WO2000006788A1 - Zwischenschicht, insbesondere bindungsschicht, aus einer legierung auf aluminiumbasis - Google Patents
Zwischenschicht, insbesondere bindungsschicht, aus einer legierung auf aluminiumbasis Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000006788A1 WO2000006788A1 PCT/AT1999/000188 AT9900188W WO0006788A1 WO 2000006788 A1 WO2000006788 A1 WO 2000006788A1 AT 9900188 W AT9900188 W AT 9900188W WO 0006788 A1 WO0006788 A1 WO 0006788A1
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- weight
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- aluminum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
- F16C33/14—Special methods of manufacture; Running-in
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/012—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S384/00—Bearings
- Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
- Y10S384/907—Bearing material or solid lubricant
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S384/00—Bearings
- Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
- Y10S384/912—Metallic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/936—Chemical deposition, e.g. electroless plating
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/937—Sprayed metal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/938—Vapor deposition or gas diffusion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/939—Molten or fused coating
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12757—Fe
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/12764—Next to Al-base component
Definitions
- the invention relates to an aluminum-based intermediate layer for increasing the mechanical properties of metallic materials of different compositions, as well as a composite material produced therewith and a method for producing this composite material according to the preambles of claims 1, 11 and 20.
- Composite materials, especially plain bearings, for fast rotating machine parts, e.g. Motor shafts are increasingly built on the basis of layered composites of the structure of the support shell-bonding layer bearing shell, especially if the bearing shell is a light metal alloy.
- the binding layer plays an important role in particular when the light metal bearing alloy has mechanically soft components, e.g. Contains tin, lead or the like.
- a completely different approach consists in the use of nickel, copper or layers of this type electroplated onto the supporting shell, without the need for a further aluminum-based bonding layer. Because of the low Metallurgical relationship between the light metal bearing alloys on the one hand and the nickel, copper or the like. On the other hand, the adhesive strength remains limited by the degree of adhesion and stapling achieved, whereas in the case of light metal bonding layer / light metal bearing layer pairings, the adhesive bond forces in the bonding plane by means of heat treatment and diffusion, layers which increase the adhesive strength and which have almost the character of metallurgical diffusion and reaction zones are improved.
- the invention is based on the object of forming an aluminum-based intermediate layer for composite materials so that the quality of the composite material, for example the mechanical properties, can be improved by coordinating the individual layers with one another.
- an intermediate layer for a composite material made of an Al alloy can be made available which does not show any pronounced hardening behavior, but this material, on the other hand, has a high ductility due to the finely dispersed distribution of A M phases, and that despite the degradation of solidifications from the manufacturing process can be maintained high mechanical strength values by heat treatments. This enables a product to be produced which can have good thermal, static and dynamic strengths.
- This intermediate layer is also particularly suitable for plain bearings, the running layer of such plain bearings also being able to be formed from high-strength, novel materials.
- this intermediate layer can have a high recrystallization temperature, so that heat treatments or deformation processes can subsequently take place at elevated temperatures without an undesirable drop in hardness being associated therewith. It is also advantageous that, due to the possibility of a diverse combination of individual elements, which are specified in the characterizing part of claim 1, material properties can be freely adjusted within certain limits and that the costs arising in the production of the intermediate layer can thus be controlled accordingly. On the other hand, it is also possible, for example by alloying radioactive elements or isotopes such as U235, to simultaneously create an option for alloying tracers for test purposes in order to be able to better track the behavior of the material on various testing machines.
- Claims 2 to 7 describe further advantageous design variants of the intermediate layer according to the invention. With the help of these elements, or through the multitude of possible combinations, it is possible, in particular when using the intermediate layer as a binding layer for a plain bearing, to adapt it in a simple manner according to the respective requirements, in particular to the properties of the layers further comprised by the plain bearing.
- the effects that can be achieved by alloying the elements specified in the claims can be found in detail in the description.
- An advantage of the design variants according to claims 8 to 10 is that an intermediate layer can be made available, the hardness of which is so great that this intermediate layer can also be combined with higher-strength materials such as novel bearing materials, or the manufacturing process for these Shorten intermediate layers, as this enables heat treatments at elevated temperatures.
- the object of the invention is also achieved by a composite material according to claim 11. It is advantageous that the arrangement of the intermediate layer makes it possible to produce composite materials from layers of different compositions, for example for plain bearings, in such a way that their service life can be extended due to the improved mechanical properties or the quality of the composite material. As a result, the required maintenance intervals can be extended, so that, in the event that the composite material is designed as a plain bearing, the shafts supported with it can be operated over a long period of time without fear of damage to the surface of these shafts due to unintentional frictional engagement is.
- the object of the invention is also achieved by a method for producing a composite material according to claim 20. It is thus possible to design the composite material so that it has a surface that is suitable for supporting rapidly rotating shafts and a layer that can be used to dissipate the forces transmitted to the composite material.
- the variant of the method according to claim 21 advantageously makes it possible to improve the quality of the composite, since the properties of the aluminum base are inherent in several layers.
- a method according to claim 22 is also advantageous, according to which it is possible after each massive deformation step to reduce undesirable stresses that have built up.
