[go: up one dir, main page]

WO1999046619A1 - Guide d'ondes optique comprenant une gaine a region non absorbante - Google Patents

Guide d'ondes optique comprenant une gaine a region non absorbante Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1999046619A1
WO1999046619A1 PCT/US1999/005045 US9905045W WO9946619A1 WO 1999046619 A1 WO1999046619 A1 WO 1999046619A1 US 9905045 W US9905045 W US 9905045W WO 9946619 A1 WO9946619 A1 WO 9946619A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cladding layer
light
cladding
particles
waveguide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1999/005045
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Lawrence W. Shacklette
Karl Beeson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Corning Inc
Honeywell International Inc
Original Assignee
Corning Inc
AlliedSignal Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Corning Inc, AlliedSignal Inc filed Critical Corning Inc
Priority to AU29009/99A priority Critical patent/AU2900999A/en
Publication of WO1999046619A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999046619A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1221—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths made from organic materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/04—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres
    • G02B6/06—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images

Definitions

  • the invention is directed toward a waveguide having cladding that exhibits an unfilled skin effect, and more particularly to an array of such waveguides .
  • a document 102 it is known to scan an image on a document 102 using an array of waveguides 104 that spans the lateral dimension of the document 102.
  • the output of the array of waveguides 104 is provided to a light detector 106, such as a charge coupled device (CCD) .
  • Electrical image data is output from the detector 106 to an image processor (not shown) via a data bus 108.
  • CCD charge coupled device
  • the array of waveguides 104 is moved across the document 102 in small increments and one row of image data is captured at each increment.
  • the density of this image data and the optical performance of the array determine the maximum resolution of the captured image. This resolution can be expressed as a number of resolved pixels per inch (ppi) from the scanned page.
  • the array of waveguides 104 guides the image from the document 102 to the detector 106 and, for a flat-bed scanner, must allow a significant depth of field, e.g., greater than about 50% Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for a given line pattern at a distance of four to five millimeters from the input of the array of waveguides 104 to the document 102.
  • MTF Modulation Transfer Function
  • LPI line pairs per inch
  • the line pattern produces a modulation in the output of the detector with a greater signal corresponding to the image of a white bar (max) and a lesser signal corresponding to the image of a black bar (min) .
  • the modulation transfer function (MTF) is defined as MTF - (max - min) / (max + min) , and is expressed as a percentage.
  • the array of waveguides 104 should efficiently collect light rays that reflect nearly perpendicularly off the document 102 yet reject those light rays which impinge on the array 104 at more than a maximum angle of acceptance, relative to the axial direction 112 of the array 104. Light impinging at an angle less than or equal to the maximum acceptance angle can be considered to have reflected from a page pixel from the row of pixels immediately in front of the face of the array of the given waveguide 104.
  • the acceptance angle for light rays in the lateral (horizontal) plane which coincides with the plane of the array may be different from that for rays lying in a vertical plane which is perpendicular both to the plane of the scanned page and the plane of the array.
  • the finite gap 110 there is a required finite gap 110 between the face of the array of waveguides 104 and the document 102 to accommodate, e.g., a 3 mm glass platen (not shown) and a 1-2 mm clearance gap between the platen and the waveguides 104.
  • This gap 110 permits light at angles greater than the designed acceptance angle, i.e., light from pixels above or below or to the left or right of the pixel immediately in front of the given waveguide in the array 104, to impinge on the face of that waveguide. For that particular waveguide, this light from neighboring page pixels is unwanted.
  • the waveguide must have a numerical aperture and a shape (e.g., a taper) which will result in the angle of the unwanted light falling outside its acceptance angle.
  • the lateral projection of this predetermined maximum angle must be less than about 0.6°, and preferably less than 0.4°.
  • Light which impinges at an angle greater than the maximum acceptance angle must be rejected (as noise) from the optical signal carrying the image.
  • noise most of the light emanating from the scanned document 102 is noise that must be rejected. If a relatively small fraction of this light reaches the CCD 106, the signal-to-noise ratio of the analog electrical signal of the bus 108 will be significantly degraded.
  • Figure 2 is a three-quarter perspective view of the conventional array of waveguides 104. The array
  • the angle of accepted light must be made narrower for a 600 DPI scanner as compared to the 300 DPI scanner.
  • the array of waveguides in Fig. 1 has no provision for absorbing rejected light. It provides an optical signal to the detector 106 that has a signal-to-noise ratio that is much too small to be practical.
  • An advantage of the invention is that it provides a waveguide which can filter out light that has entered the waveguide at more than a maximum acceptance angle.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that it provides a technology for absorbing stray light so as to prevent it from propagating in the cladding surrounding the core of a waveguide.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that it provides an array of such waveguides, e.g., to be used as an optic for capturing an image of a scanned document.
  • Such waveguides suffer a loss of less than ldB/cm, preferably less than 0.5dB/cm, and most preferably ⁇ 0.2dB/cm for light within their acceptance angle.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that it provides a method for producing such a waveguide, and/or an array thereof, that is practical and inexpensive. To be practical and inexpensive, such a method preferably does not require an intermediate step involving registration, i.e., alignment, relative to the position (s) of the core(s) of the waveguide (s) .
  • a waveguide comprising a cladding layer and a core.
  • the cladding layer has light absorbent or light scattering particles distributed therein and a halo region located around the core. The halo region is depleted of said light absorbent particles.
  • a waveguide structure comprising: an array of waveguides, each of said waveguides having a cladding and a core.
  • the cladding has light scattering particles and/or light absorbent particles distributed therein and halo regions around each core. Each halo region is depleted of the light scattering and/or absorbent particles .
  • a method of forming an array of waveguides having cladding that exhibits an unfilled skin effect comprising: a) forming a first cladding layer of cladding material having light absorbent or light scattering particles therein; b) forming grooves (channels) in the first cladding layer such that halo regions, depleted of the light absorbent or scattering particles, are formed in the first cladding layer around the grooves, respectively; c) forming cores in the grooves; and d) forming a second cladding layer on the first cladding layer and the core layer.
  • the step b) of forming the grooves in the first cladding layer is preferably carried out via in ection-compression molding, or alternatively, via thermal or soft embossing.
  • Figure 1 is a drawing of a conventional scanning system employing a conventional waveguide array
  • Figure 2 is a three-quarter perspective view of the conventional array of waveguides
  • Figure 3 is a three-quarter perspective view of an array of waveguides according to the invention
  • Figure 4 is a side view of the array of waveguides according to the invention bent so that the array of waveguides bends out of a plane normal to the planar face thereof;
  • Figure 5A-5E depict the steps in the method according to the invention for forming a waveguide, or array thereof, according to the invention
  • Figure 6 depicts aspects of one of the embodiments of the method according to the invention
  • Figure 7 depicts aspects of another one of the embodiments of the method according to the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the array formed via the embodiment of Figure 7.
  • Figure 3 depicts a three-quarter perspective view of an array of waveguides according to the invention.
  • the face 310 of the array 302 corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the array 302.
  • the array 302 includes a plurality of parallel clear cores, each core preferably being square in cross- section and, e.g., having sides of about 3 ⁇ m to 1 mm in length. It is preferred for the invention to be used with cores or channels of widths less than 100 ⁇ , and preferably less than 50 ⁇ m.
