with a separate high-voltage rubber coating for the bite protection.
- the loss measurement can also be used to trigger a high-voltage pulse for the bite protection in the event of a spontaneous loss change in the insulation.
- shielded applications Use of the transputer sensor for loss measurement of rotating parts enclosed in a housing, for example for a torque sensor according to FIG. 19, the sensor on a rotating part and the transmitter for supplying the supply voltage and communication to the sensor, is housed on the inside of the stationary housing of the torque sensor.
- a similar application is the distance measurement of the clutch disc distance shown in FIG. 20 in relation to the actuation path of the clutch pedal, etc.
- Another shielded application is to use sensor coils for scanning the tooth position of gears in the gear housing and within the gear housing by a central HF Feeding the transmitter Or inside the bonnet there are a number of sensors, such as pressure gauges or level gauges for measuring the level of the brake fluid, or sensors for sensing accelerator pedal positions, clutch pedal, steering lock, etc., which are fed by a central HF transmitter Or a variety of switches are attached to the dashboard, the switch positions of which are coded as loss (rotary switches, toggle switches, slide switches, etc.), the switches being fed by a central HF transmitter (control center) housed on the dashboard.
- sensors such as pressure gauges or level gauges for measuring the level of the brake fluid, or sensors for sensing accelerator pedal positions, clutch pedal, steering lock, etc.
- switches are attached to the dashboard, the switch positions of which are coded as loss (rotary switches, toggle switches, slide switches, etc.), the switches being fed by a central HF transmitter (control center) housed on the dashboard.
- the body is an ideal shield against interference to maintain radio data traffic between the sensors and the control center, or other central transmission units can be networked accordingly with cables.
- Monitoring the strength of rims mounted on the wheel plate corresponds to Fig. 22 also tie rods Measurement, position determination of parts on which the sensor is mounted in relation to limit marks controlled by loss.
- the sensor has a holder (opening or cylinder, etc.) in its housing, which is located in the inductive area of the RF receiving coil of the transducer circuit used in the sensor, and around this holder (or through a hole or cylinder body, etc.) a conductor loop is pulled or wound, if necessary the loop is wound one or more times around the inductive area of the RF receiving coil of the transputer circuit.
- This method means that the contacting problem for wiring the sensors, which is known in the automotive field due to corrosion damage, is no longer present, although the Conductor loop, or the line that connects all sensors in series with one another, is fed with high impedance by an HF generator; the reference potential is then the chassis of the vehicle.
- Data communication can also take place via the conductor loop.
- the method of data transmission using loss variation and loss measurement (by the sensor) described for FIG. 37 (sheet 15) can also be used for In this case, interference-proof transmission is used.
- the transputer sensor circuit then has at least two loss measurement sensors, one for the actual loss measurement (l / RVM) and one for receiving the data.
- a preferred embodiment is a high voltage for the high-impedance HF generator feeding into the conductor loop to be used, which discourages biting animals (eg marten) via the insulation capacity.
- a loss measurement connected to the line connection can detect the change in loss that occurs when trying to bite a line and trigger a spontaneous increase in high voltage.
- the sensors communicate with the control center in the following way: Each sensor has a mini transmitter and a mimic receiver for communication with the closest transputer sensors.
- the sensors are sent in succession according to the "Pmg" principle (ie knocking on with an initiation word).
- the first sensor SO, which corresponds to the central unit for the data protocol
- receives one with a "Pmg” signal provided with the receiving address is sent until it receives the receiving acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiving sensor (S1). If this is not the case within a certain time period (TIME-OUT), then it is assumed that an error has occurred. Error handling is discussed below, a convenient method for entering the receiving address assignment of the sensors is also explained below in relation to FIG. 23.
- a different transmission frequency than that for data transmission and the “Pmg” signal can also be provided for the ACK signal sent back by the receiving sensor , so that the sending sensor while it is still sending the "Pmg" signal for which the ACK signal is constantly ready to receive After receiving the ACK signal, the sending sensor begins to send its data. Which data this is, whether your own or previously received from a neighboring sensor in the chain, depends on the respective status (STATUS) of the protocol, with an address being added to each data packet sent, which indicates which sensor for a corresponding data packet as Data source can be viewed because all sensors in the chain only pass this data packet through.
- STATUS respective status
- the protocol is designed so that all the sensors (SO, S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 Sn Se) one after the other, send (pass through) the data packet received from a sensor arranged one position earlier to the one arranged later until the last sensor (Se) of the chain transmits this data packet for the direct forwarding of a control center ( ZTE at the end of the chain).
- the central units (ZTB and ZTE) provided at the beginning of the chain and at the end of the chain are networked via a corresponding external data connection (e.g. radio, fiber optic cable, etc.).
- protocol data are transmitted between the central units by forwarding. This protocol data contains information about the self-test statement of the sensors in the transmission chain.
- the transmission chain can be checked by simply comparing the protocol data.
- each sensor independently checks whether the sender address given for a received "ping" signal (from the sending sensor) to the recipient address of the receiving sensor has the minimum step size (eg of 1). If so, then the "ping" signal has been emitted by a sensor immediately adjacent to the receiving sensor within the chain, and this sensor is therefore ready for operation. However, if the step size of the sender address to the addressed recipient address of the receiving sensor is higher, then a number of sensors corresponding to the step size has failed.
- the sensor emitting the "ping" signal If such a case is recognized by the sensor emitting the "ping" signal, then it logs the number of failed sensors in the passed-on data protocol, which it sends after receiving the ACK signal to the sensor previously addressed with the "ping" signal.
- the “ping” signal is repeatedly sent out by the sensor concerned, the received address given is increased by one step to the second closest sensor that is still in the reception range (or, depending on the current direction of transmission, may also be decreased).
- the sensor repeatedly emitting the "ping" signal as long as it does not receive an ACK acknowledgment for the transmitted "ping” signal and the receiving addresses provided for the “ping” signal are arranged within the range of the transmitted "ping” signal (corresponding to the current direction of transmission). If this is no longer the case (the limits of the range of the sending sensor, starting from its local receiving address, are stored by the receiving addresses corresponding to the limits), then the sensor which repeatedly transmits the “ping” signal changes the transmission direction and begins, starting from its local reception address to repeat the response attempt in the other transmission direction (for the reception addresses corresponding to the sensors closest to the location). It is important that in the "ping” signal not only the Receive addresses, but also the transmission is coded, with the identification state of a relevant bit bR.
- the identification bit bR informs the sensor receiving a "Ping" signal in which transmission it sends the new reception address, which it sends when it subsequently sends its "Ping.”
- "Signal has to be selected, whereby for each possible transmission direction there is a receiving address, which indicates the next closest sensor. For a straight line, there are two (one pointing forward and one pointing back) receiving address (for the transmission of a transmitted "ping" signal is programmed.
- a star branch for example a switch
- three such adjacent receive addresses are coded for a sensor arranged on a star, four at an intersection, etc., so that a branch in all local directions in which the sensors a
- the receiving addresses to be addressed are stored in each sensor according to their priority in the event of a fault (instead of a linear incrementing / decrementing).
- the interruption-Störfall_B in which so many sensors within the chain have failed that a receiving sensor can no longer be reached in the specified data transmission direction, but data transmission from the sensor detecting the accident is still possible starting in the opposite data direction.
- the data transmission takes place from the two end points of the sensor chain.
- the failed sensors can be reported immediately to the control centers provided at the line end or line sections.
- each individual sensor is gradually started at the ends of the line via a backward addressing of the sensor chain queried Starting with sensor SO and Se, a data connection from ZTB to SO and ZTE is first established, then a data connection from ZTB to Sl and ZTE to Se-1, etc. until each at the end of the chain of the central office no longer receives a response from the transmitted data Receive
- the control centers each provide a reference address that is incrementally increased after each complete forward-back addressing.
- This reference address relates to the receiving addresses of those sensors that receive a "Pmg" signal after they have received the associated data , change the transmission signal (ie the characteristic state of bit bR) to the subsequent "ping" signal, so that the transmission runs back to the end of the line to the control centers, which in the next cycle provide the reference address (for the location of the sensors for this backward addressing)
- This process is carried out by the two control centers provided at the end of the line (or partial section of the line) for each of the individual sensors until the fault location is identified
- the receiving address address of the sensor authorized to receive
- a identification bit bD which indicates to the authorized sensor that data is still being forwarded to the Ping-Smgal after receipt of an ACK signal, if necessary also Registration of the word length, or that indicates that no more data should be sent for a received ACK, therefore the sensor authorized to receive can also immediately ping the receiving address of the next sensor in the chain after the ACK signal is sent.
- a characteristic bit bR which is transmitted by the sensor which sends a "ping" signal and which indicates the direction of transmission (ZTB to ZTE or ZTE to ZTB) to the receiving sensor.
- bR is only shown as a single bit. This applies however, only on its logical identification state: In the transmission protocol, this data word, which is very sensitive to the protocol as a redundant error, is saved, if necessary with block repetition for absolutely reliable transmission of the identification state from bR.
- the receiving addresses of the sensors are arranged according to consecutive sections in which they are arranged on the track, according to increasing digits.
- Example of a malfunction As long as a sent "ping" signal is acknowledged with ACK, the direction of transmission given via the characteristic bit bR to a transmission signal is maintained and given accordingly when the next "ping" signal is sent. However, if a sensor no longer receives an ACK signal for a ping, the direction of transmission is changed in the manner described. In the event of an error, each sensor in the chain is able to change the direction of transmission and build up the data chain in the reverse direction in order to report the point of interruption. The same is the case if, for the purpose of testing, the reference address already explained is given by the central transmission device, and the transmission device is reversed in a relevant sensor when it is set.
- the data traffic runs from ZTB to ZTE and sensor "0100" no longer receives an ACK signal on its transmitted ping signal, then it initiates the data transmission back to via sensor "OOOO" to ZTB and reports that in the direction ZTB to ZTE only to Sensor "0100" can be communicated.
- This message is given by ZTB via the existing direct connection (eg Internet backbone, etc.) to ZTE.
- ZTE then controls the data connection using the appropriate protocol (sensors control from ZTE to sensor "00F00” or Sensors reading from sensor “00F00” to ZTE) and ZTB controls the data connection (sensors control from ZTB to "0100” or reading from “0100” to ZTB).
- Sensor control is understood to mean the data transfer to a relevant sensor, eg to Selbs to set ttest values (via Rp, cf. also the cited DE 42 40 739 C2) or to set query criteria (eg setting limit values that are to be monitored).
- Sensor reading is understood to mean querying the values or monitoring states.
- neighboring sensors can also carry out self-tests, or the reversal of the communication direction can also be selected for reasons of urgency over the shorter distance from one sensor to a central unit, or several central units can be interposed along a linear path, both via the sensors , as well as being able to communicate with each other accordingly.
- a watchdog is also provided in each sensor circuit and is controlled by the microcontroller in question. If the watchdog indicates that the microcontroller has crashed, it immediately switches off the hardware output option of an ACK signal so that the sensor in question can no longer interfere with the protocol.
- the transmission device of the train sends a correspondingly coded "ping" signal. If a sensor located in the vicinity of the train detects this "ping" signal belonging to the train, it causes the other sensors to communicate via the train via a corresponding data transmission.
- each wagon on a train can have a corresponding transmission Have a receiving device in order to be able to communicate with the sensors.
- the same principle can also be used to operate sensors mounted on the wagons or the chassis of the wagons wirelessly and to allow them to communicate wirelessly, or the method can also be used to operate the sensors accordingly via standard power lines of the wagons and to connect them to a control center.
- the "ping signal" procedure described has the property that interference traps can be localized immediately according to the physical conditions (distances). Of course, this does not only apply to interference traps, since each response point (sensor receiver / transmitter) can report a special event regarding its physical position For this reason, this method is also particularly suitable for supporting the line diagnosis on power lines explained in connection with FIG. 40, furthermore for alarm systems in which the sensor is used, and especially as motion detectors in the border protection area. In this application, a large number of sensors are arranged in a grid and scan their surroundings for approximation by means of loss measurement. If a loss is detected, the position is passed on using the preferred method. If a sensor is removed, this is also reported.
- transputer sensors are then fed, for example, via an induction cable Electrical connection of an inductively produced supply data line, in particular via the quick contact described below (in order to establish a detachable connection safely, permanently and quickly).
- the induction cable buried in the ground can be patched up again at any time if necessary, furthermore the transputer sensors can be self-sufficient even without a power supply Communicate for a long time to send a position report (as sender / recipient address) in the event of sabotage, e.g. if gold capacitors are used for energy storage.
- the GPS coordinates for which the sensors have been buried are then stored in the control centers, e.g. only protrude with a short antenna , If the induction cable is removed from a sensor, the control center has immediately detected the position.
- safety-coded loss measurement sensors
- Fig. 44 and Fig. 45 illustrate a further application for the described networking of loss measurement sensors.
- sensor coils embedded in the carriageway to enable the cost-effective detection of driving behavior (overtaking, speed detection, traffic light stop, driving against one-way traffic, etc.) of vehicles at exposed points at low cost. It is provided that a flat, consisting of a few turns to let the coil extending over the roadway into the roadway.
- a simple, very cheap to manufacture ribbon cable the ends of which (the outer conductor progressing inwards) are each connected in series and so the coil result. A large number of such cable spools are set into the detection grid at corresponding intervals across the road in a corresponding test section and are set separately in the road for each lane strip.
- Such a flat coil is shown in FIG. 44.
- the contact is made at the end of the ribbon cable with the usual pressure connectors, which make the connection via a narrow circuit board.
- the ribbon cable shown in Fig. 44 symbolizes, for example, a 64-pin cable, of which only 6 lines are shown for drawing reasons.
- the printed circuit board On the side corresponding to a roadway edge, the printed circuit board has a coupling coil (LKT) connected to the ribbon cable spool, which is potted together with the plug at the end of the ribbon cable, the other end of the ribbon cable is also potted.
- the ribbon cable can be provided with a tar protective layer. In order to increase the compressive strength, an iron wire strand can be used instead of a copper strand, or solid wires can also be used.
- the preferred attenuation by means of negative resistance and measurement independent of interference voltage make such a construction possible, since the high inherent loss of the cable coil is attenuated by the preferred negative resistance component of the sensor.
- the preferred sensor is contactlessly connected to the coupling coil LKTk, e.g. by a cheap snap-in part made of plastic, clamped, the sensor also has a matching coupling coil LKTs. This contact-free connection means that replacing the sensor is completely unproblematic.
- the low measuring power of the cable coil of the preferred sensor makes this construction possible.
- the sensor housing which is connected to the ribbon cable coil by contactless clamping connection (via coupling coils LKTk / LKTs), has a cylindrical extension with flanges, similar to a coil former, which contains the encapsulated RF circuit coil of the transducer circuit on the inside for the inductive supply of the RF supply voltage.
- this, for example, made of plastic bobbin approach (winding body) is provided with a centrally guided pull-off cap which is held by spring force and which is attached to the winding body on both sides of the winding which is fixed by looping around Pulls the pull-off cap in respective slots of the induction cable in and out, the pull-off cap being pressed against the outer flange of the winding body by the spring force.