- a method according to claim 23 is also advantageous, since it makes it possible to produce the composite material using a large number of possible methods, and subsequently the most suitable method in each case can be adjusted to the desired composite material.
- a method according to claim 24 is also advantageous, with the aid of which it is possible to specifically control the number of individual process steps in the plating process and thus the production costs or the time required for the production.
- Figure 1 shows the bonding layer according to the invention as an adhesion promoter in a plain bearing in a highly simplified representation.
- Fig. 3 is a graph for the inventory behavior of plain bearings with on a steel layer plated running and intermediate layers from different
- FIG. 1 shows a composite material 1 according to the invention, for example in the form of a slide bearing 2.
- slide bearing 2 for the use of this composite material 1 is discussed in the following, this use of the composite material 1 is not restrictive, but rather is a multitude of very different ones Design variants and uses of the composite material 1 are conceivable, for example without a steel support shell or replacement of the steel support shell with other materials, for example for the production of so-called thrust washers or thrust rings and for known designs of radial and / or axially loaded slide bearings 2.
- the composite material 1, in particular the slide bearing 2 usually comprises a first edge layer 3, hereinafter referred to as the running layer 4, an intermediate layer 5 and a second edge layer 6, hereinafter referred to as the support shell 7.
- This selected structure is again not binding and in particular a plurality of layers of the same and / or different composition can be arranged between the running layer 4 and the support shell 7, the arrangement being able to depend on the particular intended use.
- the hardness of the individual layers of the composite material 1 is preferably different and in particular increases from the first edge layer 3 in the direction of the second edge layer 6 arranged opposite it.
- the opposite arrangement of layers of different hardness is possible, or two or more layers can have the same average hardness.
- the running layer 4 has the lowest hardness and the support shell 7 is the hardest.
- the bearing element is designed as a half-shell.
- variants with full shells can also be formed from the composite material 1 according to the invention, as shown in FIG. 1 with dashed lines. represents is.
- Bearing element such as Plain bearings 2 are usually used to support rotating parts, e.g. Shafts for machines, motors, etc. Since these shafts are normally operated at high speeds - with the exception of the start-up and shutdown phases - it is necessary to prevent the bearings and shaft from seizing up.
- the running layer 4 as an aluminum alloy with a high tin content, to provide a groove 8 in the running layer 4, which groove can serve to receive and supply a suitable lubricant, for example oil.
- This groove 8 can either be designed as a flat notch with side walls 10 increasing in the direction of an end face 9 and / or can also be provided as a circumferential groove, as is shown in FIG. 1 with the aid of the dash-dotted lines.
- lubricants e.g. through holes etc.
- the groove 8 can also serve to remove particles which e.g. originate from the abrasion of the running layer 4, to be taken up and, if necessary, to be removed with the lubricant. It is also possible that at least one of the edges of the running layer 4 lying opposite a surface 11 is broken, whereby e.g. Lateral discharge of unwanted solid particles is possible.
- the individual layers of the composite material 1, in particular the slide bearing 2 are motion-resistant by e.g. Plating, rolling out, welding, gluing, stapling, etc. connected in order to ensure a secure load transfer.
- Plating Plating, rolling out, welding, gluing, stapling, etc. connected in order to ensure a secure load transfer.
- connection method choosing the connection method, of course, the high loads, including increased temperatures, too.
- the support shell 7 can usually be formed from a metallic material such as steel or the like, and is intended to absorb part of the forces transmitted to the running layer 4 by a shaft.
- Running layer can take over with.
- Sc scandium admixture
- the scandium content of the aluminum alloy is between 0.015% by weight and 2.5% by weight or between 0.015% by weight and 1.0% by weight.
- further elements for the targeted adjustment or improvement of the properties of the intermediate layer 5 of the aluminum alloy can be added.
- the Sc is also possible for the Sc to be replaced at least in part by at least one element from the group of the actinides, such as, for example, thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U) or the like.
- the actinides such as, for example, thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U) or the like.
- the aluminum alloy can also contain other elements for changing the structure or changing the properties.
- the aluminum alloy of the intermediate layer 5 can additionally contain at least one element from the group manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), zirconium (Zr),
- Molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) or silver (Ag) to an extent of max. 10% by weight, preferably max. 5% by weight, in particular max. 1.5% by weight.
- Molybdenum (Mo) Molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) or silver (Ag) to an extent of max. 10% by weight, preferably max. 5% by weight, in particular max. 1.5% by weight.
- the alloy may additionally contain at least one element from the group consisting of palladium (Pd), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), indium (In), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb ), Antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), tellurium (Te) to a total of max. 10% by weight, preferably max. 6.5 wt .-%, may contain.
- US Pat. No. 5,226,983 A, EP 0 158 769 B1 and US Pat. No. 4,816,087 A disclose aluminum-lithium alloys which have a more or less high proportion of scandium admixtures.
- the possibility of using these alloys as a structural material is mainly based on precipitates from trialuminides, e.g. A Li, ALjZr or A Sc returned. Such A Sc excretions are also described in the two US patents US 4,874,440 A and US 5,055,257 A.
