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USRE34065E - Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor - Google Patents

Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE34065E
USRE34065E US07/547,772 US54777290A USRE34065E US RE34065 E USRE34065 E US RE34065E US 54777290 A US54777290 A US 54777290A US RE34065 E USRE34065 E US RE34065E
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
hypochlorite
tertiary
butanol
aqueous solution
dimethyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US07/547,772
Inventor
Mark A. Wainberg
Chiu-Ming Wong
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Kam Scientific Inc
Original Assignee
Kam Scientific Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of USRE34065E publication Critical patent/USRE34065E/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/02—Acyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
    • C11D3/3956—Liquid compositions

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel disinfectant composition and more particularly it relates to a novel disinfectant composition containing hypochlorite ions.
  • chlorine-based disinfectants such as those containing hypochlorite ions, for example sodium hypochlorite, are useful in destroying pathogens such as bacteria.
  • These disinfectants suffer from the disadvantage that they have an offensive odour of chlorine and potential users of such disinfectants object to the smell of chlorine and thus such disinfectants tend not to be the disinfectant of choice.
  • a novel aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions wherein there is present a tertiary aliphatic alcohol.
  • an aqueous containing hypochlorite ions there may be mentioned an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or barium hypochlorite.
  • the hypochlorite compound may be present to an extent of up to about 2% w/w of the solution.
  • a preferred hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite which may be present in a concentration of 0.5% w/w.
  • the tertiary aliphatic alcohol present in the novel aqueous hypochlorite solution may be a tertiary alcohol containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms such as tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
  • a preferred alcohol is tertiary-butanol.
  • the presence of a tertiary aliphatic alcohol is advantageous in that it not only acts as an odour masking agent but it also has biocidal activity in possessing mild disinfectant properties and it additionally functions as a stabilizer for hypochlorite ions.
  • an aqueous solution containing a compound providing hypochlorite ions such as sodium, potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite
  • a compound providing hypochlorite ions such as sodium, potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite
  • a tertiary aliphatic alcohol such as tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol, wherein for each 1 part by weight of said compound there is present from about 2 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight of tertiary aliphatic alcohol, preferably from about 5 parts to about 15 parts by weight of tertiary aliphatic alcohol.
  • an aqueous solution containing 1 part by weight of sodium hypochlorite may have present therein from about 2 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight, preferably from about 5 parts to about 15 parts by weight, of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
  • a particularly useful aqueous solution is one containing about 1 part by weight of sodium hypochlorite and about 10 parts by weight of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
  • the aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions may optionally have present therein one or more additional ingredients.
  • the aqueous solution may also contain a synthetic organic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate.
  • a synthetic organic detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulphate.
  • the aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions may also optionally have present therein one or more chlorine stable fragrances, such as a lemon fragrance or a pine fragrance.
  • one or more chlorine stable fragrances such as a lemon fragrance or a pine fragrance.
  • Such fragrances may be present in an amount such that for each part by weight of hypochlorite compound there is present from about 0.005 to about 0.2 part by weight of fragrance, preferably about 0.02 part by weight of fragrance, preferably a lemon fragrance.
  • the amount of fragrance may vary according to the strength and volume of the fragrance used. A weaker fragrance may be present to an extent of 0.2% w/w whereas a stronger fragrance may be present to an extent of 0.02% w/w.
  • the synthetic organic detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, not only provides a cleaning power to the disinfectant but it also helps to dissolve or maintain the fragrance in solution. Since suitable fragrances mentioned above are usually oil-based fragrances, the synthetic organic detergent may be used to dissolve the fragrance prior to addition to the aqueous solution and thereafter it maintains the fragrance in solution. When a fragrance is present to an extent of from about 0.005 to about 0.2% w/w, the range of detergent may generally be from about 0.005 to about 0.01% w/w. Quantities of detergent in excess of this amount may be present to provide additional detergency to the solution.
  • novel aqueous solutions of this invention are useful in destroying pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungi.
  • the invention is illustrated by, but not limited by, the following Examples in which the ingredients are given as percentages of parts by weight.
  • An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour compared with a corresponding 0.5% w/w sodium hypochlorite solution containing no tertiary-butanol.
  • the 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
  • tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
  • An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite, 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol and 0.01% w/w of sodium dodecyl sulphate. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour.
  • the 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
  • tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2m3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
  • An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 2.5% w/w of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
  • An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 7.5% w/w of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
  • An aqueous solution is prepared containing the following ingredients:
  • the 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
  • tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

This invention provides a novel disinfectant composition which is an aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions, such as sodium hypochlorite, containing a tertiary aliphatic alcohol, such a tertiary-butanol. The alcohol acts as an odor masking agent and as a stabilizer for hypochlorite ions while itself possessing disinfecting properties. The composition is useful as a disinfectant.