  • a first cladding layer 306 is formed around the cores 304.
  • the first cladding layer 306 preferably contains light scattering particles and/or light absorbent particles.
  • light absorbent particles include carbon black, graphite fibers, a black pigment or black-dyed polymer particles.
  • the light absorbent particles cause the cladding layer 306 to have a blackened appearance.
  • the first cladding layer 306 also has a halo region 308 around each core 304.
  • the halo region 308 is substantially depleted of the light scattering particles and the light absorbent particles such that it is substantially clear.
  • the first cladding layer 306 is formed on a substrate 318.
  • a thin adhesion promoting layer 320 promotes adhesion between the substrate 318 and the first cladding layer 306.
  • the substrate 318 and the adhesion promoting layer 320 are preferred, but have been depicted with dashed lines because each is optional. For simplicity, the optional albeit preferred substrate 318 and adhesion promoting layer 320 have not been depicted in Figs. 4, 5A-5E and 7-8.
  • the light scattering and light absorbent particles are preferably larger than one micron, and more preferably larger than three microns, and even more preferably larger than ten microns.
  • This size range contrasts with the optimal size for pigment particles, which is typically less than 1 micron, and is chosen to optimize the halo effect rather than the hiding power of the filler (pigment) .
  • the thickness of the halo region is preferably in the range of one to ten microns, and more preferably in the range of 3 to 6 microns .
  • Each halo region 308 surrounds three sides of a core 304.
  • a light absorbing layer 314 is optionally, but preferably, formed against the second cladding layer 312.
  • Light can be eliminated from the cladding regions by absorption, scattering, or both. Enhancing the scattering of light within the cladding is particularly useful when one or more black (absorbing layers) are employed above or below the cladding layer. Scattering and absorption can be enhanced by the inclusion of a filler material or the use of a phase separated blend or co-polymer. 10
  • a domain of a polymer phase or a filler particle can be characterized by its index of refraction, n + ik.
  • the index of refraction is characterized by both real (n) and imaginary (k) parts .
  • Absorption is based upon the imaginary part of the index.
  • Scattering is based upon the magnitude of the index (both real and imaginary parts) , which determines the difference between the index of the included particle (or domain) and the index of the surrounding matrix. Scattering of light occurs when the index of refraction of the inclusion is either higher or lower than that of the matrix, and the longest dimension of the particle or domain size is comparable to or larger than the wavelength of the light to be scattered.
  • a general rule for nearly spherical particles is that scattering is maximized when the particle diameter is approximately one half of the wavelength of light to be scattered.
  • dielectric materials which have a value of k near zero and, which are, therefore, capable of scattering light but not absorbing it, include many polymers and a variety of mineral fillers such as silica, alumina, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and the like. Gas-filled voids are also useful for the practice of the invention.
  • the included particle or domain is absorbing or not, it is, nevertheless, desirable to keep the particle or domain away from the interface between the core and cladding of a waveguide in order to prevent the loss of wanted light from said core of 11
  • Absorbing particles in the vicinity of the waveguide will contribute to absorption of light from the core while dielectric (scattering) particles can cause scattering from the core by altering the local difference in index between core and cladding.
  • the halo regions 308 will now be discussed in more detail.
  • the first kind is the desired kind corresponding to light that impinges upon the cores 304 at the face 310 of the array 302 at less than or equal to the maximum angle of acceptance relative to the axial direction 316 of the array 302.
  • the second kind of light is the undesired kind of light corresponding to light impinging at an angle greater than the maximum acceptable angle of acceptance, which has been chosen to provide the desired depth of field and MTF.
  • Light outside of the maximum angle of acceptance will not propagate within the guide without substantial loss. Such light will successively leak from the guide upon each encounter with the interface between core and cladding. Ultimately this light will reside within the cladding or within the regions outside the cladding.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • each TIR there is an evanescent wave that propagates parallel to the core, but extends laterally into the cladding surrounding the core over a characteristic distance known as the lateral penetration depth.
  • the evanescent wave is linked to the wave propagating within the core.
  • the evanescent wave has a lateral penetration depth which varies as a function of the index of refraction of the core, the index of the refraction of the cladding, the wavelength of the light and the angle of incidence at the interface of the core and cladding.
  • the power of the evanescent wave decreases exponentially in proportion to the distance from the core into the cladding.
  • the intensity of the wave propagating in the core is correspondingly attenuated. It is desired for the wave in the core to propagate without being attenuated. Thus, it is desirable for the evanescent wave to propagate without attenuation.
  • the lateral penetration depth of the evanescent wave ranges between nearly zero for glancing incidence waves and infinity for waves incident at the critical angle. However, as a practical matter, it is sufficient to provide a substantially clear, non-absorbing cladding for a distance of at least about three microns into the cladding as measured perpendicular to the core/cladding interface. 13
  • the effect of restricting the depth to which the evanescent wave can penetrate without loss is to decrease the acceptance angle of the waveguide. As long as the evanescent wave can penetrate to about 3 microns, the effect is small. Useful operation may still be obtained in certain cases where only 1 micron of non-absorbing cladding is provided. Below this limit of 1 micron, the waveguide becomes very lossy for all waves outside a very narrow range of acceptance angles and also becomes very intolerant of bends or tapers .
  • first cladding layer 306 it is not desirable for the entire first cladding layer 306 to be clear because of the presence of undesired light in the waveguide that impinges at an angle greater than the maximum angle of acceptance. Such light generally does not undergo 14
  • FIG. 4 depicts an alternative, and preferred, embodiment of the array 302.
  • the array 302 is shown as being bent rather than planar. In more detail, the array 302 bends out of a plane normal to the planar face 310 of the array 302.
  • This out-of-plane bend promotes propagation of the unwanted light, namely light that enters the face 310 of the array 302 at an angle greater than the maximum angle of acceptance, into the cladding layers 306 and 312 where it is absorbed by the light absorbent particles and/or scattered by the light scattering particles in the layers 306 and 314.
  • the preferred radius and angular extent of the out-of-plane band depends on the numerical aperture (NA) of the waveguide, the length of the waveguide, and the height of the core of the waveguide.
  • NA numerical aperture
  • the preferred bend radius is that which will incur less than a loss of about 0.5 dB and more preferably less than about 0.1 dB.
  • Bend radii will preferably lie in a range from about 0.2 cm to about 2 cm.
  • the angular extent of the bend will preferably lie in the range from about 10° to about 90°. 15
  • a method of creating the optical waveguide of the present invention comprises the use of transparent photocuring polymers on the substrate 318 (Fig. 3) .
  • the core 304 is surrounded by the cladding 306, which is supported by the substrate 318 that has been coated by the optional adhesion promoting layer 320 (Fig. 3).
  • waveguide core 304 is transparent to light preferably within the wavelength range from about 400 to about 1600 nm.
  • single specific applications will require transparency over smaller defined wavelength ranges such as 400 to 700 nm, 800 to 900 nm, 1280 to 1350 nm, or 1520 to 1580 nm.