- a snap-in device is provided which, after pulling off the cap, holds the cap against the spring force (for example by means of a rotation lock), so that the fitter has both hands free when winding and unwinding the induction cable.
- the combined supply and data cable which connects all sensors in sequence, only needs to be wound once or several times in a loop around the bobbin to contact the sensor. When the sensor is replaced, this winding is simply removed and plugged onto the new sensor.
- Such a simple induction cable is laid on each edge of the road, which can also be laid unshielded in the ground when using the interference signal-independent data transmission method.
- corresponding stripes which interrupt the asphalt of the sidewalk
- the flat ribbon cable reels each lie as a horizontal strip above the roadway at a distance from one another which is adapted to the average car length
- the loss measurement is used to detect between the same events (reaching or exiting) of a strip for the cars driving over it.
- each vehicle can be tracked in its driving behavior via such a chain, one that is dependent on the direction of travel Detection possible
- two parallel sensor coils are provided for one measuring line, one of which is steamed first according to the direction of travel, before both coils are simultaneously steamed by the vehicle in question s.
- a memory organization (a computer RAM) is used for the recording, which has as many memory words as it corresponds to the detection grid which is formed by the measurement lines. Between these measuring lines, which are each formed by the ribbon cable coils, the speed of the vehicle traveling over them is measured in each case and stored together with the virtual vehicle identification number and the driving data in the memory location corresponding to the relevant measuring lines.
- the driving data relate to speed and lane change detection.
- overtaking maneuvers can also be assigned to the correct vehicle when veering out, if several vehicles are between two successively arranged measuring lines, we will carry out some additional criteria and a more complex pattern recognition, assuming that a vehicle does not accelerate arbitrarily quickly within the measuring grid divided by the measuring lines can furthermore, that at a known speed (eg a column), the exact length of the vehicle can be deduced from the loss damping duration of a single measuring line.
- the correct vehicle that has overtaken can be concluded.
- the monitoring memory RAM
- the virtual ID numbers of the vehicles in RAM are moved in the same way (corresponding to a shift register or FIFO first in first out) as the sensor signals of the scanning coils deliver the impulses.
- Such a virtual shift register simulation is simulated for each lane, with the order of the lanes (or the lane number) using the index of a multidimensional array (as it were, as a multidimensional or multitrack) Shift register) is detected.
- the pulse train of the sensor coils
- the pulse pause increases on one track and a corresponding delay of the pulse pause occurs on the other track.
- a change detector which always detects the change in the pulse frequency (as the first derivative and also as the second derivative, ie how quickly the change occurs) and the search pattern for determining this over time (or successive memory locations of the RAM FIFO) Change started with a multiplex query of all indexes (tracks).
- a virtual vehicle ID number is assigned at the beginning of the monitoring chain when the first sensor coil is passed over, deleted if there are no special occurrences, or if the camera installed at the end of the monitoring chain (somewhere) does not detect the vehicle, so the ID number is reassigned can.
- Several cameras can also be networked for better control.
- a direct transformer-like amplitude regulation would not work with the new sensor, since it measures independently of an absolute measurement amplitude or envelope. This gives rise to the technical task of generally preventing loss-based compensation (by means of transformer coupling of a positive or negative loss). It is preferably provided that using the property of a sensor of DE 42 40 739 C2, which makes it possible for the control signal to influence the loss as if it had been carried out at the measuring point itself, this possibility of attacking the sensor directly for the defense is used. This is accomplished by (as a feature of the solution to the technical problem) the variable resistance Rp (loss I / RVM) controlled by the manipulated variable (BD, Fig.
- the eavesdropper because he can not orientate himself on a decoupled voltage, but directly Loss regardless of absolute voltage values, or must measure independently of an existing Hull curve, in any case takes longer to determine a loss value than the internal loss measurement of the safety-coded loss measurement sensor allows, but then it is already too late, since the code pattern in progress is already returning to its value has changed.
- the internal measurement of the safety-coded loss measurement sensor there is no need to wait until a value has settled on the resonance circuit, since the reference values are known.Therefore, the values can already be compared according to the respective rise or fall of the Hull curve, so that no listener is in the Able to adjust and therefore can not compensate for the loss fluctuation. So that a bugging or control attempt was immediately recognized by the safety-coded loss measurement sensor.
- the safety-coded loss measurement sensor was also recognized when the offset value of the loss, over which the loss vanation is superimposed via BD or I / RVM, changes
- an embodiment is preferred in order to be able to electronically code parts, for example aircraft or automobile spare parts, etc.
- the sensor is provided with an encryption that can be used to read out which part it is protecting, or the associated specific data, such as the manufacturer's date, etc., and also whether an attempt to attack the sensor from the part remove has taken place.
- An attempt to attack the sensor from a part to be protected is determined by changing the offset value of the measured loss, on which the loss variation over BD or l / RVM is superimposed.
- two fundamentally different design variants are provided: one in which the sensor module is mounted directly on the part to be protected and measures the loss via its conductivity, for example aircraft sheets.
- Engine blocks, body parts, or any type of spare part surrounded by a metal housing and a further variant in which the sensor module is used as a closure detector of a packaging, within which the parts to be protected are located, for direct mounting of the sensor on the part to be protected
- the sensor is provided with an adhesive layer and simply glued to the part in question, where appropriate the part in question can also have a latch for additional fixing of the part. Another possibility is to fix the part in question packed together with the vacuum sensor, etc.
- a simple design variant is preferred, which is suitable both as a closure detector of a packaging and for direct mounting on a part in question: encapsulated module unit executed sensor housing pulled a band on which the sensor is displaceable.
- This plastic tape corresponds to the usual packaging tapes that can be welded with a suitable welding gun.
- This tape has the property that it can be welded again after cutting, but the new joint cannot be hidden.
- the selected packaging for the parts to be secured is, for example, a simple sheet metal box, the lid edge (of a hinged or peelable lid, etc.), however, has lead-through slots for pulling the tape through.
- the tape that is placed around the box closed with the lid and on which the sensor is slid over the appropriate tape guide slots in the sensor housing is welded under tension as standard (eg in the middle of the box). The sensor is then pushed and fixed exactly over the welding point.
- the fixing is carried out, for example, by means of pull-off surfaces protruding from the sensor on the side of the tape on the underside of the sensor for exposing a self-adhesive layer of the sensor with which it is glued directly onto the packaging box.
- a metal wedge that runs obliquely in the direction of the tape is provided on the inside of the box, so that even a simple shifting of the sensor (with a loosened adhesive causes a change in loss).
- a plastic box can also be used. The place where the sensor is to be placed or the tape is to be welded is then marked by printing.
- the sensor is switched according to the preferred transputer sensor variant, and contains a non-volatile read-write memory (e.g. FLASH memory, EEPROM, or battery-buffered RAM), a button cell battery or accumulator, with a gold electrolytic capacitor if necessary can be used for the intermediate storage of the energy of the RF receiving circuit, furthermore a monitoring circuit for the supply voltage (e.g. the battery) which, when falling to a minimum value, at which the processor circuit still works, writes a code into the non-volatile memory which does this displays.
- a non-volatile read-write memory e.g. FLASH memory, EEPROM, or battery-buffered RAM
- a button cell battery or accumulator with a gold electrolytic capacitor if necessary can be used for the intermediate storage of the energy of the RF receiving circuit
- a monitoring circuit for the supply voltage (e.g. the battery) which, when falling to a minimum value, at which the processor circuit still works, writes a code into the non-vola
- the transputer sensor chip can be reinitialized at any time by transmitting an HF via its HF circuit in order to read the non-volatile memory using the encryption protocol (similar to a chip card). If this memory indicates an interruption in the supply voltage, it is generally assumed that the part in question to which the sensor is attached is not genuine. is the chip, on the other hand, has been constantly under supply voltage since its initialization during packaging, then the further data read from the memory decide whether the part in question is genuine. The part is genuine if there is no registered attempt to remove the part, ie no loss change has occurred outside of the changes specified by the temporal loss code pattern. In order to save performance, the sensor in question can also take a short break after each generation of a loss code pattern (duty cycle).
- the sensors are charged, for example, using the supply described by means of induction cables.
- a central HF transmitter in the cargo hold can continue to supply the transputer sensors, or the sensors are powered by the built-in rechargeable battery (or battery).
- Communication with the one output device takes place via its own RF transmit / receive frequency or also via the RF circuit of the transputer sensor provided for the voltage supply.
- the temperature response can be compensated for in different ways, depending on which of the two methods of dynamic or static relative measurement described below for Fig. 8 is used. With dynamic relative measurement, any loss change that occurs outside of the very slow adjustment process during the automatic adjustment of the working point is displayed as a response criterion. It makes sense to modify the adjustment described in Fig.
- Etc. are also set according to a predetermined code pattern, with any further loss change outside the counting pulses corresponding to these tent intervals (za, zb, zc, zd, ze etc.) not as an adjustment of the offset value to adjust the operating point for the purpose of inhibiting the temperature influence, but as an attempt to shift or remove the sensor from its target loss range.
- the measurement or loss assessment is then carried out taking into account the loss change BD to be expected according to a predetermined code ( to encrypt the loss).
- Both can be used for the variation of the total loss through manipulated variable BD (according to a specified CodeJ3D), as well as for the respective setting of a time value (likewise after a changed Code_Tz) to compensate for the temperature drift via a corresponding change in the offset value (cf. Code values (Code_BD and Code_Tz), also generated by a random generator.
- the offset loss value changed at a time value of Code_Tz (with corresponding number pulses (za, zb, zc, zd, ze, etc.) is then taken into account for the reference evaluation of the loss measured in each case by the proportion in the variable resistance loss corresponding to the offset loss value l / RVM is retained accordingly (remains as an offset value for measurement of usl.)
- the measurement method can also be carried out without a negative resistance component Static relative measurement is provided in addition to the loss measuring coil LM (with Cp) a reference measuring coil LT (with CT), which is also fixed to the sheet metal box with a suitable tape and glued to the sheet metal box, or can also be attached to the inside of the sheet metal box.
- the loss measurement sensor for signal transmission that is completely insensitive to interference.
- the request for protection extends not only to an application as a loss-measuring sensor for recording corresponding physical measured variables, but since the inventor has apparently broken new ground with his invention, the application possibility of the sensor in particular for signal transmission that is completely insensitive to interference should be used for signal decoupling.
- the text for Fig. 36 and Fig. 37 describes the delimitation from the prior art, new solutions, and applications for such a transmission for a wide variety of applications: standard data line connections in mechanical engineering, transmission of data on existing power networks (external, land lines, City lines) and internally (in rooms, e.g. for computer networking or machine networking, etc.), and furthermore the use of such a signal transmission to network the sensors designed as transputer sensors using a simple induction cable (cable or current loop wound around a winding mandrel) ,
- FIG. 1 The circuit from FIG. 1 is taken directly from DE 42 40 739 C2 and is directly suitable for carrying out the method of the present application without significant changes if the software of the microcontroller (MP) used is modified accordingly.
- Examples of the process sequence of the method according to the invention are described in relation to FIG. 2b and FIG. 2b and 2c represent two different variants which use the same principle according to the invention as claimed in claim 1.
- FIG. 2a illustrates a method as has already been proposed according to the prior art in DE 42 40 739 C2.
- 3 to 6 relate to further developments of the invention with regard to circuit configurations.
- Fig.7 relates to one Use on a brake disc, in which the method is also described for a temperature measurement, as already proposed in the cited DE 42 40 739 C2.
- FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit with a detailed explanation of the preferred damping of the loss measurement with a negative resistance or conductance.
- the other figures relate to further development variants of the invention, which show the possibilities of the new method for the most varied of applications, for example in FIG. 36 the application of the method for a signal transmission method that is insensitive to an interference signal is described, with the various possible applications described for further figures
- Fig.l is taken from DE 42 40 739 C2 and shows the corresponding principle.
- 2a illustrates the sequence according to DE 42 40 739 C2 without using the method improvement according to the invention: the value of 1 / RVL is changed at Rp within method step (t) until us is set to a specific value.
- ⁇ . ⁇ illustrates the preferred interference signal suppression process using the following process steps t1 and t2 (variant 1):
- the other value of Rp is a constant.
- the ratio Rp '* usl / us2 becomes RVM (measured loss).
- Rp infinite (ie switched off).
- the other value of Rp is varied (adjusted) until the constant usl / us2 is satisfied.
- Rp is a variable and us / us2 is a constant that can therefore be detected by a comparator circuit and therefore usl / us2 does not have to be calculated, which has advantages for the smallest microcontrollers.
- Rp can, for example, also be a linear binary graded master value network that is switched directly by the CMOS microcontroller outputs (high-resistance or against GND ... ground).
- FIG. 3 shows the exemplary embodiment mentioned for FIG. 2b, in which the microcontroller MP directly controls a binary conductance network (Go .... Gn) (switched between GND and open).
- Go ... Gn (corresponds to the resistances Rn ... Ro) and corresponds to a linearly adjustable master value 1 / Rp.
- the zero crossings (SYNC) of the coil current from LM are detected via Ro and amplifier V.
- a transformer coupling can also be made to LM via the corresponding point S of the master value network.
- S&H sample and hold
- S&H sample and hold
- the S&H (sample and hold) memory circuit is required so that the voltage values can be compared at different times from the different measuring cycles (tl, t2).
- One of the two inputs has a voltage divider (Rva, Rvb), which is dimensioned in such a way that for the fixed constant value of the ratio usl / us2 at the comparator output voltage equality occurs.
- the detection of the coil current zero crossing (cf.Cu in Fig. 5) to determine the maximum voltage at the resonant circuit can be carried out in addition to the use of a small series resistance (Rmi) e.g. by means of a coupling coil or Hall generator.
- Fig. 5 shows an example for constant control of the resonant circuit current, which is coupled out to a comparator (Ci) via a measuring resistor (Rmi) connected in series with the internal resistance of the supply circuit as a differential voltage (DIFF) and supplied with a comparator (Ci) corresponding to the desired maximum value of the resonant circuit current amplitude
- the comparator output When the resonance current (ires) is exceeded, the comparator output generates a clock edge (CKmi ⁇ us) for the gradual readjustment to gradually reduce the resonance circuit current amphtude.
- Both clock edges are, for example, fed directly to a microcontroller (MP), which forms a corresponding forward-back counter (Zint) with the clock edges, the output (x) of which via a corresponding resistance network (D / A) compensates for the resonant circuit current (ires) by means of compensating variation the signal voltage (external supply to coupling capacitor Ck of the resonant circuit) via the supply voltage control (VCCosz) of the feeding oscillator is kept constant. It is intended to measure the width of the CKminus pulse occurring at the output of comparator Ci and, if exceeded, to cycle the pedometer (Zint) with several clocks for faster back regulation of the resonant circuit current (ires). For further signals and components in FIG.
- a particularly preferred simplification version is to connect the resistors of the D / A converter directly to a CMOS microcontroller, and to feed its current output to a summing amplifier, the low-resistance output of which directly feeds the supply voltage of the oscillator
- the oscillator supply voltage (VCCosz) is adjusted for the purpose of Constant control of the resonant circuit current (ires) only for every third period group of the resonant current, with the period groups in between (two in a row) the preferred measuring steps (tl, t2) for determining the measured value are carried out and when using the variant for the adjustment of a constantly specified usl / us2 ratio (cf. variant 2), this adjustment (Rp) is also over split up several such period sequences.
