WO1993018112A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von olefinen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von olefinen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993018112A1 WO1993018112A1 PCT/DE1993/000226 DE9300226W WO9318112A1 WO 1993018112 A1 WO1993018112 A1 WO 1993018112A1 DE 9300226 W DE9300226 W DE 9300226W WO 9318112 A1 WO9318112 A1 WO 9318112A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- viscosity
- thermal
- stage
- gekenn
- plastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the production of olefins from plastic waste by setting a desired viscosity by thermal pretreatment of the plastic waste in a temperature range from 380 to 680 ° C., thermal treatment of the product from the first treatment stage at a temperature of 700.degree. 1100 ° C.
- a further method for processing composite films, in particular paper / polyethylene / aluminum films, which serve as beverage packaging, into pure cellulose, aluminum and polyethylene is disclosed in P 4028999.
- the applicant has now succeeded in further improving the recycling of plastic waste by a process which is characterized in that plastic waste is melted by heating, a desired viscosity of the plastic melt is set by thermal cracking, and the product during heated to 700 to 1100 ° C for a residence time of 0.02 to 10 seconds.
- the method according to the invention is shown in the figure by way of example and in a greatly simplified manner.
- the applicant has now for the first time succeeded in proving that the thermal pretreatment of the waste according to the invention while setting a desired viscosity in a temperature range from 380 to 600 ° C., preferably from 400 to 600 ° C. and particularly preferably from 450 to 550 ° C. and more thermally Treatment of the pretreated material at 700 to 1100 ° C ethylene in yields of about 30% or even further improved yields, and C 3 -C 4 -01efins can be obtained.
- the temperature range of the entire thermal pretreatment lies in the melting range from plastic waste to the cracking range, the latter as is known from the thermal cracking of residual petroleum oils and high-boiling petroleum fractions, for example by so-called visbreaking or also more severe cracking processes.
- the temperature to be used in the treatment stage for adjusting the viscosity is preferably selected so that the plastic waste is liquefied and thermally cracked and thereby evaporable, and can be conveyed as a liquid into the second treatment stage, for example by pumps or extruders or other conveying devices, where Evaporation and thermal cleavage to olefins occurs.
- the dwell time is 2 to 1500 minutes. However, the evaporation can already take place in the stage for adjusting the viscosity.
- An important aspect when setting the temperature and residence time in the treatment stage for adjusting the viscosity is the maximization of the ethylene or also propylene yield in the treatment stage at 700-1100 ° C., ie the procedure in the first
- the treatment stage mentioned is adjusted so that optimum olefin yields are obtained in the treatment stage at 700-1000 ° C.
- the dwell time is 2 to 1500 minutes. Furthermore, the upstream thermal treatment stage is carried out in such a way that chlorine present in the feed product is largely or completely removed as HC1. The removal of the hydrogen chloride can be facilitated by introducing an inert gas stream. Furthermore, the HCl elimination from bases such as. B. Alkali and alkaline earth bases can be improved or completed.
- Both the stage for adjusting the viscosity and the upstream thermal stage are preferably operated under inert gas, such as. B. under nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, C0 2, etc.
- inert gas such as. B. under nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, C0 2, etc.
- the application of vacuum or pressure is also possible.
- Bases can also be used in the viscosity adjustment step to facilitate or release HCl.
- the temperature range and the dwell time in the treatment stage at 700-1100 ° C. essentially correspond to those which are set when ethylene is obtained from other feed materials, as have already been mentioned above.
- the apparatus or systems used can also correspond to that of conventional ethylene systems.
- the quantitative ratio of plastic waste to added water vapor or hydrogen is usually 1 part by weight to 0.1 to 2 parts by weight. A preferred ratio is 1 part by weight to 0.3 to 1.3 parts by weight.
- the temperature in the subsequent treatment stage is 700 to 1100 ° C, preferably 750 to 900 ° C and particularly preferably 780 to 860 ° C.
- the residence time is 0.02 to 10 seconds, preferably 0.1 to 2 seconds.
- the viscosity so that the feed product evaporates or evaporates in the thermal treatment stage operated at 700 to 1100 ° C. and is split into olefins as steam.
- the material with the viscosity set can also be used liquid in the thermal treatment stage at 700-1100 ° C.
- halogen-containing feed materials in particular polyvinyl chloride
- the chlorine is completely or almost completely or at least predominantly removed as hydrogen chloride, bases additionally being able to be added.