- the possibility of partially or completely replacing the scandium with an element from the group of the lanthanides is also discussed therein, it being in any case of particular importance for the desired properties of the structural materials that the trialuminides mentioned are contained in the aluminum matrix .
- Al alloys which in addition to Sc also contain Zr and a number of other elements, are known from US Pat. No. 5,620,652 A.
- This US-A describes a large number of possible uses, for example for fitness equipment, structural materials for the aircraft industry, the automotive industry, or else applications in the marine sector. It is considered advantageous that the use of this alloy
- the masses to be moved, i.e. the weight, can be saved in the above-mentioned fields of application, while maintaining the mechanical strength, a not inconsiderable amount of fuel can be saved.
- Al-Sc alloys are particularly suitable for composite materials 1, in particular plain bearings 2.
- plain bearings 2 with a running layer 4 / intermediate layer 5 / supporting shell 7 structure it is important that the intermediate layer can function as an adhesion promoter between the running layer 4 and the supporting shell 7.
- the intermediate layer 5 should, if possible, combine at least part of the mechanical and / or chemical properties of the two other layers mentioned, so that there is a more or less continuous transition of the properties between the individual layers.
- AlgSc precipitates occur due to the addition of Sc to Al alloys.
- This intermetallic trialuminide phase crystallizes with a cubic primitive structure (space group Pm3m) and is isotypic to the Cu ⁇ Au structure type.
- the Sc atoms are located at the corners of the unit cell.
- the AI atoms take up the face-centered places, e.g.
- this gliding plane in turn contains three equivalent gliding directions ⁇ 110>, so that gliding is possible on 12 different gliding systems.
- the hardness of the intermediate layer 5 can additionally be changed by further alloying elements, as will be described in more detail below.
- the hardness of this intermediate layer 5 can be adjusted so that its value lies between the hardness of the overlay 4 and the support shell 7.
- Al-Sc alloys Another advantage of these Al-Sc alloys is that high mechanical strength values are maintained, despite the breakdown of solidifications from the manufacturing process through heat treatments. Corresponding thermal, static and dynamic strengths can be achieved in the product.
- the intermetallic trialuminides already mentioned, for example AlgSc, are partly responsible for these properties.
- Fig. 2 shows one of the possible Al-Sc alloys with the composition Al Mn 0.5 Sc 0.15.
- This micrograph of the intermediate layer 5 clearly shows that AlgSc crystallites 12 are finely dispersed as stable, spherical precipitates in the aluminum matrix.
- clearly different binary Al-Mn precipitates 13 can be seen in their dimensions.
- This finely dispersed structure is made possible by the coherence of the Al Sc crystallites 12 with the aluminum matrix.
- the mobility perpendicular to the sliding planes and the recrystallization behavior can be reduced by increasing the recrystallization temperature.
- coalescing of the subgrains is largely prevented.
- the Al-Sc dispersoids can take up a larger volume fraction because of their better solubility.
- recrystallization temperatures up to 600 ° C can be achieved.
- aluminum alloys with manganese (325 ° C), chrome (325 ° C) or zirconium (400 ° C) have significantly lower recrystallization temperatures.
- the advantage that can be achieved with this is the better processability of such alloys, i.e. that processing can take place at higher temperatures without a significant reduction in mechanical strength due to recrystallization to be expected.
- the reason for the recrystallization is that, for example, a cold-formed metal, for example a metal deformed by rolling, is in a forced state and tries the deformation stresses when the metal is subjected to heat, for example when plain bearings are used in motors with rapidly rotating shafts break down and heal lattice defects.
- the aging of such alloys can also be improved by the thermal stability of the AlgSc crystallites 12.
- the grain size of the Al Sc crystallites 12 in the intermediate layer 5 according to the invention can be in the range between 0.005 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.1 ⁇ m and 1 ⁇ m.
- the density of the intermediate layer 5, in particular of the Al-Sc alloy, can be in the range between 1.5 g / cm 3 and 7 g / cm 3 and can be approximately 3 g / cm 3 , for example.
- Sc can be at least partially replaced by a number of other metals. As a result, it is not only possible to control the costs for the production of the intermediate layer 5, but the properties of this intermediate layer 5 can also be specifically adjusted.
- Examples of possible substitution elements for Sc are elements which can form intermetallic compounds with aluminum, similar to Al j Sc. This in turn makes it possible to separate these intermetallic compounds from the so-called "solid solution” in aluminum, and these precipitations have a positive influence on the strength of the Al matrix.
- Sc as a III A element has chemical similarities to Y, the lanthanoids and certain transition elements (rare earths). For example, Y, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu form M crystallites similar to Scandium Al and some of these phases. isotype of said CugAu type.
- the lattice parameters of the cubically primitive unit cell for these precipitations are approximately of a size which corresponds to those of Al Sc.
- the differences from the face-centered cubic lattice of the Al matrix are not significant, which in turn can result in coherent phases embedded in the aluminum matrix.
- the Sc is not completely replaced by the elements mentioned, but rather that mixed crystals of the AUM, M 'type are formed.