- a period group is to be understood as the number of periods that the resonant circuit (LM, Cp) needs to reach the settling time after a step of a voltage change (VCCosz) to keep the resonant circuit current (ires) constant or a step of adjusting the adjustable resistance (Rp) Resonance circuit to be considered.
- the detection of whether a process has settled when VCCosz is changed can, for example. by evaluating the duty cycle with which Ckplus and Ckminus alternate.
- Option phi relates to a control signal emitted by the microcontroller (processor) MP to the supply oscillator OSZ of the resonant circuit (LM.Cp), which causes the oscillator, via its output (coupling capacitor Ck) to the resonant circuit LM.Cp, if necessary, to phase the (with Cu) Dedicated resonant circuit current (ires) to feed out-phase excitation oscillation in order to keep the resonant circuit current amphtude (ires) at a constant value. This is the case if the interference signal is so large that the resonance current ires would otherwise no longer be able to be reduced by reducing VCCosz.
- LM, Cp resonant circuit
- OSZ external supply
- an adjustable phase shifter is provided in the feedback path of the oscillator circuit to the resonant circuit, the phase delay of which can be controlled by a control signal from the microcontroller.
- the measuring or resonant circuit coil (LM) that would be in phase opposition to the feedback voltage of the oscillator, then the feedback would only act as negative feedback and the resonant circuit amplitude would drop below the control range for the constant supply alternating current.
- a strong interference at the measuring or resonant circuit coil (LM) lying in phase with the feedback voltage of the oscillator would cause an overdrive, ie exceed the control range for the constant supply alternating current.
- phase shifter the microcontroller shift the oscillation circuit amplitude into the desired measuring range, in which the control range for the constant current control described is located.
- the alternating current amplitude of the resonant circuit feed current can thus be constantly controlled in the manner described.
- an amplitude control could also be carried out by connecting corresponding further losses (offset value) in parallel, but this would influence the overall measurement characteristic (sensitivity, resolution) of the sensor.
- Fig. 6 shows an example in which the measuring principle for measuring a low resistance Rx, e.g. a wire or strain gauge is used.
- the method's complete insensitivity to interference benefits the measuring principle.
- the measured ohmic resistance is connected directly in series to the measuring coil (LM) via ohmic contacting (KTK).
- a sensor coil (LMla.b or LM2a, b) is inserted in the brake shoes (1), which hold the brake pad (2), on one or both sides of the brake pad edge (3), and another sensor coil ( LM3a, b) used.
- the inside of the sensor coils (LM1, LM2) measure on the one hand the distance (4) to the brake disc (6) to determine the thickness (5) of the brake pad (2) and also the symmetrical wear (or asymmetrical) when the brakes are faulty.
- the sensor coil (LM3) used on the outside measures the temperature of the brake disc (6) at a constant distance, the
- M [M * (n-1) + an] In, where M ... on the right side of the equation is the current (most recently determined) mean, n ... the consecutive number of a current measured value is on, and M ... on the left side of the equation is the newly formed mean value, including the current measurement.
- the temperature measurement of the brake disc (6) also provides a correction variable for the sensor coils (LM1, LM2) for measuring the brake pad thickness.
- a standard temperature sensor can also be provided, which measures the cooling effect of the air flow acting on the brake discs, whereby this sensor can also be made directly heated if necessary, for example two thermally connected transistors, one of which is used as a temperature sensor and the other as a heating element is, thus by a regulation of the heating power to a temperature corresponding to the temperature of the brake disc, a statement can be made about the braking power of the brake disc.
- the temperature sensor is heated to the temperature of the brake disc (regulated) and is mounted on a surface (Tstandart) that has approximately the same heat dissipation to the environment as the brake disc.
- the braking power obtained in this way is still added to the braking force exerted by the braking system (eg measured via Brake force or pressure measurement system) relativized to measure the efficiency of the brake.
- the braking system eg measured via Brake force or pressure measurement system
- the greater the heating of the brake disc in relation to the applied brake pressure the better the effect of the brake pads.
- the efficiency falls below a predetermined value, then either the brake system is defective (uneven pressure distribution of the brake pads) or the brake pads do not meet the requirements.
- the brake linings and the brake system are in order, then there is a permanent slip when braking between the road and the tires, e.g. bad tires, or poor road grip.
- an ABS braking system can also be calibrated well from the measurement described, or influenced before the tire locks, to reduce the braking force-free slip distances via the controlling microprocessor.
- the variant described corresponds to a further training option, whereby it is also a great advantage if the brakes overheat, or the grip is reduced when the brakes are applied, to the driver acoustically or optically, or if a risk of overheating activates an engine brake (e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide) or an automatic transmission.
- an engine brake e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide
- an automatic transmission e.g. by switching off or throttling the exhaust for a part of the exhaust phase with an electrically switched valve or slide
- Another application for temperature measurement is e.g. measuring the temperature on turbine blades, which can be done at a large distance, since the sensor is insensitive to interference.
- the serial loss resistance rs of the measuring coil LM can be understood as a parallel conductance transformed by the parallel resonant circuit (LM.Cp), which is compensated for by a negative conductance -gT (e.g. a tunnel diode) lying parallel to the resonant circuit (e.g. a tunnel diode), with the measured variable constantly switched on of the loss to be measured l / RVM.
- LM.Cp parallel resonant circuit
- the value of l / RVM ' already contains the loss resistance rs of the measuring coil LM, with a table for the actual assignment of the measured value l / RVM from the measured l / RVM ' is used.
- this method is modified in accordance with the compensation measurement method already proposed in DE 42 40 739C, using the relationship measurement rule specified in claim 1 of this application, carried out in a preferred embodiment according to Claim 3. This is the preferred setting or measurement of the negative switched on for damping Conductivity -gT completely independent of the constant loss l / RVM '.
- the value of a calibration or calibration conductance GTCOMP that can be changed in parallel with the negative conductance -gT is provided, whereby the conductance zero can also be provided as a setting value and the switchover of two values may be sufficient .
- the value of the negative conductance of the tunnel diode -gT can also be changed, the conductance zero can be provided as a setting value and, if necessary, the switchover of two values is sufficient.
- zero and GTCOMP, or zero and -gT depends on the relationship condition established for a desired application according to the losses at the resonant circuit in addition to the preferred measurement method for the interference signal independent measurement of a loss l / RVM (cf. measurement steps tl and t2 with ul, u2) are measured for the determination of -gT.
- the adjustment method for determining -gT is carried out as follows: 1): With -gT switched off and GTCOMP switched off, the resonant circuit voltage uoff is measured at the parallel resonant circuit LM, Cp. 2): In a subsequent step, -gT and GTCOMP are connected to the resonant circuit.
- the voltage value uoff (after which uon is compared) should be selected so that it corresponds to the voltage values usl (in step tl) and us2 (in step t2) that occur during the actual loss measurement. equivalent.
- the same options and measures apply as have been described for the measurement of ul and u2 for the measuring steps tl and t2 for the two process variants execution vanant and execution variant2 (cf. synchronous and asynchronous mode).
- the operating point of the tunnel diode is as far as possible in a linear range in which the differential conductance of the tunnel diode -gT remains constant over the modulation range ul and u2 occurring during the actual loss measurement.
- the tunnel diode can be operated with the lowest voltages in order to keep -gT stable in the required modulation range.
- the actual loss can be measured in asynchronous mode, however, the adjustment or determination of -gT is in synchronous mode after stable phase positions, with respect to the specificity of the Disturbance signal Hull curve of the measurement signal synchronized.
- the resonance circuit amphtude is sampled until the value usl or ditto for us2 appears again on the envelope curve of the resonance circuit voltage, or at least an approximate value.
- Rp can also take over the function of GTCOMP without the need for a further cascade.
- GTCOMP is made adjustable by manipulated variable
- GTCOMP a corresponding value variation of GTCOMP can also take place when the HS (GTCOMP) is closed (or not available):
- HS (GTCOMP) is opened in toff switched a value 1 / RVLo, which corresponds to a continuously switched loss value 1 / RVLo in steps toff and ton during the adjustment of HS (GTCOMP), which corresponds to the quality and thus the settling time of the measuring oscillating circuit to accelerate the adjustment of the negative conductance -gT accordingly reduced.
- the setting of GTCOMP to the value 1 / RVLo therefore corresponds to the state of the shutdown of GTCOMP in toff, with 1 / RVLo setting the value of uoff to a (predefined) amplitude of uoff (or also ul) corresponding to the desired quality can be.
- the desired formation of the measuring method can be maintained in the subsequent measuring step tl, the loss value 1 / RVLo which is permanently switched on as offset value for the measurement of usl, with appropriate consideration for the determination of the loss value in measuring step t2 (when measuring us2).
- GTCOMP can also be used as a variable resistor Rp in measuring step t2.
- nW nanowatt range
- the direct comparison of -gT to a specified value of GTCOMP is useful if -gT is specified as a constant value (or measurement constant) for setting a desired good to reduce the loss of the measuring circuit (LM, Cp), and the loss to be measured l / RVM is measured as a total loss together with the negative conductance -gT according to one of the two methods, variant or variant 2.
- the actually measured loss can then be read from a table that takes into account the set measurement constant, which is, for example, directly calibrated in the size to be measured
- the direct comparison of GTCOMP to a set value of -gT makes sense if the negative master value -gT is to be read. That a set value of the negative master value -gT can also be read, makes it possible for the measurement of the to measuring loss l / RVM, in addition to the two preferred variants, execution variant or execution variant2, a third variant execution variant3 can be used for determining a loss measured with the measuring circuit.
- the -gT is first compared to the total loss l / RVM ' + ( - gT), whereby the negative conductance begins approximately in the value zero, as long as it is gradually increased in the negative direction until self-oscillation (without the use of a feedback amplifier or an external supply) occurs at the resonance circuit. Then the negative conductance -gT (of the point of oscillation) described in r way measured by comparison by GTCOMP GTCOMP therefore corresponds to -gT or l / RVM mkl as Parallel conductance transformed self-loss of the coil (rs), which is correlated via table.
- This variant 3 was briefly described here in order to clarify that such an embodiment of the invention is also covered by the basic claims (cf. claim 2).
- Relative measurement The fact that a set value of -gT can be read directly via the adjustment of GTCOMP is particularly interesting for applications where the total loss (K or l / RVM) in which the measuring coil LM is located is not measured but only the measurement of minor additive changes (dK or 1 / dRVM) as a relative measurement to the existing total loss.
- the total loss corresponds to the offset value l / RVM_Offset, which is reduced with a negative resistance or negative conductance -gT by a corresponding negative loss (-1 / RVM_NEG) to the remaining measuring constant 1 / RVM_Q.
- the setting of the sensor to the value of the operating point 1 / RVM_Q for the measurement of 1 / dRVM takes place either automatically over the entire defined measuring range, e.g. if the starting point 1 / RVM_Q is based on a low-frequency total loss or RV / offset as a DC component via readjustment of (-1 / RVM_NEG) so that the loss l / d ⁇ RVM can be optimally measured as a pulse or higher frequent signal in a dynamic relative measurement, without any drift of l / RVM_Offset or 1 / RVM_Q special measures would have to be taken.
- the setting of the sensor to the value of the operating point 1 / RVM_Q for the measurement of 1 / dRVM is for a readjustment of (-1 / RVM_NEG) by a Comparison sensor (cf. LT, CT) which also measures the temperature influence as a loss or provides a minute end or subtrahend of a difference measurement.
- a Comparison sensor cf. LT, CT
- the relative measurement is best comparable to a small signal coupling of a DC-coupled summing amplifier, the small signal having a significantly higher equal component than zero point and the zero position being set by a negative signal corresponding to this direct component and fed to the summing amplifier.
- the difference between dynamic and static relative measurement is that the control variable used to set the zero position of the small signal in dynamic relative measurement is decoded directly from the small signal (l / d ⁇ RVM), in particular from the envelope curve corresponding to the degree of amplification of the small signal with dynamic compressors and automatic gain control.
- the zero position is set by an immediate difference signal, in the present case in particular by a further sensor (1 / dRVM) which stabilizes the zero position of the small signal sensed by the first sensor against drift influences.
- the difference signal of two sensors can also be sampled directly.
- the small signal is a loss (l / d ⁇ RVM or 1 / dRVM), and the negative summand used to set the zero position of the small signal is a corresponding loss (-1 / RVM_NEG).
- Dynamic relative measurement The offset value l / RVM_Offset given by the physical measurement setup of the sensor is reduced by adjusting the negative loss component (-1 / RVM_NEG) to such an extent that an operating point 1 / RVM_Q is set for which the dynamic loss change variable l / d ⁇ RVM can be measured in the desired amplitude range (us *) of the resonant circuit with a desired degree of amplification.
- This operating point setting can, for example, also be carried out in an automatic calibration step if necessary.
- the self-test characteristic of the sensor can also be used (see also cited DE 42 40 739 C2) to increase the dynamic loss change quantity l / d ⁇ RVM by varying the value of a controllable (BD) loss Rp connected to the resonant circuit simulate as if it occurred at the measuring point (K) (see also Fig. 1).
- This procedure is expedient if the expected loss measurement l / d ⁇ RVM is to be pre-calibrated to a specific input sensitivity without a dynamically changing loss l / d ⁇ RVM in question than via the measuring coil LM coupled-in measured variable must be present, which can be done, for example, when switching on or resetting the sensor, or when an external synchronization signal arrives.
- the envelope curve usH of the resonant circuit voltage is continuously monitored for overshoot a maximum value (REFH_MAX) and a minimum value (REFH_MIN).
- REFH_MAX defines the permissible maximum quality of the resonant circuit via the permissible maximum amplitude.
- the bandwidth would be reduced to such an extent that the dynamically measured loss l / d ⁇ RVM can no longer be transmitted, so if REFH_MAX is detected, the negative portion of the loss (-1 / RVM_NEG) must be reduced accordingly until the Envelope drops below the value of REFHJMAX. If, on the other hand, the minimum value of the envelope curve falls below the value of REFH_MIN, the sensitivity of the sensor set by operating point 1 / RVM_Q is too low and is increased accordingly by increasing (-1 / RVM_NEG), thus the envelope curve of the resonant circuit voltage again in the measuring range of l / d ⁇ RVM lies.
- the negative portion of (-1 / RVM_NEG) can be viewed as a drift due to the adjustment of -gT for each loss measurement and can thus be directly fed into a table as an input variable in order to obtain an output variable corresponding to the temperature influence. It is assumed that the zero point of the dynamically measured loss l / d ⁇ RVM corresponds to the working point set with (-1 / RVM_NEG).
- the clock frequency and step size (from -1 / RVM_NEG) with which the up / down counter is clocked depends on the application.
- the working point of the dynamic relative measurement can be used for periodic signals (e.g.
- vibration sensing structure-borne noise or vibration measurement, etc.