  • the substrate 318 transmit ultraviolet light in the range from about 250 to about 400 nm, as this is the range in which many useful photoinitiators absorb light.
  • the substrate 318 is preferably made from any transparent solid material .
  • the index of refraction of the substrate 318 may range, e.g., from about 1.45 to about 1.65, but preferably from about 1.50 to about 1.60.
  • the index of refraction of the substrate material is preferably chosen to be greater than that of the cladding 306, so that stray light which may be propagating within the cladding can escape to the substrate.
  • the substrate may be dyed black or gray so as to further absorb stray light, or a black coating may be applied to said substrate for the same purpose.
  • Preferred materials for the waveguide are commercially available and include transparent polymers, glass, silicon and fused silica.
  • Useful transparent polymers include polyacetates, polyesters, polyacrylates and methacrylates, polystyrene, and polycarbonates. Desired characteristics of these materials include mechanical and optical stability at typical operating temperatures of the device. Compared with glass, transparent polymers have the added advantage of structural flexibility which allows products to be formed in large sheets and then cut and laminated as necessary.
  • the preferred materials for the substrate 318 are glass and polyester such as poly (ethylene terephthalate) .
  • the thickness of the substrate 318 may vary widely. Preferably, the thickness of the substrate 318 is about 1 mil (0.001 inch or 25 microns) to about 10 mil (0.01 inch or 250 microns) .
  • the adhesion promoting layer 320 is an organic material which is light transmissive .
  • the waveguide core can be formed directly thereon.
  • the cladding layer 306 will be formed on the substrate 318.
  • Waveguide cores or cladding formed from polymers, for example photocrosslinked acrylate monomer materials, will preferably adhere strongly to the substrate 318 via the action of the adhesion promoting layer 318. For example, if the substrate 318 is glass and waveguides or cladding 17
  • an appropriate adhesion promoting layer 320 may be formed by reacting the glass surface with certain types of silane compounds including 3- ( trimethoxysilyl ) propyl methacrylate; 3- acryloxypropyl trichlorosilane; and trimethylsilylpropylmethacrylate .
  • the adhesion promoting layer 320 may be provided by using an adhesion treated PET film such as that marketed under the trademark HOSTAPHAN 4500 by Hoechst-Celanese .
  • the adhesion promoting layer 320 may be formed from 3-acryloxypropyltrichlorosilane
  • the adhesion promoting layer 320 may vary widely according to the application. Preferably, the adhesion promoting layer 320 is less than about 1 micrometer thick. If it is determined that adhesion of the waveguide cores or the cladding to a bare substrate 318 is sufficient, then the adhesion layer 320 may be omitted.
  • Waveguide cores can be fabricated from photopolymers via a number of techniques such as by exposure through a photomask followed by development to remove unexposed regions.
  • the cladding can be embossed with channels which may ultimately be filled with waveguide material to form the waveguide core.
  • thermosetting materials which are known in the art, which include epoxies and thermosetting resins .
  • suitable materials may be found in U.S. Patent 5,378,404, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Preferred for use are those thermosetting compounds which are substantially clear, having a low degree of color and haze.
  • Particularly preferred compositions include clear epoxies, polyesters, urethanes , vinyl ethers, and silicones, blends or co-polymers of such compounds and fluorinated derivatives thereof .
  • thermoplastic materials which are known in the art. A representative list of suitable materials may be found in U.S. Patent 5,378,404, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Preferred for use are those thermoplastic polymers which are substantially clear, having a low degree of color and haze. Particularly preferred compositions include high clarity grades of acrylics, such as PMMA, polycarbonates, polystyrene, polyesters, and poly (vinyl chloride) , including copolymers, blends and alloys of such polymers, and fluorinated derivatives thereof . In more detail, photopolymerizable materials for the fabrication of cladding 306 and core 304 19
  • the first main component is a photopolymerizable monomer, especially an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, which will provide a transparent solid polymer material.
  • Preferred solid polymer materials have an index of refraction between about 1.45 and about 1.65 and include commercially available polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, and polymers formed by photopolymerization of acrylate or methacrylate monomers.
  • More preferred materials have an index of refraction between about 1.48 and about 1.60 and include polymers formed by photopolymerization of acrylate monomer mixtures composed of urethane acrylates and methacrylates, ester acrylates and methacrylates, epoxy acrylates and methacrylates, poly (ethylene glycol) acrylates and methacrylates and vinyl containing organic monomers .
  • a mixture of monomers in the photopolymerizable mixture can be used to fine tune the properties of the composition, e.g., to fine tune crosslinking density, viscosity, adhesion, curing rate, and refractive index and to reduce discoloration, cracking, and delamination properties of the photopolymer formed from the composition.
  • Examples of more preferred monomers include: methyl methacrylate; n-butyl acrylate (BA) ; 2- ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) ; isodecyl acrylate; 2- hydroxyethyl acrylate; 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate; cyclohexyl acrylate (CHA) ; 1 , 4-butanediol diacrylate; ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate 20
  • EBDA neopentylglycol diacrylate
  • NPGDA diethyleneglycol diacrylate
  • DEGDA diethylene glycol dimethacrylate
  • PEGDMA diethylene glycol dimethacrylate
  • HDDA 6-hexanediol diacrylate
  • TMPTA trimethylol propane triacrylate
  • PETA pentaerythritol triacrylate
  • PETTA pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate
  • PEA phenoxyethyl acrylate
  • ⁇ -CEA isobornyl acrylate
  • IBOA isobornyl acrylate
  • TFFA tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate
  • MPPGA 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate
  • EEOEA N-vinyl pyrrolidone
  • More preferred materials for use in the method of the invention are crosslinked polymers formed by photopolymerizing mixtures of EBDA, HDDA and TPGDA.
  • the index of refraction of the more preferred materials ranges from about 1.53 to about 1.56 for the waveguide core material and from about 1.50 to about 1.54 for the cladding material.
  • inhomogeneities in refractive index such as striations or domains
  • these inhomogeneities may further increase the divergence of light and scattering of stay light which may be propagating within the cladding.
  • the amount of monomer in the photopolymerizable material may vary widely.
  • the amount of monomer or the total amount of a mixture of monomers is, e.g., from about 60 to about 99.8 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material, preferably from about 80 to about 99 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material, and more preferably from about 85 to about 99 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material.
  • the second main component of the polymerizable material includes a photoinitiator which is activated by actinic radiation to produce activated species which lead to photopolymerization of the 22
  • the photoinitiator system will contain a photoinitiator and preferably a conventional sensitizer which extends the spectral response into regions having spectral utility, e.g., the near ultraviolet region and the visible spectral regions where lasers excite and where many common optical materials are transmissive .
  • the photoinitiator is a free radical-generating addition polymerization initiator activated by actinic light and is preferably thermally inactive at and below room temperatures (e.g., about 20 2 C to about 25 2 C) .