- Transition elements such as Hf, Nb, Ta, La are on the one hand significantly larger than Sc, but on the other hand they can show behavior similar to Sc in aluminum alloys, which can be attributed to elastic effects.
- transition elements crystallize in structure types other than the Cu Au type mentioned, for example in the cubic Mg2Cu type, a Laves phase, WO 00/06788 " I 3 - PCT / AT99 / 00188
- transition elements can be taken up almost entirely in the A ⁇ M phases, and can e.g. the strength of Al-Sc alloys can be increased.
- the elements of the lanthanoids crystallize in other structure types, such as in the A Dy type mentioned, but it appears to be of crucial importance for the formation of coherent phases that the lattice constant of these A M phases is at least approximately the same Value of the lattice constant of the face-centered cubic aluminum.
- the elements Li and Zr can also form phases of the type A M, or they can also form ternary mixed crystals of the type
- Lithium can be used to avoid a significant increase in the density of the aluminum alloy.
- zircon can replace scandium to an extent of up to 50 atomic%.
- thermally stable precipitates can be achieved, the size of these crystallites being largely independent of the homogenization temperature according to e.g. is a cast and can be in the range between 50 nm to 150 nm.
- Al (Zr, Sc) precipitates can prevent recrystallization almost up to the melting point of the aluminum alloy, so that the high-temperature resistance of such alloys and consequently also of the composite material 1 can be improved.
- Cu, Mg, Si and Zn are absorbed by aluminum in a solid solution, whereby aluminum-rich mixed crystals can arise.
- Cu, or Cu and Mg form e.g. with AI so-called hardenable Kent alloys, which are easily deformable and rollable.
- Cu also has a matrix-strengthening effect through mixed crystal hardening. Details on this can be found, for example, in the conference report "The effect of Scandium on the age-hardening behavior of an Al-Cu alloy" (The fourth international Conference on aluminum alloys; M. Nakayama, Y. Miura, 1994, pp. 538 ff). be removed.
- a Cu and Al Sc crystallites separate independently of one another, so that there is no heterogeneous nucleation. The excretion of these crystallites begins almost simultaneously.
- Aluminides begins and thus these precipitates can, for example, form a crystal nucleus for the latter aluminides. Due to this early separation, however, it is also possible to distribute AlgSc crystallites 12 or corresponding precipitates in a finely dispersed manner in the aluminum matrix, especially if after the first nucleation the A ⁇ M phases no longer grow but instead form a large number of individual crystal nuclei.
- a Sc crystallites 12 can grow up to a size of 10 nm and subsequently remain finely and approximately evenly distributed. As already mentioned, this can largely avoid the aging of these alloys (see, for example, "The aging behavior and tensile properties of Al-Sc alloy”; The third International Conference on Aluminum Alloys; T. Tan, Z. Zheng, B. Wang, 1992, Page 290 ff) and the thermal stability can be increased.
- a Sc crystallites 12 usually only grow up to 100 nm if they are not dissolved during solution annealing.
- Adding Mg alone to such alloys normally does not lead to hardenability.
- Si and Mg can form an intermetallic compound Mg2Si, which is also soluble in the aluminum matrix depending on the temperature and can lead to hardenable alloys.
- the strength can be increased by Al-Si mixed crystals.
- a Cr contribute to grain refinement as does Zr. Cr is hardly soluble in AI and the A Cr excretion increases creep resistance. As a result, the hardness and strength of such aluminum alloys can be improved at a higher temperature. A Cr can also bind iron, so that Al ⁇ Fe needles are prevented from being excreted. The mechanical properties of Al alloys are influenced by such needle formation and embrittlement may occur.
- Fe can form aluminides in conjunction with Mn, which help improve strength at higher temperatures.
- Co is also insoluble in Al, but can increase creep resistance and also bind Fe through the excretion of AlgCO2.
- Alloys with a higher copper content can be hardened, for example, by quenching at approximately 555 ° C.
- Ni like Co and Fe, is insoluble in AI, but can increase creep resistance and strength at higher temperatures, such as Co, through A Ni precipitates.
- the elements Cr, Hf, Ti, V and Mn can, like Zr, be used for grain refinement, in particular for checking the grain structure, Al alloys.
- Mn additives have a strengthening effect and improve the corrosion resistance, or the recrystallization temperature can also be increased.
- the formation of long-skewed, brittle AloFe needles can be prevented, especially with small Fe contents, by the iron being absorbed by the more favorably shaped AlgMn crystals.
- the so-called soft phase formers the properties of the intermediate layer 5 can be adapted to those of the overlay 4 so that a good bond between the individual layers of the composite material 1 can be achieved, and in particular that the hardness of the running layer 4 increases in the direction of the support shell 7.
- the hardenability of Al alloys can be changed with the help of the elements Ag, Au, Pd and Pt.
- hardenable Al-Ag alloys can be produced by the elimination of the equilibrium phase AlAg2.
- the elements W, Ta, Re, Mo, Nb and Ca can also have a positive effect on the plastic properties, in particular the deformability, of such Al alloys.
- Be can, especially in multi-element alloys, improve the fine grain of the precipitates from supersaturated solid solution phases.