- event measurements measuring individual pulses or needle pulse trains with a large duty cycle
- mean value resulting from the envelope scan of the resonant circuit amplitude us * can also be included, depending on how the application requires it.
- Another option is to use an enable signal for the automatic adjustment of the operating point (e.g. to switch the counting cycles on / off). Relevant examples are described for Fig. 15 and Fig. 30.
- the static relative measurement 1 / dRVM differs from the dynamic (l / d ⁇ RVM) in that the controlled variable for the adjustment of the drift deviation to compensate for (-1 / RVM_NEG), not from the signal curve of the loss 1 / dRVM Sensor resonant circuit is decoded (see REFH_MAX and REFH_MIN), but a reference loss is measured with another loss measuring resonant circuit, after which the drift of the operating point for the measurement of 1 / dRVM of the first resonant circuit is readjusted by adjusting (-1 / RVM_NEG).
- temperature compensation is possible using a separately provided LT sensor coil or LT.CT sensor resonant circuit, cf.
- the temperature-dependent conductance of the part (K) measured via the sensor oscillating circuit LM, Cp is measured with a second oscillating circuit LT, CT provided for measuring the temperature dependency, the temperature measuring coil LT being arranged such that over the measuring range , or range of motion of the proximity measurement of the measured part (K) at the temperature measuring coil LT, no distance-related loss change occurs.
- DE 42 40 739 C2 does not make use of an attenuation of an offset loss, which is why the temperature compensation described there is sufficient.
- both resonant circuits can have identical coils, the different resonance frequencies being set via the parallel resonant circuit capacitances (Cp, CT). For a certain nominal temperature (e.g.
- CT provided for the measurement of the temperature response
- the same loss value is set as a negative loss value component in accordance with the setting made on the resonance circuit LM, Cp.
- both resonance circuits therefore have absolute synchronism.
- the input value is the measured value 1 / dRVM, or if not previously normalized by calculation, the value l / dRVM + [1 / RVM_Q] is stored as a read address for reading out the measured physical measured value.
- a value table and a temperature correction table it is ensured that corresponding correction values for which the correction value is not equal to zero are stored only for those total loss values 1 / dRVM + [1 / RVM_Q] for different temperature ranges.
- the correction method can be freely defined, e.g. to save the correction value as a factor (percentage value, etc.) or to save it as an immediate summation.
- the value table and temperature correction table are organized as follows:
- correction data words are listed in the temperature correction table, in which correction values ERROR VALUE associated with the respective output values [OUTPUT] of the value table, certain temperature ranges are stored if they have a correction value not equal to zero, and further , the correction value has not yet been saved within the temperature range (see Table 3).
- These correction data words are then flanked in each case with the temperature ranges (for example Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, .... etc.) or are included between the temperature data words representing the temperature ranges, for example Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, .. .. etc., whereby within the temperature correction table passed through an up-down counter, the temperature values are arranged according to increasing values.
- correction data words included between the temperature values are also ordered according to increasing values of the output values [OUTPUT] of the value table. If necessary, a corresponding identifier bit (flag, log.O or log. L) is provided in the data word to differentiate between correction data words and temperature data words.
- Table 3 Temperature correction table
- the values (-1 / RVM_NEG) can be adapted to the required accuracy with a correspondingly reduced value
- the temperature value read out or (-1 / RVM_NEG) is compared with the current value obtained by measuring the temperature measuring resonant circuit (LT, CT).
- the pointer for reading the temperature correction table is reset to the old temperature value (e.g. Ta). If, on the other hand, the currently measured change in relation to the old (previous) table value (e.g. Ta) is greater (or equal) than the difference between the old table value (e.g. Ta) and the newly obtained table value (e.g. Tb), then the new table value becomes the current one Pointer for reading the temperature correction table.
- this method can be used in both directions to select the current temperature field in the table.
- this method can be used in both directions to select the current temperature field in the table.
- the correction data words are stored, consisting of a word for the value from the value table for a measurement of the value [OUTPUT] obtained for the actual loss measurement (with resonant circuit LM, Cp) and the value for the actual loss measurement Value associated correction value ERROR VALUE.
- the address counter of the temperature correction table follows the relevant OUTPUT parameters within the temperature parameters. The same principle applies here as for the follow-up of the basic temperature values.
- the OUTPUT value stored in the table is read out depending on the direction, and it is determined whether the change relating to the old (previous table value) is greater or smaller than that difference in the table resulting from the old and newly addressed value of OUTPUT, if no, then the pointer for receiving a correction value (ERROR VALUE) is reset to the old (previous table value), if so then the pointer remains for Receipt of a correction value (ERROR VALUE) set to the new value.
- Cp sensor could also be saved, but more memory space would then be required.
- the tables are created in a learning process according to the state of the art, which is adapted accordingly to the given requirements: With a suitable arrangement or device (e.g. spindle or pressure generator, or valves, etc.), the sensor to be calibrated in the learning process recorded physical measured variable (e.g. distance measurement, pressure measurement, etc.) correspondingly continuously changed (tuned in the value scale) and with a reference calibration sensor (e.g. pressure sensor when generating pressure, etc.) or directly via the precise display of a calibration adjuster (e.g.
- the temperature grid creation table is described as follows: If the measurement scale for a temperature value offset by one temperature unit (this corresponds to an increment of MSB LSB + n of the value -1 / RVM_NEG, or the manipulated variable BD) is recorded, then the value table is used read whether for this temperature change the output value of the table deviates beyond an increment from a measured reference value, if so then the loss relating to the temperature value measurement (- 1 / RVM_NEG) is saved together with the associated temperature value, if no, then no storage.
- the loss relating to the temperature value measurement (-1 / RVM_NEG) is also not saved if the correction value has not changed compared to a previous saving, because corresponding [OUTPUT] / correction value data words are only generated within the temperature values if there is a change in the correction value in the course of the calibration curve is necessary in order to save the correction values as redundantly as possible.
- the control of -1 / RVM_NEG can also be carried out with a permanently set negative conductance -gT and additionally parallel conductance Rp + (-gT) in the negative range of this conductance sum.
- the described compensation method can also be controlled only in the positive control range of BD of the parallel resonant circuit LT, CT used for the temperature compensation measurement.
- FIG. 9 illustrates the characteristic curve for an example of a tunnel diode used as negative conductance -gT with the two tangential points PA and PB, in which the differential negative resistance becomes infinite, or conductance becomes zero.
- the area around PA or PB or the area in between can be selected as the operating point.
- an HF choke HF-Dr.
- Fig.lOb (on sheet 25) illustrates a circuit that is very well suited for the preferred development as a transputer circuit, in which the preferred tunnel diode circuit is supplied via a received RF frequency.
- the supply voltage VDT of the tunnel diode is tapped via a loosely coupled winding of the HF supply reception circuit (HFP) (and accordingly rectified, DGL).
- HFP HF supply reception circuit
- DGL HF supply reception circuit
- the required high-resistance output resistance of VDT is generated without loss via the leakage inductance of the loose coupling.
- the exact setting of the current takes place via a load regulation of the supply voltage by a digitally adjustable conductance network, the conductance values of which are binary graded, controlled by processor MP, which also controls the corner voltage values of the tunnel diode within the intended working range (umax ...
- the internal resistance of the supply voltage VDT given by the leakage inductance, is dimensioned such that with a minimal power irradiation into the supply / reception circuit HFP at which the entire circuit should still work (minimum irradiation) and a setting of the conductor network with the highest possible resistance, the required negative conductance of the tunnel diode (in the working range of the Point PB) can still be safely set via the manipulated variable of the conductor network.
- the power radiation in the HFP supply receiving circuit rises above the rated minimum radiation, then its RF input voltage is blanked out by means of a corresponding transverse regulation (load) by means of a switching transistor until the voltage range of VDT is again within the control range of the conductance network.
- This is done by a simple analog control circuit, with a reference voltage comparison of the controller output of the operational amplifier directly driving a cross transistor to load the received RF voltage, or, in the case of a particularly high RF frequency, the cross transistor also cross-regulates the rectified RF voltage for reasons of economy can.
- Reference voltage diode provided with each pulse sampling of the reference voltage after the sample &. Hold principle.
- the loose coupling of the second coil for the voltage decoupling from VDT is realized by arranging this coil on the other side in mirror image to the reception coil of the supply reception circuit HFP.
- the coupling factor is determined by the thickness of the film and a slight misalignment of the conductor track within the distance of the spiral, ditto also by the frequency.
- Germanium diodes with a low threshold voltage are provided as rectifiers for the HFP supply circuit as well as for the loosely coupled coil for the generation of VDT.
- a damping resistor which can be switched on by means of a switching transistor is also provided on the supply / receive circuit HFP in order to keep the supply voltage of the entire circuit reasonably stable.
- a power management switchover PUS is connected immediately after the supply reception circuit. This switchover alternately switches the supply voltage between two basic circuit units: a supply unit, which relates to the loss measuring device (LM, Cp), Rp, BW, with the tunnel diode circuit and the microcontroller MP, including any reception circuit (RS) for receiving a via HF transmitted data signal.
- the second supply unit relates exclusively to the transmission circuit (SE) for sending the measured sensor data, or possibly further protocol data, such as sensor addresses, acknowledgment of readiness, etc.
- This transmission circuit also contains a serial interface receive register capacitively coupled to the microcontroller, into which the microcontroller MP the Sends transmission data in each case before it is switched to standby mode or switched off by the power management switchover (PUS).
- this receive register assigned to the transmission circuit can also temporarily store internal data and read it back again and has a permanently switched on supply voltage.
- the flip-flop controlled power management switchover has two control inputs (set or reset): one that is controlled by the microcontroller (set) for switching on the supply voltage of the transmission circuit, while simultaneously switching off the first supply unit for loss measurement (including the microcontroller), and a further input (reset) which causes the supply voltage of the microcontroller and the loss measurement to be switched on again while the transmission circuit is switched off at the same time.
- a reset control signal is sent from the transmission circuit to the power management switchover when the transmission of a data block has ended, with a pause timer optionally being provided in order to insert a standby time in order to save power.
- the switching on of the supply voltage to the microcontroller caused by the reset control signal effects a switch-on reset function, whereby when using a small microcontroller without an interrupt, the microcontroller stores its program address to be jumped after a reset in an external register, for example the serial register of the transmission circuit, which is constantly supplied with voltage. which he had written into the register before switching off his supply voltage or switching to stand-by mode via the power management switchover.
- This address read back in this way is compared in the microcontroller, whether it has a valid jump position for the program continuation, if not, then the program starts at its actual start position. This prevents the program from crashing if there is no valid start address for a corresponding program part after the reset of the microcontroller.
- the microcontroller After a reset, the microcontroller initializes the connection of the supply voltage to the loss sensor, including the described operating point setting of the tunnel diode, and carries out the described measurements (setting -gT, then carrying out the measuring steps tl, t2, etc.) until the switchover to the transmission of the measured values takes place, etc.
- Another special feature is how the tunnel diode is driven into the work area (PB) every time the supply voltage VDT is switched on, controlled by the microcontroller (MP). It is assumed that the leakage inductance of the supply coil from VDT of the supply reception circuit HFP is dimensioned such that the tunnel diode can hold the operating point with minimal power radiation into the supply reception circuit HFP. For this, the source VDT must be able to supply a current of 0.7mA (0.33mW) at around 0.47V. When switched on, however, 0.33mW would also correspond to 4.1mA * 0.08V, which would result in an operating point (PP) in the positive resistance range of the tunnel diode.
- the tunnel diode must be protected in general, for example by dimensioning the circuit (if necessary with an additional series resistor) so that at VDT of 0.6V generally no more than 1 to 2mA can flow.
- the preferred feed circuit of the tunnel diode also has a series inductance (L1), which increases the parallel loss resistance, which is given by the internal resistance of the leakage inductance for the feed VDT and the load regulation of the digital conductance network. This inductance is also preferably used to generate the power or current required to approach the operating point each time the supply voltage VDT is switched on again.
- a cut-off transistor HSLI is provided for VDT and a free-wheeling diode D is also provided for the current path: tunnel diode and series inductance (L1), via which when VDT is temporarily switched off (for example when the operating point PP changes located in the linear positive part), which results from the induction voltage of the series inductance (or also the coupling coil LS for the resonant circuit coupling to LM, Cp) current increase in the operating point setting in PB.
- Control areas are provided by voltage comparator monitoring (from umin, umax) of the characteristic curve in order to be able to limit the current through the conductance network controlled by the microcontroller. Doing so. For example, with umin via a time query of how long it takes to reach umin, a first limitation step is initiated with a corresponding master value setting, umax corresponds to the final limitation at which regulation via the master value network starts hard.
- the two corner points umax and umin are used during the setting procedure for setting a defined negative conductance -gT to prevent the negative range between umax and umin from being left out.
- the tunnel diode can be connected to a plurality of taps of the coupling coil LS by means of switching transistors for a selection of the measuring range.
- the adjustment method can be started in accordance with the described compensation measurement for the setting of the exact negative conductance -gT of the tunnel diode.
- the negative conductance -gT In order to subsequently initiate the actual measuring procedure for determining the loss value with this value, the negative conductance -gT must be kept stable.
- the voltage value stored via sample and hold is fed as a reference voltage to a comparator, which compares this voltage with the current supply voltage VDT as long as the measurement method for loss determination is carried out .
- the output signal of the comparator is fed to the microcontroller, who constantly queries it and makes a gradual adjustment to compensate for the deviation using the binary graded master value network.
- a sample & was used to save VDT. Hold is used to get by with as little power as possible, alternatively, of course, an A / D converter can also be used for the signal conversion with subsequent feeding of the value into the microcontroller, whereby several sample &. Hold functions using a corresponding input multiplexer of the A / D - Converter can be summarized.
- the step size of the digital tail network which is decisive for a linear step to adjust the negative loss -gT of the tunnel diode, is stored in a table in the microcontroller.
- the procedure for re-adjusting -gT is resumed in order to obtain a new value for VDT, followed by the measuring steps t1 and t2, etc., alternating with this new VDT value alternating between readjusting -gT and performing the measuring steps tl and t2 for the respective determination of the loss l / RVM to be measured.
- a current decoupling resistor connected in series with the measuring coil (which is equally attenuated via -gT).
- the example described illustrates how optimally the sensor according to the invention can be implemented in a wide variety of application areas with extremely low power consumption.
- a single chip which alternatively provides a further oscillator with which the HF supply receiving circuit (HFP) can be fed by an external connection, ie serial data inputs and outputs are available via external connections, both a multiplicity of Transputer sensor applications are covered as well as sensor applications networked via cable connection.
- the circuit is well suited to simultaneously carry out data communication via the HF supply receiving circuit (HFP). Details for this are further described in the chapter "Additions to the Transputer Application Variant".
- Fig.ll illustrates an application example for a highly accurate measurement of a dynamically changing loss quantity l / d ⁇ RVM (cf. dynamic relative measurement according to Fig. 8) of a wheel or tire monitoring for a rail wheel, for example for a train.
- the sensor attached to the wheel suspension by means of a corresponding mounting bracket, with its measuring coil LM scans the outside of the wheel tire, which can be mounted, or can also be made of the same material as the wheel, directly above the tire that is brought forward to the wheel, but not the absolute distance is measured, but only the change in the distance over one wheel revolution.