Description

This invention relates to a novel disinfectant composition and more particularly it relates to a novel disinfectant composition containing hypochlorite ions.
It is known that chlorine-based disinfectants such as those containing hypochlorite ions, for example sodium hypochlorite, are useful in destroying pathogens such as bacteria. These disinfectants suffer from the disadvantage that they have an offensive odour of chlorine and potential users of such disinfectants object to the smell of chlorine and thus such disinfectants tend not to be the disinfectant of choice.
We have now found, and herein lies our invention, that the offensive odour of an aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions can be reduced by the addition of a particular odour masking ingredients.
According to the invention, as claimed herein, there is provided a novel aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions wherein there is present a tertiary aliphatic alcohol.
As an example of an aqueous containing hypochlorite ions there may be mentioned an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or barium hypochlorite. The hypochlorite compound may be present to an extent of up to about 2% w/w of the solution. A preferred hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite which may be present in a concentration of 0.5% w/w.
The tertiary aliphatic alcohol present in the novel aqueous hypochlorite solution may be a tertiary alcohol containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms such as tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol. Of these tertiary aliphatic alcohols, a preferred alcohol is tertiary-butanol. The presence of a tertiary aliphatic alcohol is advantageous in that it not only acts as an odour masking agent but it also has biocidal activity in possessing mild disinfectant properties and it additionally functions as a stabilizer for hypochlorite ions.
As a further preferred feature of the invention there is provided an aqueous solution containing a compound providing hypochlorite ions, such as sodium, potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite, in the presence of a tertiary aliphatic alcohol, such as tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol, wherein for each 1 part by weight of said compound there is present from about 2 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight of tertiary aliphatic alcohol, preferably from about 5 parts to about 15 parts by weight of tertiary aliphatic alcohol.
For example, an aqueous solution containing 1 part by weight of sodium hypochlorite may have present therein from about 2 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight, preferably from about 5 parts to about 15 parts by weight, of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol. A particularly useful aqueous solution is one containing about 1 part by weight of sodium hypochlorite and about 10 parts by weight of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol.
The aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions may optionally have present therein one or more additional ingredients. Thus, for example, the aqueous solution may also contain a synthetic organic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate. Thus, for example, for each part by weight of compound providing hypochlorite ions, such as sodium hypochlorite, there may be present from about 0.005 to about 0.1 part by weight, preferably about 0.02 part by weight, of synthetic organic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate.
The aqueous solution containing hypochlorite ions may also optionally have present therein one or more chlorine stable fragrances, such as a lemon fragrance or a pine fragrance. Such fragrances may be present in an amount such that for each part by weight of hypochlorite compound there is present from about 0.005 to about 0.2 part by weight of fragrance, preferably about 0.02 part by weight of fragrance, preferably a lemon fragrance.
The amount of fragrance may vary according to the strength and volume of the fragrance used. A weaker fragrance may be present to an extent of 0.2% w/w whereas a stronger fragrance may be present to an extent of 0.02% w/w. The synthetic organic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, not only provides a cleaning power to the disinfectant but it also helps to dissolve or maintain the fragrance in solution. Since suitable fragrances mentioned above are usually oil-based fragrances, the synthetic organic detergent may be used to dissolve the fragrance prior to addition to the aqueous solution and thereafter it maintains the fragrance in solution. When a fragrance is present to an extent of from about 0.005 to about 0.2% w/w, the range of detergent may generally be from about 0.005 to about 0.01% w/w. Quantities of detergent in excess of this amount may be present to provide additional detergency to the solution.
Other optional ingredients may be present in the novel aqueous solution of the invention such as a chlorine stable colouring agent.
The novel aqueous solutions of this invention are useful in destroying pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungi.
The invention is illustrated by, but not limited by, the following Examples in which the ingredients are given as percentages of parts by weight.
EXAMPLE 1
An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour compared with a corresponding 0.5% w/w sodium hypochlorite solution containing no tertiary-butanol.
The 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
The 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
EXAMPLE 2
An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite, 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol and 0.01% w/w of sodium dodecyl sulphate. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour.
The 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
The 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2m3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
EXAMPLE 3
An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 2.5% w/w of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour compared with a corresponding sodium hypochlorite solution containing no tertiary-butanol.
EXAMPLE 4
An aqueous solution is prepared containing 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite and 7.5% w/w of tertiary-butanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol. There is thus obtained a disinfectant solution having an acceptable masked chlorine odour compared with a corresponding sodium hypochlorite solution containing no tertiary-butanol.
EXAMPLE 5
An aqueous solution is prepared containing the following ingredients:
0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite;
5.0% w/w of tertiary-butanol;
0.01% w/w of sodium dodecyl sulphate; and
0.01% w/w of lemon fragrance.
There is thus prepared an aqueous disinfectant solution which has an acceptable masked chlorine odour when used for its intended purpose of destroying pathogens.
The 0.5% w/w of sodium hypochlorite may be replaced by 0.5% w/w of potassium, lithium or calcium hypochlorite and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.
The 5% w/w of tertiary-butanol may be replaced by 5% w/w of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or 2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol and there is likewise obtained a satisfactory and acceptable disinfectant solution.