- the properties of the aluminum alloy for the intermediate layer 5 can further be changed in such a way that they both partially include the properties of the running layer 4 and of the support shell 7.
- the composite material 1 can comprise the overlay 4. All materials or alloys which are suitable for forming the running layer 4 for the sliding bearing 2 can be used as materials for the running layer 4.
- Such bearing materials should e.g. have good sliding properties, good ductility, embedding ability for foreign particles, etc. In addition, they should also have appropriate strength properties.
- Suitable materials for such overlay 4 are e.g. Aluminum alloys with a corresponding proportion of soft phase formers, e.g. Pb, Sn, Sb, Bi, etc. It is possible, for example, that the running layer 4 contains tin as the main alloy element in addition to aluminum, the tin content in the range between 5% by weight and 45% by weight, preferably between 14% by weight .-% and 40 wt .-%, in particular between 16 wt .-% and 32 wt .-%, may be.
- alloy elements In addition to Sn, however, a number of further alloy elements can also be contained, the total weight fraction of which can amount to a maximum of 11% by weight based on the total alloy.
- E.g. can at least one alloy element from a Mn, Fe, Cr, Zr, Co and Zn containing group and at least one alloy element from a group containing Pb, Bi, Sb and In may be alloyed.
- the running layer 4 can also be made of an aluminum alloy with at least 16% by weight of tin and a total of at most 11% by weight of other elements, such as Mg, Zn, Pb, Bi, Li, Sb, In, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu or the like.
- the latter elements can be individually, i.e. they do not necessarily have to be present in combination in the alloy, but with the restriction that an element from the group Mg and Zn and an element from the group Pb and Bi must be alloyed.
- the amount of Cu can be between 0.65% by weight and 1.80% by weight, preferably between 1.35% by weight and 1.45% by weight, in particular 1.44% by weight of Mn between 0.25% and 0.75% by weight, preferably between 0.35% and 0.50% by weight, in particular 0.47% by weight, that of Fe between 0, 15% by weight and 0.55% by weight, preferably between 0.18% by weight and 0.28% by weight, in particular 0.24% by weight, and that of Cr between 0.05% by weight. % and 0.18% by weight, preferably between 0.07% by weight and 0.15% by weight, in particular 0.08% by weight.
- the remainder to 100% by weight is made up of AI with its own impurities originating from the extraction area of the raw material and the manufacturing process.
- composition is of course only one example of many possible variations, the enumeration of which is impossible here. However, this does not mean that the invention is limited to this example.
- alloys of this type with the specified limits Alloying elements is that after the melting of the constituents and the subsequent cooling, so-called hard particles are precipitated, which are formed in the multicomponent system due to the formation of compounds, for example aluminide.
- these hard particles take on the function of the hardness of the alloy, on the other hand, they can have the effect that, with the large proportion of tin, no coherent tin network is formed, which would disturb the matrix structure and thus the structural strength.
- the solidification of the aluminum matrix is strongly dependent on the morphology of these intermetallic phases. Since spherodization annealing, such as is used to minimize the friction effect of aluminum alloys with hard silicon particles,
- a matrix reinforcement can be achieved by elements that are less soluble in the aluminum matrix.
- the elements of the group Pb, Bi, Sb and In can influence the interfacial tension of the Sn, by the elements of the group Mg, Zn, Li that of the aluminum and thus overall the wettability of the aluminum matrix by the tin so that at the solidification of the aluminum matrix, the tin cannot deposit as a coherent network at the grain boundaries of the matrix.
- the interruption of the mesh structure of the tin phase thus leads to a change in the microstructure and advantageously to a corresponding increase in the structural strength of the alloy, and thus of the bearing element 1, and to improved formability.
- the elements which are predominantly soluble in tin or predominantly in aluminum are to be added in a quantity dependent on the tin or aluminum content in order to achieve the desired effect, which is determined by the maximum solubility of the individual elements at eutectic temperature.
- the element group containing Pb and Bi also Sb and In should be between 10% and 75% of the maximum solubility of the respective element in the total tin content, but the total proportion of this element group should be at least 50% and at most 350% of the maximum solubility of the least in tin soluble group element.
- the proportion of the respective element from the element group containing Li and Mg in addition to Mg and Zn should be between 6% and 50% of the maximum solubility of the respective element in the total aluminum content, but the total proportion of this element group should be at least 25% and at most 150% of the maximum solubility of the least soluble group element in aluminum.
- the specified upper and lower limit values for the proportions of the elements related to the tin or aluminum content represent a sufficient effect on the change in the interfacial tension for the prevention of a coherent network structure of the tin, without fear of an adverse interaction with the elements of the matrix alloy to have to.
- an element fraction beyond the maximum solubility may well be reasonable within the limits specified, because these elements already start to work in the gradually solidifying melt.
- the two alloys to be investigated were poured in the horizontal continuous casting in tape form, with a width of 100 mm and a height of 10 mm.
- the heat dissipation during the solidification process was between 3.4 J / s and 3.7 J / s in both cases due to the chosen draw ratio. Since the highest possible total deformation without interruption due to intermediate annealing in the case of bearing materials made of an aluminum alloy leads to advantageous mechanical and tribological properties, the deformability of the two alloys was investigated.