- the described process automatically adjusts the offset value of the loss via the negative loss component - 1 / RVM_NEG (coupled in via -gT) until it is conditioned by the surface roughness or Manufacturing tolerances these tolerances occur as a dynamically changing loss size l / d ⁇ RVM.
- the loss 1 / RVM_Q for the operating point setting must not be regulated below a value that the quality of the parallel resonant circuit becomes so large, or even becomes infinite or negative, that the resonant circuit oscillates independently or its bandwidth for the transmission of the dynamically changing loss quantity to be sampled l / d ⁇ RVM is no longer sufficient.
- a mode is preferred in which the Readjustment of the working point setting 1 / RVM_Q is synchronized with the angular rotation of the wheel (from 0 ° to 360 °), in such a way that the maximum modulation amplitude of the envelope of the resonant circuit voltage us * is fixed at a certain angle.
- This angle is offset by one segment unit, starting at 0 ° after each wheel rotation (e.g. in raster units by 10 °), whereby the adjustment is not based on the maximum modulation amplitude, but only on a fraction, e.g.
- the fraction for determining the maximum modulation amplitude when comparing 1 / RVM_Q in the standard mode can be determined by determining the ratio of maximum to minimum amplitude of the envelope of the resonance voltage us * for a full wheel revolution, with a corresponding stepwise shift of operating point 1 / RVM_Q.
- the senor is absolutely temperature stable due to the constant readjustment and the resolution is fully usable up to the noise limit. In this way, even the load-dependent deformation of the rail wheel can be recognized. It is evident that a sensor, which is arranged in the vertical plumb line (vert) below the axis and which scans the wheel tire, scans the minimum inner radius of the tire, or a sensor which scans the axis or in the vertical plumb line, which passes through the axis (Horiz) is arranged and the wheel tire scans the maximum inner radius of the tire. In principle, a steel tire on a rail wheel is deformed in the same way as a rubber tire (of course to a much lesser extent).
- the deformation corresponds to the ratio of the maximum to the minimum inside diameter of the tire during a respective rotation of the rail wheel.
- the extent of the deformation depends on the modulus of elasticity of the material and the load.
- the steel tire of a rail wheel can only be loaded up to a certain speed, depending on how quickly the material shifts that occur in the steel tire during wheel rotation Deformation can follow.
- the squeaking noise that is usually present on older wheels or rails can also be sampled as a vibration corresponding to the structure-borne noise of the wheel.
- the damping of the sensor by the negative loss component with the automatic drift readjustment of the operating point makes this possible.
- Fig.12a shows a screw
- Fig.l2b shows a nut
- the loss l / RVM_Offset given by the construction of the sensor is correspondingly high, since the metal screw or nut goes directly through the center of the sensor coil LM.
- the elastic deflection of the washer which depends on the tightening strength of the screw connection, is very low due to a very massive washer (each for screw head and nut), which is measured as a loss quantity 1 / dRVM that changes only to a small extent.
- the resilient washer is set a little lower on the outer edge, the outer edge of the washer on the fastening part, which is held by the screw connection, firmly pressed flat against the fastening part, and does not rest resiliently and only the center of the washer has a slight spring travel, around which the The distance between the screw head or nut and the fastening part changes depending on the tightening strength of the screw connection.
- a static measurement which uses a direct assignment of the tightening strength of the screw connection to the deflection of the washer, the temperature response caused by the material of the screw connection including the washer must also be taken into account. What can be done by a second sensor coil (LT), which scans the screw head or the nut at the non-resting end at a fixed distance, cf.
- LT second sensor coil
- the large loss l / RVM_Offset caused by the screw is determined in the manner described for Fig. 8 with (-1 / RVM_NEG ) damped (set with -gT, where -gT is variable or (-gT + Rp), where Rp is variable.
- l / RVM_Offset is reduced to the value 1 / RVM_Q.
- Another option that does not require temperature response compensation is to measure the dynamic loss variable l / d ⁇ RVM described in Fig. 1 l instead of a static measurement of 1 / dRVM, as occurs when the screw connection vibrates.
- the vibration signals picked up by the preferred sensor on the screw and on the nut (caused by a slight change in distance to the sensor in accordance with the vibration of the washer), e.g. by a phase comparison of the vibration tapped at the screw head with the vibration tapped at the screw nut (or also Fourier analysis, etc.), the strength of the screw connection can be determined using the preferred sensor using a method known in the prior art.
- Fig. 13 shows an application for measuring the respective load on a shock absorber spring (FSP).
- FSP shock absorber spring
- the loss given by the construction of the sensor is correspondingly high.
- spring travel sensors designed according to the prior art which measure the spring directly as a coil in a resonance circuit, this principle not only being unusable because of the extraordinary sensitivity to interference of all frequencies within the bandwidth of the resonance circuit, but also at least the heavy steel spring If one side had to be insulated (with a load of a few tons!), the sensor according to the invention can be excellently integrated into existing shock absorber constructions.
- the external steel spring (FSP) of the shock absorber forms the loss 1 / dRVM to be measured for a measuring coil (LM) placed on the core cover of the shock absorber (telescopic rod) at a corresponding air gap distance.
- LM measuring coil
- dx air gap distance
- the for the The measuring coil used is attached below the (lower) support plate (TELL), where the steel spring (FSP) is supported or mounted.
- the temperature measuring coil LT for measuring a loss-related temperature response (see VR_T, text for Fig. 8, Fig.
- the measuring coil (LM) which is pushed onto the shock absorber core (telescopic rod) at the appropriate air gap distance (dx) equally above the support plate (TELL), measures the loss 1 / dRVM of the steel spring movement in such a way that when the steel spring (TELL) is compressed, more electrically conductive volume or Material is in the field line area surrounding the outside of the measuring coil than when the spring is released. This means that when the spring is compressed, the measured loss 1 / dRVM is increased accordingly, when the spring is released, it is reduced accordingly.
- the sensor described can on the one hand measure the load absolutely, on the other hand this sensor arrangement is ideally suited to carry out differential sensor measurements in which the different shock absorber loads between the shock absorbers on the right and left side are measured during cornering , so a good statement about the centrifugal force can be made, for example hydraulically controlled suspension travel harder with higher centrifugal force. Or to provide such a differential measurement on railway wagons or trailer undercarriages in order to register excessive cornering speeds and overloaded containers while driving.
- Another application is path detection on telescopic guides controlled by means of linear motors.
- Fig. 14 shows the scanning of a leaf spring as an example.
- Fig. 15 relates to a further application of the sensor for the railway area, in which the sensor is used at a very short distance from the rail for scanning railway tracks.
- the sensor perfectly meets the high requirements against interference, since the rail compensation currents form huge electromagnetic fields that are scattered into the sensor coil that is open on the scanning side.
- the purpose of this application is to scan the rail profile for lateral displacement (x) as well as for changing the altitude (y).
- sensor holders are inserted into the ground of the rail body on the outside of the rail profile in corresponding sections, this holder forming the reference point for a two-dimensionally oriented distance measurement of the sensor head from the rail profile.
- the sensor head measures here with two sensor coils LMx, Lmy (of the measuring resonance circuits LMx, Cpx and Lmy.Cpy) decoupled from one another by different resonance frequencies (fx, fy) in the horizontal and vertical coordinate direction.
- the scanning end face of LMx is aligned parallel to the vertical rail profile part, engaging laterally into the profile at a small distance from the rail wall, the scanning end surface of LMy is parallel to the lower rail lying horizontally on the track body (or the sleepers).
- Profile part (rail support surface) aligned at a short distance from the inside of the rail support surface.
- Both sensor coils LMx, Lmy are housed in a common holding head, which is held by a horizontal holding tube that engages in the protruding rail profile from the outside.
- the holding tube is rotatable in its horizontal orientation on a vertical in Soil-anchored bolt attached where it can be attached to the bolt via the swivel from above.
- the pivot bearing serves the purpose that first the bolts can be fixed vertically in the ground, then the horizontal holding tube of the sensor head can be attached to the pivot joint for each bolt and swiveled into the lateral cavity of the rail profile on the outside of the rail, and then the pivot joint can be fixed against rotation can be.
- the sensors are designed in the transputer version, whereby the voltage supply can be carried out via an HF feed into the contact wire and the data communication via radio or, for example, via the inductive coupling described for FIG. 43 by means of an induction cable.
- the sensors arranged in corresponding sections over the rail section serve the following purpose:
- the sensor (LMx) which laterally scans the rail in the horizontal (x) direction, measures the displacement of the rail that yields laterally due to the tensile load, in particular caused by the centrifugal force in curves.
- the sensor (LMy) which scans the rail from the inside in the vertical (y) direction from its support surface from above, measures the movement of the rail, which yields in a spring-loaded manner due to the tensile load.
- the effectiveness of modern spring steel wires (clamps) can be monitored, in particular whether the rails are held with equally distributed fastening forces.
- All sensors are networked to a central evaluation device, whereby the following statements can be made while the train is traveling a route:
- the load resistance of the track body is constantly monitored, whereby an accurate statement can be made as to which trains can travel a route at what speed without the Track bodies or endanger safety;
- Railway body damage caused by unstable shifts in the ground can be recognized in good time;
- Sabotage acts are indicated in good time and localized immediately; newly constructed railway bodies, in particular sensitive high-speed lines, can be diagnosed immediately over the entire route;
- the influence of poorly maintained trains, especially freight trains (due to defective wheel bearings, etc.), which is harmful to the track body can also be detected and logged by the sensor system.
- the distance measurement (via loss measurement l / d ⁇ RVM) can detect rail movements down to the nm (nanometer) range.
- the system is not only suitable for classic rail operations, but above all also for the sensory "feed back" support of modern tilting technology.
- Temperature compensation Both variants, a dynamic relative measurement or a static relative measurement, can be used for the application of the equal path scanning static relative measurement is a corresponding one Temperature measuring sensor with its sensor coil (LT) simply mounted at a fixed distance from the rail wall, eg welded or mounted on the upper side of the lower contact surface of the rail.
- LT sensor coil
- the measured values corresponding to the temperature compensation can also be transmitted via the data interface to the sensor (LM, Cp), which measures the actual loss (l / RVM).
- LM, Cp the sensor
- l / RVM the actual loss
- a control signal is provided for the constant readjustment of the operating point (enable signal), which switches off the automatic setting of the operating point while a train is passing by, otherwise it is constantly activated.
- the temperature adjustment is only switched off for the short duration of the track scanning during the train journey.
- the detection of when a train is passing is carried out, for example, by further sensors that scan the wheels of the train with a relatively high loss fluctuation (for example, also in a dynamic relative measurement), which is much larger than the sensitive absolute relative measurement of the track movement.
- Fig. 16 shows, in addition to Fig. 15, the expansion with networking of sensors that scan the wheels of the train on the rail.
- the addition of such sensors not only helps to avoid train accidents, but also enables the recording of the point where a train may derail, which is deduced by the interruption of the impulses that otherwise arrive at regular intervals (for each loss measurement of a wheel).
- Communication can take place via the neighboring sensors directly to the control center, or directly with the train, or via an induction cable directly with the control center (in party line mode).
- Fig. 17 shows in addition to Fig. 15 the expansion with networking of sensors that monitor the function of a switch.
- the loss measurement sensor is, however, mounted on the inside of the rail below the rolling area of the wheels on the track body or the rail.
- Fig. 18 shows an example of a pressure cell consisting of a tube provided with resilient beads.
- the diameters of the beads are parallel to the pipe cross-section and thus give the pipe an elastic property in the axial direction for a longitudinal expansion of the pipe.
- the tube is closed at one end of the tube, the axial movement of this tube end being sensed by the loss measuring coil LM of the preferred sensor.
- This front end of the corrugated tube is made of the same material as the tube in order to enable the preferred temperature compensation.
- This measuring coil is inserted on the inside into another holding tube and held by it.
- the holding tube (as the housing of the pressure sensor) is loosely pushed over the beaded tube and held in front of the beading by a widening made on the beading tube, so that the beads are freely movable, and in the event of a crack in the beads, the retaining tube Protects pressure sensor against exploding.
- the other, smooth end of the bead tube (without beads) has the Pressure inlet on. For example, a thread for fastening.
- the temperature measuring coil LT is slipped over the bead tube in front of the bead attachment, so that the sock tube with its smooth cylinder wall part passes through the center of the temperature measuring coil.
- the synchronism setting of the temperature measuring coil LT and the loss measuring coil LM is carried out in such a way that the loss values of the corrugated pipe (for LM on the front side of the corrugated pipe or for LT on the cylinder outer wall) are the same for both coils LM, LT. See the explanations given in Fig. 8 in the chapter "static relative measurement" for temperature compensation.
- the synchronism setting of the coils (LM, LT) operated with different resonance frequencies is carried out by adjusting the coupling to the corrugated tube (on the front side for LM, or the distance of the inside diameter)
- the temperature measuring coil LT is firmly attached to the elongated end of the corrugated tube (without corrugations) immediately near the end face on the corrugated tube (cf.
- a corresponding length measuring system is provided for the pin displacement, for example one that works according to the principle according to the invention, in which a conical pin is pushed through a sensor coil. (This length measuring system was then also calibrated with a precision spindle). Since the measuring principle also allows a very high measuring frequency due to its damping by a negative resistance or conductance, very rapid pressure fluctuations can also be simulated by pneumatically actuating the bolt.
- a pressure sensor can, for example, be screwed into the cylinder heads of an internal combustion engine similarly to a spark plug, in order to monitor the play of the valves in relation to the crankshaft rotation by rapid pressure recording, or to read further engine parameters resulting from the pressure curve of the various clock phases, such as efficiency , Fuel burn time, etc.
- the tube is clamped in a rotation device (for example a clamping device of a lathe), a mandrel engaging on the front of the tube, cf. Fig.l ⁇ c.
- a rotation device for example a clamping device of a lathe
- This mandrel consists of (seen in cross-section) three identical segments (a 120 ° division), with a gap (ZWI) being provided with respect to the partial lines (sym_120 °) of the segments, so that the mandrel has a corresponding diameter when the gap is moved together can be reduced.
- the mandrel is held at its maximum diameter, with appropriate gaps (ZWI), by a central bore into which a centering bolt (ZB) is inserted, which, for example, still presses the central bore apart at its ends according to the principle of a collet, whereby the cylinder outer wall of the dome divided into three segments is pressed firmly against the inner wall of the tube to be provided with beads.
- the cylinder outer wall of the dome has grooves of the shape (undulation) of the beads, which are to be pressed into the outer wall of the sock tube to be processed with a corresponding device with a corresponding device.
- This device attacks from the outside with three (related) rows of rollers (ADRL), each offset by 120 °, which press in the tube wall from the outside during the rotation of the tube.
- ADRL rollers
- the roles are exactly congruent to the grooves of the cylinder outer wall of the dome inserted into the tube, so that the beads can be rolled precisely. It can be cold rolled, or hot rolled in a microwave oven, for example.