  • Preferred free radical initiators are 1- hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl ketone (Irgacure 184); benzoin; benzoin ethyl ether; benzoin isopropyl ether; benzophenone; benzidimethyl ketal (Irgacure
  • the more preferred photoinitiators include: benzidimethyl ketal (Irgacure 651); , -diethyloxy acetophenone; ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyloxy- -hydroxy acetophenone (Darocur 1173); 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl ketone (Irgacure 184); 1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2- hydroxy-2-methyl-propan-1-one (Darocur 2959); 2- methy1-1-4- (methylthio) phenyl] -2-morpholino-propan- 1-one (Irgacure 907); 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-l- (4- morpholinophenyl) butan-1-one (Irgacure 369); and 50% 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and 50% benzophenone (Irgacure 500) .
  • the most preferred photoinitiators are those which tend not to yellow upon irradiation and, thus, do not increase the coloration of the composition on the Gardner scale to a value of greater than 8 points on exposure to a temperature of 190 e C for 24 hours as determined by ASTM D1544-80.
  • Such photoinitiators include benzidimethyl ketal (Irgacure 651); ⁇ , cc-dimethyloxy- a-hydroxy acetophenone (Darocur 1173); 1-hydroxy- eyelohexyl-phenyl ketone ( Irgacure-184) ; l-[4-(2- hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propan-1- one (Darocur 2959) ; and 50% 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and 50% benzophenone (Irgacure 500) .
  • benzidimethyl ketal Irgacure 651
  • ⁇ cc-dimethyloxy- a-hydroxy acetophenone
  • Irgacure-184 1-hydroxy- eyelohexyl-phenyl ketone
  • the amount of photoinitiator which should be present ranges, e.g., from about 0.1 to about 12 percent by weight based on the total weight of the photopolymerizable material.
  • the amount of photoinitiator is preferably from about 0.5 to about 12 percent by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 6 percent by weight based on the total weight of the photopolymerizable material. It is 24
  • the desired amount of photoinitiator will also be influenced by the choice of irradiating wavelengths present in the exposure source, which may be controlled by those skilled in the art.
  • the photopolymerizable material may include various optional components such as stabilizers, inhibitors, plasticizers , optical brightners, release agents, chain transfer agents, other photopolymerizable monomers, and the like.
  • the photopolymerizable material preferably includes a stabilizer to prevent or reduce degradation which leads to property deterioration such as cracking and delamination after heat aging at 190 2 C in air for 24 hours, as defined by ASTM D 4538-90A and yellowing (coloration of greater than 8 on the Gardner Color Scale as determined by ASTM D 1544-80) after such heat aging.
  • a stabilizer to prevent or reduce degradation which leads to property deterioration such as cracking and delamination after heat aging at 190 2 C in air for 24 hours, as defined by ASTM D 4538-90A and yellowing (coloration of greater than 8 on the Gardner Color Scale as determined by ASTM D 1544-80) after such heat aging.
  • stabilizers include UV absorbers, light stabilizers, and antioxidants .
  • the UV absorbers include hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, such as 2- [2-hydroxy-3 , 5-di (1, 1- dimethylbenzyl ) phenyl ] -2-H-benzotriazole (Tinuvin 900); Poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl) , ⁇ - (3- (3- (2H- benzyotriazol-2-yl) -5- (1, 1-dimethylethyl ) -4- hydroxyphenyl ) -1-oxopropyl ) - ⁇ -hydroxy (Tinuvin 1130); and 2- [2-hydroxy-3 , 5-di (1, 1- dimethylpropyl ) phenyl ] -2-H-benzotriazole (Tinuvin 238) and hydroxybenzophenones such as 4-methoxy-2- hydroxybenzophenone and 4-n-octoxy-2- hydroxybenzophenone . 25
  • hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles such as 2- [2-hydroxy-3
  • the light stabilizers include hindered amines such as 4-hydroxy-2 , 2 , 6 , 6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4- hydroxy-1 ,2,2,6, 6-pentamethylpiperidine, 4- benzoyloxy-2 ,2,6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis (2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate
  • Tinuvin 770 bis (1 , 2 , 2 , 6 , 6-pentamethyl-4- piperidinyl ) sebacate (Tinuvin 292); bis (1, 2 , 2 , 6 , 6- pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl) -2-n-butyl-2- (3 , 5-di tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl )malonate (Tinuvin 144); and polyester of succinic acid with N- ⁇ -hydroxy- ethyl-2 ,2,6, 6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine (Tinuvin 622) .
  • the antioxidants include substituted phenols such as 1, 3 , 5-trimethyl-2 , 4 , 6-tris (3 , 5-di-tert- butyl) -4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, 1 , 1 , 3-tris- (2- methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl) phenyl) butane, 4,4'- butylidene-bis- (6-tert-butyl-3-methyl) phenol, 4,4'- thiobis- ( 6-tert-butyl-3-methyl) phenol, tris- (3 , 5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate, cetyl-3 , 5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzene (Cyasorb UV2908) ; 3 , 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1,3,5-tris- (tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2 , 6-dimethylbenzyl) (Cya
  • the more preferred stabilizers for the invention are antioxidants.
  • Preferred antioxidants are selected from substituted phenols such as 1,3,5- 26
  • the most preferred stabilizers include: pentaerythritol tetrabis (3 , 5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxypheny1 ) (Irganox 1010) ; thiodiethylene-bis- (3 , 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy) hydrocinnamate (Irganox 1035); and stearyl-3- (3 , 5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyDproprionate (Irganox 1076).
  • the amount of stabilizers in the composition may vary widely and is usually, e.g., from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material.
  • the amount of stabilizer is preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material and more preferably from about 0.2 to about 3 percent by weight of the photopolymerizable material .
  • Figures 5A-5E depict steps of a preferred method for forming the array of waveguides according to the 27
  • a layer 502 of cladding material including light absorbent particles is provided.
  • the material for the layer 502 also is preferably thermoplastic polymer or thermally-curable or UV- curable monomer or oligomer.
  • An example of material well suited to layer 502 is poly (methyl methacrylate) , also known as PMMA.
  • the layer 502 is thick enough to be self supporting, i.e., having independent structural integrity.
  • the layer 502 could be formed on a substrate if the layer 502 were not sufficiently thick to be self-supporting.
  • channels or recesses 504 preferably square (depicted), trapezoidal, or hemispherical (not depicted) in cross-section, are formed in the cladding layer 502. Simultaneous with the formation of the channels 504, halo regions 506 are formed. The simultaneous formation of the channels 504 and the halo regions 506 will be discussed in more detail below.
  • a surface defined by the cores 508 and the cladding layer 502 is substantially planar.
  • a layer of preferably clear cladding material is formed on the surface defined by the cores 508 and the cladding layer 502.
  • a layer 512 containing light absorbent particles is optionally, albeit preferably, formed on the second cladding layer 510.
  • the second cladding layer 510 and the layer 512 containing light absorbent particles can be formed of thermally-curable or UV-curable material Examples of the material for the layers 502, 510 and 512 are epoxies and acrylates.
  • the layer 512 of material containing light absorbent particles preferably has an index of refraction that is equal to or slightly higher than the second layer of cladding 510.
  • a number of processes can be used to simultaneously form the channels 504 and the halo regions 506 in the first layer of cladding material 502, as depicted in Figure 5B. These processes include injection molding, vacuum-assisted injection molding, compression-injection molding, compression molding, thermoforming, extrusion, thermal embossing and soft embossing. For thermoplastics, the compression-in ection molding process is preferred because it is the most commercially viable, and will be discussed first.