- the known plain bearing material was subjected to a heat treatment at 350 ° C for a period of 3 hours. This annealing treatment increases the globulization of the tin particles.
- the alloy according to the invention was examined without heat treatment at a temperature of 350 ° C. over a period of 3 and 19 hours.
- the cast skin was removed from the samples of both the known and the aluminum alloy according to the invention by milling.
- the sample cross section was then 80 x 8 mm. The rolling reductions permitted without intermediate annealing were determined with these samples.
- the Vickers hardness of the aluminum alloy could be determined in the as-cast state after cooling with 42 HV2 in and across the continuous casting direction. After plating the running layer 4 on the steel of the support shell 7 by rolling with 45% puncture and the heat treatment at 350 ° C. for 3 hours, the hardness was reduced determine with 52 HV2 in and across the rolling direction.
- the hardness of the aluminum alloy should in any case be at least 20% higher than after plating on steel by rolling and annealing at 300 ° C to 400 ° C for two to five hours, preferably 350 ° C for three hours in and across the rolling direction transverse to the casting direction in the as-cast state.
- the hardness should also have a value in and across the rolling direction of 48 HV2 to 68 HV2, preferably 50 HV2 to 54 HV2.
- the hardness of the steel should be after the plating of the running layer by rolling with at least 40% stitch in at most two passes or with at least 25% stitch in at most one pass and subsequent annealing at 300 ° C to 400 ° C for two to five hours, preferably 350 ° C for at least 175 HV2 for three hours in and across the rolling direction. It can therefore be clearly concluded from these measurements that the aluminum alloy according to the invention has the advantageous property of strengthening by forming, in particular by rolling, and is therefore also suitable for use in high-performance engines.
- the latter can also be justified by the fact that aluminum-based alloys which correspond to the invention have a sufficiently high content of soft phases so that, overall, such aluminum matrix alloys have tribological properties which take into account the strong desire for ever longer maintenance intervals.
- the soft phase content means that damage to the bearing and shaft due to the long maintenance intervals means heavily soiled lubricants loaded with solid particles from the abrasion are avoided.
- this aluminum alloy or the bearing materials formed from it is also its post-hardening e.g. in engines as a result of the temperature load during operation, which, as is known, can only be avoided to a limited extent by the lubricant.
- the tin particles which are finely distributed due to repeated changes in temperature, flow together to form larger particles - tin is known to have a melting point of 232 ° C, a temperature that is quickly reached by running waves - and is eliminated.
- Composite materials 1 according to the invention can be produced by any suitable method which is already known from the prior art. For example, it is possible to produce the aluminum alloy for the intermediate layer 5 and / or the aluminum alloy for the overlay 4 using the continuous casting process, it being possible to produce blanks of a predetermined thickness. In order to produce the individual layers for the composite material 1 from these blanks, they can be rolled to a predeterminable thickness, for example. This rolling can be carried out in several steps, the thickness of the blank being reduced by approximately 10% to 70% per pass, and this method is preferably carried out until the required wall thickness of the layers is reached.
- the Al alloy for the running layer 4 on the surface 11 can be covered with the Al alloy for the intermediate layer 5, for example an Al-Sc alloy and the surface of the running layer 4 opposite the surface 11, for example with a pure aluminum foil become.
- the latter is intended to prevent soft phases, which usually have a melting temperature that may be below or near the annealing temperature, from escaping from the aluminum matrix of the bearing alloy and thus being lost, in particular when the resulting layer composite is subsequently annealed.
- the support shell 7, for example can be used in a subsequent step
- the thickness of the composite material or the respective intermediate products per pass is reduced in a range between 20% and 75%, preferably between 25% and 50%, by a plating process in a rolling mill.
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- various vacuum coating techniques for example vapor deposition, ion plating, cathode sputtering (sputtering), galvanic techniques, electroless immersion processes, spray coating processes, etc.
- various other processing techniques for finishing the materials 1, such as laser techniques can be used.
- the individual layers in particular the Al alloys, can be subjected to a temperature treatment during the manufacturing process, in particular after a rolling process, in order to relieve stress, which is caused by the deformation.
- a temperature treatment for example, it is possible to subject the intermediate layer 5 to a heat treatment of 0.5 to 48 hours at a temperature of 85 ° C. to 445 ° C.
- the value of the hardness of the intermediate layer 5 advantageously not less than 35% after this heat treatment that value of hardness may be that the intermediate layer 5 before the massive deformation by, for example Rolling, forging, extrusion or the like.
- the value of the hardness for this intermediate layer 5 can be, for example, after a solid deformation in the range between 70% and 80% of the hardness value measured before the heat treatment, a heat treatment of 1 to 24 hours at a temperature in the range between 100 ° C. and 350 ° C may have been performed.
- the thickness of the individual layers can, for example, for the overlay 4 in the range between 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm, preferably 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm, for the intermediate layer 5 in the range between 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm, preferably 0.1 mm to 0.18 mm, and for the support shell 7 in the range between 0.8 mm and 1.8 mm, preferably between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm.