- the tube provided with beads is further processed accordingly (thread attachment, etc.) and hardened and sealed. It is provided that the closure side is closed by pressing in or via a threaded cap provided with a seal.
- Fig. 19 shows the embodiment of a torque sensor, consisting of a shaft and a sleeve pushed over the shaft, rotatably mounted against the shaft with inserted ball bearings, the shaft being the first connection shaft end and the sleeve the second connection shaft end of the torque sensor forms.
- the torque is transmitted between the shaft and sleeve by means of a plate spring inserted into the shaft, which engages in a guide slot in the sleeve and is held in the slot by ball bearings centered by spring force.
- a hard steel pin can also engage in a rubber-coated guide slot. The rotation of the shaft against the spring force is measured, based on the sleeve also rotating with the shaft.
- the sleeve itself is stabilized, for example, by a ball bearing in a corresponding housing, the housing being to be fastened in a correspondingly stationary manner when the torque sensor is installed (for example flange-mounting on a motor or a gearbox).
- the housing then has the HF transmitter, which feeds the HF signal as the feed signal of the transputer sensor accommodated in the sleeve, whose RF reception winding is placed on the sleeve (at an appropriate distance from the sleeve wall).
- the RF reception winding placed on the sleeve runs within the RF transmission winding, which is housed within the front cover of the housing.
- the data exchange between the transputer sensor and the RF transmitter of the housing can also take place via the RF reception winding located on the shaft.
- the attachment of the sensor coil LM for the measurement of the loss corresponding to the sleeve twist can be seen from the sectional drawing (Fig. 19):
- the shaft has a protruding narrow segment (pin ZPF), which corresponds within the play provided between the shaft and sleeve Shaft rotation moves concentrically and its surface projected to the end face of a sensor coil (LM) housed in the inner wall of the sleeve generates a loss in the sensor coil (LM).
- the size of the loss depends on the correspondence of the end face surface of the coil LM to the projection cross section of the engagement surface of the narrow pin (ZPF) given in accordance with the rotation of the shaft.
- the temperature dependency is measured in the same way, but the shaft (ZPFT) provided for this purpose is designed to be wider, so wide that when the sleeve is rotated (relative to the shaft), the projected surface of the temperature measuring coil (LT ) constantly couples the same loss via the pin (ZPFT).
- the pin is designed as a correspondingly projecting circular segment of the shaft with a concentric course of motion directed toward the measuring coil LT.
- the synchronism setting of the coils (LM, LT) operated with different resonance frequencies is carried out by selecting the appropriate distance from the end face of the measuring coils (LM, LT) which are respectively inserted on the inside of the sleeve so that the coupled loss values are the same for both coils (LM, LT). See the explanations given for Fig. 8 in the chapter "static relative measurement" for temperature compensation.
- the LM and LT can be wired so that both coils are connected to the same transputer sensor chip.
- the housing for Fig. 43 , Fig.36d and Fig.37 described for networking the sensors by means of an induction cable, the RF transmitter housed in the torque sensor housing is then provided with such an interface.
- FIG. 20 shows the example of a clutch play sensor that is designed electrically according to the principle of FIG. 19.
- the mounting plate of the clutch plate covering has a small hole for each sensor, which is covered by the electrically non-conductive coupling surfaces and through which the sensor can measure to the other mounting plate of the clutch, so we get a distance measurement in which arranged behind the mounting plate on one side Sensors can measure the distance to the other mounting plate (through the clutch disc lining) by measuring their loss.
- a sensor coil or sensor for temperature measurement (LT2) is attached behind the mounting plate, the loss of which is measured, and behind the mounting plate, on which the loss measurement sensors (LM1, LM2, LM3) each measure through corresponding holes, is also a sensor coil , or sensor for temperature measurement (LT1) attached.
- the loss measurement result BD (-1 / RVM_NEG) obtained by maintaining the loss (at LT1, CT1), cf. in the chapter static relative measurement to Fig.
- Another application according to this principle is the testing of the connection strength of two sheets screwed one above the other, or a part mounted on a sheet, etc.
- a hole is provided in one of the sheets in question, through which the sensor measures the loss (to the part behind the hole).
- Fig. 21 shows an example of an angular scan, for example on a railway wheel.
- a ring gear is inserted into a standard wheel, which has a slightly wider tooth gap at one point, via which the wider tooth gap is recognized as a reset signal for counting the tooth gaps by comparing the time of measurement of all adjacent tooth gaps when a value threshold is exceeded.
- the count of the tooth gaps counted corresponds to the angle of rotation. It is also provided to interpolate the temporal course of the loss measurement result corresponding to the geometrical shape of a tooth in order to obtain corresponding further values between the teeth. These values are then calibrated through learning.
- This sensor has the advantage of simple retrofitting in the railway sector.
- the braking properties of a wagon can be improved in such a way that during the blocking (or even slight blocking), or especially when partially blocking (sliding the wheels on the rails), unequal brakes are fired over the unequal speed (or angle of rotation) can, and so the symmetry can be better regulated.
- this angle scan is also suitable for the most general use, e.g. as a replacement for the optical disk in ABS systems, etc.
- the interference-free loss measurement scan is not only absolutely insensitive to contamination, but also much less expensive than the use of optical disks and especially also with light ones
- the sensor is absolutely safe to test in the event of an accident and can be changed quickly and inexpensively for a few dollars, while the optical disks are often not replaced and so often result in an uncontrolled failure of the ABS system.
- the toothing profile can be arranged, for example, directly on the inside of the brake rim of a brake disc, and this addition can then be made to the embodiment described at the beginning of FIG. 21 (cf. also DE 42 40 739 C2).
- the measurement that is insensitive to interference is a great advantage.
- Fig. 22 shows another component that is already urgently needed in automotive engineering.
- the absolutely interference-free measurement of the sensor makes it possible.
- Fig. 22 relates to the use of the sensor as a wheel attachment detector.
- the sensor is embedded in the wheel plate, or as an alternative on the holding arm that carries the wheel bearing with the wheel bearing.
- the direct attachment to the wheel plate has the advantage that the field lying on the wheel plate is always scanned in the same places (e.g. 120 ° offset when using three sensors), while the inside of the rim constantly rotates past the sensor when attached to the holding arm imprecise manufacturing must therefore be differentiated between hitting the rim and insufficient fastening with the wheel bolts. If you provide both variants, then there is good information whether the wheel e.g.
- a statement about the wheel bearing can be made via the sensor on the holding arm (e.g. if the wheel hits).
- the sensor can also immediately trigger an alarm if an unauthorized rim or wheel change takes place, e.g. cannot be recognized by the vehicle's position detectors (when supporting and deflating the tire air).
- the RF transmitter for the transponder supply is then e.g. housed above the shock absorber, which supplies the following sensors or exchanges data, shock absorber spring motion sensing, temperature compensation of the shock absorber spring measurement, the sensors for the wheel fastening detector, possibly networked with other monitoring sensors.
- Fig. 23 illustrates another interesting field of application of the sensor, which should interest car rental companies in particular the large group of customers in the automotive industry.
- small parts which are only recognized as damage by a specialist when viewed with a close look, are either not recognized when the vehicles are returned, or the vehicle renter denies that the damage was caused.
- the dent sensor built up with the help of the sensor, which is housed directly on the inside of the body and which scans the outside of the body with a distance measurement or loss measurement from the inside and measures the interference signal with absolute certainty (an important argument so that there are no excuses in court gives).
- the data stored in the event of an accident (for this purpose, the steering wheel movement, for example, or the skid behavior, etc., can also be queried using the sensor according to the invention) are then stored in a tachograph memory center which is firmly welded into the body of the microprocessor-controlled tachograph.
- This storage center can be secured against manipulation in such a way that the measures proposed in the previous chapter "safety-coded loss measurement sensors” can be applied.
- the tachograph memory center welded into the body contains a corresponding safety-coded loss measurement sensor which detects the body wall (for example at a relatively safe location on the underbody in the middle) If this is removed from the body wall, this state is also written into the stored data.
- the data within the tachograph memory are stored in encrypted form, the connection is made via an HF circuit according to the transputer principle, whereby the HF Receiving circuit has overvoltage protection thanks to diodes connected in parallel on the primary side.
- the HF Receiving circuit has overvoltage protection thanks to diodes connected in parallel on the primary side.
- the "Ping Signal" protocol can be used to automatically locate a failed sensor immediately and report it as service information via the central microprocessor. This not only affects the data communication readiness, but also the 100% self-test option of the sensors, including those from neighboring ones
- a preferred method for programming the receive / send address of the sensors is to be briefly described by a learning method. For this purpose, all sensors to be coded with a local address are first installed, and then switched to the address assignment mode via the protocol. It is checked whether all sensors are within their measuring range, which is anyway the case in the preferred measuring methods dynamic relative measurement and static relative measurement because of the automatic setting of the operating point. Thereafter, a direct approach with a corresponding electrically conductive object (e.g.
- this detection signal adopts an address received by all sensors simultaneously, for example by the direct RF source of the sensors to be provided with an address. After the corresponding sensors are provided with a receive address, the data communication switches back to one of the operating protocols.
- the address assignment mode can be repeated for each sensor, if necessary secured by encryption for the protocol opening. Furthermore, the address assignment can be equipped with a mode for an auto-decrementation / incrementation, or the acceptance of a fully entered address.
- the structure of the dent sensor is very simple: in every body part, ditto behind the bumper. ect. a sensor housed in a corresponding sheet metal housing is welded on the inside of the inside wall, or plugged on (or alternatively fastened) and scans the inside wall side of the outside wall of the body with its sensor coil. If a dynamic relative measurement (see text for Fig. 8) is carried out, which may also be possible for this application without a negative resistance component, then the dynamic event within a frequency response defined by the adjustment behavior of the operating point simply becomes a spontaneous dent The body or bumper, etc. is dedicated and recorded accordingly in the accident recorder.
- a pendulum is used, e.g. a ball suspended on a thread that floats in an oil liquid.
- the movement of the ball is sensed by a polygon (triangle, or square, or hexagon, etc.) enclosing the ball (as the center), the sides of which are formed by sensor coils (LM1, LM2, LM3) provided for each side boundary.
- the sensor coils form a measurement of all losses that occur in the sensor coils at different resonance frequencies.
- Fig. 25 illustrates a highly sensitive seismograph using a known experiment. It is known to levitate a ball between two electromagnetic poles, one above the ball and one below the ball. In this case, measuring coils can be arranged around the poles, which are damped according to the invention in order to regulate to be improved so that the distances of the ball from the poles remain stable in fractions of a ⁇ m (fractions of a micrometer).
- the vibrations of the soil are transferred to the device. Since the sphere is also centered by the magnetic field, the vibration is also transferred to the regulation of the sphere, namely as a change (differentiation) of the controlled variable.
- the control can be resolved down to the nm range by the particularly precise sensor, and in addition to the deviation of the controlled variable, we can measure the deviation from the center by measuring the measuring coils from the side , a slow pulse of a very slight earth movement can be recognized as a single signal pulse and precisely quantized in the measurement amplitude. If a large number of such inexpensive devices are now set up and networked in a mine, then the source (the source of the unrest) of the earth's movement can be located by measuring the transit time between the measuring points.
- FIG. 26 shows the example of a liquid level meter using a measuring coil (LM, with Cp) which is damped with the preferably used negative loss.
- the reference coil (LT) not only measures the temperature response, but above all a reference value for the conductance of the liquid (windshield wiper water, brake fluid, etc.).
- the reference coil (LZ) is attached in the lower area of the container and thus its field center is constantly in the liquid, whereas the measuring coil is attached in the upper area of the container and thus measures the liquid level. Both coils can be wound directly on the cylinder body of the container.
- Fig. 27 Another example is to wind a temperature measuring coil directly on the exhaust pipe (on the engine block) on the exhaust pipe, possibly by a ceramic cylinder at a short distance from the outer wall of the pipe flange.
- the coil measures the temperature of the exhaust gases via the loss resistance of the pipe flange heated by the exhaust gases, e.g. for efficiency determination and control engineering measures.
- Fig. 28 relates to the scanning of sheet metal, such as flaps on aircraft, determination of the position of the reversing slide valve, etc., where one coil always measures the influence of temperature and the other coil measures the angular position by measuring the distance, ie the determination of the landing gear readiness, etc.
- Fig. 29 relates to the relative measurement of a rotary armature (angle measurement with difference measurement of the coils Lma, LMb) which consists of laminated sheets of two or more materials (MAT1, MAT2) which are slightly compressed in a vacuum and glued to the edge. The two materials have opposite temperature coefficients of their specific conductivities and are each adapted in their cross-section so that the temperature influence of the conductivities is compensated for the loss measurement (distance measurement).
- This variant is an alternative to the use of manganin as the core material, since the alloy manganine loses its property of a compensated temperature coefficient of the specific conductivity during mechanical processing (e.g. stamping) and furthermore when using laminated sheets even the smallest thin sheets together with one thin but hardened steel sheet to avoid deformation due to acceleration.
- Fig. 30 relates to the application for temperature measurement on a standard hotplate which has only been slightly modified for the expanded purpose.
- the temperature of the cooking vessel is measured immediately.
- the damping preferably according to the invention, by means of a negative conductance value allows, firstly, to sink the sensor in the center, into a hole in the hotplate, and to measure the loss through the hole.
- the hole is. eg closed with ceramics or glass.
- the large leakage of the hob is compensated.
- the measuring range of the sensor coil can be set automatically in a wide range (cf. automatic setting of the operating point in text for Fig. 8, especially the use of an enable signal), the dynamic relative measurement described being used to trigger this automatic calibration process.
- a differential detection is provided for the spontaneous change in the measured loss as an event measurement.
- Such an event occurs when the cooking vessel is placed on the hob or removed. Special cooking vessels are used, the base plate of which is directly calibrated in the temperature unit (eg ° C or Fahrenheit), which is displayed on the stove on a knob above each control knob of a respective stove top. If such an event is detected, the adjustment process for setting the working point is triggered in order to set the loss measurement at a working point in which the temperature of the material to be scanned can be measured accordingly. In this case, use is made of the static relative measurement described for FIG. 8, which compensates for the undesired temperature response of the offset value (which in this case is given by the immediate hotplate) by means of a further sensor coil (LT with CT).
- LT with CT further sensor coil
- LM sensor coil
- LT sensor coil
- Both coils (LM, LT) are housed below the hob. Suitable as measuring coils, for example especially the manganin version already described because the inherent temperature response is very low for such a coil.
- the example described can also be easily adapted for ceramic plate cookers if instead of the hotplate the heating coil is scanned directly with the coil LT, or is measured with the coil LM in the center through the hole in the heating coil.
- Another variant is provided for the design of the cooking vessels.
- ceramics or glass vessels which have a metal insert (for example a perforated sheet support) on which the food can be placed, for example the thinnest of vegetables.
- the sensor coil (LM) measures the loss of the metal insert in order to infer the temperature of the food to be cooked and thus regulates the temperature of the food to be cooked.
- FIG. 31 shows another example that is also suitable as an extension for the application described for FIG. 30.
- the transputer sensor version is used.