- (1) provides a warehouse for plastic waste, e.g. B. from household waste. Via (2) the waste is conveyed to the thermal pretreatment stage (3), to which bases can be added via (4). HCl can be removed via (5).
- the liquid product which is essentially halogen-free, flows into device (6) for setting the desired viscosity. Steam is supplied via (7). Bases can also be used in (6).
- the material flows from (6) into the splitting plant (8) working at 700 to 1100 ° C.
- the fission product flows through (10) through quench coolers (11) into the separation system (12), in which the fission products are separated into olefins and liquid products under normal conditions.
- the separation technology including the technology of the olefin mixture into individual olefins, is known to the person skilled in the art and need not be described in more detail.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/142,298 US5639937A (en) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | Process for the production of olefins |
| DE59305526T DE59305526D1 (de) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | Verfahren zur herstellung von olefinen |
| EP93905182A EP0588998B1 (de) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | Verfahren zur herstellung von olefinen |
| AU36260/93A AU3626093A (en) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | Olefin production process |
| JP5515251A JPH06507647A (ja) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | オレフィンの製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4207976A DE4207976C2 (de) | 1992-03-13 | 1992-03-13 | Verfahren zur Herstellung Olefinen durch thermische Behandlung von Kunststoffabfällen |
| DEP4207976.4 | 1992-03-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1993018112A1 true WO1993018112A1 (de) | 1993-09-16 |
Family
ID=6453943
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE1993/000226 Ceased WO1993018112A1 (de) | 1992-03-13 | 1993-03-12 | Verfahren zur herstellung von olefinen |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5639937A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0588998B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPH06507647A (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE149196T1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2108968A1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE4207976C2 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2102018T3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1993018112A1 (de) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1995003375A1 (de) * | 1993-07-20 | 1995-02-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum recyclen von kunststoffabfällen in einem steamcracker |
| EP0662503A1 (de) * | 1994-01-07 | 1995-07-12 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Kunststoffabfall unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung |
| EP0670360A1 (de) * | 1992-10-31 | 1995-09-06 | RWE Entsorgung Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur thermischen Behandlung thermoplastischer, organischer Abfälle |
| EP0713906A1 (de) * | 1994-11-24 | 1996-05-29 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Recyclen von Kunststoffen in einem Steamcracker |
| EP0814143A3 (de) * | 1996-06-06 | 1998-04-01 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Verfahren und Apparat zur Konvertierung von Kunststoffabfällen in Öl |
| EP0775738A4 (de) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-04-28 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Verfahren zur herstellung von niedrig siedendem öl aus phthalsäurepolyester und/oder polyvinylchlorid enthaltenden plastikabfällen |
| EP0823469A4 (de) * | 1996-02-27 | 1999-11-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Methode und apparat zur wiedergewinnung von öl aus plastikabfällen |
| US6504068B1 (en) | 1996-06-06 | 2003-01-07 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for converting a plastic waste into oil in a stainless steel reactor |
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| JP3288164B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-28 | 2002-06-04 | 株式会社東芝 | 廃プラスチックの熱分解装置 |
| DE4418562A1 (de) * | 1993-06-29 | 1995-01-12 | Leybold Durferrit Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Behandlung von im wesentlichen aus Kunststoff oder Gummi bestehendem Gut |
| DE4324112C1 (de) * | 1993-07-20 | 1995-02-02 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zum Recyclen von Kunststoffen in einem Steamcracker |
| DE4329435C1 (de) * | 1993-09-01 | 1994-12-22 | Leuna Werke Gmbh | Verfahren zur rohstofflichen Verwertung von Altkunststoffen oder Altkunststoffgemischen |
| DE4339327C2 (de) * | 1993-11-19 | 1996-04-18 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Verfahren zum thermischen Spalten von Kunststoffabfällen und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| DE4344311A1 (de) * | 1993-12-23 | 1995-06-29 | Linde Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur thermischen Depolymerisation von Kunststoffen |