  • molten cladding material such as PMMA
  • a heated mold 702 is depicted in Figure 7.
  • the mold 702 is depicted as in Figure 7 as being formed from an upper piece 704 and a lower piece 706. It is necessary for the mold to be formed in at least two pieces so that the molded article can be removed.
  • the molten cladding material can be 29
  • the mold 702 is shaped as the compliment of the intermediate structure depicted in Figure 5B.
  • the cladding layer 502 having the channel 504 of
  • Figure 5B is a female structure and the mold 702 is the complementarily shaped male structure.
  • the layer of fluid immediately adjacent to a surface (whose normal direction lies substantially perpendicular to the flow direction) is stationary or moves slowly compared with fluid farther from the surface. Accordingly, particles in the fluid tend to be drawn into the more rapidly flowing regions. This tendency is stronger for larger particles which are subject to a greater differential of fluid velocities across opposing faces of the particle. The effect is also enhanced for particles having a high aspect ratio, which is defined as the ratio of longest to shortest dimension.
  • the light absorbent particles in the cladding material move away from the surfaces of the mold pieces 704 and 706, which produces the halo regions 308 around the ridge 710 on the mold piece 704.
  • the halo regions 308 are regions of the cladding material that are substantially depleted 3 0
  • halo regions 308 can be referred to as an unfilled skin of the cladding material.
  • injection ports 708 of the mold are preferably located at points designed to maximize the flow over the waveguide defining regions 710 and to create a flow direction which is substantially parallel to the nascent waveguide direction, i.e., perpendicular to the cross-section of Fig. 7.
  • Figure 8 The expected result is depicted in Figure 8, where an intermediate array structure 802 having a first layer of cladding material 804 is depicted as having a contiguous halo region 806 around the exterior surfaces of the layer of cladding material 804.
  • the cladding layer 502 is formed as a layer on a substrate or preferably a carrier web.
  • the material of the cladding layer 502 is a thermoplastic formed, 31
  • Extrusion methods are preferred since they will promote the formation of an unfilled skin on the surface of the cladding. This originally formed unfilled skin will tend to be preserved during the subsequent embossing step.
  • Figure 6 depicts an example of how one of the channels 504 of Figure 5B is embossed into the cladding layer 502 of Figure 5B.
  • a carrier web 604 having the cladding layer thereon is tensioned partly around an embossing cylinder or drum 602.
  • a ridge 608 depicted in phantom lines because it is beneath the web 604.
  • the ridge is the male complement to the female channel that is to be formed.
  • the drum 602 and ridge 608 is heated such that when it makes contact with the web 604, the portion of the cladding layer in contact with surface 602 and the ridge 608 softens or melts adjacent to the ridge 608 and at least localized flow takes place.
  • This flow causes the halo region 508 of Figure 5B to be formed.
  • Thermal embossing is an example of a process for forming the channel which tends to produce discrete halo regions 506 rather than the contiguous halo region 806 depicted in Figure 8.
  • the cladding layer 502 is UV-curable or thermally-curable.
  • the cladding material is formed on the web 604 in an uncured, i.e., at least semi- liquid state (e.g., viscosity greater than about 100 centipoise (cp) ) .
  • the ridge 608 (which does not have to be heated) is inserted into the uncured cladding material so that at least localized flow takes place and the halo regions 506 are formed.
  • extrusion coating or slot coating of the carrier web before embossing will enhance the desired effect by pre-establishing an unfilled skill.
  • the soft embossing technique is another example of a process which tends to produce discrete halo regions 506 rather than the contiguous halo region 806 depicted in Figure 8. 33
  • the thickness of the halo regions will vary in direct proportion to the degree to which flow is established next to the ridge 608.
  • the degree to which flow is established is dependent upon the design of the pattern to be embossed and the thickness of the organic liquid coating on the web compared to the thickness of the cured and embossed cladding material.
  • the degree to which flow is established is based also upon the temperature of the ridge 608.
  • embossing techniques are less preferred then injection and extrusion techniques because the degree of flow is substantially less. Nevertheless, embossing techniques can be effective, especially when employed with an extrusion or slot coated carrier web technique, which can produce a relatively filler-particle-free surface which will tend to be preserved in the embossed product .
  • the desired surface chemistry of the light absorbent particles in the cladding according to the invention is contrary to the prior art of dispersed particulate composites. In the prior art, it is desirable to minimize the mismatch between surfaces 34
  • the invention seeks to promote non- uniformity of mixture, specifically in the form of the halo regions 506 or 806.
  • non- uniformity it is necessary to preserve a certain degree of mismatch in surface energy between the light absorbent particles and the matrix material.
  • the surface energy mismatch must not be made so great as to induce agglomeration, i.e., clumping, of the light absorbent particles within the matrix material .
  • the size and shape of the particles is critical. It is required that at least one dimension of the particle be larger than the desired thickness of the unfilled skin and larger than the thickness of the relatively stationary fluid layer which lies immediately adjacent to the surface of the mold, die, or embossing tool during the critical forming step.
  • Particle size is preferably in a range from 1 to 30 microns and more preferably in a range from 3 to 20 microns.
  • Particles with a high aspect ratio, i.e., the ratio of longest dimension divided by shortest dimensions, are preferred. Particles having an aspect ratio greater than 5 are preferred, more preferred are particles having an aspect ratio greater than 10, even more preferred are particles having an aspect ratio greater than 50.
  • Photonic systems include photonic devices, e.g., a directional coupler or splitter.
  • a photonic device includes a waveguide.
  • imaging systems include one or two dimensional arrays of waveguides suited for bar-code scanning, image scanning, machine vision or the like.
  • crosstalk in photonic systems is a problem, the use of a waveguide according to the invention can significantly reduce such crosstalk.
  • the present invention is also suitable for forming a black matrix for a display optic, projection screen, or a light collimator. Such examples are typically characterized by a short waveguide which is oriented normal to the plane of a substrate or the viewing screen.
  • Yet another alternative technique for forming the array of waveguides 302 of Figure 3 is as follows. Provide a first cladding layer having light absorbent particles therein and an array of parallel channels. Form a second layer of clear cladding material against the bottom and sides of the channels by a second molding or embossing step. Form cores in the remainders of the channels. This technique will be referred to as the protracted method.
  • the protracted method can be carried out via the deposition of a conformal coating, but such an approach is time consuming and is restricted with regard to useful materials.
  • the protracted method can also be carried out in multiple molding steps in 36
  • the waveguide exhibiting an unfilled skin effect according to the invention has the advantage of promoting the propagation of desired light and filtering out undesired light.
  • the preferred methods of forming an array of such waveguides according to the invention have the advantage of being commercially viable.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un guide d'ondes constitué d'un noyau (304) et d'une gaine (306), laquelle comprend des particules diffusant la lumière et/ou des particules absorbant la lumière. La gaine comprend également une région halo (308) autour du noyau (304), laquelle est vidée des particules absorbant la lumière. En raison des régions halo, les particules de la gaine qui diffusent la lumière et/ou les particules qui absorbent la lumière peuvent filtrer la lumière indésirable dans la gaine sans atténuer la lumière désirée qui se propage dans le noyau du guide d'ondes. Les guides d'ondes selon l'invention peuvent être disposés en réseau. Pour améliorer la capacité de filtrage des guides d'ondes, ceux-ci peuvent être fléchis de manière qu'ils sortent d'un plan perpendiculaire sur une surface plane du guide d'ondes. Les séries de guides d'ondes selon l'invention sont formées notamment par moulage par injection, par moulage par injection-compression, par extrusion, par gaufrage thermique ou par gaufrage mou.