- the transputer sensor (chip) is located in the handle of a longer metal needle (similar to a knitting needle, but with a handle). These needles can be inserted into fried or baked goods, (meat, cake) or cooked goods (eggs, etc.), the sensor measuring the electrical loss of the needles. It is unproblematic to use non-conductive cookware (glass, ceramic).
- the offset loss given by the environment eg sheets of the oven
- the initial value for the temperature measurement is reset to an initial value corresponding to the ambient temperature of the oven, for example when the oven is switched on by an additional function key, the status of which is indicated by a lamp (temperature measurement activated by needles).
- the ambient temperature of the oven is then measured by a temperature sensor embedded in the oven (for example, which also measures the sheet temperature of the oven as a loss sensor).
- a temperature sensor embedded in the oven for example, which also measures the sheet temperature of the oven as a loss sensor.
- 32a relates to the securing of a packaging box in an example in accordance with the explanations given in the chapter “safety-coded loss measurement sensors”.
- a standard solid cardboard box can be used, which can be closed by means of a divided lid.
- the dividing line of the lid is on both sides A metal sheet is inserted into the cardboard of the lid or glued on the inside.On the outside, a flat plastic or metal housing is covered with a safety closure piece, which is permanently attached to one side of the lid or riveted and protrudes beyond the other side of the lid, this protruding part being a release liner to expose After removing this film, when the lid is closed, the security closure piece can rest on the seam like a seal. It is evident that such a chip seal, for example can also be used to close documents, booklets or ring binders (using a fold at the open end) etc., whereby the self-adhesive layer can be replaced by a re-opening fastener, e.g.
- Two measuring coils are then arranged in the chip seal or safety closure piece as part of a transputer sensor, which scan the metal sheet inserted on the underside of the box.
- the relative change in loss in each coil is measured in accordance with a dynamic relative measurement and the difference in loss between the sensor coil (LT) attached to the riveted side and the sensor coil (LM) attached to the side to be sealed during packaging is measured in accordance with a static relative measurement ( see text on Fig. 8).
- the battery-packed RF transmitter is also packed in the box and supplies the chip seal, which is designed as a transputer sensor, with voltage via its RF reception circuit.
- This transmitter can also be operated in a duty cycle in order to save electricity, but the pauses must be short enough so that the transputer sensor of the chip seal does not respond to the detection of interruptions (the watch dog function) (see chapter “Safety-Coded Loss Measurement Sensors”) It makes sense to synchronize the transmit / pause function of the RF transmitter with the data transmitter of the chip seal, for example, the RF transmitter transmits its RF carrier frequency for the voltage supply of the chip seal for a certain period of time, for example a small gold capacitor housed in the chip seal charges and the sensor coil circuits (LM and Cp, LT and CT) carry out the loss measurement.After each measurement, the chip seal sends a short termination signal to the RF transmitter, which then generates a pause internally and after This pause sends the RF carrier signal again until it is interrupted by the chip seal, etc.
- the RF transmitter transmits its RF carrier frequency for the voltage supply of the chip seal for a certain period of time, for example a small gold capacitor house
- FIG. 32c an example of a ring closure
- 32d shows an example of a folder lock
- Example Fig. 32e shows an example of a fastener (clip) fastener.
- the chip seal detects whether a document has been removed from the document folder and stores this information, or sends a corresponding message to the monitoring station, which also carries out the HF supply to the transputer sensor.
- LT additional temperature measuring coil
- Fig. 33 relate to the application of the transputer sensor principle for a file monitoring system, whereby any type of files, folders, books, magazines, documents, etc. can be equipped with a chip seal.
- the transputer sensor housed in the chip seal can measure larger distances even at a relatively low frequency by using the preferred damping.
- the use of a lower frequency has the advantage that the design is not affected by hand movements.
- This loss consists of conductor loops, for example conductor loops which are wound around the positioning board of a shelf at appropriate spacing between compartments and which can also be arranged in a star shape, for example with tower rotating shelves.
- the conductor loops then have a corresponding cladding within the shelf.
- these conductor loops are printed directly onto the shelf coating or a film used as a shelf coating, etc. as a carbon track which has its contacting option on the rear narrow side of the respective shelf board.
- the measurement itself is carried out by measuring the distance between the transputer sensor or chip seal glued into the file and the closest conductor track loop or coal track, each of which marks a spacing between compartments. The closest conductor loop is found by scanning in the following manner. Each chip seal provided in a file has an address coding (cf.
- each individual chip seal can communicate via this address via the RF transmitters installed in the rooms speak to.
- there is a constant successive query of the chip seals attached in the files, books, or any other objects, etc. such that the transputer sensor contained in a chip seal is activated in its measurement, with all files, books , etc., can be queried one after the other via the chip seal in their position by scanning.
- Such a scanning process takes place with the participation of the interconnect loops connected on the rear narrow side of the respective shelf board, so that the otherwise high-impedance open interconnect loops (Lextl Lextn), via a corresponding one
- Decoder control controlled each one individually closed in turn independently of the other conductor track loops.
- the loss is constantly measured for the chip seal (or the transputer sensor) initialized by the control center, and for one of the two maximum maximum values obtained in each run of all the conductor loops, this is reported to the control center, which the addresses of the relevant conductor loop as the Conductor loop saves the corresponding technical name.
- the spaces between the conductor track loops or carbon tracks on the control board (e.g. on the front narrow side) are labeled with the appropriate characters or numbers.
- one or more displays provided near the shelf or on a computer screen allow the positioning of the objects, or files, or books, etc. provided with the chip seal to be viewed precisely.
- the scanning of all shelf positions is called an inventory cycle, which can be interrupted at any time by a search cycle of a direct request.
- the head office directly addresses the receiving address of the relevant chip seal Transputer Seal and starts the search for all specialist positions marked by conductor loops.
- These conductor track loops can not only be provided on shelves, but also in a desk top, also in drawers, etc.
- a subject position does not necessarily have to be a physical subject, but simply denotes the search area given as the space between two adjacent conductor track loops. In the case of the transputer sensor circuit used for FIGS.
- the coil can also be printed as large as possible directly on a sheet corresponding to the format of the file or the book or directly on the file in carbon tracks in order to achieve the highest possible inductance even without iron preserved (so that the measurement performance remains small due to the lack of iron losses).
- the losses at the tunnel diode then amount to about 0.35 mW, with a keyed measurement of 1:10, 35 nW (nano watts), with any adjustable quality for the coil made from the thinnest carbon paste track.
- the transputer sensor module (or chip seal) can also be contacted using conductive adhesive or conductive plastic to connect the coil (LM) printed on paper. Furthermore, the chip seal can be used both as a double lock to secure a carton and as a location sensor for position detection.
- the RF coil for feeding the tramsputer sensor can be printed with silver paste, for example, or can be designed as a flexible printed circuit (on film).
- the example described is also very suitable for improving general warehousing, for example if we stick a corresponding chip seal on each box for identification, for example in a supermarket.
- the system is then able to locate the exact location of the goods, even in the case of changed position positions, via a central computer in the Internet, so that the customer can compile a shopping list beforehand, via which he can use the specified shelf numbers to list the articles can search quickly.
- the RF transmitters for power supply and communication are located at appropriate points in the store and communicate with the central computer.
- the number plates can be supported, for example, by guide numbers (street numbers) or letters printed on the floor.
- Another variant for the position position detection vtäxe to make use of the coding of a loss made by a filter or resonance circuit.
- the scanning or measurement then starts from the conductor track loops forming the fan of the shelf (as successively activated measuring coils LM connected in a series resonant circuit), with the loss only in the transputer sensor (chip seal) of the coded one Object is activated, the position of which is to be determined.
- the measurement frequency required for the loss measurement can be fed in from the sensor or also from the conductor track loops.
- Fig. 34 shows an example of an application of a switch.
- the damping of the measuring coil enables the smallest design for the scanning coil (LM), which scans the tips of the points of a metallized plastic star. (A sheet metal star could of course also be used) and so the switch position is detected.
- the points are not the same length.
- Each point has a somewhat different distance from the measuring coil LM.
- the temperature measuring coil LT which is also very small, is attached with its holder directly to the star, or the winding body for the temperature measuring coil LT can also be flanged into the star.
- Another variant is to provide the plastic star in multiple layers with corresponding sheets for temperature compensation, cf. also Fig. 29.
- Fig. 35 relates to an example that also benefits from the reduction of the self-loss of the measuring coil by adding a negative loss portion.
- the winding of the measuring coil (LM) carries a conical steel core (K), which does not have to be made of highly permeable, loss-free material, but can also be a temperature-resistant steel core.
- the loss of the coil essentially given by the steel core (K) for setting a desired quality is compensated accordingly.
- the steel tip can then spot a corresponding loss (e.g. a groove profile or a toothing), even for high temperatures.
- Fig. 36 to Fig. 39 relates to a further application in which the loss sensor which is insensitive to the interference signal for a signal transmission which is completely insensitive to interference
- Signal extraction is used; consisting of a large number of subscribers connected to a cable harness with corresponding signal coupling and decoupling points.
- the signal is coupled in via a controlled change in loss of a resistance value modulated by the signal to be transmitted, and the signal is decoupled or sampled by measuring the loss value corresponding to an amplitude value of the signal to be transmitted.
- a similar principle has been known since the telephone came into existence, the change in loss occurs on the transmission side through carbon grains, which produce a change in resistance in the rhythm of the sound waves, which is tapped at the other end of the line via a constant current supply.
- the loss modulated on the transmission side on the receiving side is not measured independently of the signal amplitude prevailing on the line, as the loss sensor according to the invention makes possible, but the interference signal given by interference and line reflection is also included in the received signal.
- the preferred application for signal transmission is inventive and new.
- the method also uses the proposed correlation of a given envelope influence, so that there is a good utilization of the bandwidth used.
- the configuration which is already preferred in a further development for the loss sensor can be adopted with a parallel resonant circuit (or also band filter, comparable filter, etc.).
- the parallel resonant circuit is not absolutely necessary; all circuits can be used with which the preferred measuring method of the sensor can be carried out.
- the loss resistance RpJVlOD on the transmitter side which modulates the loss (variable by manipulated variable BD_S) has a resonance circuit Ls, Cs (or alternative filter, etc.) which is tuned to the carrier frequency used and which is tuned to the same resonance frequency , as the loss sensor used on the receiving side (EVS) uses it as a parallel resonance circuit (LM, Cp).
- LM, Cp parallel resonance circuit
- a series or (via series resistor) coupled parallel oscillating circuit LM, Cp can be used on the transmission side.
- every freely available open telephone wire line, every power line, or even every piece of garden fence can be used for interference-free and radiation-proof signal transmission up to the Giga Herz area, and it is sufficient to work with the smallest signals on the line, for example with the smallest signal chip (e.g. 0.1V) on relatively high-impedance resistors (e.g.
- the signal can be fed into the line not only at one point, but also at several points, offset at regular intervals.
- the phase positions of the oscillators provided at the feed points can also be controlled, for example, by a clock radio signal, or be synchronized by the line signal itself to avoid phase-infeed.
- the parallel resonant circuits are connected both for the transmitter circuits and for the receiver circuits via a decoupling resistor Rk and / or if necessary via a decoupling capacitance Ck.
- the quality of a connected parallel resonant circuit is determined by its own quality (this is the quality if the parallel resonant circuit would not be switched on) and the decoupling resistance Rk, which is almost parallel to the resonance circuit.
- the decoupling resistor Rk is not directly parallel to the base of the parallel resonant circuit coupled via it, but via the loss resistor RVJine of the line used for signal transmission. This consists of the parallel connection of all resonant circuits coupled via a resistor Rk, part of which is in resonance with a respective resonant circuit and the other part is not in resonance (i.e. has an inductive or capacitive impedance component).
- the loss resistance of the line RVJine represents a very low resistance or a very high loss (l / RV_line) for all resonant circuits coupled to the line via a decoupling resistor Rk, so that the change in the one via a relevant parallel resonant circuit LM, Cp is a transmitter Participant (SVS) of varying loss (each via Rp_MOD) would only have a minimal effect on the parallel resonant circuit (s) of one or the receiving participant (EVS).
- the line loss RVJine is damped by a corresponding parallel connection of a negative conductance (NIC, negative impedance controller or negative impedance controller), which is set so that there is a reduction in the offset value of the loss, as already described for FIG.
- NIC negative conductance controller
- l / RVM _Q l / RVM Offset + (-1 / RVMJJEG), where 1 / RVM_Q corresponds to the line loss remaining for a desired quality for a line loss and 1 / RVMJDffset corresponds to the loss 1 / RVJine to be damped.
- 1 / RVMJ2 thus sets the operating point by which the loss variable l / d ⁇ RVM (see FIG. 11) changes.
- l / d ⁇ RVM is the loss which varies in each case on a specific resonance circuit or for a specific resonance frequency of a transmitter and which contains the message to be transmitted.
- the intrinsic quality of the individual resonant circuits can also be improved by directly connecting an additional negative resistance or conductance.
- the attenuators (NICs) which are respectively connected to different line sections also contain the supply of the unmodulated carrier frequencies.
- the loss value setting 1 / RVM_Q of the operating point is carried out in such a way that the desired operating bandwidth is set for the carrier frequency in question.
- the automatic adjustment of 1 / RVMJJ takes place in such a way that the attenuators (NICs) also carry out a loss measurement on the line via a correspondingly coupled parallel resonant circuit, using the method according to the invention, furthermore also determines the negative conductance to be injected for a given loss resistance (arithmetically or via table) and according to the preferred method set the negative conductance accordingly; here, as with positive conductance values, the negative conductance value can also be composed by connecting several such negative conductance values in parallel on different line sections (each at a carrier frequency feed-in point). ) can be switched off, each individual negative conductance can be set precisely.
- a damping element can be implemented using a tunnel diode circuit in exactly the same way as already stated for the damping of the preferred loss measuring sensor.
- the modulation of the loss change l / d ⁇ RVM used for the transmission of the message is small compared to the loss of the operating point 1 / RVM_Q (small signal modulation of the loss), so that the variations of the individual losses l / (l + x) + 1 / ( 1— y) just add (1-x) + (1 + y) etc. as with the known overlay of signals (with x «1, y « l). Hence the losses themselves without
- the described method can also be implemented in a wide variety of simplification variants.
- using only one carrier frequency i.e. all parallel resonant circuits of all participants (transmitter and receiver) are constantly in resonance, according to the carrier frequency used (feed frequency).
- the carrier frequency used feed frequency
- the use of several carrier frequencies, each with a corresponding number of parallel resonant circuits intended for transmitting and receiving participants enables the simultaneous transmission of several parallel bits of a data stream, with a different carrier frequency being fed in for each track (or each weight of a data word).
- certain threshold values of the respectively varied or measured losses are assigned to the digital levels (log. 1, log.O).
- Multi-frequency technology also has advantages in partyline mode (this means any protocol, which can alternatively connect a data block to be sent by one participant alternately to the other participants, while the other participants are all listening or listening), for example if worse Line connection with a large Hamming distance can be worked on, if necessary, to repeat blocks with error-correcting codes, while newly established connection blocks are sent by other stations with a different carrier frequency.