Claims (2)

The embodiments of the invention in which are exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A stabilized disinfectant composition, comprising, in aqueous solution:
0.5% w/w of hypochlorite selected from the group consisting of sodium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite;
5.0% w/w of t-butanol;
0.01% w/w sodium dodecyl sulphate; and
0.01% w/w lemon fragrance.
2. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, comprising:
0.5% w/w sodium hypochlorite;
5.0% w/w tertiary-butanol;
0.01% w/w sodium dodecyl sulphate; and
0.01% w/w lemon fragrance.
US07/547,772 1986-10-24 1990-07-03 Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor Expired - Lifetime USRE34065E (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA521327 1986-10-24
CA000521327A CA1295550C (en) 1986-10-24 1986-10-24 Stabilized hypochlorite disinfectant composition

Related Parent Applications (1)

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US07/112,205 Reissue US4839079A (en) 1986-10-24 1987-10-22 Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor

Publications (1)

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USRE34065E true USRE34065E (en) 1992-09-15

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US07/112,205 Ceased US4839079A (en) 1986-10-24 1987-10-22 Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor
US07/547,772 Expired - Lifetime USRE34065E (en) 1986-10-24 1990-07-03 Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/112,205 Ceased US4839079A (en) 1986-10-24 1987-10-22 Hypochlorite: tertiary alcohol disinfectants with reduced offensive odor

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US (2) US4839079A (en)
EP (1) EP0267707A1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63198606A (en)
CA (1) CA1295550C (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5753217A (en) * 1996-08-14 1998-05-19 William C. Christopfel Method of reducing oral malodor
US6042817A (en) 1997-12-11 2000-03-28 Polunsky; Melvin S. Polyurethane foam lithium hypochlorite composition
US6100228A (en) 1993-10-29 2000-08-08 The Clorox Company Bleaching gel cleaner thickened with amine oxide, soap and solvent
US6180583B1 (en) 1992-11-03 2001-01-30 The Procter & Gamble Company Cleaning compositions containing short-chain surfactants

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US5075025A (en) * 1986-10-24 1991-12-24 Kam Scientific Inc. Disinfectant composition
AU4969990A (en) * 1989-01-27 1990-08-24 Trans Delta Corporation Stabilized sterilizing or disinfecting halogen containing composition, method and apparatus
US5290470A (en) * 1992-11-25 1994-03-01 Agri-Products Special Markets, Inc. Aqueous cleaning composition containing a chlorinated bleach, an alcohol and a surfactant
ZA935882B (en) * 1992-10-19 1994-03-11 Clorox Co Composition and method for developing extensional viscosity in cleaning compositions.
CA2107938C (en) * 1993-01-11 2005-01-11 Clement K. Choy Thickened hypochlorite solutions with reduced bleach odor and methods of manufacture and use
JP3783071B2 (en) * 2002-07-11 2006-06-07 味の素株式会社 Cosmetic composition
US7153438B2 (en) * 2003-02-21 2006-12-26 Pur Water Purification Products, Inc. Water treatment compositions with masking agent
RU2249466C2 (en) * 2003-05-26 2005-04-10 Паничева Светлана Алексеевна Disinfectant
US20050282722A1 (en) * 2004-06-16 2005-12-22 Mcreynolds Kent B Two part cleaning composition
US20080311227A1 (en) * 2007-06-18 2008-12-18 Wd-40 Company Long-lasting mildew stain remover and method for making same
US9637708B2 (en) 2014-02-14 2017-05-02 Ecolab Usa Inc. Reduced misting and clinging chlorine-based hard surface cleaner
US20170273305A1 (en) * 2014-11-18 2017-09-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Compositions comprising biguanide compound and diol surfactant
JP6741489B2 (en) * 2016-06-27 2020-08-19 ライオン株式会社 Method for producing smoke agent composition
KR102257568B1 (en) * 2020-09-21 2021-05-27 김주한 Composition for inhibiting scattering dust and sterilization using natural materials, and method for using the same

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US4196140A (en) * 1978-09-28 1980-04-01 Olin Corporation Recovery of waste streams containing recoverable chlorine
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US4113645A (en) * 1977-07-26 1978-09-12 Polak's Frutal Works, Inc. Bleach compositions containing perfume oils
US4196140A (en) * 1978-09-28 1980-04-01 Olin Corporation Recovery of waste streams containing recoverable chlorine
US4287080A (en) * 1979-09-17 1981-09-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Detergent compositions which contain certain tertiary alcohols

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6180583B1 (en) 1992-11-03 2001-01-30 The Procter & Gamble Company Cleaning compositions containing short-chain surfactants
US6100228A (en) 1993-10-29 2000-08-08 The Clorox Company Bleaching gel cleaner thickened with amine oxide, soap and solvent
US5753217A (en) * 1996-08-14 1998-05-19 William C. Christopfel Method of reducing oral malodor
US6325997B1 (en) 1996-08-14 2001-12-04 Oxyfresh Worldwide, Inc. Method of reducing oral malodor
US6042817A (en) 1997-12-11 2000-03-28 Polunsky; Melvin S. Polyurethane foam lithium hypochlorite composition

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Publication number Publication date
EP0267707A1 (en) 1988-05-18
JPS63198606A (en) 1988-08-17
CA1295550C (en) 1992-02-11
US4839079A (en) 1989-06-13

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