PCT/US1999/005045 1998-03-09 1999-03-08 Guide d'ondes optique comprenant une gaine a region non absorbante Ceased WO1999046619A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU29009/99A AU2900999A (en) 1998-03-09 1999-03-08 Optical waveguide having non absorbing cladding region

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7734598P 1998-03-09 1998-03-09
US60/077,345 1998-03-09
US26222399A 1999-03-04 1999-03-04
US09/262,223 1999-03-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999046619A1 true WO1999046619A1 (fr) 1999-09-16

Family

ID=26759159

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1999/005045 Ceased WO1999046619A1 (fr) 1998-03-09 1999-03-08 Guide d'ondes optique comprenant une gaine a region non absorbante

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2900999A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999046619A1 (fr)

Cited By (56)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1324081A3 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2004-06-23 Texas Instruments Incorporated Structures de bandes interdites photoniques
WO2007024430A1 (fr) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 General Electric Company Composition, article de dispositif optique et methode associee
US8189263B1 (en) 2011-04-01 2012-05-29 Google Inc. Image waveguide with mirror arrays
US8467133B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-06-18 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through display with an optical assembly including a wedge-shaped illumination system
US8472120B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-06-25 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses with a small scale image source
US8477425B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-02 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses including a partially reflective, partially transmitting optical element
US8482859B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-09 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses wherein image light is transmitted to and reflected from an optically flat film
US8488246B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-16 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses including a curved polarizing film in the image source, a partially reflective, partially transmitting optical element and an optically flat film
US8503087B1 (en) 2010-11-02 2013-08-06 Google Inc. Structured optical surface
US8582209B1 (en) 2010-11-03 2013-11-12 Google Inc. Curved near-to-eye display
WO2013181600A3 (fr) * 2012-06-01 2014-01-23 Bioformix Inc. Matériau optique et objets formés à partir de celui-ci
US8773599B2 (en) 2011-10-24 2014-07-08 Google Inc. Near-to-eye display with diffraction grating that bends and focuses light
US8814691B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2014-08-26 Microsoft Corporation System and method for social networking gaming with an augmented reality
JP2015087658A (ja) * 2013-10-31 2015-05-07 住友ベークライト株式会社 光導波路、光電気混載基板および電子機器
US9091851B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-07-28 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Light control in head mounted displays
US9097891B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-08-04 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses including an auto-brightness control for the display brightness based on the brightness in the environment
US9097890B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-08-04 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Grating in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses
US9128281B2 (en) 2010-09-14 2015-09-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Eyepiece with uniformly illuminated reflective display
US9129295B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-09-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a fast response photochromic film system for quick transition from dark to clear
US9134534B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-09-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses including a modular image source
US9182596B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-11-10 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with the optical assembly including absorptive polarizers or anti-reflective coatings to reduce stray light
US9217098B1 (en) 2015-06-01 2015-12-22 Sirrus, Inc. Electroinitiated polymerization of compositions having a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound
US9223134B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-12-29 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Optical imperfections in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses
US9229227B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-01-05 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a light transmissive wedge shaped illumination system
US9234107B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2016-01-12 Sirrus, Inc. Ink coating formulations and polymerizable systems for producing the same
US9285589B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-03-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and sensor triggered control of AR eyepiece applications
US9334430B1 (en) 2015-05-29 2016-05-10 Sirrus, Inc. Encapsulated polymerization initiators, polymerization systems and methods using the same
US9341843B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-05-17 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a small scale image source
US9366862B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-06-14 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc System and method for delivering content to a group of see-through near eye display eyepieces
US9512058B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2016-12-06 Sirrus Inc. Multifunctional monomers, methods for making multifunctional monomers, polymerizable compostions and products formed thereform
US9518001B1 (en) 2016-05-13 2016-12-13 Sirrus, Inc. High purity 1,1-dicarbonyl substituted-1-alkenes and methods for their preparation
US9522381B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2016-12-20 Sirrus, Inc. Method to obtain methylene malonate via bis(hydroxymethyl) malonate pathway
US9567475B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-02-14 Sirrus, Inc. Coatings containing polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US9617377B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-04-11 Sirrus, Inc. Polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US9637564B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-05-02 Sirrus, Inc. Emulsion polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds, emulsion methods, and polymer compositions
US9676875B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-06-13 Sirrus, Inc. Solution polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds, solution polymerization methods, and polymer compositions
US9752059B2 (en) 2012-11-16 2017-09-05 Sirrus, Inc. Plastics bonding systems and methods
US9759917B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2017-09-12 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and sensor triggered AR eyepiece interface to external devices
JP2017167392A (ja) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 光導波路
WO2017159119A1 (fr) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 Guide d'ondes optique
US9790295B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-10-17 Sirrus, Inc. Compositions containing 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds for preparing polymers having enhanced glass transition temperatures
US9828324B2 (en) 2010-10-20 2017-11-28 Sirrus, Inc. Methylene beta-diketone monomers, methods for making methylene beta-diketone monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed therefrom
US9938223B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2018-04-10 Sirrus, Inc. Catalytic transesterification of ester compounds with groups reactive under transesterification conditions
US10180572B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2019-01-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and user action control of external applications
US10196481B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2019-02-05 Sirrus, Inc. Polymer and other compounds functionalized with terminal 1,1-disubstituted alkene monomer(s) and methods thereof
US10414839B2 (en) 2010-10-20 2019-09-17 Sirrus, Inc. Polymers including a methylene beta-ketoester and products formed therefrom
US10428177B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2019-10-01 Sirrus, Inc. Water absorbing or water soluble polymers, intermediate compounds, and methods thereof
US10501400B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2019-12-10 Sirrus, Inc. Heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of ester compounds with groups reactive under transesterification conditions
US10539787B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2020-01-21 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Head-worn adaptive display
US10607910B2 (en) 2012-11-30 2020-03-31 Sirrus, Inc. Composite compositions for electronics applications
WO2020235333A1 (fr) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 富士通インターコネクトテクノロジーズ株式会社 Élément de guide d'ondes et stratifié de guide d'ondes
US10860100B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2020-12-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with predictive control of external device based on event input
US10913875B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2021-02-09 Sirrus, Inc. Composite and laminate articles and polymerizable systems for producing the same