- partyline mode any protocol, which can alternatively connect a data block to be sent by one participant alternately to the other participants, while the other participants are all listening or listening
- Line connection with a large Hamming distance can be worked on, if necessary, to repeat blocks with error-correcting codes, while newly established connection blocks are sent by other stations with a different carrier frequency.
- existing old telephone lines can also be used, for example, to transmit the calls using the new method and additionally to transmit a broadband Internet channel and several digital television channels.
- This versatility offers enormous cost savings of partially not fully used fiber optic cables, or the process is the ideal addition to connect broadband data networks to
- Fig. 36a to Fig. 36d and Fig. 37 show an example:
- El En are each via a decoupling resistor Rk and / or
- Decoupling capacity Ck fed Decoupling capacity Ck fed.
- the design of the loss resistance RpJVlOD which can be varied by manipulated variable BDJ5, depends on the application. Switching RpJVlOD between two resistance values is sufficient for the transmission of a digital level, for analog quantization e.g. the master value network of a D / A converter controlled by the microcontroller or signal processor can be used, or also a field plate, field effect transistor, etc., i.e. all alternatives known in the prior art for realizing a controllable value.
- a preferred main area of application is the use of power lines as a data line for internal networking of computer systems in buildings (via the existing electrical installation). Or also the transmission of data, television or telephone signals via existing high-voltage railway overhead lines or high-voltage lines of all types, including underground cables.
- SVS sending station
- EVS receiving station
- TFE carrier signal coupling station
- +/- G for setting the line quality
- f-measure for measuring the influence of a slight change in the frequency fed as constant alternating current (i ⁇ const.)
- Capacitance cascade or capacitance diode
- Fig. 36b illustrates the loss connection of all sensors on the line, as seen from the (active) transmission side SVS.
- the line attenuation -G (or comparable +/- g in Fig. 36a) compensates for the loss of the series resistors Rk, which exist almost as a parallel connection.
- Z ' is the impedance that results from the resonance circuits that do not correspond to the carrier frequency (of a specific frequency-coded loss):
- the resulting detuning of the resonance circuits is compensated for by the capacitance cascade present in FIG. 36a, which may also be inductive via corresponding circuits If necessary, the line can be loaded (compensate) based on an average share of TFE, around which the regulation is made.
- Fig.36c ... like Fig.36b, but the total loss of a receiving side is seen here. As shown in Fig.
- Fig. 36d relates to the application of this principle to a serial feed via the preferred variant of an induction cable when the sensors are designed as transputer sensors.
- the damping (-G) is therefore carried out via units supplied by the NT power supply unit.
- the equivalent circuit diagram for this is shown in Fig. 37 (on sheet 15): -rL mean the negative conductance (-G) (transformed) via the resonant circuit coupling, which attenuates the line as series resistance -rL.
- RMOD correspond to the modulation conductance values transformed into the line as series resistors.
- the example corresponds to the example described for Fig. 44, Fig. 45 for a grid road wiring using ribbon cable.
- Fig. 38 illustrates an example of using an electrical installation as a data line.
- Each consumer is HF-decoupled from the supply line by a serial RF blocking choke (HFS).
- the RF blocking choke (HFS) is integrated in the sockets for internal use in buildings. If the method is used for data transmission on overhead contact lines, a corresponding HF blocking choke (HFS) is provided on each pantograph of the railcars. If buildings are used internally, the inductance of the electricity meter is usually sufficient to adequately block the losses of the electrical consumers in front of the electricity meter; if not, then a corresponding blocking choke must be switched on.
- the variant is also provided, an existing power distribution network for the HF Subdivide transmission into several subnets.
- the wiring harness is HF-separated into several sections.
- a serial RF blocking choke (HFS) is connected between the interruption points at the switching sockets, where the installation of the line provides a suitable interruption terminal anyway, which has practically no appreciable impedance for the high-voltage current, i.e. the networks connects, on the other hand HF separates the networks.
- the separated networks are then connected by a coupling device which is also accommodated in the relevant switch socket and which can be referred to as an active directional coupler which can be switched in its direction of transmission.
- this new type of directional coupler is not designed for distortion-free signal transmission, but for the distortion-free transmission of losses with permissible signal distortion (concerning interference, interference signal interference in the lines, etc.).
- the transmission devices provided on both sides of the networks separated via the RF blocking choke (HFS) (via loss modulator RpJVlOD or the loss variation l / d ⁇ RVM generated thereby) synchronize the transmission protocol in such a way that one on each of the network sides connected by the directional coupler Each side sends and the other receives it simultaneously, with alternating switching of sending and receiving on each side, with a synchronous switching of the direction of transmission of the directional coupler.
- the directional coupler then has, in addition to the existing transmission devices (each RpJVlOD) with which it transmits the loss modulation of a relevant (straight) transmitting side to the other (respectively straight) receiving side, the loss measuring sensors for reception on each side.
- Fig. 38 to Fig. 39 relate to training variants for the design of the sockets with an additional data connection function.
- the sockets protrude slightly from the wall and have a data connection (eg BNC connector) on the protruding narrow edge 0.
- the preferred loss modulation demodulation device can be accommodated completely integrated in the socket, so that each standard PC network card can be connected directly to the BNC socket, or the relevant additional functions are integrated in the network card or an additional device.
- the following special feature is still envisaged in further training: It is often desirable to extend the mains voltage cable as well as the data cable from the socket (eg also to connect a distribution strip).
- the connector of the extension cable, or rail an additional contact pin 0 in which f in addition to the connection contacts 0 when inserting the plug into the wall-mounted data socket in a corresponding hole 0 is inserted for the mains voltage and within the socket closes a contact bridge.
- the pin bridges the RF blocking choke (HFS) interposed in the phase line of the mains voltage, thus modulating the loss modulation of the RF carrier signal used as a data signal in the connected distribution strip can be made, which then has the corresponding electronic components including the required RF blocking choke (HFS) for blocking the consumers connected to the distribution strip and the data connection.
- HFS RF blocking choke
- two such bridging contact pins can also be provided if both the phase and the neutral conductor have an intermediate HF blocking choke (HFS).
- HFS HF blocking choke
- the contact pin on the connector of the distributor strip also prevents the connector from being inserted incorrectly, so that the base point of the parallel resonant circuits used can always be connected to the neutral conductor.
- Fig. 40 relates to a variant in which the property of the sensor that even very small losses connected in series with the measuring coil can be measured precisely for line diagnosis, e.g. is used on power lines.
- the preferred loss measuring sensors with their measuring coil (LMs) are each connected in series in the line in corresponding line sections, the measuring coil inductance for the high current hardly representing any appreciable resistance.
- a corresponding resonant circuit capacitor (Cps) is connected in parallel to the measuring coil (LMs).
- the resonance frequency set for this sensor is set far below the carrier frequencies which may be used for a data signal transmission, so that carrier frequencies which may be used for a data signal transmission are not impeded by the series-connected parallel circuit inductances.
- these resonant circuits can be bridged by a contactor contact (which is correspondingly higher-impedance than the measuring coil inductance in order to avoid a current-related overload) in order not to hinder an RF signal transmitted via the power line for data transmission.
- a contactor contact which is correspondingly higher-impedance than the measuring coil inductance in order to avoid a current-related overload
- cross capacitors that can be connected by contactors are provided between the individual lines (phases, neutral conductors, etc.) of the power line in order to be able to optionally short-circuit the measuring frequency and in this way be able to measure a line interruption via the serial resonant circuits between the plug sections.
- Fig. 41 shows the example described for a packet band chip seal.
- Fig. 42 shows the example for the security pull-through slot of the package tape.
- Fig. 43 shows the example described for the coupling of the induction cable.
- the pull-off cap is kept closed by a compression spring (presses on the pulling pin of the telescopic guide); if necessary, a securing thread, bayonet lock, is also provided.
- Fig. 44 and Fig. 45 illustrate the contacting and connection of the preferred vehicle detector sensor coil (LM) designed as asphalt cable
- Fig. 46 relates to a variant in which the loss of a particularly thin measuring needle is sensed by the sensor coil LM.
- the needle measures the temperature, the other structure being the same as the pressure gauge described in FIG. 18a, and the sensor is also designed as a combination sensor and can be screwed into the cylinder head of an engine like a spark plug.
- Fig. 47 illustrates how a network line separated by RF blocking chokes in several RF data lines (with, for example, different carrier frequencies) can be networked in the bidirectional data direction by means of corresponding loss transmitting and loss receiving stages
- Fig. 48 relates to the variant in which the measuring coil (LM) is connected outside the filter or resonant circuit by means of a series circuit in the resonant circuit coil (LM ' ).
- Fig. 49 relates to the illustration of the described envelope correlation.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU61385/00A AU6138500A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Method for measuring loss |
| DE10082058.1T DE10082058B4 (de) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Verfahren und Schaltung zur Verlustmessung |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT123099 | 1999-07-15 | ||
| ATA1230/99 | 1999-07-15 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001006269A1 WO2001006269A1 (de) | 2001-01-25 |
| WO2001006269A9 true WO2001006269A9 (de) | 2002-08-29 |
Family
ID=3509428
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT2000/000198 Ceased WO2001006269A1 (de) | 1999-07-15 | 2000-07-17 | Verfahren zur verlustmessung |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU6138500A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10082058B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2001006269A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014213741A1 (de) | 2014-07-15 | 2016-02-18 | Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Schaltung und Verfahren zum Ansteuern eines Wegmesssensors |
| CN107036564A (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-08-11 | 四川汇智众创科技有限公司 | 一种盾构机滚刀磨损量检测装置 |
| US10760634B2 (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2020-09-01 | Robert Bosch Llc | Brake pad monitor with conductivity measurement |
| CN109490733B (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2025-02-25 | 北京华天机电研究所有限公司 | 一种高压低通滤波器及其设计方法 |
| CN111896799B (zh) * | 2020-08-05 | 2023-08-08 | 合肥零碳技术有限公司 | 一种功率器件平均损耗的计算方法及装置 |
| CN111781428A (zh) * | 2020-08-10 | 2020-10-16 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种无线传感容性设备介质损耗带电测试装置 |
| CN113158336B (zh) * | 2021-04-07 | 2022-05-24 | 北京控制工程研究所 | 一种空间指向测量仪器多物理场耦合建模及精度计算方法 |
| CN115542226A (zh) * | 2022-10-12 | 2022-12-30 | 成都开谱电子科技有限公司 | 一种宽电容量标准损耗箱 |
| CN119001305B (zh) * | 2024-10-18 | 2025-02-18 | 国网甘肃省电力公司酒泉供电公司 | 一种储能电力转换系统性能测试系统 |
| CN120869416B (zh) * | 2025-09-29 | 2025-12-16 | 启东新微智造科技有限公司 | 一种用于弯管机加工的扭矩监测方法及系统 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2164263B2 (de) * | 1971-12-23 | 1974-03-14 | Nippon Kokan K.K., Tokio | Schaltungsanordnung für die zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung mittels Wirbelströme |
| GB1512799A (en) * | 1974-11-06 | 1978-06-01 | Nippon Kokan Kk | Apparatus for non-contact measurement of distance between a metallic body and a detection coil |
| DE2641798C3 (de) * | 1976-09-17 | 1980-12-11 | Friedrich Dr. 7410 Reutlingen Foerster | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum berührungslosen Ermitteln physikalischer oder geometrischer Eigenschaften |
| US4112365A (en) * | 1977-02-15 | 1978-09-05 | Eaton Corporation | Position detecting system |
| CH656702A5 (en) * | 1979-11-30 | 1986-07-15 | Schmall Karl Heinz | Arrangement for compensating disturbing radiation of electromagnetic radio-frequency oscillations in contactless scanning devices |
| DE3131490A1 (de) * | 1981-08-08 | 1983-07-21 | Gebhard Balluff Fabrik feinmechanischer Erzeugnisse GmbH & Co, 7303 Neuhausen | Naeherungsschalter |
| DE3213602A1 (de) * | 1982-04-13 | 1983-10-20 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Elektronisches geraet |
| DE3248034C2 (de) * | 1982-12-24 | 1985-10-03 | Hewlett-Packard GmbH, 7030 Böblingen | Schaltungsanordnung zur Temperaturmessung |
| US4560923A (en) * | 1983-11-15 | 1985-12-24 | Hanson Colin J | Moisture analyzer |
| DE3440538C1 (de) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-05-15 | Werner Turck Gmbh & Co Kg, 5884 Halver | Annäherungsschalter |
| US4752776A (en) * | 1986-03-14 | 1988-06-21 | Enguvu Ag/Sa/Ltd. | Identification system |
| EP0261353A3 (de) * | 1986-09-24 | 1989-02-01 | Grapha-Holding Ag | Messeinrichtung |
| DE3733944A1 (de) * | 1987-10-07 | 1989-04-27 | Andrae Leonberg Gmbh | Induktiver naeherungssensor |
| DE3825111A1 (de) * | 1988-07-23 | 1990-01-25 | Hauni Werke Koerber & Co Kg | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum bestimmen einer charakteristischen groesse eines hf-oszillators |
| SU1651255A1 (ru) * | 1989-03-20 | 1991-05-23 | Всесоюзный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Геофизических Методов Разведки | Способ генераторной калибровки электродинамических сейсмоприемников |
| DE4006885C2 (de) * | 1989-04-05 | 1995-04-13 | Siemens Ag | Auswerteverfahren für einen Sensor zur Messung der Temperatur eines bewegten, vorzugsweise rotierenden Körpers, insbesondere einer rotierenden Bremsscheibe |
| DE3919916A1 (de) * | 1989-06-19 | 1990-12-20 | Pepperl & Fuchs | Induktiver naeherungsschalter |
| DE3920051A1 (de) * | 1989-06-20 | 1991-01-03 | Euchner & Co | Oszillator, insbesondere fuer einen beruehrungslos arbeitenden induktiven naeherungssensor oder naeherungsschalter |
| EP0404065A1 (de) * | 1989-06-21 | 1990-12-27 | Omron Corporation | Sensur mit einem Oszillator |
| FR2664972B1 (fr) * | 1990-07-17 | 1994-06-10 | Sextant Avionique | Capteur de deplacement a circuit oscillant couple magnetiquement a une cible conductrice. |
| DE4222990B4 (de) * | 1991-07-12 | 2004-04-08 | Roman Koller | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Auswertung einer Berührung |
| DE4240739C2 (de) * | 1991-12-03 | 1998-11-12 | Roman Koller | Verfahren zur Verlustmessung, Nachweisverfahren oder Funktionsprüfverfahren für ein solches Verfahren sowie eine Anordnung zur Durchführung dieser Verfahren |
| AT403322B (de) * | 1995-03-27 | 1998-01-26 | Sames Andreas | Sensor zur drahtlosen fernmessung von temperaturen |
-
2000
- 2000-07-17 AU AU61385/00A patent/AU6138500A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-07-17 WO PCT/AT2000/000198 patent/WO2001006269A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2000-07-17 DE DE10082058.1T patent/DE10082058B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6138500A (en) | 2001-02-05 |
| WO2001006269A1 (de) | 2001-01-25 |
| DE10082058D2 (de) | 2003-06-18 |
| DE10082058B4 (de) | 2018-10-31 |
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