| GB9412028D0 (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1994-08-03 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Waste processing |
| JP3653111B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-27 | 2005-05-25 | 健 黒木 | 廃棄プラスチックの連続油化方法及び連続油化装置 |
| DE19516379A1 (de) * | 1995-05-04 | 1996-11-07 | Veba Oel Ag | Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von Alt- oder Abfallkunststoffen |
| BE1010022A3 (fr) * | 1996-02-29 | 1997-11-04 | Solvay | Procede de recyclage de dechets plastiques. |
| US5951712A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-09-14 | Campbell; Jerome | Method for plastic waste reclamation and product produced thereby |
| DE19822568A1 (de) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-25 | Sebastian Hein | Verfahren zum Verwerten von Kunststoff |
| WO2001018152A1 (fr) * | 1999-09-06 | 2001-03-15 | Bright Co Ltd. | Procede de degradation par pyrolyse de dechets de matieres plastiques en vue de leur transformation en melange d'hydrocarbures utilisables comme combustibles |
| CA2522766C (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2011-07-05 | Tyco Healthcare Group Lp | Surgical hand access apparatus |
| JP4210222B2 (ja) * | 2004-01-15 | 2009-01-14 | 乕 吉村 | 廃プラスチックの油化還元装置 |
| CA2560154C (en) | 2004-04-05 | 2013-06-25 | Tyco Healthcare Group Lp | Surgical hand access apparatus |
| EP1732623B1 (de) | 2004-04-05 | 2014-07-16 | Covidien LP | Chirurgische Zugangsvorrichtung für die Hand |
| US7766824B2 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2010-08-03 | Tyco Healthcare Group Lp | Surgical hand access apparatus |
| AU2006243737A1 (en) * | 2005-05-04 | 2006-11-09 | National Research Council Of Canada | Method for production of Saponaria from microspores |
| US9199889B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2015-12-01 | Altex Technologies Corporation | Method and apparatus for conversion of carbonaceous materials to liquid fuel |
| CN120888332A (zh) | 2019-01-24 | 2025-11-04 | Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 | 由废塑料原料制备聚合物的方法 |
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| US11365357B2 (en) | 2019-05-24 | 2022-06-21 | Eastman Chemical Company | Cracking C8+ fraction of pyoil |
| US12031091B2 (en) | 2019-05-24 | 2024-07-09 | Eastman Chemical Company | Recycle content cracked effluent |
| CN114206820B (zh) | 2019-07-29 | 2024-05-10 | 伊士曼化工公司 | 回收成分(c4)烷醛 |
| EP4051760A4 (de) * | 2019-10-31 | 2024-03-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Verfahren und systeme zur herstellung von kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzungen mit rezyklatgehalt |
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| US11319262B2 (en) | 2019-10-31 | 2022-05-03 | Eastman Chemical Company | Processes and systems for making recycle content hydrocarbons |
| CN114650981A (zh) | 2019-11-07 | 2022-06-21 | 伊士曼化工公司 | 回收成分α烯烃和脂肪醇 |
| EP4055001A4 (de) | 2019-11-07 | 2024-02-14 | Eastman Chemical Company | Gemischte ester und lösungsmittel mit recyceltem inhalt |
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| WO2022221286A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-20 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp | Pyrolysis of plastic waste to produce light gaseous hydrocarbons and integration with an ethylene cracker |
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| FI130130B (en) | 2021-12-03 | 2023-03-09 | Neste Oyj | WASTE PLASTIC BASED THERMAL CRACKING FEED AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING IT |
| CA3261460A1 (en) | 2022-07-14 | 2024-01-18 | Totalenergies Onetech | PROCESS FOR PURIFYING OIL FROM PLASTIC WASTE USING BASIC COMPOUNDS |
| US11802245B1 (en) * | 2022-11-16 | 2023-10-31 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Processes for viscosity breaking of plastics |
| US12473506B2 (en) | 2023-03-31 | 2025-11-18 | Nexus Circular LLC | Hydrocarbon compositions derived from pyrolysis of post-consumer and/or post-industrial plastics and methods of making and use thereof |
| US12435278B2 (en) | 2023-03-31 | 2025-10-07 | Nexus Circular LLC | Hydrocarbon compositions derived from pyrolysis of post-consumer and/or post-industrial plastics and methods of making and use thereof |
| US12453994B2 (en) | 2023-03-31 | 2025-10-28 | Nexus Circular LLC | Hydrocarbon compositions derived from pyrolysis of post-consumer and/or post-industrial plastics and methods of making and use thereof |
| US12453993B2 (en) | 2023-03-31 | 2025-10-28 | Nexus Circular LLC | Hydrocarbon compositions derived from pyrolysis of post-consumer and/or post-industrial plastics and methods of making and use thereof |
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Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2137664A1 (de) * | 1971-05-10 | 1972-12-29 | Niigata Engineering Co Ltd |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1394854A (en) * | 1971-05-26 | 1975-05-21 | Niigata Engineering Co Ltd | Apparatus for converting high polymers into fuels |
| US3985820A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1976-10-12 | Union Carbide Corporation | Cracking process |
| JPS5219596B2 (de) * | 1973-09-06 | 1977-05-28 | ||
| DE3146194A1 (de) * | 1981-11-21 | 1983-05-26 | Röhm GmbH, 6100 Darmstadt | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermischen depolymerisation von polymeren |
| DE3442506C2 (de) * | 1984-11-22 | 1987-04-16 | Union Rheinische Braunkohlen Kraftstoff AG, 5000 Köln | Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Kohlenstoff enthaltenden Abfällen |
| DE3602041C2 (de) * | 1986-01-24 | 1996-02-29 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Verbessertes Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Kohlenstoff enthaltenden Abfällen |
| JPS63132995A (ja) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-06-04 | Mamoru Sano | 連続熱分解乾溜装置 |
| US4851601A (en) * | 1988-01-19 | 1989-07-25 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Processing for producing hydrocarbon oils from plastic waste |
| DE59107086D1 (de) * | 1990-05-26 | 1996-01-25 | Menges Georg | Verfahren zur verwertung von organischen abfällen und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
| US5232489A (en) * | 1990-09-13 | 1993-08-03 | Rwe Entsorgung Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the recovery of metals and coating materials from composite materials |
| DE4028999A1 (de) * | 1990-09-13 | 1992-03-19 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Verfahren zur rueckgewinnung von metallen aus verbundwerkstoffen |
| ATE141294T1 (de) * | 1991-03-05 | 1996-08-15 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Kracken von polymeren |
-
1992
- 1992-03-13 DE DE4207976A patent/DE4207976C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-03-12 ES ES93905182T patent/ES2102018T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-12 AT AT93905182T patent/ATE149196T1/de active
- 1993-03-12 EP EP93905182A patent/EP0588998B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-12 US US08/142,298 patent/US5639937A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-03-12 WO PCT/DE1993/000226 patent/WO1993018112A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1993-03-12 DE DE59305526T patent/DE59305526D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-03-12 JP JP5515251A patent/JPH06507647A/ja active Pending
- 1993-03-12 CA CA002108968A patent/CA2108968A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2137664A1 (de) * | 1971-05-10 | 1972-12-29 | Niigata Engineering Co Ltd |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 012, no. 387 (C-536)14. Oktober 1988 * |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0670360A1 (de) * | 1992-10-31 | 1995-09-06 | RWE Entsorgung Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur thermischen Behandlung thermoplastischer, organischer Abfälle |
| WO1995003375A1 (de) * | 1993-07-20 | 1995-02-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum recyclen von kunststoffabfällen in einem steamcracker |
| US5731483A (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 1998-03-24 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Recycling of plastics in a steam cracker |
| EP0662503A1 (de) * | 1994-01-07 | 1995-07-12 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Kunststoffabfall unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung |
| EP0713906A1 (de) * | 1994-11-24 | 1996-05-29 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Recyclen von Kunststoffen in einem Steamcracker |
| EP0775738A4 (de) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-04-28 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Verfahren zur herstellung von niedrig siedendem öl aus phthalsäurepolyester und/oder polyvinylchlorid enthaltenden plastikabfällen |
| EP0823469A4 (de) * | 1996-02-27 | 1999-11-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Methode und apparat zur wiedergewinnung von öl aus plastikabfällen |
| EP0814143A3 (de) * | 1996-06-06 | 1998-04-01 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Verfahren und Apparat zur Konvertierung von Kunststoffabfällen in Öl |
| US6352674B2 (en) | 1996-06-06 | 2002-03-05 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Apparatus for converting a plastic waste into oil |
| CN1097608C (zh) * | 1996-06-06 | 2003-01-01 | 三菱重工业株式会社 | 将废塑料转化为油的方法和装置 |
| US6504068B1 (en) | 1996-06-06 | 2003-01-07 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for converting a plastic waste into oil in a stainless steel reactor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH06507647A (ja) | 1994-09-01 |
| CA2108968A1 (en) | 1993-09-14 |
| ES2102018T3 (es) | 1997-07-16 |
| DE59305526D1 (de) | 1997-04-03 |
| ATE149196T1 (de) | 1997-03-15 |
| US5639937A (en) | 1997-06-17 |
| EP0588998B1 (de) | 1997-02-26 |
| DE4207976A1 (de) | 1993-09-16 |
| EP0588998A1 (de) | 1994-03-30 |
| DE4207976C2 (de) | 2001-03-15 |
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