US20230314695A1 (en) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Multi-core optical fibre and fabrication thereof
US11931977B2 (en) 2022-03-31 2024-03-19 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Multi-core polymer optical fibre and the fabrication thereof
US12298553B2 (en) 2022-03-31 2025-05-13 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Graded-index polymer optical fibre and the fabrication thereof

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4022647A (en) * 1974-12-17 1977-05-10 Personal Communications, Inc. Method of making coherent optical fiber bundles and face plates
JPH0290109A (ja) * 1988-09-27 1990-03-29 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 光回路板およびその製造法
JPH0458203A (ja) * 1990-06-28 1992-02-25 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The 光導波路部品
JPH0467103A (ja) * 1990-07-07 1992-03-03 Brother Ind Ltd 光導波路
US5106181A (en) * 1989-04-12 1992-04-21 Rockwell Iii Marshall A Optical waveguide display system
JPH04125502A (ja) * 1990-09-17 1992-04-27 Hitachi Ltd 樹脂製光回路板およびその製造方法ならびに樹脂製光回路板を用いた家庭用電化製品
US5113470A (en) * 1989-11-08 1992-05-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Optical wave guide sheet comprising plurality of doubly-clad core members with light scatterers in outer cladding
EP0747737A1 (fr) * 1995-06-05 1996-12-11 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Plaque de fibres optiques courbée
US5719981A (en) * 1993-08-25 1998-02-17 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Opto-electric device

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4022647A (en) * 1974-12-17 1977-05-10 Personal Communications, Inc. Method of making coherent optical fiber bundles and face plates
JPH0290109A (ja) * 1988-09-27 1990-03-29 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 光回路板およびその製造法
US5106181A (en) * 1989-04-12 1992-04-21 Rockwell Iii Marshall A Optical waveguide display system
US5113470A (en) * 1989-11-08 1992-05-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Optical wave guide sheet comprising plurality of doubly-clad core members with light scatterers in outer cladding
JPH0458203A (ja) * 1990-06-28 1992-02-25 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The 光導波路部品
JPH0467103A (ja) * 1990-07-07 1992-03-03 Brother Ind Ltd 光導波路
JPH04125502A (ja) * 1990-09-17 1992-04-27 Hitachi Ltd 樹脂製光回路板およびその製造方法ならびに樹脂製光回路板を用いた家庭用電化製品
US5719981A (en) * 1993-08-25 1998-02-17 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Opto-electric device
EP0747737A1 (fr) * 1995-06-05 1996-12-11 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Plaque de fibres optiques courbée

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 9223, Derwent World Patents Index; Class A89, AN 92-189487, XP002106206 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 293 (P - 1066) 25 June 1990 (1990-06-25) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 252 (P - 1367) 9 June 1992 (1992-06-09) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 266 (P - 1371) 16 June 1992 (1992-06-16) *

Cited By (91)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1324081A3 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2004-06-23 Texas Instruments Incorporated Structures de bandes interdites photoniques
WO2007024430A1 (fr) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 General Electric Company Composition, article de dispositif optique et methode associee
US7742672B2 (en) 2005-08-24 2010-06-22 General Electric Company Composition, optical device article, and associated method
US9097890B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-08-04 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Grating in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses
US9329689B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-05-03 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Method and apparatus for biometric data capture
US8467133B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-06-18 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through display with an optical assembly including a wedge-shaped illumination system
US8472120B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-06-25 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses with a small scale image source
US8477425B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-02 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses including a partially reflective, partially transmitting optical element
US8482859B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-09 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses wherein image light is transmitted to and reflected from an optically flat film
US8488246B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2013-07-16 Osterhout Group, Inc. See-through near-eye display glasses including a curved polarizing film in the image source, a partially reflective, partially transmitting optical element and an optically flat film
US10268888B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2019-04-23 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Method and apparatus for biometric data capture
US10180572B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2019-01-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and user action control of external applications
US9875406B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2018-01-23 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Adjustable extension for temple arm
US9134534B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-09-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses including a modular image source
US8814691B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2014-08-26 Microsoft Corporation System and method for social networking gaming with an augmented reality
US9341843B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-05-17 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a small scale image source
US9091851B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-07-28 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Light control in head mounted displays
US9097891B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-08-04 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses including an auto-brightness control for the display brightness based on the brightness in the environment
US10539787B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2020-01-21 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Head-worn adaptive display
US9129295B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-09-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a fast response photochromic film system for quick transition from dark to clear
US10860100B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2020-12-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with predictive control of external device based on event input
US9366862B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-06-14 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc System and method for delivering content to a group of see-through near eye display eyepieces
US9182596B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-11-10 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with the optical assembly including absorptive polarizers or anti-reflective coatings to reduce stray light
US9759917B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2017-09-12 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and sensor triggered AR eyepiece interface to external devices
US9223134B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2015-12-29 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Optical imperfections in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses
US9229227B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-01-05 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc See-through near-eye display glasses with a light transmissive wedge shaped illumination system
US9285589B2 (en) 2010-02-28 2016-03-15 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc AR glasses with event and sensor triggered control of AR eyepiece applications
US9128281B2 (en) 2010-09-14 2015-09-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Eyepiece with uniformly illuminated reflective display
US9828324B2 (en) 2010-10-20 2017-11-28 Sirrus, Inc. Methylene beta-diketone monomers, methods for making methylene beta-diketone monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed therefrom
US10414839B2 (en) 2010-10-20 2019-09-17 Sirrus, Inc. Polymers including a methylene beta-ketoester and products formed therefrom
US8503087B1 (en) 2010-11-02 2013-08-06 Google Inc. Structured optical surface
US8582209B1 (en) 2010-11-03 2013-11-12 Google Inc. Curved near-to-eye display
US8189263B1 (en) 2011-04-01 2012-05-29 Google Inc. Image waveguide with mirror arrays
US8446675B1 (en) 2011-04-01 2013-05-21 Google Inc. Image waveguide with mirror arrays
US9969822B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2018-05-15 Sirrus, Inc. Multifunctional monomers, methods for making multifunctional monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed therefrom
US9512058B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2016-12-06 Sirrus Inc. Multifunctional monomers, methods for making multifunctional monomers, polymerizable compostions and products formed thereform
US10611861B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2020-04-07 Sirrus, Inc. Multifunctional monomers, methods for making multifunctional monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed thereform