- the individual thicknesses of the layers are only to be understood as examples, since in particular the total thickness of the composite material 1 can depend on the particular intended use, so that the thicknesses of the individual layers can subsequently be adapted accordingly.
- the hardness of the running layer 4 can be, for example, after the plating in the range between 30.0 HV2 and 110 HV2, preferably between 45.0 HV2 and 85 HV2 and after the heat treatment in the range between 25.0 HV2 and 85.0 HV2, preferably between 40.0 HV2 and 75.0 HV2, that of the intermediate layer 5 after plating in the range between 55.0 UMHV20p to 100 UMHV20p, preferably 60 UMHV20p to 85 UMHV20p and after the heat treatment between 45 UMHV20p and 80 UMHV20p, preferably between 55 UMHV20p and 75 UMHV20p, and that of the support shell 7, for example, of steel in the range between 110 HV2 and 260 HV2, preferably between 150 HV2 and 240 HV2 after plating and after the heat treatment in the range between 105 HV2 and 240 HV2, preferably between 145 HV2 and 235 HV2 lie.
- an intermediate layer 5 made of pure aluminum would have a hardness of approximately 45 UMHV20p before the heat treatment and approximately 29 UMHV20p after the heat treatment, i.e. a significantly lower hardness than the Al-Sc Have alloy of the intermediate layer 5 according to the invention.
- the hardness of the intermediate layer 5 is at least approximately the same both in the continuous casting direction and transversely to the continuous casting direction, which can be explained from the finely dispersed distribution of the Al Sc crystallites 12 over the entire volume of the Al alloy.
- all of the compositions listed for Al alloys are exemplary and have been selected from a large number of possible combinations. However, this does not mean that the invention is limited to these combinations or Al alloys, but rather all possible combinations are encompassed by the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a diagram in which the load in bar is plotted on the ordinate and the running time in minutes is plotted on the abscissa with a logarithmic division.
- the load on the slide bearing 2 leads to a change in the strength during a so-called running-in phase and also thereafter, the strength depending on the alloy components. After this so-called break-in period and the reaching of certain limit values, no further significant changes in strength occur until the end of a run-time at which such a bearing becomes unusable due to material fatigue.
- Example 1 In this slide bearing 2, the running layer 4 is formed from an aluminum alloy with Zn, in particular AlZn 4.5.
- Example 2 For this three-layer sliding bearing 2, an intermediate layer 5 made of pure aluminum and a running layer 3 made of an Al-Sn alloy, in particular AlSnischCu, are used.
- Example 3 This example shows a plain bearing 2 with an intermediate layer 5 made of pure aluminum and a running layer 4 made of an Al-Sn alloy, in particular AlSn20Cu.
- Example 4 For this slide bearing 2, an intermediate layer made of a CuPb alloy was used, onto which a running layer made of AlSn20 was sputtered.
- Example 5 The plain bearing 2 of this example is a further development of example 1, but in this case an AlZn alloy is no longer used as the running layer 4 but as the intermediate layer 5 and the running layer is formed by an AlSn20 alloy. Instead of the AlZn alloy, AlSc alloys according to the invention can also be used as the intermediate layer 5 in this example.
- Example 6 This final example describes a plain bearing 2 with an intermediate layer 5 according to the invention made of an AlSc alloy.
- An Al alloy was used as the running layer 4, which can contain up to 32% by weight of Sn as the main alloy element and furthermore a hard material composed of at least one element of an Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Pt, Mg, Sb , W, Nb, V, Ag, Mo or Zr containing element group.
- the hard material can be used as an intermetallic phase, e.g. by aluminide formation in the border regions of the matrix, so that the tin network formed due to the large Sn content can be broken.
- the hard material is preferably spherical or cube-shaped.
- the alloy in addition to Al with its own impurities, can contain 22.1% by weight of Sn, 1.44% by weight of Cu, 0.47% by weight of Mn, 0.24% by weight of Fe, 0.08 Wt .-% Cr and 0.5 wt .-% Mg contain.
- the bearing behavior can be determined and checked using predetermined test methods.
- the load acting on the bearing housing is applied, for example, in a test motor rotating at a predetermined speed, it being possible, for example, to work with a hydraulic pressure of 75 bar depending on the bearing size in the cylinder size used. If the maximum bearing load is then reached, the test is continued until the bearing is damaged by squeezing the running layer 4 or burr formation in the area of the running or intermediate layer 4, 5 or by rubbing in such a way that it must be replaced. The definition of when this damage is assessed so that the bearing can no longer be used must be specified in detail before each individual test series.
- Fig. 3 the bearing behavior of the configurations of the individual plain bearings 2 previously described with reference to Examples 1 to 6 is now shown.
- a better bearing behavior is already achieved with an embodiment of a slide bearing with a three-layer structure, which is also known from the prior art, in which the support shell 7 is made of steel, the intermediate layer 5 is made of pure aluminum and the running layer 4 is made of aluminum alloys alloyed with tin - according to example 2 and 3 - is formed.
- the higher-alloy AI alloy withstands the maximum load over a longer period of time up to a time 16 at which the bearing is squeezed or up to a time 17, to which the camp is rubbed.
- Example 5 shows the influence of the material used for the intermediate layer 5 on the properties of a plain bearing 2. While a plain bearing 2 with an intermediate layer 5 made of an AlZn alloy already fails at time 19, the replacement of this AlZn intermediate layer brings about an intermediate layer 5 made of an AlSc alloy according to the invention significantly increases the storage life. In Fig. 3, times 20, 21, which indicate the breakage of the plain bearing 2 or its failure, are entered.
- points in time 22, 23 show the test results for a plain bearing 2 that on the one hand an improved AlSc alloy according to the invention as an intermediate layer 5 contains and which on the other hand uses an AlSn alloy with a high tin content for the running layer 4.
- this high-strength AlSn alloy interrupts the tin network formed by the high tin content by hard materials, whereby the disruptive effect of these hard materials can be circumvented by the shear forces that occur, in that this hard material have a spherical or cube shape.
- FIGS. 1; 2; 3 show embodiments form the subject of independent, inventive solutions.
- the relevant tasks and solutions according to the invention can be found in the detailed descriptions of these figures.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU52703/99A AU5270399A (en) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Intermediate layer, notably binding layer, made of an alloy on aluminium basis |
| BR9912538-2A BR9912538A (pt) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Mancal deslizante com uma camada intermediária, especialmente uma camada de união, de uma liga baseada em alumìnio |
| GB0102006A GB2358406B (en) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Friction bearing having an intermediate layer, notably binding layer, made of an alloy on aluminium basis |
| JP2000562569A JP2002521632A (ja) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | アルミニウム基合金から成る接合層等の中間層 |
| DE19981425T DE19981425B4 (de) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Gleitlager mit einer Zwischenschicht, insbesondere Bindungsschicht, aus einer Legierung auf Aluminiumbasis |
| US09/744,585 US6506503B1 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Friction bearing having an intermediate layer, notably binding layer, made of an alloy on aluminium basis |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATA1301/98 | 1998-07-29 | ||
| AT0130198A AT407404B (de) | 1998-07-29 | 1998-07-29 | Zwischenschicht, insbesondere bindungsschicht, aus einer legierung auf aluminiumbasis |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000006788A1 true WO2000006788A1 (de) | 2000-02-10 |
Family
ID=3510934
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT1999/000188 Ceased WO2000006788A1 (de) | 1998-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Zwischenschicht, insbesondere bindungsschicht, aus einer legierung auf aluminiumbasis |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6506503B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2002521632A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR100600075B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1102964C (de) |
| AT (1) | AT407404B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU5270399A (de) |
| BR (1) | BR9912538A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE19981425B4 (de) |
| GB (1) | GB2358406B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2000006788A1 (de) |
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- 1999-07-27 KR KR1020017001237A patent/KR100600075B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-27 WO PCT/AT1999/000188 patent/WO2000006788A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1999-07-27 CN CN99810020A patent/CN1102964C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1999-07-27 BR BR9912538-2A patent/BR9912538A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1475449A1 (de) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-11-10 | Miba Gleitlager GmbH | Aluminiumknetlegierung |
| EP1933048A3 (de) * | 2006-12-13 | 2012-01-25 | Miba Gleitlager GmbH | Gleitlager |
| CN103993206A (zh) * | 2014-04-16 | 2014-08-20 | 池州市光明塑钢有限公司 | 一种印刷用铝合金型材及其制备方法 |
| CN103993206B (zh) * | 2014-04-16 | 2016-05-25 | 池州市光明塑钢有限公司 | 一种印刷用铝合金型材及其制备方法 |
| US11137027B2 (en) | 2017-02-06 | 2021-10-05 | Miba Gleitlager Austria Gmbh | Multi-layer sliding-bearing element |
| EP3825119A1 (de) | 2019-11-19 | 2021-05-26 | Miba Gleitlager Austria GmbH | Mehrschichtgleitlagerelement |
| CN114807790A (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2022-07-29 | 银邦金属复合材料股份有限公司 | 一种星用器件抗辐射层状复合材料及其制备方法 |
| CN114807790B (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2023-08-29 | 银邦金属复合材料股份有限公司 | 一种星用器件抗辐射层状复合材料及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR100600075B1 (ko) | 2006-07-13 |
| DE19981425D2 (de) | 2001-06-21 |
| ATA130198A (de) | 2000-07-15 |
| DE19981425B4 (de) | 2008-04-03 |
| AU5270399A (en) | 2000-02-21 |
| AT407404B (de) | 2001-03-26 |
| KR20010071059A (ko) | 2001-07-28 |
| GB2358406B (en) | 2002-11-06 |
| GB2358406A (en) | 2001-07-25 |
| BR9912538A (pt) | 2001-05-02 |
| US6506503B1 (en) | 2003-01-14 |
| GB0102006D0 (en) | 2001-03-14 |
| CN1102964C (zh) | 2003-03-12 |
| CN1313911A (zh) | 2001-09-19 |
| JP2002521632A (ja) | 2002-07-16 |
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