US9527795B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2016-12-27 Sirrus, Inc. Methylene beta-ketoester monomers, methods for making methylene beta-ketoester monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed therefrom
US10604601B2 (en) 2011-10-19 2020-03-31 Sirrus, Inc. Multifunctional monomers, methods for making multifunctional monomers, polymerizable compositions and products formed therefrom
US8773599B2 (en) 2011-10-24 2014-07-08 Google Inc. Near-to-eye display with diffraction grating that bends and focuses light
US9523008B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2016-12-20 Sirrus, Inc. Ink coating formulations and polymerizable systems for producing the same
US9234107B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2016-01-12 Sirrus, Inc. Ink coating formulations and polymerizable systems for producing the same
US10913875B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2021-02-09 Sirrus, Inc. Composite and laminate articles and polymerizable systems for producing the same
US10047192B2 (en) 2012-06-01 2018-08-14 Sirrus, Inc. Optical material and articles formed therefrom
WO2013181600A3 (fr) * 2012-06-01 2014-01-23 Bioformix Inc. Matériau optique et objets formés à partir de celui-ci
US9752059B2 (en) 2012-11-16 2017-09-05 Sirrus, Inc. Plastics bonding systems and methods
US10607910B2 (en) 2012-11-30 2020-03-31 Sirrus, Inc. Composite compositions for electronics applications
US9522381B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2016-12-20 Sirrus, Inc. Method to obtain methylene malonate via bis(hydroxymethyl) malonate pathway
US10086355B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2018-10-02 Sirrus, Inc. Method to obtain methylene malonate via bis(hydroxymethyl) malonate pathway
JP2015087658A (ja) * 2013-10-31 2015-05-07 住友ベークライト株式会社 光導波路、光電気混載基板および電子機器
US10167348B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2019-01-01 Sirrus, Inc. Solution polymers formed from methylene malonate monomers, polymerization, and solution polymer products
US10519257B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2019-12-31 Sirrus, Inc. Compositions containing 1,1-di-carbonyl-substituted alkene compounds for preparing polymers having enhanced glass transition temperatures
US9637564B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-05-02 Sirrus, Inc. Emulsion polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds, emulsion methods, and polymer compositions
US9890227B1 (en) 2014-09-08 2018-02-13 Sirrus, Inc. Compositions containing 1,1-di-substituted alkene compounds for preparing polymers having enhanced glass transition temperatures
US9969819B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2018-05-15 Sirrus, Inc. Pressure sensitive adhesive including a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound
US10308802B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2019-06-04 Sirrus, Inc. Polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds and polymer compositions thereof
US9676875B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-06-13 Sirrus, Inc. Solution polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds, solution polymerization methods, and polymer compositions
US10081685B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2018-09-25 Sirrus, Inc. Emulson polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds, emulson methods, and polymer compositions
US10184073B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2019-01-22 Sirrus, Inc. Emulsion including polymers containing a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound, adhesives, coatings, and methods thereof
US9790295B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2017-10-17 Sirrus, Inc. Compositions containing 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds for preparing polymers having enhanced glass transition temperatures
US11021617B2 (en) 2014-09-08 2021-06-01 Sirrus, Inc. Polymers including one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds and polymer compositions thereof
US10501400B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2019-12-10 Sirrus, Inc. Heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of ester compounds with groups reactive under transesterification conditions
US9938223B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2018-04-10 Sirrus, Inc. Catalytic transesterification of ester compounds with groups reactive under transesterification conditions
US10087272B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2018-10-02 Sirrus, Inc. Encapsulated polymerization initiators, polymerization systems and methods using the same
US9334430B1 (en) 2015-05-29 2016-05-10 Sirrus, Inc. Encapsulated polymerization initiators, polymerization systems and methods using the same
US9683147B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2017-06-20 Sirrus, Inc. Encapsulated polymerization initiators, polymerization systems and methods using the same
US9217098B1 (en) 2015-06-01 2015-12-22 Sirrus, Inc. Electroinitiated polymerization of compositions having a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound
US9617354B2 (en) 2015-06-01 2017-04-11 Sirrus, Inc. Electroinitiated polymerization of compositions having a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound
CN108603981A (zh) * 2016-03-17 2018-09-28 日东电工株式会社 光波导
JP2017167392A (ja) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 光導波路
WO2017159119A1 (fr) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 Guide d'ondes optique
JP2017167393A (ja) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 光導波路
US10495814B2 (en) 2016-03-17 2019-12-03 Nitto Denko Corporation Optical waveguide
WO2017159118A1 (fr) * 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 日東電工株式会社 Guide d'ondes optique
US9518001B1 (en) 2016-05-13 2016-12-13 Sirrus, Inc. High purity 1,1-dicarbonyl substituted-1-alkenes and methods for their preparation
US9745413B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-08-29 Sirrus, Inc. Polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US9718989B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-08-01 Sirrus, Inc. Coatings containing polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US10428177B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2019-10-01 Sirrus, Inc. Water absorbing or water soluble polymers, intermediate compounds, and methods thereof
US9567475B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-02-14 Sirrus, Inc. Coatings containing polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US10196481B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2019-02-05 Sirrus, Inc. Polymer and other compounds functionalized with terminal 1,1-disubstituted alkene monomer(s) and methods thereof
US10087283B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2018-10-02 Sirrus, Inc. Polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US10150886B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2018-12-11 Sirrus, Inc. Coatings containing polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
US9617377B1 (en) 2016-06-03 2017-04-11 Sirrus, Inc. Polyester macromers containing 1,1-dicarbonyl-substituted 1 alkenes
JP2020190678A (ja) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 富士通インターコネクトテクノロジーズ株式会社 導波路部材及び導波路積層体
WO2020235333A1 (fr) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 富士通インターコネクトテクノロジーズ株式会社 Élément de guide d'ondes et stratifié de guide d'ondes
CN113711097A (zh) * 2019-05-23 2021-11-26 富士通互连技术株式会社 波导部件和波导层叠体
CN113711097B (zh) * 2019-05-23 2023-09-26 Ｆｉｃｔ株式会社 波导部件和波导层叠体
US11852866B2 (en) 2019-05-23 2023-12-26 Fict Limited Waveguide member and waveguide layered product
US20230314695A1 (en) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Multi-core optical fibre and fabrication thereof
US11931977B2 (en) 2022-03-31 2024-03-19 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Multi-core polymer optical fibre and the fabrication thereof
US12298553B2 (en) 2022-03-31 2025-05-13 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Graded-index polymer optical fibre and the fabrication thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2900999A (en) 1999-09-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO1999046619A1 (fr) Guide d'ondes optique comprenant une gaine a region non absorbante
EP0728327B1 (fr) Procede de fabrication d'un reseau de guides d'ondes coniques photopolymerises
JP3715649B2 (ja) 二つまたはそれ以上の屈折率を有する光導波路およびその製造方法
US6341190B1 (en) Organic optical components and preparation thereof
US20010031427A1 (en) Thermally-stable photopolymer composition and light transmissive device
KR100761090B1 (ko) 복합 도광판 및 그 제조방법
US5657408A (en) Optical device comprising a plurality of units having at least two geometrically-differentiated tapered optical waveguides therein
JP4129991B2 (ja) 改良された偏光子
US6545827B1 (en) Optical sheet
EP0509096A1 (fr) Dispositif d'affichage d'image et procede de production de ce dispositif
JP4067504B2 (ja) 光導波路及びその製造方法
Yamashita et al. Fabrication of light-induced self-written waveguides with a W-shaped refractive index profile
JP2004295118A (ja) 光導波路
JPH0467103A (ja) 光導波路
JP3771636B2 (ja) 光伝送体及びその製造方法
JP2001091709A (ja) 光学シート、光学ユニット及びバックライトユニット
JP2012078656A (ja) プラスチック製ロッドレンズ、およびプラスチック製ロッドレンズアレイ
JPH03171006A (ja) 画像読取装置
JPH03143069A (ja) 画像読取装置
JPH02129604A (ja) 光導波路シート
JP2012078655A (ja) プラスチック製ロッドレンズ、およびプラスチック製ロッドレンズアレイ
JP2004264862A (ja) 光伝送体及びその製造方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CU CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE GH GM HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT UA UG UZ VN YU ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SL SZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase